微观经济学 名词解释和中英文对照
微观经济学名词解释
1、微观经济学(Microeconomics)微观经济学是经济学的一部分,它分析像消费者､厂商和资源所有者这些个体的经济行为(宏观经济学与之相反,它分析像国内总产品这样的经济总体行为)2、需求：消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。
3、供给：生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够出售的该种商品的数量。
4、均衡价格：均衡的最一般意义是指经济事物中有关的变量在一定条件下的相互作用下所达到的一种相对静止的状态。
均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时候的价格。
5、消费者剩余：消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的总数量和实际支付的总数量之间的差额。
6、生产者剩余：生产者剩余指厂商在提供一定数量的某种产品时实际接受的总支付和愿意接受的最小总支付之间的差额。
7、需求的价格弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。
8、需求的收入弹性：表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量的变动对于消费者收入两变动的反应程度。
9、需求的交叉弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动对于它的相关商品的价格的变动的反应程度。
是该商品的需求量的变动率和它的相关商品的价格的变动率的比值。
10、供给的价格弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品的供给量的变动对于该商品的价格的变动的反应程度。
11、效用：指商品满足人的欲望的能力，或者说，效用是指消费者在消费商品时所感受到的满足程度。
12、基数效用论：基数效用论者认为，效用如同长度、重量等概念一样，可以具体衡量并加总求和，具体的效用量之间的比较是有意义的。
13、序数效用论：认为效用的大小是无法具体衡量的，效用之间的比较只能通过顺序或登记来表示。
14、边际效用递减规律：在一定的时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。
(完整版)微观经济学中英文术语及其解释
Scarcity the limited nature of society’s resourcesEconomics the study of how society manages its scarce resourcesEfficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesEquity the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society Opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemMarginal changes small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionMarket economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesMarket failure a s/tuition in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently Externality the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystanderMarket power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesProductivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time Inflation an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyPhilips curve a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment Business cycle fluctuations in economic activity，such as employment and produaionCircular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsProduction possibilities frontier a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyPositive statements claims that attempt to do describe the world as it isNormative statements claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should beAbsolute advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity Opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemComparative advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity costImports goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyExports goods produced domestically and sold abroadMarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or serviceCompetitive market a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market priceQuantity demanded the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to-purchaseLaw of demand the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good risesDemand schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and-the quantity demandedDemand curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Normal good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandInferior good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads ‘to a decrease in demandSubstitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the otherComplements two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherQuantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellLaw of supply the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good risesSupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied Equilibrium a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demandedEquilibrium price the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedEquilibrium quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price Surplus a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedShortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedLaws of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balanceElasticity a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinantsPrice elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the e percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in priceIncome elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change tn quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomeCross-price elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good respond to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change m quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good Price elasticity of supply a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice ceiling a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be soldPrice floor a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldTax incidence the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market Welfare economics the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being Willingness to pay the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodConsumer surplus a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysCost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodProducer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s costEfficiency the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of societyEquity the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of societyDeadweight loss the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax World price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodTariff a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyImport quota a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically Externality the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander Internalizing an externality altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actionsCoase theorem the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their ownTransaction costs the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargainPigovian tax a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externalityExcludability the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itRivalry the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s usePrivate goods goods that are both excludable and rivalPublic goods goods that are neither excludable nor rivalCommon resources goods that are rival but not excludableFree rider a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for itCost-benefit analysis a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodTragedy of the Commons a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeBudget surplus an excess of government receipts over government spendingBudget deficit an excess of government spending over government receiptsAverage tax rate total taxes paid divided by total incomeMarginal tax rate the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeLump-sum tax a tax that is the same amount for every personBenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesAbility-to-pay principle the idea that taxes’ should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenVertical equity the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts Horizontal equity the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountProportional tax a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of incomeRegressive tax a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersProgressive tax a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersTotal revenue the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputTotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in productionProfit total revenue minus total costExplicit costs input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmImplicit costs input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmEconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs Accounting profit total revenue minus total explicit costProduction function the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of the goodMarginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputDiminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesFixed costs costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedVariable costs costs that do vary with the quantity of output producedAverage total cost total cost divided by the quantity of outputAverage fixed cost fixed costs divided by the quantity of outputAverage variable cost variable costs divided by the quantity of outputMarginal cost the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionEfficient scale the quantity of output that minimizes average total costEconomies of scale the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesDiseconomies of scale the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increasesConstant returns to scale the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changesCompetitive market a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and setter is a price takerAverage revenue total revenue divided by the quantity soldMarginal revenue the change in total revenue from an additional unit soldSunk cost a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredMonopoly a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesNatural monopoly a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmsPrice discrimination the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersOligopoly a market structure in which only a few settlers offer similar or identical products Monopolistic competition a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalCollusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge Cartel a group of firms acting in unisonNash equilibrium a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that a/l the other actors have chosenGame theory the study of how people behave in strategic situationsPrisoners’ dilemma a particular “game’ between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialDominant strategy a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersMonopolistic competition a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalFactors of production the inputs used’ to produce goods and servicesProduction function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and thequantity of output of that goodMarginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor Diminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesValue of the marginal product the marginal product of an input times the price of the output Capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesCompensating differential a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobsHuman capital the accumulation of investments in people, such as education and on-the-job trainingUnion a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions Strike the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by unionEfficiency wages above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity Discrimination the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsPoverty rate the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty linePoverty line an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in povertyIn-kind transfers transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services-rather than cash Life cycle the regular pattern of income variation over a person’s lifePermanent income a person’s normal incomeUtilitarianism the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in societyUtility a measure of happiness or satisfactionLiberalism the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance’’Maximin criterion the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in societyLibertarianism the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute incomeWelfare government programs that supplement the incomes of the needyNegative income tax a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to tow-income householdsBudget constraint the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Indifference curve a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfactionMarginal rate of substitution the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another Perfect substitutes two goods with straight-line indifference curvesPerfect complements two goods with right-angle indifference curvesNormal good a good for which an increase in income raises the quantity demandedInferior good a good for which an increase in income reduces the quantity demandedIncome effect the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curveSubstitution effect the change in consumption that results when a price change moves indifference curve to a point with new marginal rate of substitutionGiffen good a good tor which an increase in the price raises the quantity demandedMoral hazard the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behaviorAgent a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principalPrincipal a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some actAdverse selection the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed partySignaling an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed partyScreening an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal informationCondorcet paradox the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for society Arrow’s impossibility theorem a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferencesAbility-to-Pay principle (税收的)能力支付原则the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenAbsolute advantage绝对优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivityAccounting profit会计利润total revenue minus total explicit costAdverse selection逆向选择the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed partyAgent代理人 a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principalArrow ’s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferencesAverage fixed cost平均固定成本fixed costs divided by the quantity of outputAverage revenue平均收益total revenue divided by the quantity soldAverage tax rate平均税率total taxes paid divided by total incomeAverage total cost平均总成本total cost divided by the quantity of outputAverage variable cost平均可变成本variable costs divided by the quantity of outputBenefits principle受益原则the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesBudget constraint预算约束the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Budget deficit预算赤字an excess of government spending over government receiptsBudget surplus预算盈余an excess of government receipts over government spending Business cycle经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production Capital资产the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesCartel卡特尔a group of firms acting in unisonCircular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsCoase theorem科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost overthe allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their ownCollusion共谋an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to chargeCommon resources共源goods that are rival but not excludableComparative advantage比较优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity costCompensating differential补偿性工资差别 a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobsCompetitive market竞争性市场 a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price takerComplements互补性商品two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherCondorcet paradox孔多塞悖论（投票悖论）the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for societyConstant returns to scale规模报酬不变the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changesConsumer surplus消费者剩余 a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysCost成本the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodCost-benefit analysis成本收益分析 a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodCross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodDeadweight loss无谓损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxDemand curve需求曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDemand schedule需求表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDiminishing marginal product边际产品递减the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines．As the quantity of the input increasesDiscrimination歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsDiseconomies of scale规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increasesDominant strategy占优策略 a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersEconomic profit经济利润total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costsEconomics经济学the study of how society manages its scarce resourcesEconomies of scale规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesEfficiency效率the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources Efficiency wages效率工资above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivityEfficient scale有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costElasticity弹性 a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinantsEquilibrium均衡 a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demandedEquilibrium price均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity均衡数量the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceEquity平等the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of societyExcludability排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it Explicit costs显性成本input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmExports出口goods produced domestically and sold abroadExternality外部性the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the wellbeing of a bystanderFactors of production生产要素the inputs used to produce goods and servicesFixed casts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedFree rider免费搭车者 a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it Game theory博弈论the study of how people behave in strategic situationsGiffen good吉芬商品 a good for which an increase in the price raises the quantity demanded Horizontal equity横向公平the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountHuman capital人力资本the accumulation of investments in people, such as education andon-the-job trainingImplicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmImport quota进口配额 a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domesticallyImports进口goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyIncome effect收入效应the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curveIncome elasticity of demand需求的收入弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomeIndifference curve无差异曲线 a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfactionInferior good低档物品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandInflation通货膨胀an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyIn-kind transfers实物转移支付transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cashInternalizing an externality外部性的内在化altering incentives so that people take account ofthe external effects of their actionsLaw of demand需求定理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good risesLaw of supply and demand需求与供给定理the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balanceLiberalism自由主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance”Libertarianism自由至上主义the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute incomeLife cycle生命周期the regular pattern of income variation over a person’s lifeLump-sum tax定额税 a tax that is the same amount for every personMacroeconomics宏观经济学the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthMarginal changes边际变动small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionMarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production Marginal product边际产品the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input Marginal product of labor劳动的边际产品the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborMarginal rate of substitution边际替代率the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for anotherMarginal revenue边际收益the change in total revenue from an additional unit soldMarginal tax rate边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeMarket市场 a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or serviceMarket economy市场经济an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services Market failure市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlyMarket power市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesMaximin criterion极大极小准则the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in societyMedian voter theorem中位选举人定理 a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median voterMicroeconomics微观经济学the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsMonopolistic competition垄断竞争 a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalMonopoly垄断 a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesMoral hazard道德风险the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behaviorNash equilibrium纳什均衡 a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenNatural monopoly自然垄断 a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmsNegative income tax负所得税 a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income householdsNormal good正常商品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandNormative statements规范性表述claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be Oligopoly寡头 a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsOpportunity cost机会成本whatever must be given up to obtain some itemPerfect complements完全互补品two goods with right-angle indifference curvesPerfect substitutes完全替代品two goods with straight-line indifference curvesPermanent income持久性收入 a person’s normal incomePhillips curve菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemploymentPigovian tax庇古税 a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externalityPositive statements实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it isPoverty line贫困线an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in povertyPoverty rate贫困率the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the ‘poverty linePrice ceiling价格天花板（上限） a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold Price discrimination价格歧视the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersPrice elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricePrice elasticity supply供给的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice floor价格地板I下限） a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold Principal委托人 a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some act Prisoners’ dilemma囚徒困境 a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialPrivate goods私人物品goods that are both excludable and rivalProducer surplus生产者剩余the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost Production function生产函数the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodProduction possibilities frontier生产可能性曲线 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyProductivity生产率the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s timeProfit利润total revenue minus total cost。
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释1经济周期,经济学;经济，国家的经济状况缺乏的，罕见的.功效; 效率，效能;实力，能力; [物]性能;.同等，平等; [数]相等，等式;[ɜː'nælɪtɪ]外部性’s a 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人a[ɪn'ɪʃ(ə)n]增加的 a权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散a a 分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləɪt]a ( ) a’s2a 家庭; 家庭，户[æəʊiːkə'nɒmɪ; ], , ,[ɪəʊiːkə'nɒmɪ['nɔːmətɪv]标定，规定; 指定，规定;美[ɪˈɪb]准的['ʌɪə） a3aa a美[də'ɪɪ】合乎国内的Array4完全竞a ['ə] 同一的，完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛɪkəl] a 争市场互补品a['kɑəmə]需求曲a a线需求表 a a[ɪ'lɪɪəm]a均衡均衡价格a , , a劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə], , a需求原理, , a供给原理a aa , ,普通商品需求量 a a aa a a a ['s ɜəs] a5需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a a , [æ'ɪs ə] n . 弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;a 需求的收入弹性a a a ’ , 需求价格弹性a a a ,供给的价格弹性 a a a , ( a )总收入; 总收益 a ,6['ːl ɪŋ] a ['mæɪm əm] a a a ['ɪɪd(ə)]a a7[k ən'ːm ə]['s ɜːəs]消费者剩余 a a ['ɪn əs] a a a a ’s美[ˌæləˈɪʃn]分配，配给受益者负担 a a8无谓损失又为社会净损失 过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜəs] a 变形; 失真[d ɪˈɔr ʃən], a9n . 关税;关税表; 价格表aa10['θɪər əm] 科斯定理, 外在性矫正税 a a [ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ] n . 外形; 外在性; 外部事物;（经济学名词） 外部效应’s a内化 [ɪn's ɛɪv][æn'zæk ʃən]交易 a11可排他的; 包括在外的;–成本效益分析a a [ɪːd ə'b ɪl ətɪ]排他性a a[释义]坐享其成，无本获利; a a 消费竞争 a ’s ’s公共地悲剧 a 寓言; 格言; a12[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则; an.预算赤字; a 亏空; 缺空 预算结余 纳税横向均等;总量税 a 边际税率累进税 a a 分数; 一小部分 比例税率 a累退税 a a纵向公平 a13清楚的，明确的边际产量递减规律规模不经济,规模经济最小有效规模固定成本 隐性成本 边际成本a a ( )a[释义]变动成本;14a a沉没成本 a15[m ə'nɒp(ə)lɪ]a an.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品; a a a a16垄断竞争市场 a求过于供的市场情况; a a17<经>卡特尔，企业联合 a ['ːnɪs(ə)n]a<经>卡特尔，企业联合 a a a['ə]缩减指数 a 100纳什均衡a[,ɑl ə'g ɑp ə] a a寡头’ [d ɪˈə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型 a “” 18边际产量递减规律a边际价值19补偿微分 a [d ɪɪm ɪ'ɪʃ(ə)n] ; 歧视, , , , 效率工资 平衡，均势; 平静ˌ[əˈl ɪəm] *人力资本 , ,n . 攻击; 罢工[课，市]; 发现移开; 撤回 a aa , ,。
微观经济学原理第七版曼昆名词解释带英文
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释1.需求价格弹性price elasticity of demand：2.蛛网模型：对于生产周期较长的商品供给的时滞性,需求的不是动态模型分类,画图3.边际效用递减diminishing marginal utility——基数效用论不违反边际效用递减规律;因为边际效用是指物品的消费量每增加或减少一个单位所增加或减少的总效用的量;这里的“单位”是指一完整的商品单位,这种完整的商品单位,是边际效用递减规律有效性的前提;比如,这个定律适用于一双的鞋子,但不适用于单只的鞋子;对于四轮车而言,必须是有四个轮子的车才成为一单位;三个轮子不能构成一辆四轮车,因而每个轮子都不是一个有效用的物品,增加一个轮子,才能使车子有用;因此,不能说第四个轮子的边际效用超过第三个轮子4.无差异曲线indifference curve：一条表示给消费者相同满足程度的消费组合的曲线;2特征：凸向原点越远越大不相交5.边际替代率marginal rate of ：——序数效用论6.预算线Budget line/ budget constraint7.吉芬物品Giffen good：价格上升引起需求量增加的物品;8.柯布道格拉斯生产函数稀缺性scarcity：社会资源的有限性;经济学economics：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源;效率efficiency：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性;平等equality：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性;机会成本opportunity cost：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西;理性人rational people：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人; 边际变动marginal change：对行动计划微小的增量调整;激励incentive：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西;市场经济market economy：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时,通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济;产权property rights：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力;市场失灵market failure：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况;外部性externality：市场势力market power：一个经济活动者或经济活动者的一个小集团对市场价格有显着影响的能力;生产率productivity：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量;通货膨胀inflation：经济中物价总水平的上升;经济周期business cycle：就业和生产等经济活动的波动就是生产这类经济活动的波动;循环流向图circular-flow diagram：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型;生产可能性边界production possibilities frontier：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形;微观经济学microeconomics：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策,以及它们在市场上的相互交易;宏观经济学macroeconomics：研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长; 实证表述positive statements：企图描述世界是什么的观点;规范描述normative statements：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点;绝对优势absolute advantage：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者;比较优势comparative advantage ：根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者;进口品imports：国外生产而在国内销售的物品;出口品exports：国内生产而在国外销售的物品;市场market：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体;竞争市场competitive market ：有许多买者与卖者,以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场;需求量quantity demanded：买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量;需求定理law of demand：认为在其他条件相同时,一种物品价格上升,该物品需求量减少的观点;需求表demand schedule：表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格;需求曲线demand curve：一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形;正常物品normal good：在其他条件相同时,收入增加引起需求量增加的物品; 低档物品inferior good：在其他条件相同时,收入增加引起需求量减少的物品; 替代品substitutes：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求增加的两种物品; 互补品complements：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求减少的两种物品; 供给量quantity supplied：卖者愿意而且能够出售的一种物品量;供给定理law of supply：认为在其他条件相同时,一种物品价格上升,该物品供给量增加的观点;供给表supply schedule：表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格;供给曲线supply curve：一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的图形;均衡equilibrium：供给与需求达到了平衡的状态;均衡价格equilibrium price：使供给与需求平衡的价格;均衡数量equilibrium quantity：当价格调整到使供给与需求平衡时的供给量与需求量;过剩surplus：供给量大于需求量时的状态;短缺shortage：需求量大于供给量时的状态;供求定理law of supply and demand：认为任何一种物品的调整都会使该物品供求平衡的观点;弹性elasticity：需求量或供给量对其决定因素中某一种的反应程度的衡量; 总收益total revenue：一种物品买者支付的量和卖者得到的量,用该物品的价格乘以销售量来计算;需求收入弹性income Elasticity of demand：一种物品需求量对消费者收入变动反应程度的衡量,用需求量变动百分比除以收入变动百分比来计算;需求的交叉价格弹性cross-price elasticity of demand：衡量一种物品需求量对另一种物品价格变动的反应程度,用第一种物品需求量变动百分比除以第二种物品价格变动百分比来计算;供给价格弹性price elasticity of supply：一种物品供给量对其价格变动反应程度的衡量,用供给量变动百分比除以价格变动百分比来计算;价格上限price ceiling：可以出售一种物品的法定最高价格;价格下限price floor：可以出售一种物品的法定最低价格;税收归宿tax incidence：关于由谁来承担税收负担的研究;福利经济学welfare economists：研究资源配置如何影响经济福利;支付意愿willingness to pay：买者愿意为某种物品支付的最高量;消费者剩余consumer surplus：买者的支付意愿减买者的实际支付量;成本cost：卖者为了生产一种物品必须放弃的每种东西的价值;生产者剩余producer Surplus：卖者出售一种物品得到的量减卖者的成本;效率efficiency：资源配置使社会所有成员得到的总剩余最大化的性质;平等equality：福利在社会成员中分配的公平性;无谓损失deadweight loss：税收引起的总剩余减少;世界价格world price：一种物品在世界市场上所流行的价格;关税tariff：对在国外生产而在国内销售的物品征收的税;外部性externality：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响;外部性的内在化internalizing the externality ：改变激励,以使人们考虑到自己行为的外部效应;科斯定理coase theorem：一种观点,认为如果私人各方可以无成本地就资源配置进行协商,那么,他们就可以解决外部性问题;交易成本transaction cost：各方在协议与遵守协议过程中所发生的成本;庇古税pigovian taxes：用于纠正负外部性影响的税收;排他性excludability：可以阻止一个人使用一种物品时该物品的特性;竞争性rivalry：一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时该物品的特性;私人物品private goods：既有排他性又有竞争性的物品;公共物品public goods：既无排他性又无竞争性的物品;公有资源common resources：有竞争性但无排他性的物品;搭便车者free rider：得到一种物品的利益但避开为此支付的人;成本—收益分析coast-benefits analysis：比较提供一种公共物品的社会成本与利益的研究;公地悲剧tragedy of the commons：一个寓言,说明从整个社会的角度看为什么公有资源的使用大于合意的水平;预算盈余budget surplus：政府收入大于政府支出;预算赤字budget deficit：政府支出大于政府收入;平均税率average tax rate：总收入除以支付的总税收;边际税率marginal tax rate：增加1美元收入支出的额外税收;定额税lump-sum tax：每个人等量的税收;受益原则benefits principle：认为应该根据人们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税的思想;支付能力原则原则ability-to-pay principle：认为应该根据一个人可以承受的负担来对这个人征税的思想;纵向平等vertical equity：主张支付能力高的纳税人应该交纳更多税的思想; 横向平等horizontal equality：主张有相似支付能力的纳税人应该交纳等量税收的思想;比例税proportional tax：高收入纳税人和低收入纳税人交纳收入中相同比例的税收;累退税regressive tax：高收入纳税人交纳的税收在收入中的比例低于低收入纳税人的税收;累进税progressive tax：高收入纳税人交纳的税收在收入中的比例高于低收入纳税人的税收;总收益total revenue：企业出售其产量所得到的量;总成本total cost：企业购买生产投入所支付的量;利润profit：总收益减总成本;显性成本explicit costs：要求企业支出货币的投入成本;隐性成本implicit costs：不要求企业支出货币的投入成本;经济利润economic profit：总收益减总成本,包括与隐性成本;会计利润accounting profit：总收入减显性成本;生产函数production function：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系;边际产量marginal product：增加的一单位投入所引起的产量增加;边际产量递减diminishing marginal product：固定成本fixed costs：不随着产量变动而变动的成本;可变成本variable costs：随着产量变动而变动的成本;平均总成本average total cost：总成本除以产量;平均固定成本average fixed costs：固定成本除以产量;平均可变成本average variable costs：可变成本除以产量;边际成本efficient scale：额外一单位产量所引起的总成本的增加;有效规模efficient scale：使平均总成本最小的产量;规模经济economics of scale：长期平均总成本随产量增加而减少的特性;规模不经济diseconomies of scale：长期平均总成本随产量增加而增加的特性; 规模收益不变constant returns to Scale：长期平均总成本随产量增加而保持不变的特性;竞争市场competitive market：有许多交易相同产品的买者与卖者,以至于每一个买者和卖者都是价格接受者的市场;平均收益average revenue：总收益除以销售量;边际收益marginal revenue：增加一单位销售量引起的总收益变动;沉没成本sunk cost：已经发生而且无法收回的成本;垄断企业monopoly：一种没有相近替代品的产品的惟一卖者的企业;自然垄断natural monopoly：由于一个企业能以低于两个或更多企业的成本向整个市场供给一种物品或劳务而产生的垄断;价格歧视price discrimination：以不同价格向不同顾客出售同一种物品的经营做法;寡头oligopoly：只有少数几个卖者提供相似或相同产品的的市场结构;垄断竞争monopolistic competition：许多出售相似而不相同的产品的企业的市场结构;勾结collusion：一个市场上的企业之间就生产的产量或收取的价格达成的协议; 卡特尔Cartel：一致行动的企业集团;纳什均衡Nash equilibrium：相互作用的经济主体在假定所有其他主体所选战略为既定的情况下选择自己最优战略的状态;博弈论game theory：研究人们在各种策略情况下如何行事;囚徒困境prisoners' dilemma：两个被捕获的囚徒之间的一种特殊“博弈”,说明为什么甚至在合作对双方有利时,保持合作也是困难的;占优优势策略dominant strategy：无论其他参与者选择什么策略,对一个参与者都为最优的策略; 125生产要素：用于生产物品和劳务的投入;生产函数production function：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系;劳动的边际产量marginal product of labor：增加的一单位劳动所引起的产量增加量;边际产量递减diminishing marginal product：一单位投入的边际产量随着投入量增加而减少的性质;边际产量值value of the marginal product：一种投入的边际产量乘以该产品的价格;资本capital：用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物;补偿性工资差别compensating differential：为抵消不同工作的非货币特性而产生的工资差别;人力资本human capital：对人的投资的积累,如教育和在职培训;工会union：与雇主谈判工资和工作条件的工人协会;罢工strike：工会有组织地从企业撤出劳动;效率工资efficiency wages：企业为了提高工人的生产率而支付的高于均衡工资的工资;歧视discrimination：对仅仅由于种族、宗教、性别、年龄或其他个人特征不同的相似个人提供不同的机会;贫困率poverty rate：家庭收入低于一个称为贫困线的绝对水平的人口百分比; 贫困线poverty line：由联邦政府根据每个家庭规模确定的一种收入绝对水平,低于这一水平的家庭被认为处于贫困状态;实物转移支付in-kind transfers：以物品和劳务而不是以现金形式给予穷人的转移支付;生命周期life cycle：在人的一生中有规律的收入变动形式;持久收入permanent income：一个人的正常收入;功利主义utilitarianism：一种政治哲学,根据这种政治哲学,政府应该选择使社会上所有人总效用最大化的政策;效用utility：衡量幸福或满足程度的指标;自由主义liberalism：一种政治哲学,根据这种政治哲学,政府应该选择必要的公正的政策;这种公正要由yield在“无知面纱”的背后的无偏见观察者来评价;最大最小准则maximin criterion：一种主张,认为政府的目标应该是使社会上状况最差的人的福利最大化;社会保险social insurance：旨在保护人们规避负面事件风险的政府政策;自由至上主义libertarianism：一种政治哲学,根据这种政治哲学,政府应该惩罚犯罪并进行自愿的协议,但不应该进行收入再分配;福利welfare：补贴需要者收入的政府计划;负所得税negative income tax：向高收入家庭征税并给低收入家庭补贴的税制; 预算约束线budget constraint：对消费者可以支付得起的消费组合的限制;完全替代品perfect substitutes：无差异曲线为直线的两种物品;完全互补品perfect complements：无差异曲线为直角形的两种物品;收入效应income Effect：当一种价格变动使消费者移动到更高或更低无差异曲线时所引起的消费变动 ;替代效应substitution effect：当一种价格变动使消费者沿着一条既定的无差异曲线变动到有新边际替代率的一点时所引起的消费变动;寻租理论Rent-seeking theory：。
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1businesscycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employmentand productioneconomi cs 经济学; 经济，国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的，罕见的 resourcesefficienc y n.功效; 效率，效能; 实力，能力; [物] 性能;the property of society getting the most it can from itsscarce resourcesequality n .同等，平等; [数]相等，等式;the property of distributing economic prosperityuniformly among the members of societyexternality[,ekst ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ]外部性the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人 incentive s omething that induces a person to actInflation [ɪn'fle ɪʃ(ə)n]an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginalchangessmall incremental 增加的 adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economyan economy that allocates resources through thedecentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesmarket failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləkeɪt] resources efficientlymarket power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesopportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemproducti vity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor inputproperty rights the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resourcesrational people people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectivesscarcity the limited nature of society’s resources Chapter 2circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firmsmacroeconomics [,mækr əʊiːkə'nɒmɪks; -ek-] the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthmicroecono mics [,maɪkrəʊiːkə'nɒmɪks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsnormative['nɔːmətɪv]标准的statements claims that attempt to prescribe定，规定; 指定，规定;美[prɪˈskraɪb] how the world should bepositivestatementsclaims that attempt to describe the world as it isproduction possibilities frontier['frʌntɪə）a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyChapter 3advantag e the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producercomparative advantag e the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producerexports goods produced domestically美[də'mestɪklɪ】合乎国内的and sold abroadimports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competiti ve market 完全竞争市场a market with many buyers and sellers['selə] trading identical同一的，完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛntɪkəl] products so that each buyer and seller is a price takerComplements互补品['kɑmpləm ənt]two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherdemand curve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemand schedule 需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedEquilibriu m[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibriu m price 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibriu m quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium pricegood劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandlaw of demand 需求原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good riseslaw of supply 供给原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good riseslaw of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balancemarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or servicenormal good普通商品a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandquantity demande d 需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchasequantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellshortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsubstitute s two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsurplus ['sɜ:pləs] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter 5ceelasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelasticity [,ilæ'stɪsəti]n .弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded orquantity supplied to one of its determinantsincomeelasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomepriceelasticity of demand 需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in priceprice elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricetotalrevenue (in a market)总收入; 总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity soldChapter 6price ceiling ['siːlɪŋ] a legal maximum['mæksɪməm] on the price at which a good can be soldpricefloora legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold taxincidenc e['ɪnsɪd(ə)ns] the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7 consumer [kən'sjuːmə] surplus ['sɜːpləs]消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['maɪnəs] the amount the buyer actually pays for itcost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of societyproducer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing itwelfare economic s the study of how the allocation美[ˌæləˈkeɪʃn]分配，配给of resources affects economic well-beingwillingness to pay受益者负担the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodChapter8Dead the fall in total surplus过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜ:rpləs] thatweight loss 无谓损失又为社会净损失results from a market distortion变形; 失真[dɪˈstɔrʃən], such as a taxChapter 9tariffn .关税;关税表; 价格表a tax on goods produced abroad and solddomesticallyworld price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10Coase theorem['θɪərəm] 科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities外在性on their owncorrectiv e tax 矫正税a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externalityexternalit y [,ekstɜː'nælɪtɪ]n .外形; 外在性; 外部事物;（经济学名词）外部效应the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on thewell-being of a bystanderinternalizing the externalit y 内化altering incentives[ɪn'sɛntɪv] so that people take account of the external effects of their actionstransacti the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing toon[træn'zækʃən]交易costsand following through on a bargainChapter11clubgoodsgoods that are excludable but not rival in consumptioncommon resource s goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable可排他的; 包括在外的;•cost–benefitanalysis成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodexcludability [ɪks,kluːdə'bɪlətɪ]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itfree rider [释义]坐a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it享其成，无本获利;privategoodsgoods that are both excludable and rival in consumptionpublic goods goods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumptionrivalry inconsump tion消费竞争the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s useTragedyof the Common s公共地悲剧a parable寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter 12 ability-to-payprinciple [释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则;the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenaveragetax ratetotal taxes paid divided by total incomebenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudget deficit n.预算赤字;a shortfall亏空; 缺空of tax revenue from government spendingbudgetsurplus预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontal equity 纳税横向均等;the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountm tax 总量税a tax that is the same amount for every personmarginaltax rate边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeprogressi ve tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction分数; 一小部分of their income than do low-income taxpayersproportio nal tax 比例税率a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of incomeregressiv e tax 累退税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersvertical equity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amountsChapter13accounting profittotal revenue minus total explicit清楚的，明确的cost averagefixed costfixed cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragetotal costtotal cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragevariablecostvariable cost divided by the quantity of outputconstant returns to scale the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changesdiminishin gmarginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesmies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increaseseconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costseconomie s of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesefficientscale最小有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costexplicitcostsinput costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixed costs固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedimplicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmmarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionmarginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproductio n function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodprofit total revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production totalrevenue(for firm)the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputvariablecosts[释义]变动成本;costs that vary with the quantity of output producedChapter14revenuetotal revenue divided by the quantity soldcompetiti ve market a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price takermarginalrevenuethe change in total revenue from an additional unit soldsunk cost 沉没成本a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredChapter 15monopoly[ mə'nɒp(ə)l ɪ] a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesnaturalmonopoly n.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品;a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmsprice discrimina tion the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersChapter 16 monopolistic competiti on垄断竞争市场a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicaloligopoly求过于供的市场情况;a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products17cartel <经>卡特尔，企业联合a group of firms acting in unison ['juːnɪs(ə)n]collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge<经>卡特尔，企业联合a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersgametheorythe study of how people behave in strategic situations GDPdeflator[d i'fleitə]GDP缩减指数a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Nash equilibriu m 纳什均衡a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenoligopoly[ ,ɑlə'gɑpəli] 寡头a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsprisoners’ dilemma [dɪˈlemə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialChapter18capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesdiminishi the property whereby the marginal product of an inputngmarginalproduct边际产量递减规律declines as the quantity of the input increasesfactors ofproductionthe inputs used to produce goods and servicesmarginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborproducti on function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodvalue ofthe marginal 边际价值product the marginal product of an input times the price of the outputChapter 19 compensating differential 补偿微分a difference in wages that arises to offset the non-monetary characteristics of different jobsdiscrimination[dɪ,skr ɪmɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] ;歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsefficiency wages 效率工资above- equilibrium平衡，均势; 平静ˌ[ikwəˈlɪbriəm] wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityhuman capital*人力资本the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experiencestriken .攻击; 罢工[课，the organized withdrawal移开; 撤回of labor from a firmby a union市]; 发现union a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions。
微观经济学 名词解释
指在其他因素投入量不变时，额外增加1单位某种要素所获得的额外产量。
当某种固定要素（如土地）的供给量不受价格变化的影响，那么土地和其他要素获得的报酬(对其的支付)就叫做租金或经济租金。固定要素需求的增加只会影响它的价格。
10.Utility & The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility（效用和边际效用递减规律）
Utility denotes satifaction or how consumers rank different bundle of consumption goods, and it indicates consumer preference.
Budget Line
Assume the consumer’s income is I, the price of food is Pf and the clothing is Pc. MN is the consumer’s budget line. It sums up all the possible combinations of the two goods that would exhaust the consumer’s income.It’sabsolute slope equals the Pf/Pc ratio.
F(t`L,t`k)>t`f(L,k) , t>1
规模报酬递增是指所有的要素投入按照统一比例增加使得产出以一个更大的比例增加的现象。
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)
曼昆经济学原理（第七版）微观经济学分册名词解释中英文归纳CHAPTER 1Ten Principles of EconomicsScarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources稀缺性:社会资源的有限性Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources经济学:研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
Efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources效率:社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最大利益的特性Equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society平等：经济成果在社会成员中平均分配的特性Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item机会成本:为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
Rational people: people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives理性人:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人Marginal change: a small incremental adjustment to a plan of action边际变动:对行动计划的微小增量调整Incentive: something that induces a person to act激励:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
Market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services市场经济:当许多企业和家庭在物品与服务市场上相互交易时，通过它们的分散决策配置资源的经济。
微观经济学常用词汇(中英文对照)
微观经济学词汇AAbsolute Advantage，绝对优势如果某个国家在生产某种商品时，其消耗的资源比其他国家所需的少，那么这个国家就在生产这种产品上具有绝对优势。
Accelerator Effect，加速效应由产出的增加（减少）引起的投资的增加（减少）反过来刺激了产出的增加（减少）。
Actual Investment，实际投资实际发生的投资额。
其中包括诸如计划外的库存变化。
Adjustment Costs，调整费用企业在改变其产量水平时所发生的费用——比如因解雇员工或者对新雇员进行培训时所发生的管理费用。
Adverse Selection，逆向选择当一个购买者或者销售者参与到一项交易中，交易的另一方拥有更多的信息时，就会发生逆向选择。
Aggregate Behavior，总效应所有的家庭与厂商的行为的加总。
Aggregate Demand，总需求整个经济中对于产品和服务的总需求。
Aggregate Demand（AD） Curve，总需求（AD）曲线反应总产出（收入）与价格水平之间的负向关系的曲线。
AD曲线上的每一点都是商品市场与货币市场的均衡点。
Aggregate Income，总收入在某一给定时期内，参与生产的所有要素获得的总报酬。
Aggregate Output，总产出在某一给定时期内，整个经济中生产（供给）的产品与服务的总量。
Aggregate Production Function，总生产函数投入与国民产出（或者国内生产总值）之间的数学表达。
Aggregate Supply，总供给整个经济中的产品与服务的供给总量。
Aggregate Supply（AS） Curve，总供给（AS）曲线表现经济中的所有企业在全部价格水平下的总的产出的供给量的图。
Animal Spirits of Entrepreneurs，企业家的动物精神凯恩斯创造的用于描述投资者的感受的词。
Antitrust Division（of the Department of Justice），反托拉斯部门（司法部的）被授权对违反反托拉斯法的行为采取制裁的两个联邦机构之一。
微观经济学常用词汇(中英文对照)
微观经济学词汇AAbsolute Advantage，绝对优势如果某个国家在生产某种商品时，其消耗的资源比其他国家所需的少，那么这个国家就在生产这种产品上具有绝对优势。
Accelerator Effect，加速效应由产出的增加（减少）引起的投资的增加（减少）反过来刺激了产出的增加（减少）。
Actual Investment，实际投资实际发生的投资额。
其中包括诸如计划外的库存变化。
Adjustment Costs，调整费用企业在改变其产量水平时所发生的费用——比如因解雇员工或者对新雇员进行培训时所发生的管理费用。
Adverse Selection，逆向选择当一个购买者或者销售者参与到一项交易中，交易的另一方拥有更多的信息时，就会发生逆向选择。
Aggregate Behavior，总效应所有的家庭与厂商的行为的加总。
Aggregate Demand，总需求整个经济中对于产品和服务的总需求。
Aggregate Demand（AD） Curve，总需求（AD）曲线反应总产出（收入）与价格水平之间的负向关系的曲线。
AD曲线上的每一点都是商品市场与货币市场的均衡点。
Aggregate Income，总收入在某一给定时期内，参与生产的所有要素获得的总报酬。
Aggregate Output，总产出在某一给定时期内，整个经济中生产（供给）的产品与服务的总量。
Aggregate Production Function，总生产函数投入与国民产出（或者国内生产总值）之间的数学表达。
Aggregate Supply，总供给整个经济中的产品与服务的供给总量。
Aggregate Supply（AS） Curve，总供给（AS）曲线表现经济中的所有企业在全部价格水平下的总的产出的供给量的图。
Animal Spirits of Entrepreneurs，企业家的动物精神凯恩斯创造的用于描述投资者的感受的词。
Antitrust Division（of the Department of Justice），反托拉斯部门（司法部的）被授权对违反反托拉斯法的行为采取制裁的两个联邦机构之一。
《微观经济学》名词解释
74、纳什均衡：是指博弈论中的一种均衡,如果给出每个其他局中人的策略,在此均衡下,所有局中人都没有理由改变他自己的策略?
75、科斯定理：只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为零或者很小，则无论在开始时将财产权赋予谁，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的。
45、垄断竞争市场：一个有许多厂商生产和销售有差别的同种产品的市场。
46、寡头垄断市场：是指少数几家厂商控制整个市场的产品的生产和销售的这样一种市场组织。
47、折拐需求曲线模型：又称斯威齐模型。假设条件是：如果一个寡头厂商提高价格，行业中的其他寡头厂商都不会跟着改变自己的价格，因而提价的寡头厂商的销售量的减少是很多的；如果一个寡头厂商降低价格，行业中的其他寡头厂商会将价格降到相同的水平，以避免销售份额的减少，因而该寡头厂商的销售量的增加是很有限的。
38、成本函数：成本和产量之间的关系。
39、厂商均衡： 指一个厂商在其所面临的各种约束下,利润达到最大化时的产出的水平或状态?此时厂商没有改变其产出或价格水平的动机?在规范的厂商理论中,这意味着厂商选择了一个边际收益恰好等于边际成本的产出水平?
40、完全竞争市场：必须具备以下四个条件：市场上有大量的买者和卖者；市场上每一个厂商提供的商品都是同质的；所有的资源具有完全的流动性；信息是完全的。
25、边际报酬递减规律：在技术水平不变的条件下，在连续等量地把某一种可变生产要素增加到其他一种或几种数量不变的生产要素上去的过程中，当这种可变生产要素的投入量小于某一特定值时，增加该要素投入所带来的边际产量是递增的；当这种可变要素的投入量连续增加并超过这个特定值时，增加该要素投入所带来的边际产量是递减的。
微观经济学名词解释
1.需求价格弹性：需求量变动对价格变动的反应程度。
2.生产可能性边界：在资源既定的条件下，所能达到的两种产品的最大组合。
3.边际效用递减规律：在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。
4.消费者剩余：消费者对某商品愿意支付的价格与实际支付的价格之间的差额。
5.消费者均衡：是研究单个消费者如何把有限的货币收入分配在各种商品的购买中以获得最大的效用。
也可以说，它是研究单个消费者在既定收入下实现效用最大化的均衡条件。
6.恩格尔定律：在其他条件不变的情况下，随着收入水平的提高，食品支出占消费总支出的比重有逐渐下降的趋势。
或者，对于一个家庭或国家，富裕程度越高，食品支出的收入弹性越小；反之越大。
7.生产函数：表示投入与产出之间的技术关系，它表示在一定时期内，在技术水平不变的情况下，生产中所使用的各种生产要素的数量与所能生产的最大产量之间的关系。
8.边际报酬递减规律：技术和其他要素投入不变，连续增加一种要素投入，当投入量小于某一特定数值时，边际产量递增；当投入量连续增加并超过某一特定值时，边际产量最终会递减。
9.机会成本：把某资源投入某一特定用途以后，所放弃的在其他用途中所能得到的最大利益。
10.规模经济（内在经济）：在厂商规模扩张初期，由自身内部规模扩大所引起的经济效益的提高。
11.价格歧视：以不同价格销售同一种产品。
12.纳什均衡：在一个纳什均衡里，任何一个参与者都不会改变自己的策略，如果其他参与者均不改变各自的策略。
13.等成本线（企业预算线）：在既定的成本和既定生产要素价格条件下，生产者可以购买到的两种生产要素的各种不同数量组合的轨迹。
14.生产者剩余：指厂商在提供一定数量的某种产品时实际接受的总支付和愿意接受的最小总支付之间的差额。
15.长期总成本：指厂商在长期中在各种产量水平上通过改变生产规模所能达到的最低总成本。
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1business cycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and productioneconomics经济学; 经济，国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce缺乏的，罕见的 resourcesefficiencyn.功效; 效率，效能; 实力，能力; [物] 性能; the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequalityn.同等，平等; [数] 相等，等式; the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of societyexternality[,ekst??'n?l?t?]外部性the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人incentive something that induces a person to actInflation[?n'fle??(?)n] an increase in the overall level of prices in the economymarginal changes small incremental增加的 adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesmarket failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[??l?ke?t] resources efficientlymarket power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesopportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemproductivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor inputproperty rights the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resourcesrational people people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectivesscarcity the limited nature of society’s resourcesChapter 2circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firmsmacroeconomics[,m?kr??i?k?'n?m?ks; -ek-] the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthmicroeconomics[,ma?kr??i?k?'n?m?ks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsnormative['n??m?t?v]标准的 statements claims that attempt to prescribe定，规定; 指定，规定;美[pr??skra?b] how the world should bepositive statements claims that attempt to describe the world as it isproduction possibilities frontier ['fr?nt??）a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyChapter 3absolute advantage the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producercomparative advantage the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producerexports goods produced domestically美[d?'mest?kl?】合乎国内的and sold abroadimports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competitive market 完全竞争市场a market with many buyers and sellers['sel?] trading identical同一的，完全相同的美[a??d?nt?k?l] products so that each buyer and seller is a price takergood or servicenormal good 普通商品a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandquantity demanded 需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchasequantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellshortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsubstitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsurplus ['s?:pl?s] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter 5cross-price elasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantityreceived bysellers of agood, computedas the priceof the goodtimes thequantity sold Chapter 6price ceiling ['si?l??] a legal maximum['m?ks?m?m] on the price at which a good can be soldprice floor a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldtaxincidence['?ns?d(?)ns] the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7consumer[k?n'sju?m?] surplus['s??pl?s]消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['ma?n?s] the amount the buyer actually pays for itcost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources继续阅读。
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1businesscycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment andproductioneconomi cs 经济学;经济，国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的，罕见的resourcesefficienc y n.功效; 效率，效能; 实力，能力; [物] 性能;the property of society getting the most it can from its scarceresourcesequality n .同等，平等; [数]相等，等式;the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformlyamong the members of societyexternality[,ekst ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ]外部性the uncompensated impact of on e person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人 incentive s omething that induces a person to actInflation [ɪn'fle ɪʃ(ə)n]an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginalchangessmall incremental 增加的 adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economyan economy that allocates resources through thedecentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate 分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləke ɪt] resources efficiently market powerthe ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesChapter 2circular-flowdiagrama visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flowthrough markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firms macroeconomics [,mækr əʊi ːk ə'n ɒm ɪks; -ek-]the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomics [,ma ɪkr əʊi ːk ə'n ɒm ɪks the study of how households and firms make decisionsand how they interact in marketsnormative['n ɔːm ət ɪv]标准的 statementsclaims that attempt to prescribe 定，规定; 指定，规定;美[pr ɪˈskra ɪb] how the world should be positivestatementsclaims that attempt to describe the world as it isproductionpossibilitiesfrontier['fr ʌnt ɪə）a graph that shows the combinations of output that theeconomy can possibly produce given the available factorsof production and the available production technologyChapter 3absoluteadvantagethe ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than anotherproducercomparati ve advantag ethe ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer exports goods produced domestically 美[d ə'mest ɪkl ɪ】合乎国内的 andsold abroad imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competiti ve market a market with many buyers and sellers['sel ə] trading identical 同一的，完全相同的美[a ɪˈd ɛnt ɪk əl] products so that each完全竞争市场buyer and seller is a price taker Complements互补品['kɑmpləmənt]two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherdemand curve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemand schedule 需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedEquilibrium[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibriu m price 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibriu m quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceinferiorgood劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandlaw of demand 需求原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good riseslaw of supply 供给原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good riseslaw of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balancemarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or servicenormal good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand普通商品quantitydemanded 需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able topurchasequantitysuppliedthe amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellshortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater thanquantity supplied substitute s two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other supply curvea graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsurplus ['s ɜ:pl əs] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter5cross-pri ceelasticity ofdemand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelasticity [,ilæ'st ɪs əti]n . 弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性; a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded orquantity supplied to one of its determinantsincomea measure of how much the quantity demanded of a goodelasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性 responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income price elasticity ofdemand 需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricepriceelasticityof supply供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a goodresponds to a change in the price of that good, computed asthe percentage change in quantity supplied divided by thepercentage change in pricetotal revenue (in a market)总收入; 总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity soldChapter 6price ceiling ['si ːl ɪŋ] a legal maximum['mæks ɪm əm] on the price at which a good can be soldprice floora legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldtaxincidenc e['ɪns ɪd(ə)ns]the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7consumer [k ən'sju ːmə] surplus['s ɜːpl əs]消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['ma ɪn əs] theamount the buyer actually pays for itcost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarceresources equality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly amongthe members of society producer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing itwelfareeconomicsthe study of how the allocation 美[ˌæləˈke ɪʃn]分配，配给 ofresources affects economic well-beingwillingnes s to pay受益者负担 the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodChapter 8Deadweightloss 无谓损失又为社会净损失the fall in total surplus 过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜ:rpl əs] that results from a market distortion 变形; 失真[d ɪˈst ɔr ʃən], such as a taxChapter 9tariff n . 关税;关税表; 价格表a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyworld pricethe price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10Coasetheorem['θɪər əm]科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without costover the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem ofexternalities 外在性 on their owncorrectiv a tax designed to induce private decision makers to takee tax 矫正税 account of the social costs that arise from a negative externalityexternalit y [,ekst ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ] n . 外形; 外在性; 外部事物; （经济学名词） 外部效应the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander internalizing the externalit y 内化altering incentives[ɪn's ɛnt ɪv] so that people take account of the external effects of their actions transaction[træn'z æk ʃən]交易 coststhe costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargainChapter 11club goodsgoods that are excludable but not rival in consumptioncommonresources goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable 可排他的; 包括在外的;co st –benefit analysis 成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society ofproviding a public goodexcludabi lity [ɪks,klu ːd ə'b ɪl ət ɪ]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be preventedfrom using itfree rider[释义]坐享其成，无本获利; a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it private goods goods that are both excludable and rival in consumption public goodsgoods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumptionrivalry inconsump tion 消费竞争the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use Tragedyof theCommon s 公共地悲剧a parable 寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter 12ability-to-payprinciple[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则;the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according tohow well that person can shoulder the burdenaveragetax ratetotal taxes paid divided by total incomebenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudgetdeficit n.预算赤字;a shortfall 亏空; 缺空 of tax revenue from governmentspendingbudgetsurplus 预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontal equity纳税横向the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxesshould pay the same amount均等;lump-sum tax 总量税a tax that is the same amount for every person marginaltax rate 边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income progressive tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction 分数; 一小部分 of their income than do low-income taxpayersproportional tax 比例税率a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay thesame fraction of incomeregressive tax 累退税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction oftheir income than do low-income taxpayersverticalequity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxesshould pay larger amountsChapter 13accounting profittotal revenue minus total explicit 清楚的，明确的 costaveragefixed costfixed cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragetotal cost total cost divided by the quantity of outputaverage variable costvariable cost divided by the quantity of outputconstantreturns toscalethe property whereby long-run average total cost stays thesame as the quantity of output changesdiminishin gmarginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesmies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increaseseconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costseconomie s of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesefficientscale最小有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costexplicitcostsinput costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixedcosts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedimplicitcosts隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmmarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionmarginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproductio n function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodprofit total revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production totalrevenue(for firm)the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputvariablecosts[释义]变动成本;costs that vary with the quantity of output produced Chapter14revenuetotal revenue divided by the quantity sold competiti ve marketa market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker marginal revenuethe change in total revenue from an additional unit sold sunkcost 沉没成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredChapter15monopoly[mə'n ɒp(ə)l ɪ]a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes naturalmonopoly n.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品;a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms price discrimina tionthe business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersChapter16 monopolistic competiti on 垄断竞争市场a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical oligopoly求过于供的市场情况;a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsChapter17cartel <经>卡特尔，企业联合a group of firms acting in unison ['juːnɪs(ə)n]collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge<经>卡特尔，企业联合a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersgametheorythe study of how people behave in strategic situations GDPdeflator[d i'fleitə]GDP缩减指数a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Nash equilibriu m 纳什均衡a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenoligopoly[ ,ɑlə'gɑpəli] 寡头a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsprisoners’ dilemma [dɪˈlemə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialChapter18capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesdiminishi ng the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesmarginalproduct边际产量递减规律factors ofproductionthe inputs used to produce goods and servicesmarginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborproducti on function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodvalue ofthemarginal边际价值productthe marginal product of an input times the price of the outputChapter19compensating differential 补偿微分a difference in wages that arises to offset the non-monetary characteristics of different jobsdiscrimination[dɪ,skr ɪmɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] ;歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsefficiency wages 效率工资above- equilibrium平衡，均势; 平静ˌ[ikwəˈlɪbriəm] wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityhuman capital*人力资本the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experiencestriken .攻击; 罢工[课，市];发现the organized withdrawal移开; 撤回of labor from a firm by a union 精品文档，你值得期待union a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions。
(完整版)微观经济学名词解释双语版
微观经济名词解释CHAPTER 1 BriefingScarcity : the limited nature of society's resources。
Economics ： the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency ： the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.Equity ： the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society.Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item。
Rational : systematically and purposefully doing the best you can to achieve your objectives。
Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action。
Incentive ： something that induces a person to act。
Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services。
Property rights ： the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources。
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1businesscycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment andproductioneconomi cs 经济学;经济，国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的，罕见的resourcesefficienc y n.功效; 效率，效能; 实力，能力; [物] 性能;the property of society getting the most it can from its scarceresourcesequality n .同等，平等; [数]相等，等式;the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformlyamong the members of societyexternality[,ekst ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ]外部性the uncompensated impact of on e person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人 incentive s omething that induces a person to actInflation [ɪn'fle ɪʃ(ə)n]an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginalchangessmall incremental 增加的 adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economyan economy that allocates resources through thedecentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate 分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləke ɪt] resources efficiently market powerthe ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesopportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemproducti vity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor inputChapter 2circular-flow diagrama visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flowthrough markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firms macroeconomics [,mækr əʊi ːk ə'n ɒm ɪks; -ek-]the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomics [,ma ɪkr əʊi ːk ə'n ɒm ɪks the study of how households and firms make decisionsand how they interact in marketsnormative['n ɔːm ət ɪv]标准的 statementsclaims that attempt to prescribe 定，规定; 指定，规定;美[pr ɪˈskra ɪb] how the world should be positivestatementsclaims that attempt to describe the world as it isproductionpossibilitiesfrontier['fr ʌnt ɪə）a graph that shows the combinations of output that theeconomy can possibly produce given the available factorsof production and the available production technologyChapter 3absoluteadvantagethe ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than anotherproducercomparati ve advantag ethe ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer exports goods produced domestically 美[d ə'mest ɪkl ɪ】合乎国内的 andsold abroad imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competiti ve market a market with many buyers and sellers['sel ə] trading identical 同一的，完全相同的美[a ɪˈd ɛnt ɪk əl] products so that each完全竞争市场buyer and seller is a price taker Complements互补品['kɑmpləmənt]two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherdemand curve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemand schedule 需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedEquilibrium[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibriu m price 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibriu m quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceinferiorgood劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandlaw of demand 需求原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good riseslaw of supply 供给原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good riseslaw of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balancemarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or servicenormal good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand普通商品quantity demande d 需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchasequantitysuppliedthe amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell shortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsubstitute s two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsurplus ['sɜ:pləs] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter 5cross-pri ceelasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelasticity [,ilæ'stɪsəti]n .弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded orquantity supplied to one of its determinantsincome elasticity a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as theof demand 需求的收入弹性 percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income price elasticity ofdemand 需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricepriceelasticityof supply供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a goodresponds to a change in the price of that good, computed asthe percentage change in quantity supplied divided by thepercentage change in pricetotal revenue (in a market)总收入; 总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold Chapter 6price ceiling ['si ːl ɪŋ] a legal maximum['mæks ɪm əm] on the price at which a good can be soldprice floora legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldtaxincidenc e['ɪns ɪd(ə)ns]the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7consumer [k ən'sju ːmə] surplus['s ɜːpl əs]消费者剩余 the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['ma ɪn əs] theamount the buyer actually pays for itcostthe value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarceresources equality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly amongthe members of society producer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing itwelfareeconomicsthe study of how the allocation 美[ˌæləˈke ɪʃn]分配，配给 ofresources affects economic well-beingwillingnes s to pay受益者负担 the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodChapter 8Deadweightloss 无谓损失又为社会净损失the fall in total surplus 过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜ:rpl əs] that results from a market distortion 变形; 失真[d ɪˈst ɔr ʃən], such as a taxChapter 9tariff n . 关税;关税表; 价格表a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyworld price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10Coasetheorem['θɪər əm]科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without costover the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem ofexternalities 外在性 on their owncorrectiv e tax 矫 a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative正税externality externality [,ekstɜː'nælɪtɪ]n .外形; 外在性; 外部事物;（经济学名词）外部效应the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on thewell-being of a bystanderinternalizing the externalit y 内化altering incentives[ɪn'sɛntɪv] so that people take account of the external effects of their actionstransaction[træn'z ækʃən]交易costs the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargainChapter11clubgoodsgoods that are excludable but not rival in consumptioncommon resource s goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable可排他的; 包括在外的;cost–benefi t analysis 成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodexcludability [ɪks,kluːdə'bɪlətɪ]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itfree rider a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying[释义]坐享其成，无本获利; for it private goods goods that are both excludable and rival in consumption public goodsgoods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumptionrivalry inconsump tion 消费竞争the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use Tragedyof theCommon s 公共地悲剧a parable 寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter 12ability-to-payprinciple[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则;the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according tohow well that person can shoulder the burdenaveragetax ratetotal taxes paid divided by total incomebenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudgetdeficit n.预算赤字;a shortfall 亏空; 缺空 of tax revenue from governmentspendingbudgetsurplus 预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontal equity 纳税横向均等;the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountlump-sum tax 总量税a tax that is the same amount for every person marginaltax rate 边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income progressive tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction 分数; 一小部分 of their income than do low-income taxpayersproportional tax 比例税率a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay thesame fraction of incomeregressive tax 累退税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction oftheir income than do low-income taxpayersverticalequity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxesshould pay larger amountsChapter 13accounting profittotal revenue minus total explicit 清楚的，明确的 costaveragefixed costfixed cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragetotal cost total cost divided by the quantity of outputaverage variable costvariable cost divided by the quantity of outputconstantreturns toscalethe property whereby long-run average total cost stays thesame as the quantity of output changesdiminishin gmarginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases disecono the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as themies ofscale 规模不经济quantity of output increaseseconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costseconomie s of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesefficientscale最小有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costexplicitcostsinput costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixedcosts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedimplicitcosts隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmmarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionmarginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproductio n function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodprofit total revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production totalrevenue(for firm)the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputvariablecosts[释义]变动成本;costs that vary with the quantity of output producedChapter14average total revenue divided by the quantity soldrevenuecompetiti ve marketa market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker marginal revenuethe change in total revenue from an additional unit sold sunkcost 沉没成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredChapter15monopoly[mə'n ɒp(ə)l ɪ]a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes naturalmonopoly n.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品;a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms price discrimina tionthe business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersChapter16 monopolistic competiti on 垄断竞争市场a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical oligopoly求过于供的市场情况;a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsChapter17经>卡特尔，企业联合a group of firms acting in unison ['juːnɪs(ə)n]collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge<经>卡特尔，企业联合a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersgametheorythe study of how people behave in strategic situations GDPdeflator[d i'fleitə]GDP缩减指数a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Nash equilibriu m 纳什均衡a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenoligopoly[ ,ɑlə'gɑpəli] 寡头a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsprisoners’ dilemma [dɪˈlemə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialChapter18capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesdiminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases递减规律factors ofproductionthe inputs used to produce goods and servicesmarginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborproducti on function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodvalue ofthemarginal边际价值productthe marginal product of an input times the price of the outputChapter19compensating differential 补偿微分a difference in wages that arises to offset the non-monetary characteristics of different jobsdiscrimination[dɪ,skr ɪmɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] ;歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsefficiency wages 效率工资above- equilibrium平衡，均势; 平静ˌ[ikwəˈlɪbriəm] wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityhuman capital*人力资本the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experiencestriken .攻击; 罢工[课，市];发现the organized withdrawal移开; 撤回of labor from a firm by aunionunion a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions。
微观经济学原理第七版曼昆名词解释带英文
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释1.需求价格弹性(price elasticity of demand)：2.蛛网模型（）：对于生产周期较长的商品供给的时滞性，需求的不是动态模型分类，画图3.边际效用递减（diminishing marginal utility）——基数效用论不违反边际效用递减规律。
因为边际效用是指物品的消费量每增加(或减少)一个单位所增加(或减少)的总效用的量。
这里的“单位”是指一完整的商品单位，这种完整的商品单位，是边际效用递减规律有效性的前提。
比如，这个定律适用于一双的鞋子，但不适用于单只的鞋子。
对于四轮车而言，必须是有四个轮子的车才成为一单位。
三个轮子不能构成一辆四轮车，因而每个轮子都不是一个有效用的物品，增加一个轮子，才能使车子有用。
因此，不能说第四个轮子的边际效用超过第三个轮子4.无差异曲线(indifference curve)：一条表示给消费者相同满足程度的消费组合的曲线。
（2）特征：凸向原点越远越大不相交5.边际替代率(marginal rate of substitution.MRS)：——序数效用论6.预算线（Budget line/ budget constraint）7.吉芬物品(Giffen good)：价格上升引起需求量增加的物品。
8.柯布道格拉斯生产函数稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。
经济学(economics)：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
效率(efficiency)：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。
平等(equality)：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
机会成本(opportunity cost)：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
理性人(rational people)：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。
边际变动(marginal change)：对行动计划微小的增量调整。
激励(incentive)：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1businesscycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment andproductioneconomi cs 经济学;经济，国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的，罕见的resourcesefficienc y n.功效; 效率，效能; 实力，能力; [物] 性能;the property of society getting the most it can from its scarceresourcesequality n .同等，平等; [数]相等，等式;the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformlyamong the members of societyexternality[,ekst ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ]外部性the uncompensated impact of on e person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人 incentive s omething that induces a person to actInflation [ɪn'fle ɪʃ(ə)n]an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginalchangessmall incremental 增加的 adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economyan economy that allocates resources through thedecentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate 分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləke ɪt] resources efficiently market powerthe ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesopportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemproducti vity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor inputChapter 2circular-flow diagrama visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flowthrough markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firms macroeconomics [,mækr əʊi ːk ə'n ɒm ɪks; -ek-]the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomics [,ma ɪkr əʊi ːk ə'n ɒm ɪks the study of how households and firms make decisionsand how they interact in marketsnormative['n ɔːm ət ɪv]标准的 statementsclaims that attempt to prescribe 定，规定; 指定，规定;美[pr ɪˈskra ɪb] how the world should be positivestatementsclaims that attempt to describe the world as it isproductionpossibilitiesfrontier['fr ʌnt ɪə）a graph that shows the combinations of output that theeconomy can possibly produce given the available factorsof production and the available production technologyChapter 3absoluteadvantagethe ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than anotherproducercomparati ve advantag ethe ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer exports goods produced domestically 美[d ə'mest ɪkl ɪ】合乎国内的 andsold abroad imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competiti ve market a market with many buyers and sellers['sel ə] trading identical 同一的，完全相同的美[a ɪˈd ɛnt ɪk əl] products so that each完全竞争市场buyer and seller is a price taker Complements互补品['kɑmpləmənt]two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherdemand curve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemand schedule 需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedEquilibrium[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibriu m price 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibriu m quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceinferiorgood劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandlaw of demand 需求原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good riseslaw of supply 供给原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good riseslaw of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balancemarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or servicenormal good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand普通商品quantity demande d 需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchasequantitysuppliedthe amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell shortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsubstitute s two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsurplus ['sɜ:pləs] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter 5cross-pri ceelasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelasticity [,ilæ'stɪsəti]n .弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded orquantity supplied to one of its determinantsincome elasticity a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as theof demand 需求的收入弹性 percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income price elasticity ofdemand 需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricepriceelasticityof supply供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a goodresponds to a change in the price of that good, computed asthe percentage change in quantity supplied divided by thepercentage change in pricetotal revenue (in a market)总收入; 总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold Chapter 6price ceiling ['si ːl ɪŋ] a legal maximum['mæks ɪm əm] on the price at which a good can be soldprice floora legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldtaxincidenc e['ɪns ɪd(ə)ns]the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7consumer [k ən'sju ːmə] surplus['s ɜːpl əs]消费者剩余 the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['ma ɪn əs] theamount the buyer actually pays for itcostthe value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarceresources equality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly amongthe members of society producer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing itwelfareeconomicsthe study of how the allocation 美[ˌæləˈke ɪʃn]分配，配给 ofresources affects economic well-beingwillingnes s to pay受益者负担 the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodChapter 8Deadweightloss 无谓损失又为社会净损失the fall in total surplus 过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜ:rpl əs] that results from a market distortion 变形; 失真[d ɪˈst ɔr ʃən], such as a taxChapter 9tariff n . 关税;关税表; 价格表a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyworld price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10Coasetheorem['θɪər əm]科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without costover the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem ofexternalities 外在性 on their owncorrectiv e tax 矫 a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative正税externality externality [,ekstɜː'nælɪtɪ]n .外形; 外在性; 外部事物;（经济学名词）外部效应the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on thewell-being of a bystanderinternalizing the externalit y 内化altering incentives[ɪn'sɛntɪv] so that people take account of the external effects of their actionstransaction[træn'z ækʃən]交易costs the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargainChapter11clubgoodsgoods that are excludable but not rival in consumptioncommon resource s goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable可排他的; 包括在外的;cost–benefi t analysis 成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodexcludability [ɪks,kluːdə'bɪlətɪ]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itfree rider a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying[释义]坐享其成，无本获利; for it private goods goods that are both excludable and rival in consumption public goodsgoods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumptionrivalry inconsump tion 消费竞争the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use Tragedyof theCommon s 公共地悲剧a parable 寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter 12ability-to-payprinciple[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则;the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according tohow well that person can shoulder the burdenaveragetax ratetotal taxes paid divided by total incomebenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudgetdeficit n.预算赤字;a shortfall 亏空; 缺空 of tax revenue from governmentspendingbudgetsurplus 预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontal equity 纳税横向均等;the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountlump-sum tax 总量税a tax that is the same amount for every person marginaltax rate 边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income progressive tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction 分数; 一小部分 of their income than do low-income taxpayersproportional tax 比例税率a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay thesame fraction of incomeregressive tax 累退税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction oftheir income than do low-income taxpayersverticalequity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxesshould pay larger amountsChapter 13accounting profittotal revenue minus total explicit 清楚的，明确的 costaveragefixed costfixed cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragetotal cost total cost divided by the quantity of outputaverage variable costvariable cost divided by the quantity of outputconstantreturns toscalethe property whereby long-run average total cost stays thesame as the quantity of output changesdiminishin gmarginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases disecono the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as themies ofscale 规模不经济quantity of output increaseseconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costseconomie s of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesefficientscale最小有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costexplicitcostsinput costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixedcosts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedimplicitcosts隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmmarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionmarginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproductio n function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodprofit total revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production totalrevenue(for firm)the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputvariablecosts[释义]变动成本;costs that vary with the quantity of output producedChapter14average total revenue divided by the quantity soldrevenuecompetiti ve marketa market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker marginal revenuethe change in total revenue from an additional unit sold sunkcost 沉没成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredChapter15monopoly[mə'n ɒp(ə)l ɪ]a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes naturalmonopoly n.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品;a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms price discrimina tionthe business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersChapter16 monopolistic competiti on 垄断竞争市场a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical oligopoly求过于供的市场情况;a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsChapter17经>卡特尔，企业联合a group of firms acting in unison ['juːnɪs(ə)n]collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge<经>卡特尔，企业联合a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersgametheorythe study of how people behave in strategic situations GDPdeflator[d i'fleitə]GDP缩减指数a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Nash equilibriu m 纳什均衡a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenoligopoly[ ,ɑlə'gɑpəli] 寡头a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsprisoners’ dilemma [dɪˈlemə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialChapter18capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesdiminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases递减规律factors ofproductionthe inputs used to produce goods and servicesmarginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborproducti on function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodvalue ofthemarginal边际价值productthe marginal product of an input times the price of the outputChapter19compensating differential 补偿微分a difference in wages that arises to offset the non-monetary characteristics of different jobsdiscrimination[dɪ,skr ɪmɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] ;歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsefficiency wages 效率工资above- equilibrium平衡，均势; 平静ˌ[ikwəˈlɪbriəm] wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityhuman capital*人力资本the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experiencestriken .攻击; 罢工[课，市];发现the organized withdrawal移开; 撤回of labor from a firm by aunionunion a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
【经济人】从事经济活动得人所采取得经济行为都就是力图以自己得最小经济代价去获得自己得最大经济利益。
【需求】消费者在一定时期内在各种可能得价格水平愿意而且能够购买得该商品得数量。
【供给】生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售得该种商品得数量。
【均衡价格】。
一种商品得均衡价格就是指该种商品得市场需求量与市场供给量相等时得价格。
【供求定理】。
其她条件不变得情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格与均衡数量得同方向得变动，供给变动引起均衡价格得反方向变动,引起均衡数量得同方向变动。
【经济模型】。
经济模型就是指用来描述所研究得经济事物得有关经济变量之间相关关系得理论结构。
【弹性】当一个经济变量发生1%得变动时,由它引起得另一个经济变量变动得百分比。
【弧弹性】表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间得需求量得变动对于价格得变动得反应程度。
【点弹性】表示需求曲线上某一点上得需求量变动对于价格变动得反应程度。
【需求得价格弹性】表示在一定时期内一种商品得需求量变动对于该商品得价格变动得反应程度。
或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品得价格变化百分之一时所引起得该商品得需求量变化得百分比。
【需求得交叉价格弹性】。
表示在一定时期内一种商品得需求量得变动相对于它得相关商品得价格变动得反应程度。
或者说,表示在一定时期内当一种商品得价格变化百分之一时所引起得另一种商品得需求量变化百分比。
【替代品】如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者得某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系,这两种商品互为替代品。
【需求得收入弹性】需求得收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品得需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动得反应程度。
或者说,表示在一定时期内当消费者得收入变化百分之一时所引起得商品需求量变化得百分比。
【恩格尔定律】。
在一个家庭或在一个国家中,食物支出在收入中所占得比例随着收入得增加而减少。
用弹性得概念来表述它则可以就是:对于一个家庭或一个国家来说,富裕程度越高,则食物支出得收入弹性就越小;反之,则越大。
【总效用与边际效用】总效用就是指消费者在一定时间内从一定数量得商品得消费中所得到得效用量得总与。
边际效用就是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品得消费所得到得效用量得增量。
【边际效用递减规律】在一定时间内，在其她商品得消费数量保持不变得情况下,随着消费者对某种商品消费得增加,消费者从该商品连续增加得每一消费单位中所得到得效用增量即边际效用就是递减得。
【消费者均衡】消费者均衡就是研究单个消费者如何把有限得货币收入分配在各种商品得购买中以获得最大效用。
【消费者剩余】。
消费者剩余就是消费者在购买一定数量得某种商品时愿意支付得最高总价格与实际支付得总价格之间得差额。
【无差异曲线】无差异曲线就是用来表示消费者偏好相同得两种商品得所有组合得。
或者说,她时表示能够给消费者带来相同效用水平或满足程度得两种商品得所有组合得。
【无差异曲线得三个基本特征】。
1.在同一坐标平面内得任何两条无差异曲线之间,可以有无数条无差异曲线。
2.在同一坐标平面内得任意两条无差异曲线不会相交。
3.无差异曲线就是凸向原点得。
【边际替代率】在维持效用水平不变得前提下，消费者增加一单位某种商品得消费数量时所需要得放弃得另一种商品得消费数量,被称为商品得边际替代率。
【边际报酬递减规律】。
在生产中普遍存在这样一种现象：在技术水平不变得条件下,在连续等量地把某种可变生产要素加到其她一种或几种数量不变得生产要素上去得过程中,当这种可变要素得投入量小于某一特定值时,增加该要素投入所带来得边际产量就是递增得;当这种可变要素得投入量连续增加并超过这个特定值时,增加该要素投入所带来得边际产量就是递减得。
这就就是边际报酬递减规律。
【等产量曲线】等产量曲线就就是在技术水平不变得条件下生产同一产量得两种生产要素投入量得所有不同组合得轨迹。
【边际技术替代率】在维持产量水平不变得前提下,增加一单位某种生产要素投入量时,所减少得另一种生产要素得投入量。
【边际技术替代率递减规律】在两种生产要素相互替代得过程中,普遍得存在这样一种现象：在维持产量不变得前提下，当一种生产要素得投入量不断增加时,每一单位得这种生产要素所能替代得另一种生产要素得数量就是递减得。
这一现象被称为边际技术替代率递减规律。
【机会成本】。
一般地,生产一单位得某种商品得机会成本就是指生产者所放弃得使用相同得生产要素在其它生产用途中所能得到得最高收入。
【隐成本】企业生产得隐成本就是指厂商本身自己所拥有得且被用于该企业生产过程得那些生产要素得总价格。
【经济利润与正常利润】企业得所有得显成本与隐成本之与构成总成本。
企业得经济利润就是指企业得总收益与总成本之间得差额。
正常利润就是指厂商对自己所提供得企业家才能得报酬支付。
【ＭC为什么呈Ｕ型】。
在短期生产中，边际产量得递增阶段对应得就是边际成本递减阶段，边际产量递减得阶段对应得就是边际成本得递增阶段,与边际产量得最大值相对应得就是边际成本得最小值。
正因为如此,在边际报酬递减规律作用下得边际成本MＣ曲线表现出先降后升得U型特征。
【长期总成本含义】。
指厂商在长期中在每一个产量水平上通过选择最优得生产规模所能达到得最低得总成本。
【完全竞争市场得4个条件】。
1.市场上有大量得买者与卖者。
2.市场上每一个厂商提供得商品都就是同质得。
3.所有得资源都具备完全得流动性。
4.信息就是完全得。
【完全竞争厂商得短期供给曲线】。
厂商得短期供给曲线应该用SMC曲线上大于与等于ＡVC最低点得部分来表示,即用SMC曲线大于与等于停止营业点得部分来表示。
【停止营业点】厂商得平均收益等于平均可变成本，厂商可以继续生产,也可以不生产,也就就是说,厂商生产或不生产得结果都就是一样得。
由于在这一均衡点上,厂商出于关闭企业得临界点,所以，该均衡点也被称作停止营业点或关闭点。
【短期生产者剩余】。
短期内由于所有产量得边际成本之与就等于总可变成本。
因此,厂商得短期生产者剩余也可以用厂商得总收益与总可变成本之间得差额来表示。
【垄断市场】垄断市场就是指整个行业中只有唯一一个厂商得市场组织。
【垄断市场得条件】。
1.市场上只有唯一得一个厂商生产与销售商品;2.该厂商生产与销售得商品没有任何相近得替代品;3.其她任何厂商进入该行业都极为困难或不可能。
【价格歧视】。
含义:以不同得价格销售同一种产品,被称为价格歧视。
基本条件：1、市场得消费者具有不同得偏好,而且这些不同得偏好可以被区分开。
2、不同得消费群体或不同得销售市场就是相互隔离得。
一级价格歧视:厂商对每一单位产品都按消费者所愿意支付得最高价格出售。
(完全价格~ 二级价格歧视:要求对不同消费数量段规定不同得价格。
三级价格歧视:垄断厂商对同一种产品在不同市场上(或对不同得消费群)收取不同得价格。
【经济租金】。
要素收入得减少不会减少该要素得供给量。
租金可以瞧成一种要素收入:其数量得减少不会引起要素供给量得减少。
有许多要素得收入尽管从整体上瞧不同于租金，但其收入得一部分却可能类似于租金，亦即如果从该要素得全部收入中减去这一部分并不会影响要素得供给,这一部分要素收入称为经济租金。
【基尼系数】。
在洛伦兹曲线图中,衡量不平等面积与完全不平等面积之比,称为基尼系数。
就是衡量一个国家贫富差距得标准。
【帕累托最优条件】。
达到帕累托最优状态所必须满足得条件被称为帕累托最优条件。
1.交换得最优条件2.生产得最优条件3.交换与生产得最优条件。
【市场失灵】现实得市场机制在很多场合不能导致资源得有效配置。
【市场失灵得几种情况(5种因素)】。
1.不完全竞争2.外部影响3.公共物品4.不完全信息5.微观经济政策【外部影响】。
某一经济主体得经济行为对社会上其她人得福利造成了影响，但并没有为此而承担后果。
【外部不经济】某个人(生产者或消费者)得一项经济活动会给社会上其她成员带来危害,但她自己却并不为此而支付足够抵偿这种危害得成本,此时，这个人为其活动所付出得私人成本小于该活动所造成得社会成本,这种性质得外部影响称为“外部不经济”。
【科斯定理】。
只要财产权就是明确得,并且其交易得成本为零或很小，则无论在开始时将财产权赋予谁,市场均衡得最终结果都就是有效率得。
【公共物品】。
既不具有排她性也不具有竞用性得物品叫做公共物品。
只不具有排她性但却具有竞用性得物品叫做公共资源。
【正常品与劣等品】。
正常品得需求量随着消费者得收入水平呈正方向得变动劣等品得需求量随着消费者得收入水平呈反方向得变动【规模经济与规模不经济】。
规模经济：在企业生产扩张得开始阶段，厂商由于扩大生产规模而使经济效益得到提高。
规模不经济:当生产扩张到一定得规模以后,厂商继续扩张生产规模,就会使经济效益下降。
【LC为什么呈U型】。
在产业生产扩张得阶段,会先后出现规模经济与规模不经济。
规模经济导致长期平均成本降低,规模不经济导致ＬAC上升。
正就是由于长期生产得规模经济与规模不经济得作用,决定了ＬAC曲线表现出先降后升得Ｕ型特征。
【英文简写与中文全称对照】TＵ：Total utilｉｔy总效用MU：Marginａl utility边际效用CS: Consumｅr sｕrplus消费者剩余MRS:商品得边际替代率Mａｒgｉnａl ｒaｔe of subsｔｉｔutionTP:总产量AＰ:平均产量ＭＰ：边际产量MＲTＳ：边际技术替代率SＴC:短期总成本FC:总不变成本Total fixed coｓtTVC:总可变成本Total ｖａrｉaｂle cosｔTC:总成本Ｔｏｔａl cｏｓｔAＦＣ:平均不变成本Averａgｅｆｉｘed cｏｓtＡVC:平均可变成本Ａveraｇe variａbｌe ｃost）AC:平均总成本Aｖeraｇｅ totａl ｃｏst 平均成本（Ａveｒagｅ cost) MC:边际成本Ｍarginal ｃｏstLTC:长期总成本Lonｇｒun toｔal ｃostLAＣ：长期平均成本Ｌong run averａge costSＡC:短期平均成本Ｓhort run aｖeｒage cosｔLＭC：长期边际成本Long ｒｕｎ maｒginal cｏstＳMC：短期边际成本Ｓhort ｒuｎ mａrｇｉnal costＴR:总收益Toｔaｌ rｅvenueAR:平均收益Ａvｅｒａge reｖenueＭR:边际收益Mａrgｉｎal ｒevenｕeMP:边际产品（Marginａl prodｕct)VＭＰ:边际产品价值Vaｌue of ｔhe ｍarginａl produｃtMRP:边际收益产品Mａｒginal rｅvenue prｏductＭFＣ:边际要素成本Maｒginaｌｃｏst of faｃtoｒPEP：价格扩展线Price line extenｓiｏn。