American_Religion_and_social_issues
Religion_in_the_United_States
8
Puritan
Religion in the United States
9
Baptist
Biblical authority B Autonomy of the local church A
Religion in the United States
Priesthood of the believer P
February 05, 1631, Roger Williams arrived in North America and created the firstPenn, Baptist America. the August 30, 1682, William a church Quakerin established colony of Pennsylvania. July 08, 1741, Jonathan Edwards preached his classic sermon, 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,' a key step in the beginning of New England's Great Awakening.
18
The Jews brought new ideas about God
The Jewish idea of God is particularly important to the world because it was the Jews who developed two new ideas about Gods: There is only one God God chooses to behave in a way that is both just and fair. Before Judaism, people believed in lots of gods, and those gods behaved no better than human beings with supernatural powers. The Jews found themselves with a God who was ethical and good.
美国宗教研究(英文版)
• Slavery. Early Christianity elevated the
roles of those oppressed in society, by for example, accepting women and slaves as full members. Slaves participated equally in worship and the community and were afforded contract and property rights. • Early Christians purchased slaves in the markets simply to set them free.It is also true that slavery was ended in great measure by Christian activists.
• Children. In the ancient world, for example in
infanticide（杀婴） classical Rome or Greece, infanticide（杀婴） was not only legal, it was applauded. Killing a Roman was murder, but it was commonly held in Rome that killing one‘s own children could be an act of beauty. Through a higher view of life, it was the early Christian church that ultimately brought an end to infanticide. The promodern pro-life movement is largely Christian.
American Religion
ＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＲｅｌｉｇｉｏｎAbstract:It is said that American religion，as a great part of American culture，plays an important role in American culture. It is hoped that some ideas can be obtained from this research paper，which focuses on analyzing the great impact is produced to American culture by American religion. Finally, this essay gives two useful standpoints to English learners:Understanding American religion will help understand the American history，culture and American people，and help you to communicate with them better．Understanding American religion will help you understand English better．Key words:American culture Hebrew culture Greek culture Roman cultureThe Bible American history American religion Christianity English1. American culture1.1 American cultureAmerican religion is a great part of American culture,the latter is a branch of European culture,which derives from Hebrew culture，Greek culture, and Roman culture．The feature of Hebrew culture is religion. The important book of it is The Bible , which has two parts: Old Testament and New Testament. The Old Testament was written in Hebrew language，which is talking about the history of the Hebrews and reflects their religion. Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses and David are mentioned in Old Testament.The New?Testamentwas mainly written in Greek language. In it, the Christ was born, and was stuck to the cross for saving the Human Beings. The Bible is an influential book in American culture.1.2 American religion1.2.1 The position of American religion in American cultureAmerican religion plays an important role in American culture. America is a typical religious country. 90% of American people have their own religion. Nearly 78% of American people pray at least one time per week; nearly 50% pray one time every day. They even print “in god we trust” on bills. So Religion is a great power in American society and culture, which also influences its diplomacy.According to a survey in 1988，“Among ten Americans, nine will say they never doubt about the existence of God; eight will say they will be judged by the God after they died and they believe that God is still giving us miracles now；and seven thinkthey will have a next life.” In addition 88% believe in God’s love; 78% will say they have spent much or a lot of time on thinking their relationship with God; and 86% say they hope their children will accept religion training in the future. They will say they have sensed the power of God and they have a deep eagerness for God. Americans spend more time and more money on religion than on other things.1.2.2 Groups of American religionChristianity is a kind of religion that regards Jesus Christ as the Saviour. Roman Catholicism, Protestant churches and Easten Orthodoxy all can be called as Christianity.With times passed by, more and more people immigrated into America with various religions. Now, The major religions in America are Protestant churches, Roman Catholicism, Muslims, Islam, Judaism, Hindus, Buddhism, Daoism and so on.Christian morals and ethics unite the American society. The things American people are proud of are not their advanced technologies, strong economy and powerful military forces, but their Christian morals and ethics and their value of God selecting its people, so they think everyone is equal and they pursue democracy and freedom.Some of American festivals are related to Christian religion, such as St. Valentine’s Day,St. Patrick’s Day, Easter andChristmas.Then, only when you understand American religion---especially Christian religion can you understand America, and can you communicate with American people better.There are some examples: Some powerful and high-status Chinese went to America. Because of their bad English and their working experience at home is not acce pted by the Americans, they couldn’t find jobs. Then others suggested them to go to the church where they can make friends. At first they didn’t believe it, but gradually they began to be accustomed to going to the church and they felt Christian religion is good and became Christians. Little by little they mixed together with the Americans and they could find jobs to afford their living expenses or even live better.2.2 Understanding American religion will help you understand English better.You can learn English well by communicating with Americans if you understand their Christian religion.In addition, there are a lot of words and phrases coming from The Bible, such as the followings:a dead dog废物或无价值的东西；Judas’Kiss犹大的吻（可耻的叛徒）；Let the dead bury their dead．既往不咎；out－Herod Herod比希律王还要希律王（有过之而无不及）；the apple of one’s eye掌上明珠；wolf in sheep’s clothing 披着羊皮的狼；eye for eye，tooth for tooth以眼还眼，以牙还牙；wash one’s hands of a thing洗手不干；new wine in old bottles旧瓶装新酒, etc.In a word, if you want to learnEnglish better, you should understand American religion.References:[1］/ruvolo.htm, 2008-1-4.[2］/carolrb/christianity/christian_festivals.html, 2008-1-7.[3］/jidianlinks/cd/xzm2.htm, 2008-1-4.[4］/01/4815/163091745.htm, 2008-1-5.[5］/vri/america.html, 2008-1-4.[6］/customs/questions/festivals.html, 2008-1-7.[7］/american_culture.htm, 2008-1-3.[8］/chinese/zhuanti/172146.htm, 2008.[9］/yeshua/culture/culture.htm, 2008.[10］/romeculture.html, 2008-1-3.[11］/JT_Z/FuYinFuLu/XinYangSiSuo/JiDuJiaoYuMeiGuoWenHu a/index.html, 2008-1-5.[12］/Bible-summary.html, 2008-1-7.[13］/New-Testament-Survey.html, 2008.[14］/Old-Testament-Survey.html, 2008-1-7.[15］/articles/native-american-culture.html, 2008-1-3.[16］/NativeAmerican.htm, 2008.[17］/news/view.asp?id=1494, 2008-1-5.[18］/reader/b_fuyinziliaowenzhai/chapter075.html,2008-1-4.[19］/reader/b_ifnobible/chapter06.html, 2008-1-5.[20］/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/europe/ancient_roman_culture.html, 2008-1-3.[21］/hr/equalities/religious_calendar.php,2008-1-7.[22］/jiaoliu/jl0100/immigration.html, 2008-1-4.[23］/jiaoliu/jl0100/place.html, 2008-1-4.[24］/jiaoliu/jl0100/redefine.html, 2008-1-4.[25］/htm/zlsh/zjyj/2004-03-13-16320.htm, 2008-1-4.。
美国外交政策名词解释(双语)
chapter three1.isolationism: 美国在第二次世界大战前长期奉行的不与欧洲大国结盟、不承担任何义务的外交政策。
美国独立初期，首先考虑发展本国的经济和军事实力，把活动主要集中在美洲大陆，在对外关系中避免卷入欧洲的政治和军事冲突，不承担国际社会的政治、军事义务，不与外国、特别是不与欧洲大国结盟。
早期外交上的孤立主义对保护刚建国的美国的国家利益有一定历史作用，曾对美国对外政策产生深刻的影响。
2.idealism: 理想主义可以被视为是第一个国际关系的理论。
1918年，第一次世界大战结束后不久，美国第28任务总统伍德罗·威尔逊在国会前发表著名演讲，提出了十四点和平计划，诸如公开外交、集体安全、国际法律、民族自决等等，被称为“威尔逊主义，象征着“理想主义”的浮现。
在威氏的倡导下，西方国家在1919年成立了国际联盟。
后来法、美等国又在1929年签定了“非战公约”。
理想主义是用以解决国家在国际关系上控制和限制战争的无能的理论。
3.collective security: 集体安全体系是第一次世界大战期间，美国总统T.W.威尔逊为实现“领导世界”的对外政策目标，竭力抨击传统的欧洲强权政治与均势外交，从而倡导的体系。
集体安全保障体系以国际联盟为中心，力主航海与贸易自由、国家不分大小一律平等、民族自决、缔结和约、实现裁军等,并将这些作为“永远结束战争”,缔结世界和平的基本原则。
集体安全政策是众多国家对国家安全和国际和平的集体相互保障。
在集体安全保障下，侵略者进攻集体安全体系中任何一个国家即被视为侵犯所有国家。
4.political realism：西方国际政治理论的重要流派。
代表人物有英国的E.H.卡尔，美国的H.J.摩根索等。
它形成于20世纪30年代末。
第二次世界大战的爆发，政治理想主义的破产，促成了政治现实主义的形成。
该理论认为人性本恶,人有权力欲望,在政治上表现为权力的意志，国家权力便是这种权力意志的扩大。
美国价价值观独立英语作文
美国价价值观独立英语作文Title: The Independence of American Values。
In the grand tapestry of global cultures, the United States stands out for its unique set of values, deeply ingrained in its history and society. At the heart of these values lies the concept of independence, a principle that permeates various aspects of American life, from politics and economics to social interactions and cultural expressions.First and foremost, American political ideology is rooted in the pursuit of independence. The Declaration of Independence, a seminal document in American history,boldly proclaims the unalienable rights of individuals to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Thisdeclaration laid the groundwork for the American Revolution, a struggle for independence from colonial rule and thebirth of a nation founded on the principles of self-governance and individual freedoms. Over the centuries,this commitment to independence has shaped the country's democratic institutions, fostering a system of checks and balances designed to prevent the concentration of power and protect the rights of citizens.Economically, the value of independence manifests in the American dream, the belief that anyone, regardless of background or circumstances, can achieve success through hard work and determination. This ethos of self-reliance and entrepreneurial spirit has fueled innovation and economic growth, making the United States a beacon of opportunity for people around the world. The rugged individualism celebrated in American folklore, from the pioneering spirit of the Wild West to the self-made tycoons of the Industrial Revolution, reflects the deeply ingrained belief in the power of individual initiative to shape one's destiny.Moreover, American society places a premium on personal autonomy and freedom of expression. From the right to free speech enshrined in the First Amendment to the protection of individual privacy in the Fourth Amendment, the legalframework of the United States is designed to safeguard individual liberties against government intrusion. This commitment to personal autonomy extends beyond the realm of law to cultural norms and social interactions, where diversity of thought and lifestyle choices are celebrated as expressions of individuality.However, the ideal of independence in American values is not without its complexities and contradictions. While the pursuit of individual freedom is championed, it often comes into tension with the collective good, leading to debates over issues such as healthcare, gun control, and social welfare. Moreover, the legacy of slavery and systemic inequality has highlighted the gap between the ideal of independence and the reality of systemic barriers that limit opportunities for marginalized communities.Nevertheless, the resilience of American values lies in their ability to adapt and evolve in response to changing circumstances. As the United States grapples with the challenges of the 21st century, from technological disruptions to global pandemics, the core values ofindependence and freedom continue to shape its collective identity and guide its path forward.In conclusion, the independence of American values is a defining characteristic of the nation's identity, shaping its history, politics, economy, and social fabric. From the founding principles of self-governance to the ethos of individual initiative and personal autonomy, the United States remains a beacon of freedom and opportunity, driven by the enduring commitment to the pursuit of independencein all its forms.。
美国宗教英文介绍
美国圣母流下血泪
Denominations
• There are many different denominations in the United States. The largest are:
• The Catholic Church, 68,115,001 members • The Southern Baptist Convention, 16,228,438 members • The United Methodist Church, 7,853,987 members • The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 5,974,041 members • The Church of God in Christ, 5,499,875 members
基督教
• 圣母恸子
Overview
• Religion in America is very diverse
• Christian
• Protestant • Catholic • Other Christian 51.3 % 23.9 % 3.3 % 1.7 % 0.7 % 0.6 % 0.4 % 2.0 % 16.1 %
犹太教
• 犹太教最重要的崇拜 物——耶路撒冷的哭墙
Judaism
• 麦当娜狂热崇拜犹太教
Buddhism began in northeastern India and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama(悉达多· 乔答摩). Buddhism teaches its followers that in this life they are only temporary vessels of body, emotions, thoughts, tendencies, and knowledge. Buddhists believe that there is no sense of self or soul when in this world.
2024年高考英语新闻报道阅读理解训练历年真题
2024年高考英语新闻报道阅读理解训练历年真题1. 第一篇新闻报道：《新移民法案将影响美国社会》2024年6月1日报道：近日，美国国会通过了一项新的移民法案，该法案将对美国社会产生广泛影响。
该法案旨在改革美国的移民政策，并为非法移民提供合法化途径。
根据新移民法案，非法移民可以申请获得合法身份，条件是他们在美国居住了一定的时间，并且通过背景调查。
此举被认为是一次重大改革，为大批非法移民提供了合法化的机会。
然而，新移民法案也引发了一些争议。
一些人认为，这样的合法化机制会鼓励更多的非法移民进入美国，增加社会负担，同时对合法移民的利益构成威胁。
而支持者则认为，这项法案可以解决当前非法移民问题并加强社会多元化。
2. 第二篇新闻报道：《气候变化威胁全球经济》2024年6月10日报道：最新研究发现，气候变化正威胁着全球经济的稳定和可持续发展。
随着全球变暖的加剧，极端天气事件频发，各行各业都面临着巨大的挑战。
研究显示，气候变化对农业、水资源、能源和旅游业等领域造成了严重影响。
农作物减产、水资源短缺、能源需求增加以及旅游业遭受损失等问题已经成为全球范围内面临的共同难题。
此外，气候变化还会导致自然灾害频发，如干旱、洪涝和飓风等。
这些灾害不仅造成人员伤亡和财产损失，还直接影响着生态环境的平衡。
为了应对气候变化对经济的威胁，各国政府和国际组织已经采取了一系列措施。
推动清洁能源发展、减少温室气体排放、保护生态环境等举措被认为是应对气候变化的有效途径。
3. 第三篇新闻报道：《人工智能技术在医疗领域的应用》2024年6月15日报道：人工智能技术在医疗领域的应用正逐渐成为现实。
近年来，人工智能技术取得了许多重要突破，为医疗诊断和治疗提供了新的可能性。
人工智能在医疗领域的应用可以帮助医生更准确地诊断和治疗疾病。
通过对海量的医学数据进行深度学习和分析，人工智能可以辅助医生进行精准的疾病诊断，并提供个性化的治疗方案。
此外，人工智能技术还可以改善医疗服务的效率和质量。
学术英语_社科Unit5五单元原文及翻译
UNIT 5 Sociology Matters1.Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic characteristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。
它包括思想，价值观，习俗，和人群的文物。
尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。
此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术，商业，艺术成就相互影响。
Cultural universals文化共性2.All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people’s need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。
考研英语范文阅读（十五）
Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition， as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill. This development—and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead—has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting. Altogether， the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people—numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so， that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent， lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years. Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II， and the pattern still prevails. Three sun-belt states—Florida， Texas and California—together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities， San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio form 15th to 10th—with Cleveland and Washington DC dropping out of the top 10. Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt， census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role， too—and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years. Moreover， demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon：More and more， Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people， too. Some instances— ●Regionally， the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate—37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population. ●Among states， Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all： 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas， the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people—about 9 per square mile. The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There， California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s， more than any other state. In that decade， however， large numbers also migrated from California， mostly to other parts of the West. Often they choose—and still are choosing—somewhat colder climates such as Oregon， Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog，crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result， California's growth rate dropped during the1970s， to 18.5 percent—little more than two-thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. 63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided， America in 1970s________. （A）enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history （B）witnessed a southwestern shift of population （C）underwent an unparalleled period of population growth （D）brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II 64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________. （A）it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution （B）it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants （C）it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living （D）it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's “baby boom” 65. We can see from the available statistics that ________. （A）California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US （B）the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West （C）cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration （D）Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population 66. The word “demographers” （line 1， paragraph 7） most probably means ________. （A）people in favor of the trend of democracy （B）advocates of migration between states （C）scientists engaged in the study of population （D）conservatives clinging to old patterns of life 答案及试题解析 BCDC 63.（B）意为：⼈⼝向西南部迁移。
American Religion 美国宗教发展历程
Religion in AmericaIn a Christian world, many countries in the West have experienced declines in religious observance and increases in secularization in the twentieth century. This is often attributed to the influences of industrialization, consumerism, materialism, hedonism, mass culture, and universal education. The United States, however, seems to be an exception. Despite its materialistic image and intense worship of “mighty dollars”, the U. S. still remains the most religious country in the Western countries. In comparison with European countries, America not only has a greater number of religious believers, but also enjoys a much higher church survey, The Economist reported that about 95 percent of Americans believed in God; four out of five believed in miracles, life after death and the Virgin Mary birth; 6.5 percent believed in the devil; 75 percent believed in angels; and nine out of ten owned a bible. Similarly, surveys by the Gallup Organization in the early 1990s indicated that among Americans under 30 years old, about 36 percent attended church on regular basis, while close to 47 percent of the people at or over 50 went to church once in a week.Is America a religious culture, shaped by men who sought freedom of worship, with God constantly present in their minds even when the Church has become formalized? Or is it a secular culture with religion playing only a marginal role in men’s daily lives since the Untied States long time ago separated Church andState? To answer these two questions is no less than looking into the dynamics of American culture and the complexity of American society. The fact of the matter is that each of these questions can be answered affirmatively. America is as secular as a culture can be where religion has played an important role in its origins and early growth, and has been interwoven with the founding and meaning of the society. America is also as religious as a culture can be whose life goals are worldly and whose daily strivings revolve not around God but around Man.God and ManThe mixture of theocracy and secularism is actually one of the American religious heritages. One can find the strong religious base of American life and thought in the older Puritan communities of New England and in the new frontier states. The Calvinist doctrine of predestination, for example, played a dominant role in the early colonists. People moving to the frontiers in the West were mostly inspired by the vast stretch of land available for attainment. They dreamed of getting rich quick, and at the same time tried to comfort their souls by waging religious revivals there. At the time Americans embraced Enlightenment ideas and applied them in their political, social and economic life, they still constantly referred to the Holy Scripture for conviction and reassurance. Even in the contemporary Atomic Age where science and technology has developed to an unprecedented level, there has been an activerevival of religious feeling among the American people, old and young, in modern cities. To a certain degree, this mixture of 17th-century rationalism (Science and Technology), and mid-20th-century revival may help explain some of the contradictions in the relations between God and Man in America. America is regarded as a “Christian country”. The influence of Judaic-Christian doctrines upon American culture has been profound. For example, the religious doctrine of the soul is so crucial and pervasive in Western (including American) conceptions of man that no one would deny that Judaic-Christian doctrine is a major element in shaping American national character and culture. In the minds of American Christian believers, the idea that man has a soul and that all souls are “equal before God”has been basic to the ethical evaluation of individual personality. The idea of the worth, dignity, and inviolability of the individual unquestionably owes much to this belief, as do humanitarian ideas and various philosophies of human equality.Historically speaking, the whole idea of God and individual soul goes back to the sixteenth century. As the child of the Reformation, Americans took over not only its dominantly Protestant heritage, but also its deep individualistic strain. Every European sect that had found itself constricted or in trouble emigrated to the New World, which thus became a repository of all the distillations of Reformation thought and feeling. Since the Reformation had broken with the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and left to the individual meaning of the Scripture, America became a congeries of judging individuals, each of themweighing the meaning and application of the Word. A Bible-reading people emerged, drenched in the tradition of the Old and New Testaments. This may help explain the stress on the idea of “covenant with God” in Ameri can thought. It also suggests why a people so concerned with the meaning of the Holy Writ have been the first to give a sacred character to a written Constitution but at the same time remain a nation of amateur interpreters of the Constitution.Two basic concepts of the Christian—the soul and sin—took on a new emphasis in individualist America. Each man was the judge of his own religious convictions, since his possession of an immortal soul gave such an inner worth regardless of color, rank, or station, political belief, wealth or poverty. Thus, the foundation was laid for religious freedom early on in the Untied States. On the other hand, if each man had an immortal soul to save, it was because it had been steeped in sin. As a Bible-reading people, Americans took over many of the preconceptions of the Hebraic society in which Judaism and early Christianity were rooted. Among them was the sense of individual sin—aside from original, or inevitable sin—without which there could be no individual salvation.There is a resulting ambiguity between the sin-and-salvation strain in Christian doctrine and the organic optimism of American economic and social attitudes. The Hebrew prophets, as they lamented the disintegration of Biblical society, called on each Jew to war d off God’s wrath from his people by cleansing himself of his own inner guilt; the Christian allegory added to the sombernessof this conception. But there have been few occasions on which Americans could believe with any conviction in an impending collapse of their social structure and their world. The sense of sin and the sense of doom were therefore importations from the Old and New Testaments that somehow flowered in the American soil in spite of worship of money and success, or, perhaps, exactly because of this worship, for in this case, it required a compensating doctrine to ease the conscience.The result has been an American religious tradition which is on the one hand deeply individualistic, anti-authoritarian, and concerned with sin and salvation, and yet, on the other hand, secular and rationalist in its life goals, and concerned with happiness in this world. Americans, growing up in this religious tradition, have been salvation-minded, each believer engrossed in his relation not to the church but to God, in Whom he was to find salvation. At the same time, they have also formed a secular rather than a sacred society, in which everybody pursued his earthly comforts according to his own conscience。
American religion
History of Christianity
Christianity is based upon the teachings of Jesus Christ, a Jew who lived his life in the Roman province of Palestine. Christians view him as the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament and as the Son of God, who provided salvation and reconciliation with God to humankind by dying for their sins, then raising himself from the dead.
Mary and child Jesus
Bible
The Old Testament and The New Testament. Holy book of both Judaism and Christianity. • Old Testament (旧约): an account of the creation of the world (Genesis创世纪), the stories of the life and history of the early men and of the ancient Hebrews (Exodus出埃及记）. • New Testament (新约):an account of the life and teaching of Jesus Christ and his followers. The Gospel(福音）: Christ’s Birth; Christ’s Crucifixion and Resurrection, etc.; Jude(犹大书) ; Revelvation(启示录）
the Religion of Native Americans 美国土著的宗教信仰
The "Peyote Road" calls for Native American brotherly love (often taking the form of Native American nationalism), family care, self-support through work, avoidance of alcohol, and avoidance of recreational(娱乐 的，消遣的) drug use.
• Major Native American religions : – – – – – – – – – – Longhouse Religion(长屋教 ) Waashat Religion Indian Shaker Religion(印第安瓶教 ) Drum Religion(鼓教 ) Earth Lodge Religion(地球提出教 ) Ghost Dance Religion(鬼舞教 ) Bole-Maru Religion(伯乐丸教 ) Dream Dance Religion(梦想舞教 ) Feather Religion(羽毛教 ) Peyote Religion(仙人掌教)
Longhouse Religion(长屋教 )
• The Longhouse Religion, founded in 1799 by Seneca Handsome Lake, revitalized（复兴） Native American religion among the Iroquois(易洛魁人). The Longhouse Religion is still practiced by the Iroquois today.
the America religious culture(美国宗教文化)
American Religious Culture美国是一个宗教色彩浓厚的发达国家,其宗教多元化与移民问题有密切关系,宗教信仰已成为美国文化和历史不可分割的组成部分,这种多元宗教文化的传统对美国的社会生活产生了深刻影响。
USA is a developed country with rich religious colors and its multi-religious features are closely connected with itsimmigrants. Religious beliefs are an inseparable part of American culture and history. This deep-rooted multi-religious culture has exerted great influenceon American lives.一、美国的宗教文化背America's religious and cultural background美国向以“民族熔炉”和“宗教联合国”著称。
America is famous as an "Ethnic melting pot" and "religious United Nations".美国人大部分是17和18世纪欧洲移民的后裔,另外,还从拉丁美洲、亚洲、澳洲、非洲甚至加拿大涌入了大量移民。
移民们持续稳定地涌入美国,带来了他们本国的文化和传统,从而使美国社会变得丰富多彩,也对美国多元文化的形成产生了深远的影响。
Americans are mostly descendants of European immigrants of17 and 18th Century. In addition to there are also a large number ofimmigrants from Latin America, Asia, Australia, Africa and Canada. Thesteady influx of immigrants brought their own culture and traditions to America. They make the American society rich and colorful and even impact far-reaching influence on the formation of America’s multicultural.多元文化的沃土滋养出了多元宗教文化。
American_Religion
3. Separation of church and state A. There is no established state religion. B. Religion has much influence over people and education, but the government has nothing to do with this. C. The religious instructions in school lay stress on morals and ethics.
• 4. the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress • 5. every church is a completely independent organization and concerned with its own finance and building
2. The emphasis on social problems and humanitarian ideals rather than on the Calvinist concern with individual sin to improve the present world by doing one’s duty toward one’s fellow man and less toward winning salvation in the next world through repentance
The Characteristics of American Religious Practice
1. The wide variety of denominations and the attitude of permissiveness（纵容，放任） and tolerance （容忍）that exists among them. Reasons: A. Different colonies and immigrants in history. B. The American environment stimulated the religious independence. C. The different denominations are integrated in the pattern of American life.
american religious美国宗教
Protestant • The Washington National Cathedral, in Washington, D.C., is a cathedral of the Protestant Episcopal Church.
American Religious
Quick look
Quick look
Christianity • The largest religion in the US is Christianity, practiced by the majority of the population. • Christianity was introduced during the period of European colonization.
Catholic • The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., is the largest Catholic church in the United States.
Protestant: Baptist
• Martin Luther King : I have a dream
• When we are allowed freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: • Free at last! free at last! • Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!
美国国家民主基金会
美国国家民主基金会依赖白宫和美国国会的持续资金支持，遵照美国政府命令，采用多种形式向目标国家和 地区输出美国价值观、实施颠覆渗透破坏、煽动所谓“民主运动”等，在国际上被称为“第二中情局”。
美国国家民主基金会
美国非政府组织
01 组织简介
03 对华情况 05 组织事件
目录
02 组织机构 04 实施制裁
美国国家民主基金会（The National Endowment for Democracy，或译美国国家民主捐赠基金会，缩写为 NED，简称民主基金会），是由美国政府出资，于1983年在华盛顿成立的非政府组织。其宗旨是促进及推动全球 的所谓“民主化”，并向相关的非政府组织及团体提供资助。以美国国家民主基金会为首的美国NGO是美国民主 输出战略的“马前卒”，其目的是颠覆目标国政权，以扶植亲美政权，将“美国式”民主制度移植到这些国家。
组织简介
机构宗旨在美国第41任总统罗纳德·威尔逊·里根所倡导下成立于1983年的美国国家民主基金会属于冷战的 产物,虽然打着非政府组织的幌子,但其活动经费主要来自于美国国会的拨款。无论是在冷战时期还是在后冷战时 期,该基金会都是美国对外进行“民主援助”活动的主要工具。
美国国家民主基金会主要通过其四大核心机构,即国际私营企业中心、美国国际劳工团结中心、国际共和党研 究所和全国民主党国际事务学会,在海外从事“民主援助”活动。另外,它也在所谓的“非民主国家”的内部大力 支持推动民主化的非政府组织。
美国社会与文化英语作文
American Society and CultureAmerica, a melting pot of diverse cultures and ethnicities, stands as a unique example of societal harmony and cultural diversity. Its society is shaped by a rich history that spans from the early Native American civilizations to the modern era of technological advancements.The core of American society is its people, who are known for their diverse backgrounds, strong work ethic, and entrepreneurial spirit. Americans value individualism, freedom, and equality, which are reflected in their political system, social norms, and daily lives. They embrace change and innovation, constantly pushing the boundaries of science, technology, and art.American culture is a vibrant blend of traditional customs and modern trends. From the celebrations of Thanksgiving and Independence Day to the vibrant street art and popular music, American culture is a dynamic tapestry of traditions and innovations. The influence of different cultures from around the world has added rich layers to American culture, making it truly global.Moreover, the impact of American media, such as movies, music, and television, has been felt worldwide. These cultural exports have not only entertained but also influenced the way people think and behave. The American Dream, the idea of achieving success and prosperity through hard work and perseverance, is a concept that resonates with many around the globe.However, it’s important to recognize that American society and culture are not without their challenges. Issues like racial discrimination, income inequality, and social divides persist and require constant attention and effort to address.In conclusion, American society and culture are a fascinating blend of traditions, innovations, and diverse influences. They offer a unique perspective on human existence and societal development, while also highlighting the need for continued progress and improvement.。
American Religion美国宗教
课外空间文化长廊山东省梁山县杨营中学于孔春供稿Diversity1is the main feature of religion in the United States.Although Christianity has al-ways been the major American faith,the existence of more than250different religious sects2here has made Americans tolerant3of all forms of worship—Christian and non-Christian.美国宗教的主要特点就是多样化。
虽然基督教一直是美国人的主要信仰，但还存有250—不论它是基督教或是非基督教。
多种其他宗教派别，这使美国人包容各种各样的信仰——Maybe this tolerant attitude to different religions can be traced back to the early settlers ofthis country.Among the first immigrants4,quite a number of them were Puritans,whose purposeof coming to this New World was to pursue religious freedom,to practice their religion and wor-ship God as they wished.This is why the nation’s forefathers demanded legal guarantees of reli-gious freedom.So the First Amendment to the Constitution not only forbids the establishment of. All Rights Reserved.an offical national religion but also forbids state or federal interference5with religious institu-tions or practices.这种对宗教的宽容态度也许能够追溯到早期殖民地时期。
AmericanReligion美国宗教发展历程
Religion in AmericaIn a Christian world, many countries in the West have experienced declines in religious observance and increases in secularization in the twentieth century. This is often attributed to the influences of industrialization, consumerism, materialism, hedonism, mass culture, and universal education. The United States, however, seems to be an exception. Despite its materialistic image and intense worship of “mighty dollars ” , the U. S. still remains the most religious country in the Western countries. In comparison with European countries, America not only has a greater number of religious believers, but also enjoys a much higher church survey, The Economist reported that about 95 percent of Americans believed in God; four out of five believed in miracles, life after death and the Virgin Mary birth; 6.5 percent believed in the devil; 75 percent believed in angels; and nine out of ten owned a bible. Similarly, surveys by the Gallup Organization in the early 1990s indicated that among Americans under 30 years old, about 36 percent attended church on regular basis, while close to 47 percent of the people at or over 50 went to church once in a week.Is America a religious culture, shaped by men who sought freedom of worship, with God constantly present in their minds even when the Church has become formalized? Or is it a secular culture with religion playing only a marginal role in men 's daily lives since the Untied States long time ago separated Church andState? To answer these two questions is no less than looking into the dynamics of American culture and the complexity of American society. The fact of the matter is that each of these questions can be answered affirmatively. America is as secular as a culture can be where religion has played an important role in its origins and early growth, and has been interwoven with the founding and meaning of the society. America is also as religious as a culture can be whose life goals are worldly and whose daily strivings revolve not around God but around Man.God and ManThe mixture of theocracy and secularism is actually one of the American religious heritages. One can find the strong religious base of American life and thought in the older Puritan communities of New England and in the new frontier states. The Calvinist doctrine of predestination, for example, played a dominant role in the early colonists. People moving to the frontiers in the West were mostly inspired by the vast stretch of land available for attainment. They dreamed of getting rich quick, and at the same time tried to comfort their souls by waging religious revivals there. At the time Americans embraced Enlightenment ideas and applied them in their political, social and economic life, they still constantly referred to the Holy Scripture for conviction and reassurance. Even in the contemporary Atomic Age where science and technology has developed to an unprecedented level, there has been an activerevival of religious feeling among the American people, old and young, in modern cities. To a certain degree, this mixture of 17th-century rationalism (Science and Technology),and mid-20th-century revival may help explain some of the contradictions in the relations between God and Man in America. America is regarded as a “ Christian countinryfluence” o.f TJuhdea ic-Christiandoctrines upon American culture has been profound. For example, the religious doctrine of the soul is so crucial and pervasive in Western (including American) conceptions of man that no one would deny that Judaic-Christian doctrine is a major element in shaping American national character and culture. In the minds of American Christian believers, the idea that man has a soul and that all souls are “ equabl efore God”has been basic to the ethical evaluation of individual personality. The idea of the worth, dignity, and inviolability of the individual unquestionably owes much to this belief, as do humanitarian ideas and various philosophies of human equality.Historically speaking, the whole idea of God and individual soul goes back to the sixteenth century. As the child of the Reformation, Americans took over not only its dominantly Protestant heritage, but also its deep individualistic strain. Every European sect that had found itself constricted or in trouble emigrated to the New World, which thus became a repository of all the distillations of Reformation thought and feeling. Since the Reformation had broken with the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and left to the individual meaning of the Scripture, America became a congeries of judging individuals, each of themweighing the meaning and application of the Word. A Bible-reading people emerged, drenched in the tradition of the Old and New Testaments. This may help explain the stress on the idea of “ covenant withc aGno tdhoug”ht. inAmeriIt also suggests why a people so concerned with the meaning of the Holy Writ have been the first to give a sacred character to a written Constitution but at the same time remain a nation of amateur interpreters of the Constitution.Two basic concepts of the Christian —the soul and sin—took on a new emphasis in individualist America. Each man was the judge of his own religious convictions, since his possession of an immortal soul gave such an inner worth regardless of color, rank, or station, political belief, wealth or poverty. Thus, the foundation was laid for religious freedom early on in the Untied States. On the other hand, if each man had an immortal soul to save, it was because it had been steeped in sin. As a Bible-reading people, Americans took over many of the preconceptions of the Hebraic society in which Judaism and early Christianity were rooted. Among them was the sense of individual sin—aside from original, or inevitable sin—without which there could be no individual salvation.There is a resulting ambiguity between the sin-and-salvation strain in Christian doctrine and the organic optimism of American economic and social attitudes. The Hebrew prophets, as they lamented the disintegration of Biblical society, called on each Jew to ward off God' sw rath from his people by cleansing himself of his own inner guilt; the Christian allegory added to the somberness of this conception. But there have been few occasions on which Americans could believe with any conviction in an impending collapse of their social structure and their world. The sense of sin and the sense of doom were therefore importations from the Old and New Testaments that somehow floweredin the American soil in spite of worship of money and success, or, perhaps, exactly because of this worship, for in this case, it required a compensating doctrine to ease the conscience.The result has been an American religious tradition which is on the one hand deeply individualistic, anti-authoritarian, and concerned with sin and salvation, and yet, on the other hand, secular and rationalist in its life goals, and concerned with happiness in this world. Americans, growing up in this religious tradition, have been salvation-minded, each believer engrossed in his relation not to the church but to God, in Whom he was to find salvation. At the same time, they have also formed a secular rather than a sacred society, in which everybody pursued his earthly comforts according to his own conscience。
英语国家社会与文化简答题(3-5-6-8-10单元)第三版下册
UNIT 31.what is an American? Comment on the answer to the question by crevecoeur?(1)American is either a European, or the descendant of a European , hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country.He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holdsThe American is a new man ,who acts upon new principles. He must therefore entertain new ideas and form new opinions...this is an American.(2)According to Crevecoeur, The American in those days had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants without taking into consideration other nationalities such as American Indians ans blacks. But today , the picture of an American is more complex.2 How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?Some new and powerful social forces began to emerge which led to the awakening of Europe and the discovery of America.The first new force was the development of capitalism, and it produced the bourgeois class and the working class.The second major force was Renaissance, which was marked by a changing outlook on life.The third influential force was Religious Reformation, a religious reform movement that started form Germany.3 What was the unique American phenomenon ? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?on the one hand, the English and other Europeans went to North American for seeking freedom. But on the other hand, these very white people who were seeking and fighting for their own freedom deprived black Africans of their freedom The two events combined constituted a unique American . First one is that on July, 30,1619,the first meeting of an elected legislature took place in North American. The second one is a dutch ship brought in over 20 Negroes, who were acted as servants for years.Yes, I do.4 In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?The Puritans believed that governments should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath and other religious believers different from themselves. Roger Williams, one of the Puritans who protested that the state should not interfere with religion, was driven out of Massachusetts. In 1635, he set up Rhode Island colony, which guaranteed religious freedom and the separation of church and state. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.5.what were some causes of the American RevolutionLong-term social, economic, and political changes in the colonies before 1750 provided the basis for an independent nation with representatives political institutions.More immediately, the French and Indian War (1754-1763) changed the relationship between the colonies and their mother country.Finally, a decade of conflicts between the British government and the colonist, beginning with the Stamp Act crisis in 1765, led to the outbreak of war in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence inUNIT 51. do you agree that cultivators of the earth are most valuable citizenYes, I do agree the point that “cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens”. My reasons for my agreement can be illustrated as follows: Firstly, though outward forms have changed, the vital importance of agriculture has not. Agriculture provides the sustenance that meets people’s most basic needs. Agriculture and its related industries serve as the foundation of American economic lifeSecondly, They have shown a spirit of individualism that the rest of society has admired. To a large extent, agricultural values have been adopted and celebrated by the society as a whole.Thirdly, American agriculture is big business. It provides the rest world with lots of food. So as the main body of agriculture, cultivators of the earth contribute a lot to American’s economic.2. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think there are still so many people involved in it?In order to invest, individuals do not have to have a great deal of money: they can buy just a small portion of a business—called a share. The business of buying and selling shares in enterprises has become so big that offices have had to be set up where the selling of shares, or stock , can take place. These places, located in many cities in the United States and around the world, are called stock exchanges.3.Give examples of industries which are declining, and industries which are fast developing in the US.Generally speaking, declining industries would be industries where labor cost is high and its growth potential is limited. The Auto industry is in a declining state but of course if they reinvent their automobiles things could pick up for them. Developing industries would be the hi tech sector. Especially in companies that are developing new types of technology to help our environment by developing new types of technology in many areas. Especially energy conservation technology and new types of alternative energies. Also, new types of technology where we would be using fewer resources for our daily usage.4.What is the current economic situation in America? How did the great recession begin?what does it show?(1)In late 2007 the US economy suffered a severe recession, it was a crisisthat began in America but soon turned global. Millions of people in America and all over the world lost their homes and jobs. It has resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions, and downturns in stock markets around the world,(2)Many economists believe that the problems are revealing defects in the freemarket system and US government financial policies.(3)Question the soundness of this country's economy and even the appropriateshape of a capitalist system,UNIT 61 In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of theEnlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs. Many traditional Protestants and deists could agree, however,"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights," and that "the laws of Nature and Nature's God" entitled them to form a new nation. Among the rights that the new nation guaranteed, as a political necessity in a religiously diverse society, was freedom of religion. The First Amendment insured that American government would not meddle in religious affairs or require any religious beliefs of its citizens.2 What is the relationship between government and religion in America?In some ways, the government supports all religions. Religious groups do not pay taxes in the United States. But government does not pay ministers' salaries or require any belief—not even a belief in God—as a condition of holding public office. Oaths are administered, but those who, like Quakers, object to them, can make a solemn affirmation, or declaration, instead3 What promotes the diversity in American religion?Continuous immigration.The united states has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Frontier American provided plenty of room to set up a new church or found a new community.Many religious communities and secular utopias, or experiments in new forms of social living.were founded in 18th, and 19th century America.Other world religions are increasing their numbers and influence in America such as Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism.4. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?First of all, Americans with different religions live together under the same law.Secondly, the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress.In Europe, scientific and economic advance and rising material prosperity have accompanied by a decline in religious observance bu in the US, this has nothappened.Thirdly, in the United States every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.There has been little concentration on doctrine or religious argument such as in European history,UNIT 81. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.The goal is—and has been since the early decades of the republic—to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public. Though this goal has not yet been fully achieved, it remains an ideal toward which the American educational system is directed. The progress which has been made is notable both for its scope and for the educational methods which have been developed in the process of achieving it.2. How did American education begin to develop?In 1634, they opened a “lateen grammar” school, a school for those who wanted to prepare for college.In 1636, Harvard College was founded for the training of religious ministers.In 1634 and 1638, the Puritans passed laws declaring that all property could be taxed for the common good, which included the support of school.In 1642 and 1647, the Bay Colony passed laws requiring all parents to provide reading educating for their children.At the end of the 18th century, elementary education throughout the United States was in local hands.3. What are the major characteristics of education in America?(1)Different education laws for different states.(2)Several levels of schooling：Elementary Schooling，Secondary Schooling and High Schooling.(3)curricula for students: there is no national curriculum in the United States.(3)Compulsory education for all students.(4)Equal education opportunities for minority groups.(5)Strong demand for higher education.(6)The complex system of higher education.Some states play a strong role in the selection of learning material for their students.Schools were asked not only to teach this new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it. The “inquiry” method of learning , focusing on solving problems rather than memorizing facts, became popular.Welcome To Download欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。
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Science VS Religion
• • • • • Creationists Creationism Charles Darwin Darwinism Evolution
Catholic and Protestant
• steeple
• The Amish believe in being separate from the society around them. They don't use electricity, automobiles or other modern conveniences. They have religious services every other Sunday. The alternate Sunday is for spending time with the community. The Amish way of life largely revolves around working and socializing together as a family and community.
Homelessness Unemployment Food stamps
THE BIBLE BELT
Evangelical Christians
The Christian Right Mega-churches Born again
Religion and Politics
Abortion Gay Marriage The Pledge of Allegiance “In God We Trust” George W. Bush
The Breakdown
• Christian: (78.5%) Protestant (51.3%) Roman Catholic (23.9%) Mormon (1.7%) other Christian (1.6%) • unaffiliated (12.1%) • none (4%) • other or unspecified (2.5%) • Jewish (1.7%) • Buddhist (0.7%) • Muslim (0.6%)
Social Issues and Problems
Social issues are matters which directly or indirectly affects many or all members of a society and are considered to be problems, controversies related to moral values, or both.
Religion in theபைடு நூலகம்USA
The First Admendment to the Constitution
• Freedom of Religion, Press, and Expression. • Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Atheists and Agnostics
• a person who denies or disbelieves the existence of a supreme being or beings. • 1.a person who holds that the existence of the ultimate cause, as God, and the essential nature of things are unknown and unknowable, or that human knowledge is limited to experience.2.a person who denies or doubts the possibility of ultimate knowledge in some area of study.
• • • • •
poverty violence pollution Injustice drug and alcohol abuse • Teenage pregnancy
• suppression of human rights • discrimination • crime • abortion • gay marriage • gun control