Chapter 6 American revolutionary war
美国独立战争(英文版ppt)最新PPT课件
1.
Rebellious mood
2.
Introduction
? The Revolutionary war ? The Background ? The Causes ? The Process ? The Significance
The revolutionary war
1775-1783
? Also known as the American Revolution
? Between the British and the North American colonies
? The war of liberation and bourgeois revolution
The Causes
? The development of economy in North America colonies
? British colonial domination hindered the development of American capitalism
British Actions
WAR 1765
1767
1770
Intolerable Acts Tea Act
1773 1774
Colonial Responses
Colonists were angry
Smuggling
The Stamp Act Congress & Sons of Liberty
More boycotts & Daughters of Liberty
America ? Appointed George Washington as commander
美国独立战争的意义是什么
美国独立战争的意义是什么美国独立战争(英语：American Revolutionary War，1775年;1783年)或称为美国革命战争，是大英帝国和其北美十三州殖民地的革命者，以及几个欧洲强国之间的一场战争。
下面是分享的美国独立战争的意义是什么，一起来看看吧。
美国独立战争的意义美国独立战争是由英国、美国、西班牙、法国等各大国家共同发起的战争。
美国独立战争的意义主要在于体现了英国势力的分化以及北美殖民地资产主义的主动权。
18世纪北美殖民地也就是现在的美国还是属于英国的一部分，由于英国资本主义有意的削弱殖民地居民，要他们缴纳繁重的税务，导致北美殖民地的居民忍无可忍才引发了美国独立战争。
当时北美殖民地的势力比较薄弱，起初在这场独立战争中北美殖民地很是吃亏，不管是兵力以及地势上北美殖民地都是节节败退，后来美国能在独立战争中取胜的主要原因是有其他国家的帮助，例如法国、西班牙等国家也是有意参与独立战争让殖民地与英国彻底分割，而由于各大国家都一起参与战争，使得美国独立战争成了当时欧洲最大的战争之一，而美国独立战争的意义也是非常重大的。
美国独立战争的意义展现出了北美殖民地宣誓了自己的主动权，这场战争的胜利代表了北美殖民地的独立性，和英国殖民地的彻底消失。
美国独立战争胜利之后，北美殖民地迅速的创建了美国，以最快的速度发展了美国的经济以及军事，使得美国在短时间内就成为了能与各大国家抗衡的强国之一。
而美国独立战争的意义还在于美国的胜利给了其他还处于被殖民状态的地区希望，让这些地区也敢于拿出武器捍卫自己的权益，将侵略者彻底赶走。
关于美国独立战争胜利时间18世纪70年代，随着英国对北美殖民地侵略的加剧，北美殖民地人民的生活越发艰难，为了能够摆脱英国的殖民统治，北美人民开始进行反殖民统治战争。
关于这场反殖民统治的战争，最终由美国取得胜利，美国独立战争胜利时间是在1783年。
1775年4月18日，英国军队康科德搜刮殖民地民兵武器，当地的民兵组织为此与英军进行对抗。
美国革命战争 英文
The Proclamation of 1763
The Stamp Act
The Sugar Act
1763 1764 65
1767
Colonial Responses
1770
1773 1774
Colonists were angry
Smuggling
The Stamp Act Congress & Sons of Liberty
American Revolutionary
War
The American Revolution 1775-1783
• The revolutionary war is also known as the American Revolution
• The war was fought between the British and the Colonists
Proclamation of 1763
The Proclamation of 1763 was an act in which the king said NO! to settling west of Appalachian Mountains. The colonists disobeyed his orders.
Sugar Act of 1764
The Sugar Act actually $$ lowered taxes from the Molasses Act, but was more strictly enforced than the Molasses Act.
The Stamp Act of 1765
• The result of the American Revolution was a new nation called the United States of America
美国的南北战争的资料
美国的南北战争的资料南北战争(American Civil War)即美国内战，是美国历史上唯一一次内战，参战双方为北方美利坚合众国和南方的美利坚联盟国，最终以北方联邦胜利告终。
下面是店铺分享的美国的南北战争的资料，一起来看看吧。
美国南北战争的资料简介总体来说，南北战争过程可以被分为两个阶段，第一阶段是被称为“有限战争”阶段，是双方在东部战场上集中兵力争夺对方首都的过程;第二阶段被称为“革命战争”阶段，是以北军的胜利，美国南北统一而告终。
在战争前夕，北方无论是经济还是军事方面的实力，都超过南方，但是南方刚刚经历过美墨战争，军队的素质较强，最主要的是，他们有充分的战前准备。
“有限战争”阶段一般是指1861年4月至1862年9月之间的南北之间的战争，在这个阶段中，南方的军事将领是美国著名的罗伯特·李，他采取了以攻为守的战略方针，连续几次击败北方的军队。
而北方军队由于作战准备不够充分，而且部分消极作战，因此在战斗中几次输给了南方的军队。
1861年7月，双方进行了马那萨斯会战，北方军队被南方击败，因此林肯总统将战略的重心开始移到了西部战线。
在西部，麦克莱兰和罗伯特·李展开了一场争夺里士满的大会战，史称“半岛战役”，或为“七日会战”。
在战争中，罗伯特·李击败了麦克莱兰，大获全胜。
1862年9月22日，林肯总统发表了解放宣言，这标志着南北战争过程中的第一个阶段结束，从而进入了第二个阶段——“革命战争阶段”。
1862~1863年，林肯总统推行了一系列的解放黑奴的战争，并允许黑人加入军队，因此使北方军队的实力得到了很大的加强。
1863年7月1日，北方军队在葛底斯堡之战，击溃了南方军队的主力，从而掌握了战场的主动权。
第二年，北方军队又开始对东西两线全面进攻，南方的东北部与西南部的联系被切断。
1865年4月9日，南方军队的统帅罗伯特·李被北军包围后，宣布投降，南北战争宣告结束。
American Revolutionary War
American Revolutionary WarThe American Revolution (1775-83) was a conflict between 13 British colonies on the eastern seaboard of North America and their parent country, Great Britain. France later intervened as an ally of the independent states, and the war resulted in the colonies becoming a separate nation, the United States of America. It is also known as the American War of Independence.The end of the Seven Years' War (1756-63), which had its North American beginning in 1754 and was known in America as the French and Indian War, resulted in the final expulsion of France both from the continent of North America and from India. In both cases French power was replaced by that of Great Britain. As a result, Britain became the preeminent power in the western hemisphere and supreme on the high seas. It enjoyed an enormous and growing volume of maritime commerce. Britain's king, George III, who had succeeded to the throne in 1760, was determined to play an active role in governing the nation. Due to the king's ineptitude, however, the result was political instability and a lack of direction in national affairs at the same time that Britain's crisis with its American colonies developed.Causes of the RevolutionThe Declaration of IndependenceBritain's king,George III, who had succeeded to the throne in 1760, was determined to play an active role in governing the nation. Due to the king's ineptitude, however, the result was political instability and a lack of direction in national affairs at the same time that Britain's crisis with its American colonies developed.King George IIIPhoto Credit: The National ArchivesThe end of the Seven Years' War (1756-63), which had its North American beginning in 1754 and was known in America as the French and Indian War, resulted in the final expulsion of France both from the continent of North America and from India. In bothcases French power was replaced by that of Great Britain. As a result, Britain became the preeminent power in the western hemisphere and supreme on the high seas. It enjoyed an enormous and growing volume of maritime commerce. Britain's king, George III, who had succeeded to the throne in 1760, was determined to play an active role in governing the nation. Due to the king's ineptitude, however, the result was political instability and a lack of direction in national affairs at the same time that Britain's crisis with its American colonies developed.The Stamp ActThe Stamp ActPhoto Credit: The National ArchivesThe Seven Years' War revealed to British officials the Americans' disregard for the Navigation Acts and imperial authority. During the conflict, colonial merchants continued to trade with the enemy and smuggle goods, while colonial assemblies repeatedly refused to provide British military officials with men and supplies.The war left Great Britain with a considerable debt and expensive responsibilities to administer newly acquired territory in North America. Believing that the Navigation Acts should be enforced strictly and that the lightly taxed colonists should pay a share of the empire's defense costs, Parliament in March 1765 passed the Stamp Act to raise revenue. This act required the colonists to purchase and use specially stamped (water marked) paper for all official documents, deeds, mortgages, newspapers, and pamphlets. Violators would be prosecuted in vice-admiralty courts, without juries. Revenues derived from the act were intended to pay part of the cost of maintaining a permanent force of 10,000 British troops to prevent hostilities between the colonists and the Indians of the western frontiers.The Stamp Act provoked almost unanimous opposition among the colonists, whoregarded it as a violation of their rights. They believed in a federal theory of empire that divided authority between the colonies and Great Britain. From their beginnings, the colonial assemblies had modeled themselves on Parliament and had legislated internal matters, including raising taxes and armies, and overseeing the judiciary. In practice, Britain was responsible for external matters such as declaring war and peace, presiding over foreign affairs, and regulating trade, Indian affairs, and the post office. To the colonists, the Stamp Act violated the right of English subjects not to be taxed without representation; it undermined the independence of their colonial assemblies; and it appeared to be one step in a plot to deprive them of their liberty.On these grounds a storm of protest arose against the Stamp Act. In the months before November 1765, when the act was to go into effect, riots organized by the Sons of Liberty broke out in colonial port cities and prevented British-appointed stamp distributors from assuming their posts. Colonial assemblies passed resolves denouncing the Stamp Act and petitioned Parliament requesting its repeal. To add strength to the formal protest, American merchants banded together in nonimportation agreements, pledging not to buy British goods. This colonial boycott was so effective that commerce between Great Britain and America came to a standstill. In October 1765 delegates from nine colonies met in New York City in the Stamp Act Congress and petitioned Parliament and the king concerning colonial grievances. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in March 1766, yielding not to the colonists' constitutional objections to taxation, but to the demands of economically depressed British merchants.The Townshend ActsRepeal of the Stamp Act left Britain's financial problems unresolved. Parliament had not given up the right to tax the colonies and in 1767, at the urging of chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend (1725-67), it passed the Townshend Acts, which imposed taxes on lead, glass, tea, paint, and paper that Americans imported from Britain. In an effort to strengthen its own authority and the power of royal colonialofficials, Parliament, at Townshend's request, also created the American Board of Customs Commissioners whose members would strictly enforce the Navigation Acts. Revenue raised by the new tariffs would be used to free royal officials from financial dependence on colonial assemblies, thus further encroaching on colonial autonomy.Once again the colonists protested vigorously. In December 1767, John Dickinson, a Philadelphia lawyer, published 12 popular essays that reiterated the colonists' denial of Parliament's right to tax them and warned of a conspiracy by a corrupt British ministry to enslave Americans. The Sons of Liberty organized protests against customs officials, merchants entered into nonimportation agreements, and the Daughters of Liberty advocated the nonconsumption of products, such as tea, taxed by the Townshend Acts. The Massachusetts legislature sent the other colonies a circular letter condemning the Townshend Acts and calling for a united American resistance. British officials then ordered the dissolution of the Massachusetts General Court if it failed to withdraw its circular letter; the court refused, by a vote of 92 to 17, and was dismissed. The other colonial assemblies, which were initially reluctant to protest the acts, now defiantly signed the circular letter, outraged at British interference with a colonial legislature.In other ways, British actions again united American protest. The Board of Customs Commissioners extorted money from colonial merchants and used flimsy excuses to justify seizing American vessels. These actions heightened tensions, which exploded on June 21, 1768, when customs officials seized Boston merchant John Hancock's sloop Liberty. Thousands of Bostonians rioted, threatening the customs commissioners' lives and forcing them to flee the city. When news of the Liberty riot reached London, four regiments of British army troops—some 4000 soldiers—were ordered to Boston to protect the commissioners.The contempt of British troops for the colonists, combined with the soldiers' moonlighting activities that deprived Boston laborers of jobs, inevitably led toviolence. In March 1770 a riot occurred between British troops and Boston citizens, who jeered and taunted the soldiers. The troops fired, killing five people. Theso-called Boston Massacre aroused great colonial resentment. This anger was soon increased by further parliamentary legislation.The Boston Tea PartyPhoto Credit: The National ArchivesBowing to colonial economic boycotts, Parliament, guided by the new prime minister, Lord Frederick North, repealed the Townshend Acts in 1770 but retained the tax on tea to assert its right to tax the colonies. In order to rescue the British East India Company from bankruptcy, Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773, reducing the tax on tea shipped to the colonies so that the company could sell it in America at a price lower than that of smuggled tea. The colonists, however, refused to buy the English tea. They viewed the Tea Act as another violation of their constitutional right not to be taxed without representation. Colonial merchants also feared that the act would allow the East India Company to monopolize the tea trade and put them out of business. In Philadelphia and New York City the colonists would not permit British ships to unload tea. In Boston, in the so-called Boston Tea Party, a group of citizens, many disguised as Indians, swarmed over British ships in the harbor and dumped the cargoes of tea into the water.Intolerable ActsIn retaliation, Parliament in 1774 passed a series of laws designed to punish the province of Massachusetts and demonstrate Parliament's sovereignty. These were the Coercive Acts, dubbed by the colonies the Intolerable Acts. The Boston Port Act closed that city's port to trade until its citizens compensated the East India Company for the destroyed tea. The Massachusetts Government Act altered the colony's charter by permitting the Crown rather than the House of Representatives to appoint the Governor's Council and by restricting town meetings to one a year and only forelecting town officials. The Impartial Administration of Justice Act allowed a royal official or soldier accused of a capital crime in Massachusetts to be tried in England, where he would not have to face a hostile colonial jury. The Quartering Act allowed the billeting of British troops in uninhabited private buildings or barns. To oversee enforcement of the Coercive Acts, Parliament appointed as governor of Massachusetts Lt. Gen. Thomas Gage, commander of the British army in North America. Rather than seeing Parliament's actions, from its point of view, as sensible measures to centralize British authority in America or as legitimate efforts to share the expense of running an empire, many colonists saw in the Coercive Acts another attempt to deny them their rights as English subjects, subvert their colonial assemblies, and fuse military and civilian authority.First Continental Congress The Coercive Acts secured for Massachusetts the support and sympathy of all the other colonies. The Virginia assembly called for a meeting of representatives from the 13 colonies and Canada to consider joint action against Parliament's encroachments on colonial rights. The meeting, known as the First Continental Congress, took place in Philadelphia in September 1774; it consisted of representatives from all 13 colonies except Georgia.The Congress did not seek independence from Great Britain but attempted to define America's rights, place limits on Parliament's power, and agree on tactics of resistance to the Coercive Acts. In October, the delegates adopted a Declaration of Rights and Grievances that denied Parliament's right to tax or legislate for the colonies and asserted that only the colonial assemblies had that power. They grudgingly conceded Parliament's authority to regulate trade. The Congress drew up the Continental Association, an agreement calling for the colonies to cease all trade with Britain until Parliament repealed the Coercive Acts. The Congress then adjourned, arranging for a second meeting in May 1775. By that time, however, hostilities had begun between Britain and the colonies.Lexington and ConcordPaul Revere's RidePhoto Credit: The National ArchivesThe first armed encounter of the American Revolution took place in Massachusetts, where the British force in Boston numbered some 3500 men. General Gage was aware that the militia members of the outlying towns were being trained and reorganized into active elements known as minutemen, ready for immediate service. Ammunition and military stores were being gathered under direction of a Committee of Safety acting for the provincial assembly. On the night of April 18-19, 1775, Gage, under orders from Lord North, sent out about 800 men to seize munitions being gathered at Concord, some 29 km (about 18 mi) from Boston. The move did not escape the vigilance of the Committee of Safety, whose mounted messengers, including a local silversmith named Paul Revere, spurred into the countryside to give the alarm. Early on the morning of April 19, the advance guard of the British force exchanged fire with a party of militia at Lexington; eight Americans were killed, and the British continued marching on to Concord. Lt. Col. Francis Smith (1720?-91), the British commander, found militia companies assembling near Concord. Most of the military stores had already been removed, and a British attempt to seize one of the two bridges near the town was forestalled by an American counterattack. More militia companies were appearing. Smith, having sent back for reinforcements, took his time reassembling his men for the return march to Boston. That 800 British regulars should be seriously threatened by colonial militiamen, no matter how numerous, was impossible for a British officer to conceive. Smith's men, however, were tired and low on ammunition. Combined with persistent, if inaccurate, American sniping from the cover of hedges, trees, and buildings, the British retreat became a disorganized flight by the time the troops met a supporting force of 1400 men under Brig. Gen. Hugh Percy (1742-1817). British reinforcements checked the Americans briefly and enabled the retreat tocontinue in somewhat better order. When the regulars reached Boston, British casualties numbered 273, American casualties less than 100. Militia companies from at least 23 towns took part in this operation, which was nothing less than an uprising in arms of a whole countryside against the British. The American offensive did not end with chasing the invaders back to Boston; militia forces kept coming, closing in on the city, which remained under siege from April 20, 1775, until the British evacuation on March 17, 1776.George WashingtonPhoto Credit: The National ArchivesThe Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, to face the fact that the New England colonies had taken arms against the king's troops. The delegates quickly established the Congress as the central government for "The United Colonies of America," adopted the troops engaged in the siege of Boston as their own "Continental Army," and by unanimous vote appointed George Washington as commander in chief. This was a deserved tribute to the high military reputation Washington had earned as an officer of the Virginia troops in the French and Indian War. It was also a shrewd move to nominate a Virginian, who would likely bring southern support to a war being waged by an army mostly composed of New England militia. The vote was taken on June 15; Washington received his commission on June 20 and without delay set out for Boston to take up his new responsibilities. Despite preparations for war, most Americans still hoped for reconciliation with Britain. To that end, the Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition, affirming American loyalty to George III and asking the king to disavow his ministers' policies.Meanwhile, Gage had received reinforcements, raising the strength of his garrison to 8000 men. He now felt that his forces were strong enough to occupy the heights overlooking Boston from the north at Charlestown and from the south at Dorchester. The colonists had advance notice of his intention and on the night of June 16-17, 1200 Americans under Col. William Prescott (1726-95) occupied Breed's Hill, overlookingCharlestown and the Boston waterfront, and began digging in. (The original purpose had been to hold nearby Bunker Hill. Although the orders were changed, the ensuing engagement is known as the Battle of Bunker Hill.) On June 17, Gage sent Maj. Gen. William Howe with about 2500 infantry to storm the position. The British were confident that in a conventional battle they could defeat the American militia. Two British assaults were beaten off with severe losses. A carefully prepared third attack penetrated the American lines. The Americans, almost out of ammunition and without bayonets, fell back in some disorder to Bunker Hill; later they withdrew from this position as well. British losses were heavy, with about 1000 men killed and wounded; the Americans lost less than half that number. Technically, the battle was a victory for the British because they had driven the Americans from Breed's Hill, but when measured by damage inflicted on the enemy, the Americans had won.News of the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Olive Branch Petition reached London at the same time. George III refused to receive the petition, and on August 23 proclaimed New England in a state of rebellion. Parliament followed suit by declaring all the colonists rebellious and making their ships subject to seizure. As the magnitude of British casualties at the Battle of Bunker Hill became known, the government realized that it was facing a genuine war and replaced Gage with Howe.On July 2, 1775, Washington assumed command of the American forces with a total strength varying from 13,000 to 17,000, as men came and went almost at will. Washington devoted his immediate efforts to training and reorganizing the army. He could not press the siege of Boston without heavy artillery. For that he would have to wait until winter, when frozen roads and rivers would enable his soldiers to drag overland to Boston the cannon that had been captured on May 10, 1775, when Col. Ethan Allen of Vermont's Green Mountain Boys and Col. Benedict Arnold of Connecticut had surprised and captured the British fort at Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain.During the winter of 1775-76, Col. Henry Knox, Washington's chief of artillery, brought 59 heavy guns and mortars from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston. On the night of March 4, 1776, Washington occupied Dorchester Heights, overlooking Boston from the south, and began emplacing his newly arrived artillery there. Howe, taken by surprise, realized that he must storm those gun-crowned heights if he hoped to hold Boston by sea; instead, recognizing his untenable position, on March 17 Howe embarked his 11,000 troops and more than 1000 Loyalists and sailed for Halifax, N.S.The British Invasion of the NorthWashington was under no illusion that Howe's departure from Boston meant the end of British attempts to reduce the colonies to submission. George III and Parliament were not likely to give up at a first rebuff, and already word had come that Britain was recruiting mercenary troops from Germany. Howe had withdrawn only to reorganize and receive reinforcements. Washington foresaw that when Howe returned, New York City, with its spacious harbor and immediate access to the interior by way of the Hudson River, was the most likely place for the British to launch their invasion.While the Continental Congress in Philadelphia began to think seriously of declaring the independence of the colonies from Great Britain, Washington in New York was wrestling with the problems of preparing to resist a British invasion, which this time was sure to be made in great force. On June 29, 1776, General Howe arrived off Sandy Hook, N.J., with a fleet commanded by his brother, Adm. Richard Howe. In this fleet were transports carrying troops of the strongest expeditionary force Britain had ever sent overseas. When fully assembled, this force would number 32,000 troops including 8000 German mercenaries, most from Hesse-Kassel, Brunswick, and Hesse-Hanau. In the leisurely manner that was typical of all his operations while commanding the British army, Howe waited nearly two months before attempting a landing in force. To face this attack, Washington had fewer than 20,000 men, of whom nearly half were inexperienced soldiers.Thomas Paine's Common SensePhoto Credit: The Library of CongressWhile both sides prepared for battle, American reluctance to declare independence was diminishing. In November 1775 the desire of southerners for reconciliation with Great Britain withered when the Virginia governor, Lord John Dunmore, offered freedom to any slaves who would rebel against their masters and join the British army. The idea of independence gained overwhelming popular support following the publication of Thomas Paine's Common Sense in January 1776. His pamphlet, published anonymously, attacked George III, calling him "the Royal Brute," and denounced monarchy as a form of government. Paine's arguments dissolved any lingering attachment to Great Britain and removed the last psychological barrier to declaring independence. On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress adopted a Declaration of Independence declaring that the colonies "are and of right ought to be free and independent States." Thereafter the Americans fought not as rebellious British subjects, but as citizens of a sovereign nation repelling invasion by a foreign power.Battles around New YorkWashington had taken up positions on Long Island and Manhattan Island awaiting Howe's opening move. On Aug. 22, 1776, it came at last, as British troops began landing in Gravesend Bay. During the next five days the American troops were driven back to Brooklyn Heights, where they were defeated in the Battle of Long Island. They were removed in boats across the East River to Manhattan during the night of August 29-30, under Washington's personal supervision and without interference by a greatly superior enemy force. Still moving with great caution, Howe pushed Washington's forces northward; an indecisive skirmish on Manhattan Island was followed by the Battle of White Plains (October 28), also without a clear victor. In November Howe's forces took the two forts Washington had constructed to keep theBritish fleet from using the Hudson River. Washington retreated southwestward across New Jersey and then (December 8) across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. Convinced that the Americans were thoroughly beaten and that the Continental Congress would sue for peace, Howe did not pursue Washington, but merely established several outposts in New Jersey and settled down in winter quarters to wait for spring.Trenton and PrincetonThe Battle of TrentonPhoto Credit: The National ArchivesHowe had not underestimated the weakness of the American army toward the end of 1776. It consisted of fewer than 3000 men, badly clothed and equipped and poorly fed. In spite of strenuous efforts by Washington and others to recruit new troops, few citizens cared to join an army that appeared on the point of collapse. Total defeat and the end of the new nation seemed to be at hand, but by a masterstroke of strategy, Washington kept the cause alive.On Christmas night, in a blinding snowstorm, Washington led his troops across the Delaware and with a surprise attack overwhelmed some 1200 Hessian soldiers in Trenton, taking more than 900 prisoners. On January 3 Washington struck again, routing three regiments of a British force in the Battle of Princeton. He then took up a strong position on high ground at Morristown in north central New Jersey. The British retreated to New York, leaving the revitalized American army in full control of New Jersey.The Campaign of 1777-1778British strategy for the campaign of 1777 was determined by the secretary of state for the American Department, Lord George Germain, who prepared to put down therebellion before the end of the year. He planned to divide the colonies in two, separating New England, already blockaded by sea, from the southern colonies. A British army under Maj. Gen. John Burgoyne was to land in Canada and move south from Montr閍l to Albany, N.Y. Another force of British and Indians under Col. Barry St. Leger (1737-89) was to move east from Lake Ontario through the Mohawk Valley and meet Burgoyne's troops at Albany. The plan was too complicated to be successful on such rough terrain and with poor communications. St. Leger marched east to Fort Stanwix but was unable to capture it, and he retreated on the approach of a relief force under now Maj. Gen. Benedict Arnold.SaratogaThe Battle of SaratogaPhoto Credit: The Library of CongressBurgoyne, with about 7000 men, was at first successful. On July 6 he took Fort Ticonderoga, and by July 29 he had reached the upper Hudson River, where he waited for additional supplies from Canada. Meanwhile, he sent a Hessian foraging party east into Vermont; this force was cut to pieces in the Battle of Bennington by Vermont and New Hampshire militia. The battle not only cost Burgoyne heavy casualties but stimulated American militia enlistments. He proceeded south in September but was further depleted in two battles near Saratoga with militiamen and Continental troops under Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates. On October 17 Burgoyne surrendered his army, with less than 5000 men, to Gates.Howe's capture of PhiladelphiaGermain approved both Burgoyne's plan for British troops to cut off New England from the south, and Howe's plan to move south with the main British army and attack Philadelphia. Such plans, Howe imagined, would quickly end the war. He landed (August 25) at the head of Chesapeake Bay and marched on Philadelphia. Washington vainly tried to check him at Brandywine Creek, Pa., but on September 26 Howeentered Philadelphia. Before his advance, the Continental Congress fled, first to York, Pa., and then to Baltimore. On October 4, Washington attacked Howe at Germantown, just north of Philadelphia, but was defeated after hard fighting. Washington, with about 11,000 men, then went into winter quarters at Valley Forge. A few months later he was joined by Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, the Prussian officer who would help forge the Continental army into a professional fighting force and take part in the Battle of Monmouth and the siege of Yorktown.The French AllianceGeorge Washington at MonmouthPhoto Credit: The National ArchivesThe year 1777 marked the turning point of the war in favor of the American cause. France, defeated by Great Britain in 1763, had been sending money and supplies secretly to the colonists since the beginning of the Revolution. The American victory at Saratoga and the fight waged by Washington at Germantown convinced the French that the Americans now had a good chance of winning the war. In February 1778, France recognized the independence of the colonies and signed a treaty of commerce and alliance with the new nation. Thereafter, French support for the U.S. with arms, clothing, and money was open rather than clandestine, and Washington's great hope for French naval assistance off the American coast would soon be realized. A French fleet commanded by Charles Hector Théodat, comte d'Estaing (1729-94), sailed for America in April 1778. Warned by admiralty dispatches, Adm. Richard Howe and Lt. Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, who had succeeded Gen. William Howe in command of British troops at Philadelphia, decided on immediate evacuation of that city. They feared that d'Estaing's superior fleet would interrupt their sea communications with New York. Many Loyalists in Philadelphia, like those in Boston, had supposed themselves safe, but now they had to flee. These people, along with the heavy army equipment, were loaded into Adm. Howe's ships and reached New York City safely.。
英美概况括考前知识点总结
英国概况1，英国名称：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)2，地理位置：Great Britain is the largest island of the British Isles, the largest island in Europe and the eighth-largest island inthe world. It lies to the northwest of Continental Europe,with Ireland to the west, and makes up the largest part ofthe territory of the state known as the United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and Northern Ireland. It is surrounded byover 1,000[citation needed] smaller islands and islets.或者回答British mainland western Europe from GreatBritain and Ireland, north-east and many nearby islands，She east by the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean to the west,up to the North Atlantic off Iceland, Yugoslavia and theEuropean continent, separated only by a strip of water,the English Channel3, 英国首都：London4,组成部分：England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland5,民族：England Welsh、Scotch、Irish6, 英国国旗：the Union Flag英国国歌：God Save The Queen 天佑女7，三次外族入侵：ⅠRoman Conquest；43AD, the roman empireⅡAnglo-Saxon Conquest ；the late 8th century,Scandinavia, created a certain cultural dividebetween northerners and southerners in EnglandⅢNorman Conquest ；1066, Normans, Williamtook the English throne, and became William theFirst4, 英国主要河流：River Thames泰晤士河River Severn塞文河8，政府组成部分：Monarch，Parliament，Cabinet君主制时间：5th century AD君主的职能：Presided over the opening of parliament , Order in Council approved the signed of an Act of Parliament and meet the Prime Minister and the Queen stands for the British in the world . Such as receiving foreign ambassadors and high commissioners, receiving visiting heads of state, and and accessing overseas countries , the United Kingdom and other countries to support diplomatic and economic rerelations.君主现处地位：皇宫：Buckingham Palace现代君主：Elizabeth II9，议会历史：Magna Carta组成部分：Queen\King ,house of lords , house of commons如何成为两院的议员：To be house of lords: appointed by theQueen\KingTo be house of commons: general election 主要职能：pass the law10，内阁首脑：Minister成员：the members of parliament职能：to persuade parliament to pass laws and vote for taxes\carry out the functions of policy-making11，英国普选对象：voters and candidates选举人：候选人：成为首相的人选：the leader of the governing party主要执政党派：the conservation party \the labour party现任英国的执政党：the labour party如何成为执政党：The party wins the majority seats in the house of commons12，英国经济工业革命之父：瓦特（James Watt）发明：蒸汽机（steam engine）13，英国的教育3个阶段：primary education，secondary education，higher education 2大分支：public education，private education大学教育中的学位：bachelors degree，doctor degree，master degree14，英国文学：1．英语发展的三个阶段:①Old English(6th—11th):the anglo-saxon language②Middle English(11th--15th):the combination of English and French③Modern English(15th—now)2.英国最早的一部作品及内容：Beowulf3.英国第一个诗人及其代表作：诗人：Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟).代表作：The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事集)4.伊丽莎白时期的作家及其代表作①William Shakespeare:悲剧Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth,Romeo and Juliet喜剧Twelfth Night, The Tempest,A Midsummer Night’s Dream,The Taming Of The Shrew②Christopher Marlowe : The Tragical History of DR Faustu5.弥尔顿的三部曲：Paradise Lost , Paradise Regained, SamsonAgonistes15，英国媒体最早的报纸：The Observer报纸分为那两类：broadsheets(quality press)\tabloid(gutter press)BBC的含义：The British Broadcasting Corporation16，英国的节日圣诞节的含义：to commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ感恩节的含义：to commemorates the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ美国概况：1，名称：the United States of America2，地理位置(geographical position)：The country is situated mostly in central North America , and lies between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean , bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. 4，临国(neighboring countries): Canada, Mexico.5，主要河流(major rivers)：The Mississippi River ,the Colorado River ,the Columbia River , the Yukon River ,the Missouri River6，五大湖(Great Lakes)：Lake Superior ,Lake Michigan ,Lake Huron ,Lake Erie ,Lake Ontario.7，首都：Washington D.C8，独立战争（American Revolutionary War/American War of Independence）：1、双方：It began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen British colonies in North America , and ended in a global war between several European great powers.2、领导者：George Washington.3、起止时间：Sep 19,1775---Sep 3,17839，独立宣言（United States Declaration of Independence）：1、起草者(drafter)：Thomas Jefferson2、时间：July 4,17763，被通过的时间：4th July,17764，主要内容：We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.10，美国的政治体制三权分立：Legislative Branch is made up of elected representatives from all of the states, and is only branch that can make federal taxes, declare war or put foreign treaties into effect. 立法机构所属机构为参议院（the Senate）和众议院（the House of Representative）；the Executive branch的所属机构有president, vice-president, cabinet and 13 departments.The Judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution.职能：Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution; laws and treaties of the United States ; maritime cases;issues involving foreign citizens or governments; and cases in which the federal government itself is a party.三权分立的核心：checks and balances联邦条款：Articles of Confederation.这是1777年11月国会通过的美国第一部宪法性文件，规定了联合新独立的13个州松散的邦联政府的职能。
中国政法大学《大学英语——学术英语读写(一)》课件-Unit6TextB
• 法律上的自由保有地產〔freehold in law〕
是指繼承人在被繼承人死亡之後和自己進
入土地之前所享有的地產權。另外，自由 保有地依性質分為軍役保有地〔knight service〕、侍君保有地〔serjeanty〕、農役 保有地〔free socage〕和自由教役保有地 〔frankalmoign〕。 (2)自由保有之職位 終身享有或可以繼承。
• An excise or excise tax （消费税；货物税；国 产税）is any duty on manufactured goods which is levied at the moment of manufacture, rather than at sale. Excises are often associated with customs duties (which are levied on pre-existing goods when they cross a designated border in a specific direction); customs are levied on goods which come into existence – as taxable items – at the border, while excise is levied on goods which came into existence inland.
• 另外，今天與自由保有相對的是租地持有 〔leasehold〕，後者指依契約在一定時期內 持有地產，但卻是一種動產性權益〔chattle interest〕。自由保有地有兩個特徵，即不 動產性——如地產或地產性權益，和保有期
間的不確定性。事實上的自由保有地產 〔freehold in deed〕蘊含著對土地的實際占 有，可分為非限嗣繼承地產〔fee simple〕、 限嗣繼承地產〔fee tail〕和終身地產 〔tenement for life〕；
小学上册第十五次英语第六单元真题
小学上册英语第六单元真题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I need to ___ (wash/clean) my hands.2.The ________ is a gentle creature.3.I love to _______ (拍摄) videos of my travels.4.My sister is a ______. She loves to perform.5.What do we call the time when leaves fall from trees?A. SpringB. SummerC. FallD. WinterC6.How many sides does a square have?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 67.What do we call the act of looking after children?A. ParentingB. NurturingC. CaringD. RaisingA Parenting8.What is 40 ÷ 5?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9C9. A _______ is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution.10.What do we call water that falls from the sky?A. SnowB. RainC. IceD. FogB11.The hamster spins on its _________. (轮子)12.We will visit the ___. (museum)13.What do we call the study of the earth's physical features?A. BiologyB. GeographyC. AstronomyD. GeologyB14.What is the capital of the United Kingdom?A. DublinB. LondonC. EdinburghD. Cardiff15.The _______ is known for its bright colors.16.The _______ (The Treaty of Paris) ended the American Revolutionary War.17.They are __________ to the store.18.I like to ______ (照顾) my pets.19. A _____ (清新空气) is produced by trees through photosynthesis.20.What is the main ingredient in a quiche?A. EggB. CheeseC. BaconD. All of the aboveD21.What do we call the study of the classification of organisms?A. TaxonomyB. EcologyC. BiologyD. Genetics22.Light pollution makes it hard to see the _______ at night.23.What do you call the place where we watch movies?A. LibraryB. CinemaC. ParkD. School24.The deer runs through the ______.25.What do you call a series of connected numbers?A. SequenceB. SeriesC. PatternD. ListA26.I can _______ (count) to twenty.27.My dad is a __________. (工程师)28.What do we call a baby seal?A. PupB. CalfC. KidD. FoalA29.The unit for measuring mass is ______.30.My favorite subject is _______ (science/history).31.The __________ is the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid.32. A process involving a change in temperature is called ______.33.I enjoy playing _____ (桌面游戏) with my friends.34.What is the name of the famous American singer known as the "Queen of Soul"?A. Aretha FranklinB. Whitney HoustonC. Tina TurnerD. Diana RossA35.What do we call the color of an apple?A. BlueB. RedC. GreenD. All of the above36.__________ change involves a change in state, not in composition.37.The owl sleeps during the _________. (白天)38.The chemical symbol for tungsten is ________.39. A _____ (章鱼) can fit through small openings.40.How many continents are there?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight41. not have ______ (腿). Snakes s42.We have a ______ (大) backyard to play in.43.She is learning to ________.44.What do we call a scientist who studies the atmosphere?A. MeteorologistB. GeologistC. ChemistD. BiologistA45.The boy has a cool ________.46.What is the largest organ in the human body?A. HeartB. LiverC. SkinD. BrainC47.My dog loves to dig in the ______ (土壤).48.I have a toy _______ that can jump far.49.I want to _____ (visit/see) my grandma.50.What is the process of changing from a caterpillar to a butterfly called?A. BreedingB. BloomingC. MetamorphosisD. GerminationC Metamorphosis51.Chemical energy is stored in ______ bonds.52.The __________ (气候类型) vary across the globe.53.The bear has thick _____ fur.54.The rabbit has sharp _______ (牙齿) for chewing.55.Which animal is known for being very slow?A. RabbitB. TurtleC. CheetahD. ElephantB56.What is the name of the largest volcano in the solar system, located on Mars?A. Mauna LoaB. Olympus MonsC. Mount St. HelensD. Kilauea57.I watch ______ on Saturday nights.58.Which animal can live both in water and on land?A. FishB. FrogC. BirdD. Lizard59.The sun is a huge ______.60.The turtle moves very _______ (慢) but is very wise.61.The rainbow is _____ in the sky. (bright)62.Which food is typically eaten for breakfast?A. PizzaB. PancakesC. SpaghettiD. Salad63.During a chemical reaction, bonds between atoms are _______.64.The ancient Romans built amphitheaters for ________.65.What do we call the time it takes for the Earth to make one complete rotation on its axis?A. YearB. MonthC. DayD. HourC66.What is the name of the process in which plants release oxygen?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. TranspirationD. DigestionA67.We have a _____ (活动) this weekend.68.My brother likes to play _____ (basketball/football).69. (Black) Death devastated Europe in the 14th century. The ____70.I saw a _______ (蜗牛) moving slowly on the ground.71.The flower grows from a ______.72.Which animal can fly?A. DogB. FishC. BirdD. CatC73.The _______ (小狼) howls at the moon.74.My ________ (玩具名称) is a fun way to learn about nature.75.We _______ (经常) visit the museum.76.What do we call a large mammal that lives in the cold?A. Polar BearB. LionC. GiraffeD. MonkeyA77.I enjoy playing ______ in the playground.78.The chemical symbol for neodymium is ______.79.The movie is very ________.80.The _____ (花香) filled the air as we walked through the garden.81.My favorite sport is _______.82.I enjoy going to the ______ (电影院) to watch the latest ______ (电影).83.What do we call the process of generating electricity using solar panels?A. Solar energyB. Wind energyC. Hydroelectric energyD. Geothermal energyA84.I enjoy playing games with my ____.85. A _______ helps illustrate the concept of buoyancy.86.What is the primary gas that makes up Jupiter's atmosphere?A. OxygenB. NitrogenC. HydrogenD. Helium87. A _______ (小角马) runs swiftly across the plains.88.Europe is a continent located to the _______ of Asia.89.The ancient Romans built impressive ________ (竞技场).90.What do we call the study of the mind and behavior?A. PsychologyB. SociologyC. AnthropologyD. PsychiatryA91.What is the name of the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci?A. Starry NightB. The Last SupperC. Mona LisaD. The Scream92.What is the name of the first manned moon landing?A. Apollo 11B. Gemini 12C. Mercury 7D. Voyager 1A93.The _____ (老虎) is a powerful predator in the wild.94. A ____(sustainable fishing) practice prevents overfishing.95.The ________ was a major cultural movement in the 20th century.96.We plant trees in the ___. (spring)97.The _____ (节日) is colorful and vibrant.98.The cake is ________ for my birthday.99.My grandma loves to __________ (照顾) her pets.100.The movement of water can reshape the ______.。
介绍革命时期英雄人物英语作文150词
介绍革命时期英雄人物英语作文150词全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Hero from the Revolutionary WarHi everyone! Today I want to tell you about one of my biggest heroes from the American Revolutionary War - Deborah Sampson. She was a really brave woman who fought for America's freedom dressed as a man!Deborah was born in 1760 in Massachusetts. When she was a kid, she loved reading about brave heroes and adventurers. She dreamed of one day doing something amazing and heroic herself.When the Revolutionary War started in 1775, Deborah really wanted to join the Continental Army and fight against the British. But back then, women weren't allowed to be soldiers. So Deborah came up with a clever plan - she cut her hair short, dressed up like a man, and used the name "Robert Shurtliff" to enlist in the army in 1782!Can you imagine how scary that must have been? Deborah had to act like a man all the time so nobody would find out she was actually a woman. She marched for miles, set up camps, dug trenches, and even got shot in the thigh during a battle! The whole time she hid her true identity. How brave is that?During one battle, Deborah's legs were injured by musket fire. But she was too afraid to go to the army doctors, because they might discover she was a woman. So she took the musket balls out of her own legs and kept on fighting! What immense courage.Deborah served in the army for over two years before she got very sick with a fever. The doctors finally realized she was a woman when they were treating her. But instead of punishing her, the army honored Deborah as a hero! She received an honorable discharge and back wages for her service.After the war, Deborah got married, had children, and even fought for women's rights and better pay for Revolutionary soldiers. She lived to be 66 years old.I think Deborah Sampson's story is so inspiring. She risked everything and showed such unbelievable bravery and strength, all to win freedom and independence for America. She provedthat women can be just as courageous and heroic as any man on the battlefield.Deborah never gave up on her dream, no matter how hard things got. She reminds me to always believe in myself and fight for what I think is right, even when people tell me I can't do something because I'm "just a girl." Deborah showed the world that girls can be heroes too!What did you think of Deborah's amazing story? Who are some of your biggest heroes from history? I'd love to hear about them!篇2My Favorite Revolutionary HeroDo you know who my favorite hero from the Revolutionary era is? It's Deborah Sampson! She was a woman who fought bravely in the American Revolutionary War by disguising herself as a man named Robert Shurtleff.Deborah was born in 1760 in Massachusetts. When the war started, she really wanted to fight for America's freedom, but women weren't allowed to be soldiers back then. So Deborah cut her hair short, put on men's clothes, and enlisted in theContinental Army in 1782. She fought in many battles and was even wounded twice!For years, nobody knew Deborah was actually a woman. When her secret was finally discovered in 1783, she was honored by the governor and given a pension from the Army for her brave service. I think Deborah Sampson was so courageous and determined to fight for liberty. She's an inspiration to me and shows that everyone can be a hero, no matter who they are!篇3My Favorite Revolutionary HeroDo you know who my favorite hero from the revolutionary times is? It's Deborah Sampson! She was so brave and did some really cool things that not many people know about.Deborah was born in 1760 in Massachusetts. When she grew up, the American Revolutionary War had already started. Even though girls weren't allowed to fight as soldiers back then, Deborah really wanted to join the Continental Army and fight for America's freedom from Britain.So in 1782, she did something super daring - she disguised herself as a man and enlisted in the army under the name RobertShurtleff! Can you imagine how nervous she must have been, worried that someone might find out she was actually a woman? But Deborah was determined and pulled it off.For over a year and a half, Deborah fought bravely as a soldier. She was part of several major battles and was even wounded twice by musket fire! Once she was hit by two musket balls in her thigh and had to remove them herself so nobody would discover her secret. Ouch! That must have been so painful.Deborah's commanders and fellow soldiers never suspected she was a woman because she was so good at her duties. She scouted for the army, did guard duty, dug trenches, and loaded cannons in battle. The other soldiers nicknamed her "Dr. Sampson" because she was really skilled at giving medical care and extracting teeth. Little did they know "Dr. Sampson" was actually Deborah!In 1783, Deborah's secret was finally revealed when she had to get treated for fever and the doctor discovered she was female. Instead of punishing her like some expected, the army honored Deborah with an honorable discharge and even gave her backpay and a nice uniform! People were amazed by her courage and determination.After the war, Deborah got married and had children. For the rest of her life, she was celebrated as the brave "female soldier" and people would come from all over to hear her exciting stories. Deborah lived to be 66 years old.I think Deborah Sampson was such an inspiring hero. She risked everything to fight for American independence and never gave up, even when facing tremendous challenges like getting wounded and hiding her true identity. Deborah showed that women could be just as strong and courageous as men on the battlefield. She defied expectations and proved that girls can do anything they set their minds to. I hope I can have that kind of perseverance and be as daring as Deborah when facing obstacles in my own life!篇4The Brave Patriot Named Paul RevereHave you ever heard of a hero named Paul Revere? He was a really brave and important person who lived in Boston a long, long time ago during the American Revolutionary War. Let me tell you all about his amazing adventures!Paul Revere was an expert silversmith who could make beautiful silver objects like dishes, cups, and jewelry. But whenthe British started causing trouble for the American colonies, he became a patriot fighting for independence.In 1775, the British army was getting ready to march from Boston to Concord to arrest some rebel leaders and seize their weapons. The patriots needed to be warned so they could be ready to defend themselves. That's where Paul Revere came in!On the night of April 18th, Paul Revere got a special signal - two lanterns hung in the tower of the Old North Church. This was a secret message that the British troops were crossing the Charles River to march to Concord. Paul quickly jumped on his horse and started riding to spread the alarm!As he galloped through the dark countryside yelling "The Regulars are coming out! The Regulars are coming out!" people sprang from their homes ready to fight. Paul had to avoid capture by the British several times on his midnight ride. He finally arrived in Concord just before dawn to warn the minutemen that red-coated soldiers were on their way.Thanks to Paul's brave ride, the patriot militia was able to fight the British at the Battles of Lexington and Concord - the first battles of the Revolutionary War! His heroic actions to sound the alarm rallied the colonists and helped start the struggle for American independence.After that famous ride, Paul Revere went on to fight in several more battles and help make ammunition and cannon for the patriot cause. He was a true American hero who risked his life over and over to protect his country's freedom.Doesn't that story make you want to be as brave and patriotic as Paul Revere someday? His courageous midnight ride will always be remembered as one of the most iconic events in the birth of the United States of America. Three cheers for the fearless hero - Paul Revere!篇5My Favorite Revolutionary Hero: Deborah SampsonDo you know who Deborah Sampson was? She was a really brave woman who fought in the American Revolutionary War, even though back then women weren't allowed to be soldiers. How cool is that?Deborah was born in 1760 in Massachusetts. When she was a kid, she loved reading about ancient warriors and adventurers. Even though girls were supposed to learn housework and sewing, Deborah preferred doing farmwork and other "boy" jobs. She was always getting in trouble for acting too boyish and not being ladylike enough.As she got older, Deborah became interested in the American Revolution that was happening. She supported the Patriots and wanted to help fight against the British. But of course, the army didn't let women join as soldiers back then. So in 1782, Deborah disguised herself as a man named Robert Shurtliff and enlisted in the Continental Army! Can you imagine how brave she had to be to do that?For three years, Deborah fought alongside the men and nobody realized she was actually a woman. She was wounded twice in battles! Once, she was shot in the thigh and couldn't go to an army doctor without risk of her secret being discovered. So she treated the musket wound herself by using a pen knife and dressing from a tree bark and leaves! How amazing is that?After being honorably discharged in 1783, Deborah went back to living as a woman. But she kept her army experiences a secret for many years. It wasn't until 1802 that she finally shared her incredible story. Deborah went on lecture tours talking about being a female Revolutionary War soldier. People were so impressed that the Massachusetts State Legislature awarded her a pension and some land for her military service.I think Deborah Sampson is such an inspiring hero, especially for girls! She showed that women can be just as brave and toughas men, even in difficult situations like being a soldier in war. Deborah never let society's expectations for women stop her from doing what she believed was right and important. Her courage and determination allowed her to make history.If I could travel back in time, I would love to meet Deborah and hear her story straight from her. I would ask her what it was like fighting in battles while keeping her true identity a secret. And I would thank her for her bravery in proving that women are capable of anything they set their minds to. Heroes like Deborah Sampson show that girls can grow up to be warriors and trailblazers too!篇6My Favorite Revolutionary HeroMy favorite hero from the revolutionary period is Betsy Ross. Betsy was a seamstress who lived in Philadelphia during the American Revolution. According to the story, George Washington himself visited Betsy in 1776 and asked her to sew the first American flag!Betsy was very talented with a needle and thread. She created the iconic design with 13 red and white stripes to represent the 13 colonies, and a circle of 13 white stars on a bluebackground to represent a new constellation. Betsy's flag became a powerful symbol of the patriots' fight for independence from Britain.I admire Betsy Ross because she used her ordinary job skills to make an extraordinary contribution to the revolution. She worked hard and took pride in her work. Her flag design is now recognized all over the world. Betsy was a true American hero who helped make history with her sewing! I hope I can be as brave and talented as she was.。
美国历史文化概况(英文版)答案-850-7-董晓波
Keys答案Unit 1Text AI.1. destructive2. have been persecuted3. established4. intensified5. immigrated6. overwhelming7. refugees8. combat9. dispute10. financialII.1. F2.T3.F4.F5.T6.T7. FIII.1.像伊丽莎白女王一样，新任国王也鼓励对外扩张，以此来缓解国内的宗教争端和经济上的低迷。
2.他们一直被称为清教徒，因为他们执意要“净化”英国国教——通过阻止其任命主教来简化宗教仪式，改革组织形式。
3.在合约期满后这些契约奴可以获得自由，而黑奴却要呆在种植园世代为奴。
4.从16到18世纪，土著居民的人口由于以下原因急剧下降：来自欧洲的流行病的肆虐；欧洲探险者和殖民者对他们的种族屠杀以及引发的战乱；被迫离开故土；土著部落间的战乱，被奴役；高比率的近亲结婚。
5.那些感染了疾病的人有的是疾病还处于潜伏期，有的是隔离得不那么严密，他们与土著居民的接触使得疾病得以传播，进一步转为流行病。
Text BI.1. beneficial, solely2. generally, disturbance3. publish, have4. strongly, condemn5. revenge6. become worse美国历史文化概况（英文版）27. correct8. put down9. leave10. trapII.1.The Seven Years’War: It is the war lasting from 1756 to 1763 during which Britain and Francefought over the control of North American colonies. It ended up with the victory for Britain. As a result of the war, Britain acquired French holdings in Canada and Florida from France’s ally, Spain.2.The Stamp Act: It is the act that passed by British Parliament in 1765 to be the first direct tax onthe American colonies. It required that all newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, commercial bills, advertisements, and other papers issued in the colonies bear a stamp.3.The Boston Tea Party: It is a direct action by colonists in Boston against the British governmentfor its unfair treatment. On the night of December 16, 1773, a band of men, disguised as Indians boarded three British ships lying at anchor in Boston harbor and dumped the tea cargo, which was from China, into the sea.4.The Treaty of Paris: The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, formally ended theAmerican Revolutionary War between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America, which had rebelled against British rule.Unit 2Text AI. jurisdiction，amphibians，contiguous，lease，habitat，disputingII.1. 美国领土包括明确界定的地理区域，即根据美国联邦政府权力管辖的大陆，天空或海域（但不仅局限于这些领域）。
美国革命 American Revolution 英语作文
American Revolution>American Revolution Essay:American Revolution is also known as United States War of Independence. This American Revolutionary War started in 1775 and ended in the year 1783 and was between Great Britain and North America.In this revolutionary war, Great Britain’s 13 of North American colonies were given political independence. Local militiamen clashed with the British soldiers on April 19th, 1775 in the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts.Long and Short Essays on American Revolution for Students and Kids in EnglishWe are providing students with samples of essay on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on the topic American Revolution for reference.Long Essay on American Revolution 500 Words in EnglishLong Essay on American Revolution is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.The American Revolutionary War happened from 1775 to 1783. Great Britain had 13 North American colonies at that time. When the residents of those 13 North American colonies of Great Britain had issues with the colonial Government, i.e., the British crown then some tensions started growing. These tensions led to the start of the revolutionary war.These tensions had been building for more than ten years, even before the beginning of the American Revolution in 1775. The French and Indian War or Seven Years’ War that happenedfrom 1756 to 1763 brought new colonial territories under the British crown.When in 1770, the British soldiers openly fired on the mobs of the colonists, five men were killed. This incident led the colonial residence to engage in violence. The people of today know this incident as the Boston Massacre.After December 1773, a group of Bostonians dressed as Mohawk Indians boarded some British ships and put 342 chests of tea in the Boston Harbour. Boston Tea Party was happening at that time. The Parliament became outraged, and they passed a series of measuresdesigned to assert imperial authority in Massachusetts again. These acts were named as Coercive Acts.In response to this Coercive Acts, some delegates of the North American colonies including big names like George Washington of Virginia, John and Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry from Massachusetts and John Jay from New York held a meeting in September 1774 in Philadelphia.This continental congress denounced maintenance of the British army in the colonies without their consent and even issued adeclaration of rights for each citizen of those colonies in North America. These rights included liberty, property, assembly and the last one, trial by jury. The First Continental Congress agreed to meet again in May 1775 to take further necessary steps, but unfortunately, the violence already broke out at that time.On April 18th, 1775, tons of British troops marched from Boston to Concord that was nearby and Massachusetts at night to seize an arms cache. Paul Revere and some other riders sounded the alarm, and thus, colonial militiamen started mobilizing to intercept the Redcoats.On the next day, the British soldiers clashed with the local militiamen in the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts ad that officially started the Revolutionary War of America.During the Second Continental Congress meeting, delegates that included two new additions Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson decided to form a Continental Army. George Washington was appointed as the commander in chief of the army. On June 17th, the Battle of Bunker Hill was won by the British Army.By June 1776, while the Revolutionary War was in full swing, a growing number of colonists had come to earn independence from Great Britain. On July 4th, 1776, America’s Continental Congress voted to gain the Declaration of Independence. This petition was drafted by a five-person committee including Franklin and John Adams.Washington made a surprise attack in Trenton, New Jersey, on Christmas night and won another victory and then the Battles of Saratoga. And, this is how the British Government were forced to hand over independence to theresidence of 13 colonies of North America that were under the British crown for a long time.Short Essay on American Revolution 150 Words in EnglishShort Essay on American Revolution is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.American Revolution was also known as the United States War of Independence or American Revolutionary War. 13 of North American colonies were under the control of the British Government. Until 1778, the conflict betweenthe colonies and the British Government remained as a civil war within the British Empire.Afterwards, this revolutionary war took an international look when, in 1778 and 1779, France and Spain joined the colonies against Britain. And, the Netherlands at that time was already involved in a war against Britain.Americans won the war on lands with the help of two types of organizations, namely the Continental Army and the state militias. Militias were poorly disciplined, and elected officers summoned them for less than three months.Later Washington took the command of the Continental Army and fought the Battle of Bunker Hill where the British army won. In the next war, i.e., the Battle of Trenton and Princeton was won by the American force under the leadership of Washington. In 1777 the Battles of Saratoga was fought, and Washington brought victory for America, and then the British Government agreed to give North America their independence.10 Lines on American Revolution Essay in English1. The War of the American Revolution occurred from 1775 to 1783.2. Seven Y ears’ War that happened from 1756 to 1763 brought new colonial territories under the British crown.3. Continental congress denounced maintenance of the British army in the colonies without their consent.4. The First Continental Congress agreed to meet again in May 1775 to take further necessary steps.5. Delegates that included two new additions Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson decided to form a Continental Army.6. Washington took the command of the army.7. On July 4th, the American Continental Congress voted to gainthe Declaration of Independence. 8. Washington fought the Battle of Bunker Hill, where the British army won. 9. The American force won the Battle of Trenton and Princeton under the leadership of Washington. 10. The war ended in 1783, and from the United States of America got their recognition as an independent country.FAQ’s on American Revolution EssayQuestion 1.When did the American Revolution happen?Answer:The American Revolution happened from 1775 to 1783.Question 2.Who was the commander in chief of the Continental Army?Answer:George Washington was the commander in chief of the Continental Army.Question 3.Who won the Battle of Bunker Hill?Answer:The British Army won the Battle of Bunker Hill.Question 4.Which battle is considered as the turning point of the American Revolutionary War?Answer:The Battle of Saratoga is considered as the turning point of the American Revolutionary War.。
美国独立战争的领导阶级是怎样的
美国独立战争的领导阶级是怎样的北美独立战争(英语：AmericanRevolutionary War，1775年;1783年)，英属北美13个殖民地反抗英国殖民统治、争取民族独立的革命战争。
下面是分享的美国独立战争的领导阶级是怎样的，一起来看看吧。
关于美国独立战争领导阶级每一场战争，都有属于它的领导阶级。
美国独立战争领导阶级是什么呢?美国独立战争领导阶级是资产阶级和种植园主。
18世纪后期，英国在大西洋沿岸侵占了非常多的殖民地，从而建立了一系列的植园，以及大机器制造业如纺织、炼铁、采矿等，从而使得北美等殖民地地区的经济有了较快的发展。
殖民地地区的经济发展使得英国有了进一步剥削当地人民以获得更多利益的行动，他们增加了当地的增值税，同时还提高了税率，即开始征收“印花税”。
印花税的征收包含当地居民的一切报刊、公文、遗嘱、营业执照等东西，使得这些物品在出售时必须粘贴印花以提升价格。
英国的这一系列行为引起的当地居民的抗议，他们开始通过游行、焚烧税票等方式表达自己的不满。
面对殖民地居民的抗议行为，英国政府派出了自己的军队进行镇压。
1770年3月5日，前去镇压的英军开枪打死了数名人民群众，制造了“波士顿惨案”。
此次惨案的发生导致的最终结果是北美地区的居民团结一心，开始正式采取武力行为与英军展开对抗。
在美国独立前，种植园为资本主义工业提供原料，是英国资本主义经济发展的重要倚重。
为了反抗美国殖民统治，种植园主与北方资产阶级合作，发动了“美国独立战争”。
所以说，美国独立战争领导阶级是资产阶级和种植园主。
独立战争的简介美国独立战争，(英语：American Revolutionary War，1775年;1783年)，或称美国革命战争，是大英帝国和其北美十三州殖民地的革命者，以及几个欧洲强国之间的一场战争。
这场战争主要是始于为了对抗英国的经济政策，但后来却因为法国加入战争对抗英国，而使战争的范围远远超过了英属北美之外。
外国有名历史事件有哪些_外国有名历史事件介绍
外国有名历史事件有哪些_外国有名历史事件介绍晚清时期,随着洋务运动和戊戌变法等效法西方活动的进行,具有西方特色的新式学校陆续出现。
这些新式学校大多设置了授课时数不等的外国历史课程,今天店铺给大家带来了外国有名历史事件，希望能够帮助到大家。
外国有名历史事件一：斯巴达克起义斯巴达克起义(拉丁文：Spartak tumultu，意大利文：Spartak rivolta，英文：Spartak Uprising;前73—前71年)，是在斯巴达克领导下，罗马共和国爆发的一次最大的奴隶起义。
这次起义是古罗马最大的一次起义，也是古代社会大规模奴隶反抗事件，在世界历史上具有重要意义。
在古罗马，到处都有大规模使用奴隶劳动的大庄园，斯巴达克起义奴隶被称之为“会说话的工具”。
奴隶主为了取乐，建造巨大的角斗场，强迫奴隶成对角斗，并让角斗士手握利剑、匕首，相互拼杀。
一场角斗戏下来，场上留下的是一具具奴隶尸体。
奴隶主的残暴统治，迫使奴隶一再发动大规模武装起义。
起义的主要原因是罗马奴隶社会内部(即奴隶主和被剥夺人权、遭受残酷剥削的奴隶之间)的阶级矛盾。
列宁指出：“斯巴达克掀起的战争就是为了保卫被奴役的阶级” [1]。
起义由伦杜鲁斯·巴奇亚图斯(卡普阿城)角斗学校逃出的一伙奴隶角斗士(70余名)发起。
公元前73年的一个深夜。
罗马中部卡普亚城的角斗士的铁窗内突然发出可怕的惨叫，在静寂的夜晚里显得格外凄惨。
3名卫兵急忙赶了过去，隔着铁窗厉声问道：“干什么?找死啊!还不老实睡觉!”一名角斗士伸了脑袋说：“打死人了。
高卢人打死了我们的伙伴。
他被我们制服了，你们看该怎么处理他?你们不管我们就勒死他。
”卫兵拿着油灯一照，果然是死了一个人，另一个人正被几个人反扭着手。
士兵说：“把他交给我们吧。
把死人也抬出来。
”边说边开了门。
说时迟，那时快，角斗士们迅速击倒他们，拨出他们身上的短剑，冲出牢门。
沉重的铁门被一扇扇打开，角斗士们挥舞着镣铐向屋外冲出。
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5. Features of the New Colonies
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• The colonists built a new way of life in the New World, which would play a role in forming the American character. • The features were: representative form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.
Benjamin Franklin
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• He became famous for being a scientist, an inventor, a statesman, a printer, a philosopher, a musician, and an economist. Today, we honor Ben Franklin as one of our Founding Fathers and as one of America's greatest citizens. Although he was born in Boston, the city of Philadelphia is remembered as the home of Ben Franklin.
1. Discovery of The New World
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• The "first Americans“ • The "first Americans" were the Indians, who, according to the scientists, crossed from Asia on land that once connected Siberia and Alaska and first arrived in what is now the United States about 30,000 or 40,000 years ago. • The Indians made a living on the land by hunting, gathering, fishing and farming.
Chapter VI The American Revolutionary War
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• I. The Conflicts between Britain and the Colonies • II. The Organization for Revolution • III.1775-83: American Revolution • IV. George Washington
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• Introduction of American History
The Colonization of the New World
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• • • • •
1.Discovery of The New World 2. Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci 3. The Colonial Period 4. Causes for the Colonization of the New World 5. Features of the New Colonies
4. Causes for the Colonization of the New World
• Opportunity in the New World was appealing to people from all walks of life, which offered them a chance to live a better life than they could hope for in the Old World.
III.1775-83: American Revolution
• A. 1775: Battles Fought at Lexington and Concord • B. 1775:The Second Continental Congress • C. 1776: Common Sense----Thomas Paine • D. 1776: Declaration of Independence • E. 1777: The Victory of Saratoga • F.1781: Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown • G.1783: Treaty of Paris Ends American Revolution
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The inauguration of President George Washington after his reelection in 1793
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Assignment
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• 1. State the significance of American Revolutionary War • 2. Get to know some most notable Americans associated with American Revolution
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Minutemen in Lexington, Mass. shed first blood in the R.W.on April syl 19,1775, but they could not hold their ground against the redcoats
American revolutionary soldiers march in formation during the last battle at Yorktown
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Independence Hall was the site of many important meetings during the Revolutionary War era
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IV. George Washington in July 1775 took command of the Continental Army
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3. The Colonial Period
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• The original 13 colonies • The first English colony in the Continent was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. • Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. They were Virginia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georgia.
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• •
The Boston Massacre
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1773: Boston Tea Party
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II. The Organization for Revolution
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The Continental Congress
Provincial congresses Committees of correspondence
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• To get religious freedom was the other reason for many settlers. They went to the New Continent to avoid religious persecution and get the right to worship God in their own way in their own churches.
Part Two American History Chapter VI The American Revolutionary War Chapter VII The American Civil War Chapter VIII The Main Events in the 20th Century in the United States
2. Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci
• In 1492,Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, sailed across the vast ocean and discovered an unknown new continent, but he mistook it for India. • Another navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, proved that the land reached by Columbus was not India, but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.
I. The Conflicts between Britain and the Colonies
• A. Sugar, Stamp, and Quartering Acts • Molasses 糖浆条例 B. The Outcry Against the Stamp Act • Stamp Act Congress of 1765, Taxation without representation"无代表权无需纳税 • C. Townshend Act (1767) • D. 1770: Boston Massacre 波士顿惨案 • E. Tea and the "Tea Party" • F. The Five "Intolerable Acts"