语法

专题一、简单句
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。

这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。

换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。

这五个基本句式如下：1.主语+ 谓语（连系动词）+ 表语（S + V + P句式）
【注意】常见的连系动词分为两类，一类表示状况如：be (am, is, are, was, were)，look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，keep等；另一类表示变化如：grow，get，fall ill / asleep, become, turn等。

be动词本身没有什么意思，只起连系主语和表语的作用。

其他连系动词保持其部分词义。

例如：翻译：（1）那是本英汉。

译：This is an English-Chinese dictionary.
（2）一切看起来都不同了。

译：Everything looks different.
（3）这个故事听起来有趣。

译：The story sounds interesting.
（4）这书桌摸起来很硬。

译：The desk feels hard.
（5）饼尝起来很香。

译：The pie tastes nice.
（6）花闻起来香甜。

译：The flowers smell sweet and nice.
（7）他的脸红了。

译：His face turned red.
（8）他突然病倒了。

译：He fell ill suddenly.
（9）他变成了现在这个样子。

译：He becomes what he is now.
（10）书都在桌子上。

译：All the books are on the desk.
注意：有些连系动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式，例如：
He reached his hand to feel the elephant. 他伸出手来摸象。

They are tasting the fish. 他们在品尝鱼。

They grow rice in their hometown. 他们在家乡种水稻。

Please turn the sentence into English. 请把这个句子译成英语。

2．主语+ 谓语（不及物动词）（S + V句式）在此句式中，V是不及物动词(vi.)。

例如：
（1）他跑得快。

译：He runs fast.
（2）他们听得很仔细。

译：They listened carefully.
（3）He suffered from cold and hunger. 他挨冻受饿。

（4）China belongs to the third world country. 中国属于第三世界国家。

（5）煤气用完了。

译：The gas has given out.
（6）我的墨水用完了。

译：My ink has run out.
（7）他去年死了。

译：He died last year.
3．主语+ 谓语+ 宾语（S + V + O句式）在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt.)，因此有宾语。

例如：（1）我昨天看了一部电影。

译：I saw a film yesterday.
（2）你读过这个故事吗? 译：Have you read the story?
（3）他们很容易就找到了他们的家。

译：They found their home easily.
（4）他们去年建了一所房子。

译：They built a house last year.
（5）They’ve put up a factory in the village. 他们在村里建了一座工厂。

（6）They have taken good care of the children. 这些孩子他们照看得很好。

（7）你应该好好照看你的孩子。

(look) 译：You should look after your child.
4．主语+ 谓语+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语（S + V + O1 + O2句式）
【注意】一般情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，也可以把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，但需要加介词for或to。

间接宾语后置与for连用的动词有get, keep, make, buy, build, choose, cook, find。

间接宾语后置与to连用的动词有：give, take, send, bring, teach, show, tell, write, read, sell, lend, pass, return, offer, hand。

（1）他给我一本书。

译：He gave me a book. = He gave a book to me.
（2）他带给我一枝钢笔。

译：He brought me a pen. = He brought a pen to me.
（3）他把座位让给我。

译：He gave me his seat. = He gave his seat to me.
（4）他把盐递给我。

译：He passed me the salt. = He passed the salt to me.
注意，下面动词只有一种说法：
They robbed the old man of his money. 他们抢了老人的钱。

He's warned me of the danger. 他警告我注意危险。

The doctor has cured him of his disease. 医生治好了他的病。

We must rid the house of the rats. 我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。

They deprived him of his right to speak. 他们剥夺了他说话的权利。

5．主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语（S + V + O + C句式）
在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。

常带宾语补足语的词有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。

常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。

请看下面的例子。

（1）他们给这个男孩起名为Tom。

译：They named the boy Charlie.
（2）我们选他当班长。

译：We elected him our monitor.
（3）他们使这个女孩生气了。

译：They made the girl angry.
（4）他们发现那天她很高兴。

译：They found her happy that day.
（5）我们必须保持我们的学校清洁。

译：We must keep our school clean.
（6）我发现他出去了。

译：I found him out.
（7）我见他在家。

译：I saw him in.
（8）他们发现沙地上有脚印。

译：They found foot marks in the sand.
（9）他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。

译：His father told him not to play in the street.
（10）我见他进来又出去。

译：I saw him come in and go out.
（11）他们感到汽车行驶得很快。

译：They felt the car moving fast.
（12）我刚才听到玻璃碎了。

译：I heard the glass broken just now.
（13）他发现大学的门对他关闭了。

译：He found the door of university closed to him.
【注意】动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等在主动语态中后面所接的动词不定式，不带to。

老板让他整天做那项工作。

译：The boss made him do the work all day long.
跟踪演练
一、把下列单词或短语连成句子。

1. happened, an, on the road, accident, just now
An accident happened on the road just now.
2. nor, he, speak, can, French, neither, English
He can neither speak French nor English.
3. English teacher, to, sent, we, flowers, the, on Teacher’s Day, some
We sent the English teacher some flowers on Teacher’s Day.
4. I, fast, felt, my, beating, very, heart
I felt my heart beating very fast.
5. felt, fell, she, very, and, in the chair, tired, asleep
She felt very tired and fell asleep in the chair.
6. in the street, saw, I, poor boy, walking, yesterday
I saw a poor boy walking in the street yesterday.
7. was, what, Tom, no longer, he, is
Tom is no longer what he was.
8. China, between, a, and, broke out, war, terrible, between, Japan
A terrible war broke out between Japan and China.
9. hometown, brought, she, umbrella, beautiful, aunt, returned, her, to, me, a, when, my
When my aunt returned to her hometown she brought me a beautiful umbrella.
10. she, what, got, dreamed about, had, finally, she
Finally she got what she had dreamed about.
二、翻译下列句子。

1. 他昨天很晚回家。

译：She got home very late last night.
2. 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。

译：You must finish reading these books within two weeks.
3. 你所说的听起来很有道理。

译：What you said sounds reasonable.
4. 奶奶昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事。

译：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
5. 我要请人把我的收音机修理一下。

译：I’ll have my radio repaired.
6. 在中国穷人买不起房子。

译：In China, the poor can’t afford to buy a house.
专题二、并列句
并列句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。

在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词或分号连在一起。

并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。

并列句根据前后两个分句的逻辑关系可分为：
1、联合并列句常由并列词and, not only … but also…, neither…nor…, not… but …等连接。

如：He had plenty of money and he spent it freely (并且他随便花). (spend)
Not only did he say it more accurate (他说得更正确), but also he spoke more easily. (speak)
Neither did that naughty boy go home (这个调皮的男孩既没有回家) nor did his parents come to search for him.
He didn’t put the money into the bank but lent it to Mary (而是把它借给Mary).
2、选择并列句常由并列连词or, or else, either… or…, otherwise等连接。

Either you are right, or I am right (要么我对). (be)
Don’t drive so fast , or you will have an accident (要不然你会出事故的). (have)
Work hard, or you will fall behind (否则你就落后于别人了). (fall)
【注意】在表示并列或选择关系的并列句中，前后分句的时态往往一致。

但若第一分句是祈使句，那么第二个分句常用将来时。

3.转折并列句常由并列连词but, while, yet, whereas, while, however等连接。

Some men are rich, while others are very poor (但其他的人很穷). (be)
He likes pop music, while I like folk music (而我喜欢民间音乐). (fond)
4. 因果并列句由并列词for等连接。

I had to walk home for there was no bus (因为没有公汽).
跟踪演练
一、翻译下列句子。

1. 我做了一个蛋糕，Tom把它吃了。

译：I made a cake and Tom ate it.
2. 我不仅会学英语，而且还会把它学好。

译：Not only will I learn English, but also I will learn it well.
3. 他既没有听从我的建议，也没有把他告诉给Mary。

译：Neither did he follow my advice nor did he tell it to Mary.
4. 他没有放弃吸烟，而是吸得更厉害了。

译：He didn’t give up smoking but he smoked more heavily.
5. 要么你回家，要么我离开教室。

译：Whether you go home or I leave the classroom.
6. 不要相信他所说的，否则你有一天会因它而后悔的。

译：Don’t believe what he said, or you will regret for it some day.
7. 把窗户关好，要不然屋里就会太冷了。

译：Shut the windows, or it will be too cold indoors.
8. 他在会上提出了一个好建议，但他的建议被拒绝了。

译：He put forward a good suggestion at the meeting, but it was turned down.
9. 父亲在看电视，而母亲则在洗餐具。

译：Father was watching TV while mother was washing the dishes.
10. 我们决绝了他的请求，因为那太荒谬了。

译：We refused his request for it was too ridiculous.
专题三、复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。

主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。

判断是从句还是主句的一个显要特征就是从句都有连接词，表示自己处于从属地位。

1、名词从句
名词性从句在句子中的功能相当于一个名词或名词词组，在复合句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。

根据其在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

Where he has gone (他去了哪儿) is not known to us all. (go)
I want to know which book is better (哪本书更好). (be)
My question is how old you are (你多大了). (be)
The question whether I will accept the invitation (我是否接受邀请) can’t be answered today. (accept)
2、定语从句
在复合句中作定语修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

相当于一个形容词的功能。

The apples that I bought (我买的) this morning are very fresh. (buy)
Jim introduced me to a girl who sat beside him (坐在他旁边的). (sit)
These are the reasons why we did so (我们这样做的). (do)
The house, in which I lived (我所住过的), will be pulled down next month. (live)
3、状语从句
状语从句是指表示主句所发生的时间、地点、原因、方式、让步、伴随、结果等的从句，在句子中的功能相当于一个副词。

在复合句中，它的位置比较灵活，置于主句前或主句后均可。

After all the students entered the lab (在学生们全都进入实验室后), the teacher brought out three bottles. (enter)
When I entered the room (当我进入房间时), he was watching TV. (enter)
I found my book where I lost it (我丢它的地方). (lose)
Although I am tired (尽管我很累), I will continue my work. (be)
He didn’t go there because he didn’t want to meet her (因为他不想见到她). (meet)
I didn’t go there as I felt uncomfortable (因为我感觉不舒服). (feel)
You’ll finish it easily, as long as you follow his advice (只要你听从他的劝告). (follow)
It was so dark that we couldn’t see each other clearly (以致我们看不清彼此). (see)
The director gave me a better offer than he gave to John (相比他给予约翰的).
【注意】当然，在一个复合句中更可能有上述两个或两个以上的从句出现。

When I came home last night, I saw the present that my father gave me.
跟踪演练
一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。

1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. （简单）句
2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. （复合）句
3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there? （简单）句
4. My brother and I got to school at half past seven in the morning and came back home at six in the evening.（并列）句
5. He is in Class Two and I am in Class Three. （并列）句
6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.（复合）句
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.（并列）句
8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?（复合）句
9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.（简单）句
10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. （简单）句
二、用适当的连词填空。

1. Open the door and let the cool air in.
2. There are few new words in the article, but we couldn’t understand it.
3. She neither speaks nor writes in Japanese.
4. We finished or homework quickly for it was very easy.
5. Claire wanted to buy a car, although he didn’t have enough money.
6. He’s always very careful, and he never makes any mistakes.
7. Take a raincoat with you, or you’ll get wet.
8. He kept on working outside, although it was colder and colder.
三、根据汉语意思以及英语提示完成句子。

1. Mozart started writing music when he was four years old. (when) 莫扎特4岁的时候开始写音乐作品。

2. He speaks so fast that no one can catch him. (speak) 他说话太快，无人能听的明白。

3. I’ve come from Mr. Wang with the message that he can’t come to see you this afternoon. (message)
我从王先生那边得知一个消息，他说他今天下午不能来看你了。

4. You will be late unless you start now. (unless) 如果你不马上走，你将会迟到的。

5. That he had stolen a bike was true. (steal) 他偷了一辆自行车是真的。

6. She insisted that she shouldn’t be sent to the countryside. (send) 他坚持不被派到农村去。

7. We don’t believe that he will win the match. (win) 我们相信他不会赢得这场比赛。

8. This is the book that you were looking for yesterday. (look) 这就是你昨天找的那本书。

9. The boy who is singing on the stage is only nine years old. (sing) 在舞台上唱歌的那个男孩才九岁。

10. The reason why she was late is not acceptable. (reason) 她迟到的原因不那么令人接受。

专题四、动词时态与语态
第一部分动词的时态
高中英语教学大纲中要求掌握的只有八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时。

另外现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时和将来完成时也比较常用。

一般、进行、完成的含义：一般指某动作既不正在进行又有不确定完成与否的一种广泛意义上的方式。

进行指持续性的、未完成的动作；动词的进行时还伴有其他一些意义，如：有限度的延续
性、感情色彩、同时性、描述的生动性、强调性等。

完成则表示动作发生在某个时间以前，但动作发生的时间总是没有明确指出的。

一、一般现在时
1. 用于经常性或习惯性的动作或者叙述现在的事实。

常用的时间状语有：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year), once a week, now and then, from time to time, at times等等。

I am (是) a student. My brother is (是) a doctor. My parents are (都是) both teachers.
There are (有) 20 books there. Mary has (有) 20 books. How many books do you have (你有)?
We go to school (上学) from Monday to Friday, while Mary only goes to work (上班) three times a week.
I usually get up (起床) at 6 o’clock. (get)
There are (有) 365 days in a year. (be)
2. 表示客观存在及普遍真理以及其它不受时间限制的客观存在等。

When I was a small girl, my teacher told me that the earth moves (转动) around the sun. (move)
Light travels (传播) faster than sound. (travel)
3. 表示主语现在的特征、性格和状态。

My brother is always ready to help others.
China is a developing country which belongs to the third world.
4. 在when , as, while, before, after, whenever, till, until, as soon as, the moment引导的时间状语从句中、在if, unless, as long as, on condition that引导的条件状语从句中和no matter what / who / which / when / where / how或whatever, / whoever / whichever / whenever / wherever / however等引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句是将来时态或主句是祈使句，从句用一般现在时表示将来时。

If it is (是) sunny tomorrow, we will go outing. (be)
When I come here (来这儿) next time, I will tell you why I didn’t accept your invitation. (come)
No matter how much you protect (保护) your children, they will still make mistakes. (protect)
Finish it, no matter how difficult it is (有). (be)
You will get the present on condition that you finish (完成) your homework on time. (finish)
5. 动词arrive, begin, go, leave, come, start, stop, open, close, return等可表示按时间表拟好或安排好要发生的动作。

The film starts (开始) at seven this evening. (start)
The train leaves (离开) at 3 p.m. (leave)
The shop opens (开门) at 9:00 in the morning and closes (关门) at 8: 00 in the evening.
【注意】
（1）某些表示状态或感觉的动词，如be, like, hate, sound, believe, want, belong, depend等，常用一
般现在时态。

I don’t want (不想) to sound like rude. (want)
I like this house very much but it belongs to (属于) my sister. (belong)
（2）在句型I hope, I bet等后面的that…分句中以及句型see to it, make sure / certain that…分句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

I bet it rains (下雨) tomorrow. (rain)
Make sure you come home (回家) soon. (come)
二、一般过去时
1. 表示过去某时间的动作或状态。

其常用的时间状语有yesterday, last night, two days (weeks, months, years) ago, at that time等。

When I was a child I knew (知道) that it was not easy to realize my dream. (know)
Last night Mary and I went to see a movie (去看了一场电影) . (go)
2. 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的行为，常与often, every day, sometimes等时间状语连用。

He often went to see a film (去看电影) last year. (cinema)
Li Mei always went to school (上学) on foot last year. (go)
3. 描述几个相继发生的动作，尽管有先后，但都用一般过去时间，最后两个动词用and连接。

He opened the door (打开门), put the books on the shelf and returned. (open)
4.在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，用一般过去时代替过去将来时，表示过去将来的动作。

He told me that he wouldn’t go back until his mother returned (回来). (return)
5. want, wonder, hope, think, intend, mean等动词，用一般过去时表现在，使句子在语气上较为委婉客气。

I thought (原以为) he was an honest man. (think)
He didn’t intend (没打算) to hurt you. (intend)
三、一般将来时
表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, soon, next term, next week, from now on, some day, the day after tomorrow, in (the) future等表示将来的时间状语连用。

1. will + 动词原形
（1）(按自然规律) 必然会
We will die (会死) without air or water. (die)
She will be (将是) 20 years old next month. (be)
（2）表示事先未考虑的意图。

有时暗含偶然性、临时性决定要做某事。

Do you know when we will hold (将会举行) the sports meet? (hold)
---Someone is knocking at the door. ---I will answer the door (去开门). (answer)
（3）表示说话人相信、希望、假定将来要发生的事。

I hope you will go to Beijing University (上北京大学). (go)
（4）表示事物的倾向性或规律性。

Water and oil will not mix (不会混合在一起). (mix)
（5）用在正式的天气预报中。

There will be rain (有雨) tomorrow. (be)
（6）在疑问句中可以用来征询听话人的意见或征求允许。

Will you come here (你能到这儿吗) this afternoon? (come)
2. be going to
（1）表示打算最近或将来做某事。

We are going to visit (要去参观) that exhibition this afternoon. (visit)
Who is going to speak (要讲) first? (speak)
（2）表示“预见”，即有迹象表明要发生某事。

Look at these dark clouds --- it is going to rain (要下雨). (rain)
3. be doing 按计划、安排即将做，常用的有go, leave, reach, arrive, return, come, move等表瞬间的动词。

They are leaving (要离开) Beijing for Gansu on Sunday. (leave)
4. be to do
（1）表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作。

He is to be present (要出席) at the meeting. (present)
They are to meet (约定见面) at the train station. (meet)
（2）表示职责、义务、意图、约束、禁止、可能性(相当于should, ought to, must, have to)等。

All these questions are to be answered (必须回答) at once. (answer)
Old people are to be respected (应受到尊敬). (respect)
（3）（用于条件句）想；想要做
If you are to succeed (想要成功), you must work hard now. (succeed)
5. be about to do表示“立即的将来”，一般不与具体时间连用。

We are about to leave (正要离开) when it rains. (leave)
6. be on the point of doing sth. 表示“快要做某事”，不与确切的时间状语连用。

The plane is on the point of taking off (快要起飞). (take)
7.祈使句+ and / or + 主语+ will (and表肯定；or表否定)
Work hard or you will fail (会失败). (fail)
Work hard and you will succeed (会成功). (succeed)
8. be due to do（按时间安排）预计做
The guests is due to arrive (预计达到) here at 9 a.m. (due)
四、现在进行时
1. 表示说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的动作或存在的状态，具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性的特点，常与now, for the moment, at present等连用。

Listen! The birds are singing (正在歌唱) in the trees. (sing)
Now, I am studying (正在学习)science subjects in a high school. (study)
2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定在进行，常与these days, this week等时间状语连用。

I am not a waiter here. I am only helping them out (来帮帮他们的忙) these days. (help)
3. 表示此时此刻某一动作不断地反复。

The boy is jumping (直跳) with joy. (jump)
4. 表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等。

（常与always, constantly, continually等连用）。

He is always thinking about others (总是想着别人). (think)
The boy is always making noise(制造噪音). (make)
You are always changing your plan (改变你的计划). (change)
5. 当前一段时间内的变化过程。

(此时动作不一定正在进行)
Look, your son is growing taller and taller (长得越来越高了) . (grow)
6. 动词go, come, leave, arrive, start, give, work, sleep, return, say, play, do, have, meet, take, go to, see off等的现在进行时表示将要发生的动作。

Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your belts. The plane is taking off (就要起飞了) soon. (take)
【注】有些动词不用于进行时态，常见的有：
1. 感觉类: look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear等。

The soup tastes nice (尝起来不错). (taste)
Your hands feel cold (摸起来很凉). (feel)
2. 情感类:love, like, prefer, admire, hate, fear, adore等
I love (爱) my dad and mother. (love)
3. 心态类：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, know, remember, forget等
I can’t believe (不敢相信) my eyes. (believe)
4. 表示存在状态的词：appear, lie (位于), remain, belong, have等。

Those books belong to (属于) Mr. Wang. (belong)
五、现在完成时
1. 表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作，常带有不确定的时间状语，如副词already, yet, once, twice, just (刚刚), ever, never, before等。

I don’t want to see the film, for I have seen (看过) it for several times. (see)
I don’t need to borrow some money for my mother has given me some (给了我一些). (give)
2. 表示从过去某时间开始一直持续到现在，也许还将继续下去的动作。

通常用延续性动词，与for 和since表示时间段的状语连用，或表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语连用: lately, recently, in the last / past few days / years, so far, up to now, until now等。

I have lived here (在这儿已住了) for ten years since I moved here. (live)
I have learnt (学了) 2,000 words up to now. (learn)
He has learnt to smoke (学会抽烟) recently. (learn)
3. 含有终止或瞬间意义的动词（如begin, end, come, go, marry, close, die, arrive, fall, leave, break, lose, give, join, jump, receive, buy, borrow, start, graduate等）不可和for, since连用。

He has joined the army for three years. (×) He joined the army three years ago.（√）He has been a soldier for three years. （√）It is three years since he joined the army.（√）
4. 现在完成时用在状语从句中，表示一个动作发生在另一个动作之前。

Almost as soon as we have started (刚动身) we find ourselves at the bottom of the hill. (start)
5. 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：
a. 前者表示过去动作对现在的影响，后者表示过去动作的事实；
b. 前者表示过去开始的动作延续到现在，后者表示过去延续了一段的动作已停止。

He served (服役) in the army from 1952 to 1954, and now he is a merchant. (serve)
He has served (已服役) in the army for 5 years. (serve)
He wrote (写了) many plays when he was at college. (write)
He has written (写过) many plays, and now he is a famous play writer. (write)
六、过去进行时
1. 表示过去某时正在进行的动作或某一段时间内一直在进行的动作。

We were talking about you (在谈论你) just now. (talk)
What were you doing (你在干什么) at this time last night? (do)
I were surfing the Internet (在上网) at this time yesterday. (surf)
2.表示一个动作在发生时，另一个动作正在进行。

When I entered the room, he was watching TV (正在看电视) . (watch)
3. 在宾语从句中，常用表移动的词go, come, leave, stay, arrive, start的过去进行时表要发生的动作。

She told me that she was coming (要来) this week. (come)
4. 表示说话人过去对主语的行为表示赞叹、厌恶等。

常与always, constantly, continually等副词连用。

He was always blowing (总在吹) his own trumpet. (blow)
He was always thinking (总是想着) of his work that time.
The naughty boys were always making trouble (总在惹麻烦) when they were at school. (make)
He was always leaving things (老是丢东西) here and there when he was a child. (leave)
5. hope, want, wonder, think等词用过去进行时表示有礼貌的请求。

I was wondering (不知道) if you could answer my questions. (wonder)
6.描写故事的背景
It was a dark night and it was snowing heavily (下大雪) . (snow)
七、过去完成时
1. 表示在过去某一时刻以前已经开始并一直延续到这一时刻，或是在此刻前已经完成的动作。

句子常带有by, before等介词短语；when引导的一个状语从句或根据上下文暗示。

By the end of last term, we had learnt (已经学了) 2000 English words. (learn)
When I reached the train station, Tom had left (已经离开了). (leave)
I had phoned him (打了他电话) before I came here. (phone)
2. 表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for（有时可省去）或since 构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。

When I arrived, he had waited (已经等了) for us for about an hour at the gate of our school. (wait)
3. 用在时间、原因等状语从句中或者宾语从句中，表示动作发生的时间早于主句所表示的动作，表原因、动作先后关系等。

He got home and suddenly realized that he had left (忘了) his key in the office. (leave)
Now that you had finished (完成了) the work, we could play together. (finish)
4. 有些动词（如hope, think, expect, mean, intend, suppose, want等）的过去完成时，可表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。

I had meant to help you (本想帮你), but I was too busy then. (mean)
We had planned (本计划) to play football, but it rained heavily. (plan)
八、过去将来时：表示对于过去某一段时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

谓语部分常用：①would / should do; ②was / were going to do; ③was / were to do; ④ was / were about to do。

When I met Tom just now, he said he would call on you (要来拜见你) . (call)
He said he was going to get there (就到那儿) soon. (get)
They were going to have (打算开) a class meeting that afternoon. (have)
That day I was to finish (打算完成) the report in a week. (finish)
I was about to leave (正要离开) when a friend dropped in. (leave)
九、现在完成进行时
1、表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。

You’d better ask them to have a rest, for they have been working (已经工作了) for hours.(work)
She has been crying (一直在哭) all the morning. (cry)
We have been learning English (一直在学英语) for five years. (study)
2、现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别：
a. 前者比后者更强调动作的延续性，表示一直；
b. 在没有状语时，前者表示动作仍在进行，后者表示动作已经结束；
c. 前者不适用表示状态的动词，后者则可。

---你到哪儿去了？Where have you been?
---我可一直在楼上做作业。

I have been doing my homework upstairs.
---你全身湿透了！You are wet through!
---我一直在雨中走。

I have been walking in the rain.
十、将来进行时: 表将来某时（或某段时间正进行的动作）。

We will be having a meeting (将在开会) at this time tomorrow. (have)
We will be getting in wheat (正在收割小麦) at this time next Friday. (get)
十一、将来完成时:表示将来某一时间之前完成的动作，由“shall / will + have done”构成，常用的时间在状语有by the end of, by this time, by the time, by等。

By the end of next week, he will have been in hospital (将住院了) for 20 days. (be)
By seven o’clock this evening we will have gotten (到达) to Nanjing if the train works well. (get)
第二部分动词时态在固定句型中的用法
英语中谓语动词的时态有十几种之多，在高考中也是重点考察知识。

在某些情况下，英语的时态基本是固定的，因此掌握一定的技巧，有利于学习。

下面主要就某些固定句型中时态的运用作归纳。

1.在“It is / was + 序数词+ 名词+ 定语从句”和“It is / was或That’s / this is + 形容词最高级+名词+ 定语从句”这样两种定语从句中，从句的时态一般用完成时。

This is the best English novel that I have read (读过的). (read)
That was the most beautiful city we had visited (去过的). (visit)
It’s the third time you have been late (迟到) for school this week. (be)
It was the first time that I had visited (去过) that ancient temple. (visit)
2. 在“hardly +分句+ when + 分句”，“no sooner + 分句+ than + 分句”，这两种句型中，第一个分句往往用过去完成时。

Hardly had I arrived (我到达) the station when the train started. (reach)。