A new type of solution of the Schrodinger equation on a self-similar fractal potential

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托福阅读真题第318篇ClassStructuresinPostwarEurope（答案文章最后）

托福阅读真题第318篇ClassStructuresinPostwarEurope（答案文章最后）lass Structures in Postwar EuropeRapid economic growth went a long way toward creating a new society in Europe after the Second World War. European society became more mobile and more democratic. Old class barriers relaxed, and class distinctions became fuzzier.hanges in the structure of the middle class were particularly influential in the general drift toward a less rigid class structure. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the model for the middle class had been the independent, self-employed individual who owned a business or practiced a liberal profession such as law or medicine. Ownership of property- -very often inherited property- -and strong family ties had often been the keys to wealth and standing within the middle class. fter 1945 this pattern declined drastically in Western Europe. new breed of managers and experts replaced traditional property owners as the leaders of the middle class. bility to serve the needs of a big organization largely replaced inherited property and family connections in determining an individual's social position in the middle and upper-middle classes. t the same time, the middle class grew massively and became harder to define.There were several reasons for these developments. Rapid industrial and technological expansion created a powerful demand for technologists and managers in large corporations and government agencies. Moreover, the old propertied middle class lost control of many family-owned businesses, and many small businesses simply went out of existence as their former owners joined the ranks of salaried employees. Top managersand ranking civil servants therefore represented the model for a new middle class of salaried specialists. Well paid and highly trained, often with backgrounds in engineering or accounting, these experts increasingly came from all social classes, even the working class. Pragmatic and realistic, they were primarily concerned with efficiency and practical solutions to concrete problems. Managers and technocrats, of whom a small but growing number were women, could pass on the opportunity for all-important advanced education to their children, but only in rare instances could they pass on the positions they had attained. Thus the new middle class, which was based largely on specialized skills and high levels of education, was more open, democratic, and insecure than the old propertied middle class.The structure of the lower classes also became more flexible and open. There was a mass exodus from farms and the countryside, as one of the most traditional and least mobile groups in European society drastically declined. Meanwhile, the industrial working class ceased to expand, and job opportunities for white-collar and service employees grew rapidly. Such employees bore a greater resemblance to the new middle class of salaried specialists than to industrial workers, who were also better educated and more specialized.European governments were reducing class tensions with a series of social security reforms. Many of these reforms-such as increased unemployment benefits and more extensive retirement pensions- simply strengthened social security measures first pioneered in Germany before the First World War. Other programs were new, such as comprehensive national health systems directed by the state. Most countries also introduced family allowances- direct government grants toparents to help them raise their children. These allowances helped many low-income families make ends meet. Most European governments also gave maternity grants and built inexpensive public housing for low-income families and individuals. These and other social reforms provided a humane level of well-being. Reforms also promoted greater equality because they were paid for in part by higher taxes on the rich.The rising standard of living and the spread of standardized consumer goods also worked to level European society, as the percent of income spent on food and drink declined substantially. For example, the European automotive industry expanded phenomenally after lagging far behind the United States since the 1920s. In 1948 there were only 5 million cars in Western Europe, but in 1965 there were 44 million. ar ownership was democratized and came within the range of better-paid workers. Europeans took great pleasure in the products of the gadget revolution as well. Like mericans, Europeans filled their houses and apartments with washing machines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, dishwashers, radios, televisions, and stereos. The purchase of consumer goods was greatly facilitated by installment purchasing, which allowed people to buy on credit. With the expansion of social security safeguards, reducing the need to accumulate savings for hard times, ordinary people were increasingly willing to take on debt.1.►Rapid economic growth went a long way toward creating a new society in Europe after the Second World War. European society became more mobile and more democratic. Old class barriers relaxed, and class distinctions became fuzzier.2.►hanges in the structure of the middle class were particularly influential in the general drift toward a less rigid class structure. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the model for the middle class had been the independent, self-employed individual who owned a business or practiced a liberal profession such as law or medicine. Ownership of property- -very often inherited property- -and strong family ties had often been the keys to wealth and standing within the middle class. fter 1945 this pattern declined drastically in Western Europe. new breed of managers and experts replaced traditional property owners as the leaders of the middle class. bility to serve the needs of a big organization largely replaced inherited property and family connections in determining an individual's social position in the middle and upper-middle classes. t the same time, the middle class grew massively and became harder to define.3.►There were several reasons for these developments. Rapid industrial and technological expansion created a powerful demand for technologists and managers in large corporations and government agencies. Moreover, the old propertied middle class lost control of many family-owned businesses, and many small businesses simply went out of existence as their former owners joined the ranks of salaried employees. Top managers and ranking civil servants therefore represented the model for a new middle class of salaried specialists. Well paid and highly trained, often with backgrounds in engineering or accounting, these experts increasingly came from all social classes, even the working class. Pragmatic and realistic, they were primarily concerned with efficiency and practical solutions to concrete problems. Managers and technocrats, of whom a small butgrowing number were women, could pass on the opportunity for all-important advanced education to their children, but only in rare instances could they pass on the positions they had attained. Thus the new middle class, which was based largely on specialized skills and high levels of education, was more open, democratic, and insecure than the old propertied middle class.4.►The structure of the lower classes also became more flexible and open. There was a mass exodus from farms and the countryside, as one of the most traditional and least mobile groups in European society drastically declined. Meanwhile, the industrial working class ceased to expand, and job opportunities for white-collar and service employees grew rapidly. Such employees bore a greater resemblance to the new middle class of salaried specialists than to industrial workers, who were also better educated and more specialized.5.►European governments were reducing class tensions with a series of social security reforms. Many of these reforms-such as increased unemployment benefits and more extensive retirement pensions- simply strengthened social security measures first pioneered in Germany before the First World War. Other programs were new, such as comprehensive national health systems directed by the state. Most countries also introduced family allowances- direct government grants to parents to help them raise their children. These allowances helped many low-income families make ends meet. Most European governments also gave maternity grants and built inexpensive public housing for low-income families and individuals. These and other social reforms provided a humanelevel of well-being. Reforms also promoted greater equality because they were paid for in part by higher taxes on the rich.6.►European governments were reducing class tensions with a series of social security reforms. Many of these reforms-such as increased unemployment benefits and more extensive retirement pensions- simply strengthened social security measures first pioneered in Germany before the First World War. Other programs were new, such as comprehensive national health systems directed by the state. Most countries also introduced family allowances- direct government grants to parents to help them raise their children. These allowances helped many low-income families make ends meet. Most European governments also gave maternity grants and built inexpensive public housing for low-income families and individuals. These and other social reforms provided a humane level of well-being. Reforms also promoted greater equality because they were paid for in part by higher taxes on the rich.7.►The rising standard of living and the spread of standardized consumer goods also worked to level European society, as the percent of income spent on food and drink declined substantially. For example, the European automotive industry expanded phenomenally after lagging far behind the United States since the 1920s. In 1948 there were only 5 million cars in Western Europe, but in 1965 there were 44 million. ar ownership was democratized and came within the range of better-paid workers. Europeans took great pleasure in the products of the gadget revolution as well. Like mericans, Europeans filled their houses and apartments with washingmachines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, dishwashers, radios, televisions, and stereos. The purchase of consumer goods was greatly facilitated by installment purchasing, which allowed people to buy on credit. With the expansion of social security safeguards, reducing the need to accumulate savings for hard times, ordinary people were increasingly willing to take on debt.8.►The rising standard of living and the spread of standardized consumer goods also worked to level European society, as the percent of income spent on food and drink declined substantially. For example, the European automotive industry expanded phenomenally after lagging far behind the United States since the 1920s. In 1948 there were only 5 million cars in Western Europe, but in 1965 there were 44 million. ar ownership was democratized and came within the range of better-paid workers. Europeans took great pleasure in the products of the gadget revolution as well. Like mericans, Europeans filled their houses and apartments with washing machines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, dishwashers, radios, televisions, and stereos. The purchase of consumer goods was greatly facilitated by installment purchasing, which allowed people to buy on credit. With the expansion of social security safeguards, reducing the need to accumulate savings for hard times, ordinary people were increasingly willing to take on debt.9.The structure of the lower classes also became more flexible and open.⬛There was a mass exodus from farms and the countryside, as one of the most traditional and least mobile groups in European society drastically declined.⬛Meanwhile, the industrial working class ceased to expand, and job opportunitiesfor white-collar and service employees grew rapidly.⬛Such employees bore a greater resemblance to the new middle class of salaried specialists than to industrial workers, who were also better educated and more specialized.⬛10.。

年高考英语北师大版全程复习方略课件：必修5 Unit+15 Learning

from，she said her father's inspiring words inspired her to write
it.(inspire)
⊳高效识记·稳固根基
写一写——高频短语
1．frankly_speaking
坦率地说
2．lay_off 裁员；解雇
3．go_blank (头脑)变为空白
11．beneficial adj.有用的，有益的→benefit n．利益，好处 12．assume vt.假定，假设→assumption n．假定，假设 13．adapt vt.(使)适应→adaptation n．适应，改编 14．appreciation n．欣赏→appreciate vt.鉴赏，感激 15．reflect vt.反射；反映→reflection n．映像 16．approve v．赞成；认可；满意→approval n．赞成；认可；满意
5．When asked where her inspiration of the novel came from，she said her father's inspiring words inspired her to write
it.(inspire) 6．To_start_with，I'd like to tell in brief the importance of the
17．correction n．改正，改进→correct v．改正，改进 18．distinguish vt.区别，辨别→distinguished adj.(外表或举止)有尊严的，高贵的；卓越的，杰出的
练一练——语境应用
[用所给词的适当形式填空] 1．The maths problem is not simple but we can simplify it with this method.(simple) 2．It was first assumed that he was the murderer，but later it turned out to be a false assumption.(assume) 3．As we all know，fresh air is beneficial to our health and the new park benefits us all，so we should keep it clean.(benefit)

科技英语翻译1

驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
► 2）通顺易懂 ► 译文的语言符合译语语法结构及表达习惯，容易为读者所理解和接受。
► A. When a person sees, smells, hears or touches something, then he is perceiving.
2. Cramped(狭窄的) conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely.
空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
3. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.
忠实、通顺（普遍观点）
► 科技英语文章特点：(well-knit structure;tight logic;various styles)结构严谨，逻辑严密，文体多样
1. 科技翻译的标准：准确规范，通顺易懂，简洁明晰 1）准确规范
所谓准确，就是忠实地，不折不扣地传达原文的全部信息内容。所谓规范，就是译文要符合所涉及的科学技或某个专业领域的专业语言表
实验结果等，而不是介绍这是这些结果，理论或现象是由谁发明或发现的。
► In this section, a process description and a simplified process flowsheet are given for each DR process to illustrate the types of equipment used and to describe the flow of materials through the plant. The discussion does not mention all the variations of the flowsheet which may exist or the current status of particular plants. In the majority of the DR processes described in this section, natural gas is reformed in a catalyst bed with steam or gaseous reduction products from the reduction reactor. Partial oxidation processes which gasify liquid hydrocarbons, heavy residuals and coal are also discussed. The reformer and partial oxidation gasifier are interchangeable for several of the DR processes.

材料科技英语试题及答案

材料科技英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the most common type of material used in the construction of bridges?A. SteelB. ConcreteC. WoodD. Plastic2. The process of hardening metal by heating and cooling is known as:A. AnnealingB. TemperingC. QuenchingD. Forging3. Which of the following is not a property of materials?A. DensityB. ElasticityC. ColorD. Thermal conductivity4. The term "nanomaterials" refers to materials with at least one dimension in the size range of:A. 1-100 nanometersB. 1-100 micrometersC. 1-100 millimetersD. 1-100 centimeters5. What is the primary function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?A. To increase the temperatureB. To provide energyC. To speed up the reaction without being consumedD. To slow down the reaction6. The strength of a material is often measured by its:A. DuctilityB. Tensile strengthC. MalleabilityD. Hardness7. Which of the following is a type of composite material?A. GlassB. CeramicC. AlloyD. Fiberglass8. The SI unit for measuring thermal expansion is:A. CelsiusB. KelvinC. JouleD. Degree Celsius per meter Kelvin9. What is the main difference between amorphous and crystalline materials?A. ColorB. ShapeC. Atomic arrangementD. Density10. The term "strain" in materials science refers to:A. The amount of deformation per unit lengthB. The force applied to a materialC. The change in shape of a materialD. The resistance to deformation二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The process of changing the physical or chemical properties of a material is known as ________.12. The ________ of a material is its ability to resist deformation.13. The ________ is a material that can withstand high temperatures without significant loss of strength.14. The ________ of a material is the measure of its ability to conduct heat.15. A ________ is a material that can be easily deformed without breaking.16. The ________ of a material is its resistance to wear or abrasion.17. The ________ is the process of joining two pieces of metal by heating them to a molten state.18. The ________ is the process of removing excess material to create a desired shape.19. The ________ of a material is its ability to return to its original shape after deformation.20. The ________ is the study of the behavior of materials under various conditions.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between ductile and brittle materials.22. Describe the process of annealing and its effects on materials.23. Discuss the importance of material selection in the design of aeronautical components.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）24. Discuss the role of materials science in the development of new technologies.25. Analyze the environmental impact of material production and disposal, and suggest ways to minimize these effects.答案：一、1-5: B C C A C6-10: B D D A C A二、11. Alteration12. Rigidity13. Refractory14. Thermal conductivity15. Ductile material16. Hardness17. Fusion18. Machining19. Elasticity20. Material science三、21. 略22. 略23. 略四、24. 略25. 略。

英译汉——精选推荐

英译汉五、英汉翻译技巧1．词义的选择1.1 Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good.审查是为了整个社会的利益。

他像法律一样维护公众利益。

●1.2 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training 许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某中专门训练才能把握。

1.3 According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.新学派的科学家门认为, 技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。

1.4 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a ―valid‖ or ―fair‖ comparison.既然对智力的评估是比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,我们所使用的尺度要能提供―有效的‖和―和平的‖比较。

●1.5 The parcel you post must be well packed. Inadequate packing can mean delay , damage or loss at your expense.●你邮寄的的包裹必须妥善保管。

2024学年河南省安阳市滑县第二高级中学高三冲刺模拟英语试卷(含解析)

2024学年河南省安阳市滑县第二高级中学高三冲刺模拟英语试卷请考生注意：1．请用2B铅笔将选择题答案涂填在答题纸相应位置上，请用0．5毫米及以上黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将主观题的答案写在答题纸相应的答题区内。

写在试题卷、草稿纸上均无效。

2．答题前，认真阅读答题纸上的《注意事项》，按规定答题。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．The young man has ______ experience. He probably can’t do that job.A．few B．littleC．some D．any2．She then took the little key, and opened it, trembling, but could not at first see anything ________, because the windows were shut.A．plainly B．closely C．firmly D．frequently3．Class Two, our class became the Basketball Champion of our school.A．Beating B．to beat C．Beaten by D．Having beaten4．The young man, ________ in heavy traffic on the way, got home an hour later than usual.A．catching B．caught.C．having caught D．to be caught5．—A study suggests reducing energy demand in the future may ________ urban areas.—That’s true. Cities need more energy than small towns or other rural areas.A．catch on B．act onC．hang on D．center on6．Taking targeted measures to help people lift themselves out of poverty, _____has been predicted, is fruitful. A．what B．whichC．as D．that7．In the forest, sound is the best means of communication over distance ________ in comparison with light, it won't be blocked by trees when travelling.A．while B．becauseC．when D．though8．Have you got these jeans in ________ larger size? This pair is a bit too small around ________ waist.A．a; the B．/; theC．the; / D．a; a9．My teacher asked me to copy _____ article _____ second time．A．an; the B．an; a C．the; a D．the; the10．---Do you think Peter is a good partner?--- Not really! There are some things that are not easy to ________ , and his laziness is one.A．put aside B．put up withC．think of D．get along with11．The house ______ I live in is very small.A．that B．whom C．when D．what12．The doctor had almost lost hope at one point, but the patient finally .A．pulled out B．pulled through C．pulled up D．pulled over13．—It’s so humid these days!—Don’t worry! The rain ________ to stop from tomor row.A．will expect B．expectsC．will be expected D．is expected14．It was the natural disaster, rather than human errors, that ________ for the death of so many innocent people. A．are blamed B．was to blame C．was blamed D．were to blame15．—I’m tired out. I can’t run any further, Tom.—________! Mike. I’m sure you can do it.A．Come on B．No hurryC．No problem D．Well done16．The science competition is a good opportunity to show students _____ creativity can add new value to their school life.A．where B．whether C．how D．when17．What a pity! ________joined in the party, I would have met my old friend．A．lf I have B．Had I C．I had D．Have I18．—What did she want to know, Tom?—She wondered we could complete the experimentA．when was it that B．it was when thatC．it was when D．when it was that19．The government is to _____ the technologies to the full in the structural transformation of the economy. A．adapt B．exposeC．exploit D．attach20．Police have found ________ appears to be the lost ancient statue.A．which B．where C．how D．what第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

SiO2 coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle dispersed multiwalled carbon

Talanta 80 (2010) 2016–2022Contents lists available at ScienceDirectTalantaj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /t a l a n taSiO 2coated Fe 3O 4magnetic nanoparticle dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes based amperometric glucose biosensorTessy Theres Baby,S.Ramaprabhu ∗Alternative Energy and Nanotechnology Laboratory (AENL),Nano Functional Materials Technology Centre (NFMTC),Department of Physics,Indian Institute of Technology Madras,Chennai,Indiaa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 22August 2009Received in revised form 31October 2009Accepted 2November 2009Available online 10 November 2009Keywords:AmperometricVibrating sample magnetometer Bioelectrode CNTsBiosensora b s t r a c tA new type of amperometric glucose biosensor based on silicon dioxide coated magnetic nanoparticle dec-orated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs)on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE)has beendeveloped.MWNTs have been synthesized by catalytic chemical vapour decomposition (CCVD)of acety-lene over rare earth (RE)based AB 3alloy hydride catalyst.The as-grown MWNTs have been puriﬁed and further functionlized.Functionalized MWNTs have been decorated with magnetic Fe 3O 4nanoparticleswhich have been uniformly coated with biocompatible SiO 2using a simple chemical reduction method.The characterization of magnetic nanoparticle modiﬁed MWNTs have been done by X-ray diffraction (XRD),Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FT-IR),scanning electron microscope (SEM),transmis-sion electron microscope (TEM),vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM),energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX)and UV–vis spectroscopy.Amperometric biosensor has been fabricated by the deposition of glu-cose oxidase (GOD)over Naﬁon-solubilized Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs electrode.The resultant bioelectroderetains its biocatalytic activity and offers fast and sensitive glucose quantiﬁcation.The performance of thebiosensor has been studied using cyclic voltammetry and amperometry and the results have been dis-cussed.The fabricated glucose biosensor exhibits a linear response from 1␮M to 30mM with an excellent detection limit of 800nM indicating the potential applications in food industries.© 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1.IntroductionMagnetic core–shell Fe 3O 4@SiO 2nanoparticles as specially immobilizing carrier of biomolecules have aroused great interest in current researches.The inner iron oxide core with outer shell of silica not only stabilizes the nanoparticles in solution but also provides sites for surface modiﬁcation with various biomedical ligands in biomedical applications.The coating of silica on the mag-netic nanoparticles facilitated the dispersion of nanoparticles [1,2].Due to their unique physical,chemical,and mechanical proper-ties,superparamagnetic composite nanoparticles (NPs)hold much promise for biosensor applications [3–5].Superparamagnetic iron oxide core of individual NPs becomes more efﬁcient at dephasing the spins of surrounding water protons,enhancing spin–spin relax-ation times (T 2relaxation times)so that the NPs act as magnetic relaxation switches (MRS)[6].Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)are one ofthe most studied nanomaterials for application in biosensor tech-nologies,by immobilizing bioactive molecules on their surfacesthrough covalent or non-covalent bonds.The nanodimensions ofCNTs guarantee a very large active surface area and are especially∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+914422574862;fax:+914422570509.E-mail address:ramp@iitm.ac.in (S.Ramaprabhu).suited for the conception of miniaturized sensors.In addition tothis,high porosity and reactivity makes them ideal candidates forthe storage of neutral species as well as electron donors when used as electrodes in electrochemical reactions [7–9].Compared with the corresponding CNTs-free biosensor,theCNTs-doped counterpart exhibited enhanced stability and sensitiv-ity.Surface functionalization aids CNTs to become biocompatible,improving their solubility in physiological solutions and selectivebinding to Ts functionalization with biomolecules may occur by adsorption,but covalent tethering provides betterstability,accessibility,selectivity and reduced leaching,and usually occurs by an amidation reaction [10].CNTs are also used for dra-matically amplifying enzyme-based bioafﬁnity electrical sensing ofproteins and DNA [11].Compared with single walled nanotubes(SWNTs),much cheaper multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs)pro-duced by chemical vapour deposition have more structural defects and thus provide more sites for biomolecule immobilization [8].Non-covalently functionalized CNTs may also immobilize glucose and small molecules [12].Nanocomposite materials may play an important role for improving functionalized electrodes envisaging commercial appli-cations.Nanoparticles,especially metal nanoparticles,are an emerging issue in biosensor design,and they have been combined with CNTs to modify a glassy carbon electrode,thus improving the 0039-9140/$–see front matter © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2009.11.010测量电流的；安培计的葡萄糖；葡糖生物传感器二氧化硅玻璃碳电极催化化学蒸汽分解生物相容性制造，组装合成的伏安法　安培滴定固定生物分子的载体　配体移相；退相位；零相位化旋转有孔性，多孔性　掺杂的浸析T.T.Baby,S.Ramaprabhu/Talanta80 (2010) 2016–20222017Fig.1.Schematic of fabricated GOD/Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs/GC electrode.electroactivity and selectivity for glucose[13].Metal nanoparticles have been applied as catalysts in numerous biosensor applications, due to their superior stability and complete recovery in biochemical redox processes.However,other groups showed that immobiliza-tion of the Au nanoparticles(or other metal nanoparticles)on the electrode surface would also cause similar catalytic effect on the electrochemical responses.Amperometric detection of glucose was developed using Au nanoparticles and CNT-multilayer membranes [14].An electrochemical study with cyclic voltammetry and impedance analysis conﬁrmed that glucose oxidase molecules suffer minimal structure changes after being immobilized on the surface of CNTs,retaining the ability to interact with small biomolecules(e.g.,ethidium bromide)[7].In this present study, MWNTs functionalized with nitric acid,in order to introduce carboxylic acid groups,have been used for the preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs-based electrodes.Prior to immobiliza-tion,glucose oxidase(GOD)was physically adsorbed on these modiﬁed electrodes.Here,we show a good performance,fast response,nice stability and reproducibility,and a low detec-tion limit of Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs nanocomposite based on the reduction of H2O2by immobilizing glucose oxidase on the composite.2.Experimental2.1.MaterialsGlucose oxidase(GOD,from Aspergillus niger),tetraethoxysi-lane(TEOS)were purchased from Sigma.0.1M phosphate buffer solution(PBS,pH7)prepared using potassium phosphate diba-sic anhydrous and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate.Ferric chloride(FeCl3·6H2O),ferrous sulphate(FeSO4·7H2O),ethanol and ammonium hydroxide(25%)were of analytical grade and deionised (dI)water was used throughout.2.2.Sample preparationCarbon nanotubes were synthesized by catalytic chemical vapour deposition over an alloy hydride catalyst.Rare earth based AB3alloy hydride was made by arc melting followed by sev-eral cycle of hydrogen absorption/desorption process.The catalyst was kept inside a furnace and acetylene(carbon precursor)was allowed at a temperature range650–750◦C,in an inert atmo-sphere.Pyrolysis of acetylene was taken place at that temperature and MWNTs start growing.The as-grown MWNTs were puri-ﬁed before using for any applications.The amorphous carbon can be removed by heating the as-grown sample in oxygen atmo-sphere.Reﬂuxing in concentric acids has been shown to beanFig. 2.X-ray diffractograms of(a)pure MWNTs,(b)Fe3O4/MWNTs and(c) Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs.2018T.T.Baby,S.Ramaprabhu /Talanta80 (2010) 2016–2022Fig. 3.FT-IR spectrum of (a)pure MWNTs,(b)Fe 3O 4/MWNTs and (c)Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs.effective method for the separation of the catalytic impurities [15].Hydrated ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate precursors were dissolved in 100ml water and heated to 90◦C,and then two solutions,10ml of ammonium hydroxide (25%)and 0.5g of func-tionalized MWNTs dissolved in 50ml of water,were added rapidly and sequentially.The mixture was stirred at 90◦C for 30min and then cooled to room temperature.The black precipitate was col-lected by ﬁltrating and washed to neutral with water.The obtained black precipitate was Fe 3O 4/MWNT nanoparticles and was ready for use.Core–shell Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNT nanoparticles were prepared by growing silica layers onto the surface of the Fe 3O 4/MWNTs as described by Lu et al.[16].Twenty-ﬁve milliliters of ethanol,1ml water,1ml ammonium hydroxide and 150␮l of TEOS were added in a 250ml three neck ﬂask in a 40◦C water bath.Add Fe 3O 4/MWNTs to the above solution under mechanical stirring.Aliquots of the mixture were takes out after 12h by centrifugation and washed with dI water and vacuum-dried at 50◦C overnight.Fig.4.VSM study of Fe 3O 4/MWNTs (red line)and Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs (black line).(For interpretation of the references to color in this ﬁgure legend,the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)2.3.Fabrication of the amperometric immunosensorThe GCE (3-mm diameter)was ﬁrst polished on chamois leather with 0.05-␮m alumina slurry and then washed ultrasonically in doubly distilled water,anhydrous ethanol,and doubly distilled water,respectively.The cleaned GCE was allowed to dry at room temperature.Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs was sonicated in 0.5%Naﬁon solution to give a concentration of ∼1mg/ml.For example,four micro-liters of the Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs suspension was ﬁlm-cast onto the surface of the GC electrode and allowed to dry slowly.Films formed from Naﬁon-solubilized MWNTs are more uni-form and stable than those cast from organic solvents.Naﬁon assists the dispersion of Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs,whereby the Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs remains well dispersed on prolonged stand-ing.16␮l of 100U GOD solution was ﬁlm-cast onto the surface of the Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs/GC electrode and allowed to dry slowly at 4◦C.The obtained Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs/GC electrode was washed carefully with DI water and dried at less than 4◦C.Fig.1shows the schematic of fabrication of Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs/GC electrode.These Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs/GC electrodes were coated with an extra 2.5␮l layer of 0.5%Naﬁon.The electrodes were rinsed with pH 7phosphate buffer solution (PBS)and stored in the buffer at 4◦C prior to use.2.4.Characterization methodsThe electrochemical measurements were performed with CH Instruments CHI 608C Electrochemical Analyzer/Workstation.A platinum wire counter electrode,Ag/AgCl (3M KCl)reference elec-trode and glassy carbon electrode (GCE,diameter 3mm)were inserted into a modiﬁed 5–10ml glass cell for the measurement.All potentials are referred to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode.The samples were characterized using different techniques.Powder X-ray diffraction studies were carried out using a X’Pert PRO,PAN-alytical diffractometer with nickel-ﬁltered Cu K ␣radiation as the X-ray source.The sample was scanned in steps of 0.016◦in the 2Ârange 10–90◦.Identiﬁcation and characterization of functional groups were carried out using PerkinElmer FT-IR spectrometer in the range 300–4000cm −1.The surface morphology of the sam-ple was done by using scanning tunneling microscope (SEM)(FEI;QUANTA scanning electron microscope)with EDX system.The EDX system attached with the SEM enables the elemental analysis of the samples.The TEM images were obtained on a transmission electron microscope (TEM,JEOL JEM-2010F).UV absorption spectra of the samples in deionized water were recorded on JASCO Corp.,V-570spectrophotometer.Magnetic study of the samples had been done by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).3.Results and discussion3.1.XRD and FT-IR studies of the samplesThe XRD pattern in Fig.2indicates that the crystal structure of magnetic nanocomposites comprises MWNTs,two phases of cubic Fe 3O 4/MWNTs and Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs.Well-resolved diffraction peaks reveal the good crystallinity of the Fe 3O 4specimens,which are located at 2Âof 30.28◦,35.56◦,43.3◦,53.68◦,57.36◦and 62.72◦,respectively.These data matched well with the peer Ref.[17].The peaks in the Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs reveal that even after the SiO 2coating the sample retains its crystallinity [18].The absence of SiO 2peak in the XRD pattern in the composite is due to its amorphous structure coated on the Fe 3O 4nanoparticles.The diffraction peak at 2Â=26.4◦is the typical Bragg peak of pristine MWNTs and can be indexed to the (002)reﬂection of graphite.Judging from the pat-T.T.Baby,S.Ramaprabhu /Talanta 80 (2010) 2016–20222019Fig.5.UV–vis absorbance study of pure MWNTs (green),Fe 3O 4/MWNTs (black)and Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs (red).(For interpretation of the references to color in this ﬁgure legend,the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)tern,the third phase does not exist.The average grain size (D )of the Fe 3O 4particles was calculated using Scherrer’s formula described by D =0.9 ˇcos(Â)(1)is wave length of X-ray used,ˇis FWHM of diffraction peak and Âangle corresponding to the peak.The calculated average grain sizes using 35.56◦diffraction peak were ∼25nm.Moreover,the diffrac-tive peaks of Fe 3O 4are broadened,implying that the crystalline size of Fe 3O 4particles is quite small.Selectivity of MWNTs-based biosensors may be introduced by anchoring on the MWNTs surface,speciﬁc functional groups that selectively bind speciﬁc target molecules.All types of MWNTs show peaks between 1300and 1100cm −1,which are ascribed to the phenyl-carbonyl C–C stretch bonds (Fig.3(a)).The peak between 3300–3500cm −1is normally due to stretching vibration mode of OH and NH group.The peak at 3457cm −1in curve (a)and curve (b)is due to OH group (due to oxidation with HNO 3)and in curve (c)it is due to both OH and –NH (from ammonia solution).One can see a small broadening of this peak in the case of curve (c).As seen from Fig.3(b),the peak at 568cm −1is the stretching vibration due to the interactions of Fe–O–Fe in Fe 3O 4and the peaks at 1383,2850and 2928cm −1are attributed to the in-plane bending vibra-tion of methyl (–CH 3)and the symmetric and asymmetric vibration of methylene (–CH 2–).Compared with the two spectra (b and c),the existence of the characteristic Si–O–Si peak at 1080cm −1in Fig.3(c)is direct evidence to verify the formation of the silica shell.From Fig.3(b)and (c),we can also see that the characteristic Fe–O–Fe peak of Fe 3O 4/MWNTs at 568cm −1shift to 580cm −1in the spec-trum of SiO 2coated magnetic nanoparticles.It is inferred that the silica shell is linked to the surface of the magnetic nanoparticles by a Fe–O–Si chemical bond [19].It is generally accepted that the inter-pretation of surface groups can only be qualitative,as they cannot be expected to behave as isolated functional groups [20].Fig.6.TEM image of (A)pure MWNTs,(B)Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs,(C)SEM image of pure MWNTs and (D)EDX for Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs.2020T.T.Baby,S.Ramaprabhu /Talanta80 (2010) 2016–2022Fig.7.(A)Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs modiﬁed electrode at different scan rates in PBS (0.1M,pH 7)and (B)the plot of peak anodic peak current vs.v 1/2.3.2.Magnetic and optical studies of samplesFig.4exhibits the hysteresis loop of the as-prepared sample at room temperature.It can be seen that the saturation magneti-zation of Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs (∼44emu/g)is almost comparable to that of Fe 3O 4/MWNTs (∼46emu/g),which indicates that Fe 3O 4nanoparticles covered by a silica network can preserve their super-paramagnetic properties.The UV–vis absorption spectrum of different samples in deion-ized water is illustrated in Fig.5.A very broad absorption peak appeared at about 267nm,which originated from the C C struc-ture of MWNTs [21].The optical properties of all the magnetic nanoparticles used (with or without silica coating)are dominated by a broad featureless absorption tail characteristic of indirect band gap semiconductors.In the wavelength of >330nm region,a broad featureless adsorption could be observed in the curves with SiO 2and without SiO 2originates primarily from the absorption and scat-tering of light by magnetic particles,which is in accordance with the previous literatures [22],and is the characteristic of indirect band gap semiconductors [23].3.3.SEM and TEM analysis of the samplesThe morphology of the puriﬁed MWNTs is clearly visible from the SEM image shown in Fig.6(C).Fig.6(A and B)illus-trates the TEM images of the synthesized MWNTs and prepared Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs core–shell nanoparticles.The open end of the MWNTs are clearly visible from the TEM image.The diame-ter of the MWNTs is ∼25nm.With the help of references [24,25]and the TEM and EDX shown in Fig.6(B and D)we can see that the sample is nearly in core–shell structures,with black color shows Fe 3O 4and ash color is the SiO 2shell.This indicates the successful coating on the surface of the magnetic particles with silica.The EDX shown in Fig.6(D)conﬁrms the presence of iron and silicon in the sample.Inorganic compound func-tionalized iron oxide NPs can greatly enhance the antioxidation properties for naked iron oxide NPs,and its corresponding scope of application has been greatly extended.Moreover,inorganic compounds functionalized iron oxide NPs are very promis-ing for application in catalysis,biolabeling,and bioseparation [26].Fig.8.(A)displays the CV of the Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs modiﬁed electrode (a)in PBS (b)with 0.3mM H 2O 2and (c)15mM glucose solution and (B)study of interference due to ascorbic acid and uric acid with and without a selective Naﬁon ﬁlm on the GOD/Fe 3O 4@SiO 2/MWNTs modiﬁed electrode.T.T.Baby,S.Ramaprabhu/Talanta80 (2010) 2016–202220213.4.Cyclic voltammetry and electrocatalytic properties of theGOD/Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs modiﬁed electrode toward hydrogen peroxideCyclic voltammetry peak currents of the GOD/ Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs modiﬁed electrode increased with scan rate and the peak separation( E p)was nearly independent of the scan rate(Fig.7(A)).The anodic peak currents increased linearly with the increase of the square root of scan rate,suggesting that the electrochemical reaction is a diffusion-controlled process (Fig.7(B)).Fig.8(A)shows the cyclic voltammograms of the GOD/ Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs/GC electrode in the absence(curve a),in the presence of0.3mM H2O2(curve b)and in15mM glucose solution(curve c).The GOD/Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs/GC electrode exhibits signiﬁcant electrocatalysis to the oxidation and reduc-tion of H2O2starting around0.1V,which is even lower than that obtained with the GOD/MWNTs electrode by covalent binding immobilization(0.2V)[27].The good performance of the fabricated GOD/Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs/GC electrode toward the oxidation of H2O2makes it attractive for glucose sensing applications.When MWNTs were treated with the acid solution,the carboxylic acid functional groups introduced at the end points and surface of MWNTs allow them to adsorb the enzyme of GOD.Since this adsorption was fulﬁlled through a covalent bond,the link between MWNTs and GOD was more close and stable.Moreover,because the MWNTs have large surface area,they could enhance a large amount of GOD to be immobilized within the nanotubes.The more quan-tity of GOD made the biosensor possible to engender high response current and expand the detectable range when in a glucose solution.3.5.Effect of electroactive interferentsThe interference of some electroactive compounds to the glu-cose response was examined.To study this we added0.2mM of ascorbic acid(AA)and uric acid(UA)to the solution and checked the GOD/Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs/GC electrode with Naﬁon coating and without Naﬁon coating.The upper curve in Fig.8(B)which had been done without Naﬁon shows the presence of AA and UA.The lower curve in Fig.8(A)shows the interference study with Naﬁon coated GOD/Fe3O4@SiO2/ MWNTs/GC electrode.There is not much change in the current due to AA and UA.Which clearly shows that2.5␮l of0.5wt%Naﬁon on the surface of GOD/Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs/GC electrode prevent the interference.3.6.Study of amperometric i–t and calibration curveThe amperometric responses at the GOD/Fe3O4@SiO2/ MWNTs/GC electrode for successive addition of different concentration of glucose are presented in Fig.9(inset).Well-deﬁned current responses for glucose were obtained at the GOD/Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs/GC electrode.The reaction occurring at the biosensor is very fast in reaching a dynamic equilib-rium upon each addition of the sample solution,generating a steady-state current signal within3–ing the optimum conditions established in the above studies,the calibration of the GOD/Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs/GC electrode is depicted in Fig.9. The steady-state currents gradually increased with increasing concentration of glucose,and exhibited a linear relationship with the concentration of glucose in the range from1␮M to 30mM with a detection limit of800nM(estimated at S/N=3) with a correlation coefﬁcient of0.9994.The performance of GOD/Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs/GC electrode is superior than the reported value of GOD/Fe3O4@SiO2/GC electrode which ishaving Fig.9.The calibration curve of the fabricated GOD/Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs/GC elec-trode.Amperometric i–t curve with addition of different concentration of glucose solution(inset).a linear range1.0×10−5to4.0×10−3M with a detection limit of3.2␮M[28].From Fig.9,it was observed that the biosensor response gradu-ally deviates from the linear feature as the glucose concentration up to30mM.This is the characteristic of a typical Michaelis–Menten kinetics.The apparent Michaelis–Menten constant K app m,which depicts the enzyme–substrate kinetics of biosensor,can be calcu-lated from the Line weaver–Burk equation:1I ss=K app mI max1C+1I max(2) where C is the concentration of substrate,I ss is the steady-state current and I max is the maximum current measured under sub-strate saturation[29].Therefore the values of the K app m and I max in this work can be calculated to be13mM and25␮A,respec-tively.The lower K app m means the higher enzymatic activity of immobilized GOD thus the above result further indicates that the Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs modiﬁed biosensor possesses a high afﬁnity to glucose[30].Since MWNTs have excellent electrical conductivity,MWNTs as well as iron oxide dispersed MWNTs attached to the protein shell of enzyme could improve the transfer of electrons between the active redox center of the enzyme.This effect could accelerate the regen-eration of GOD and increase the relative activity of the enzyme ﬁnally.It is thought to be the mean reason of why the current response of MWNTs and iron oxide dispersed MWNTs modiﬁed glucose biosensor was higher than that of the other biosensors.4.ConclusionFe3O4nanoparticles can be successfully stabilized by SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs can be deposited on GCE.GOD can be effectively immobilized on Fe3O4@SiO2/MWNTs/GC electrode to produce a fast direct electron transfer.The immobilized GOD main-tains its bioactivity and native structure.Its reduced form can be oxidized by dissolved oxygen to cause an electrocatalytic reaction, which is restrained by glucose due to the reaction between the oxidized form of GOD and glucose.Based on the decrease of electro-catalytic response,a novel glucose sensor has been developed and the resulting sensor displays a high sensitivity(58.9␮A/mM cm2) and a linear range from1␮M to30mM for glucose determination, and can efﬁciently exclude the interference of commonly coexisted uric and ascorbic acid.Because of its convenient preparation and2022T.T.Baby,S.Ramaprabhu/Talanta80 (2010) 2016–2022good properties,this biosensor can be used for glucose determina-tion in food industries.AcknowledgementsThe authors acknowledge the funding AOARD,USA and Indian Institute of Technology Madras(IITM).References[1]K.H.See,M.E.Mullins,ls,P.A.Heiden,Nanotechnology16(2005)1950–1959.[2]Z.M.Liu,Y.L.Liu,H.F.Yang,Y.Yang,G.L.Shen,R.Q.Yu,Anal.Chim.Acta533(2005)3–9.[3]J.Heitmann,F.Muller,M.Zacharias,U.Gosele,Adv.Mater.17(2005)795–803.[4]A.D.Wellman,M.J.Sepaniak,Anal.Chem.78(2006)4450–4456.[5]X.Y.Zhao,S.A.Shippy,Anal.Chem.76(2004)1871–1876.[6]L.Josephson,J.M.Perez,R.Weissleder,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.40(2001)3204–3206.[7]S.Daniel,T.P.Rao,K.S.Rao,S.U.Rani,G.R.K.Naidu,H.-Y.Lee,T.Kawai,Sens.Actuators B122(2007)672–682.[8]M.Guo,J.Chen,D.Liu,L.Nie,S.Yao,Bioelectrochemistry62(2004)29–35.[9]H.Z.Geng,X.B.Zhang,S.H.Mao,A.Kleinhammes,H.Shimoda,Y.Wu,O.Zhou,Chem.Phys.Lett.399(2004)109–113.[10]K.Jiang,L.S.Schadler,R.W.Siegel,X.Zhang,H.Zhang,M.Terrones,J.Mater.Chem.14(2004)37–39.[11]Z.M.Tahir, E.C.Alocilja, 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英语六级历年阅读题及答案

2010年6月阅读Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 51 to 56 are based on the following passage.Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States—we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy.The United States does have one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much as 12 weeks' unpaid leave for care of a newborn or dealing with a family medical problem. Despite the modesty of the benefit, the Chamber of Commerce and other business groups fought it bitterly, describing it as "government-run personnel management" and a "dangerous precedent". In fact, every step of the way, as (usually) Democratic leaders have triedto introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed.As Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues, justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that, in some sense, society must pay for. In her book No Exit: What Parents Owe Their Children and What Society Owes Parents, she argues that parents are burdened in many ways in their lives: there is "no exit" when it comes to children. "Society expects—and needs—parents to provide their children with continuity of care, meaning the intensive, intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual, emotional and moral capabilities. And society expects—and needs—parents to persist in their roles for 18 years, or longer if needed."While most parents do this out of love, there are public penalties for not providing care. What parents do, in other words, is of deep concern to the state, for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society. The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children' welfare, yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes. To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting; really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue (不断积累) to the whole of society as today's children become tomorrow'sproductive citizenry (公民). In fact, by some estimates, the value of parental investments in children, investments of time and money (including lost wages), is equal to 20-30% of gross domestic product. If these investments generate huge social benefits—as they clearly do—the benefits of providing more social support for the family should be that much clearer.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

2024年教师资格(中学)-英语学科知识与教学能力(初中)考试历年真题摘选附带答案

2024年教师资格（中学）-英语学科知识与教学能力（初中）考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点押密题库(共100题)1.(单项选择题)(每题2.00 分) Don't be afraid of asking for help→ ←it is needed.A. unlessB. sinceC. althoughD. when2.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Do you want to see the effects of global warming? Then head north. Will Steger is going to take all of us there. Steger, 64, the first person to make a dogsled trip to the Noah Pole, is a very famous and admired polar explorer. He's at home in frozen parts of the world where few humans ever step on. Steger is also a devoted environmentalist who was early to ring the alarm bell on global warming. He saw its effects firsthand in frequent polar expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctica.Steger is about to lead a team of six young adventurers on a 1,400-mile,60-day-long dogsled trip across Ellesmere Island, in the Canadian Arctic. The sea ice in that region should still be frozen. "We want to take our audience to the front lines of global warming, "says Steget. The team will be uploading videos, stories and photos to the website global-warming, com as they march along, allowing armchair adventurer's and kids in classrooms to follow their progress day to day. "We can actually bring the audience up there," Steger says.Steger's team will include some already-famous young explorers. Sam Branson, the 22- year-old son of British airline tycoon(大亨)Richard Branson, is an experienced Arctic traveler. Also on the journey will be 27-year-old Norwegian Sigrid Ekran. Last year, Ekran became only the second woman in history to win Rookie(新秀)of the Year for the Iditarod Sled Dog Race. What they will see may be surprising. Even Steger doesn't know exactly what to expect. Climate change has already reshaped the geography of the Arctic, "Within a decade or less, it's goingto be impossible to reach the North Pole by dog team, without flotation (漂流),"says Steger. Climate change is happening, but people can change too. Their willingness to change will determine the shape of Earth's future. Steger is about to organize the adventure to the Arctic in order to→ ←.A. let more people enjoy its natural beautyB. collect evidence for his scientific researchC. let people realize the bad effects of global warmingD. develop the young people's adventurous and brave spirit3.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following sets of English sounds differs only in one distinctive feature?→ ←A. [v][e][i:][e]B. [f][z][?][i]C. [i:][i][e][?]D. [p][i][e][s]4.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following sets of English sounds differs only in one distinctive feature?_A. [v][e][i:][e]B. [f][z][?][i]C. [i:][i][e][?]D. [p][i][e][s]5.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is bom with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual——the sort of environment in which he is brought up. if an individual is handicappedenvironmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.The importance of environment in determining an individual’s intelligence can be demonstrated by the ease history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was raised by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to me asure their intelligence. Mark’s I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level. The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that→ ←A. individuals with identical brains seldom test at the same levelB. an individual’s intelligence is determined only by his environmentC. lack of opportunity blocks the growth of intelligenceD. changes of environment produce changes in the structure of the brain6.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Passage TwoRespect is not included in the marriage vows. No illustrated books show how to achieve it. And yet it is central to a lasting, satisfying marriage.What is this thing called respect? It is not the same as admiration. "When you fall in love, you admire the other, "says Dr. Alexandra Symonds, associate clinical professor of psychiatry at the New York University, School of Medicine.” You look up to someone-much the way a child idealizes a parent.”Such romantic admiration thrives and even depends on the illusion that he or she is "perfect for you.95 Thafs why it doesnt last. "You come to see that the person you married isnt exactly what you expected.", says Francine Klagsbrun. "There are differences of personality, of approaches to life, different ways of doing things. ”You can try to change your mate back into your fantasy. But for the marriage to last and grow its better to →agree to disagree←, to learn to let each other be. Only by taking this path can you begin to develop real respect toward each other.“I have one patient whose husband loves sports，especially tennis，”says Dr. Symonds.” She would prefer to go to the theatre, or to stay at home and read. She could simply say, ‘We have different tastes.’ Instead, she says, How can he waste his time and money that way? She puts him down."The put-down is the chief symptom and weapon of lack of respect or contempt. "Contempt is the w orst kind of emotion.” says Symonds. "You feel the other person has no worth.’ We’ve all seen marriages in which one or both partners attack the other quite savagely in the guise of Its for your own good. Any "good" is→ undone ←by the hostile tone. A wife nags her husband to be more ambitious and makes him feel like a failure because he prefers craftsman- ship or community projects to the competitive business world. Or a husband accuses his wife of wasting time whenever she gets together with a friend. "Why isnt she doing something productive?"In good marriage partners nurture each others self-esteem. They may express humorous incomprehension of one anothers preferences, but they never make the other person feel like an idiot. "Martyrs idea of a vacation is to go down to the basement on a sunny day and spend time woodworking, "says Dr. Alexandra Symonds of her husband, psychiatrist and surgeon Martin Symond.But theres fondness in the gibes and firm support for the others right to be himself. Respect is expressed in words like. ul dont want to go to the concert, but you have a great And occasionally, "Sure, III come with you. Just dont him angry if I fall asleep. " Respect, then is appreciation of the separateness of the other person, of the ways in which he or she is unique. These things take time to discover and accept.Thats the paradox of a good marriage: only by respecting each other as you are do you open the door to change. The root meaning of the word respect is "to look at". Respect is a clear yet loving eye. It sees what is really there, but it also sees what is potentially there and helps bring it to fruition. Respect is the art of love by which married couples honorwhat is unique and best in each other.The underlined phrase "→agree to disagree”←in Paragraph 4 means that____.A. one should realize that no two people are the sameB. one should be keen to find out his or her partners meritsC. one should face the reality that his or her partner is not a perfect personD. one should realize that he or she should appreciate differences on the part of his or her partner7.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities can be used to check students’ understanding of difficult sentences in the text? ( )A. ParaphrasingB. Blank-fillingC. Story—tellingD. Summarizing8.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) I could speak→ ←Japanese→ ←Chinese, soI had to talk with him in English.A. not only; but alsoB. both; andC. neither; norD. either; or9.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) When a teacher says “Next, please pay attention to the time of arrival and departure of the planes in the recording”，he/she intends to develop the students’ skill of______.A. predictingB. getting the general picturesC. distinguishing soundsD. getting specific information10.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Allen placed too much→ ←on sports and not enough on his studies.A. agitationB. emphasisC. hesitationD. interest11.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) We went right round to the west coast by→ ←sea instead of driving across→ ←continent.A. the; theB. /; theC. the; /D. /;/12.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) In which of the following situations is the teacher playing the role of observer?→ ←A. Giving feedback and dealing with errors.B. Organizing students to do activities by giving instructions.C. Walking around to see how each student performs in group work.D. Offering help to those who need it both in ideas and language.13.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following teacher' s instructions could serve purpose of eliciting ideas?A. Shall we move on?B. Read after me everyoneC. What can you see in this picture?D. What does the word “quickly” mean?14.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Mr. Wang gave all the textbooks to all the students,except→ ←who had already taken them.A. theseB. thatC. the onesD. the others15.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Some farmers saw→ ←in the sky.A. strange somethingB. something strangeC. strange anythingD. anything strange16.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) "Now, did the questions help you understand the text better?" What is the teacher doing by saying this in terms of instruction?→ ←A. observing the activityB. evaluating the activityC. monitoring the activityD. controlling the activity17.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) "There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when theyre 18, and the truth is far from that," says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents, "there is a major shift in the middle class," declares sociologist Allan Schnaibergof Northwestern University, whose son, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months.Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising,a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people.A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of anaway-from-home college education has become so excessively great that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, "Its ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent.It makes sense for kids to stay at home. " But sharing the family home requires adjustmentsfor all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco,24, has been home three times and left three times. "What I considered a social drink,my dad considered an alcohol problem," she explains. "He never liked anyone I dated, so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends house.Just how long should adult children live with their parents before moving on? Mostpsychologists feel lengthy home comings are a mistake. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with "a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure." And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuckwith responsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially.According to the author, there was once a trend in the U. S.→←.A. for young adults to leave their parents and live independentlyB. for middle class young adults to stay with their parentsC. for married young adults to move back home after a lengthy absenceD. for young adults to get jobs nearby in order to live with their parents18.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following belongs to the communicativeapproach?→ ←A. Focus on accuracyB. Focus on fluencyC. Focus on strategiesD. Focus on comprehension19.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Who is the author of The Scarlet Letter?→ ←.A. Ralph Waldo EmersonB. Henry DavidC. Washington IrvingD. Nathaniel Hawthorne20.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) If a teacher asks students to concentrate on such featuresas structure, coherence and cohesion of a test he/she aims at developing students’→ ←.A. strategic competenceB. cultural awarenessC. communicative competenceD. discourse awareness21.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Dr.Smith was always→ ←the poor and the sick,often providing them with free medical care.A. reminded ofB. absorbed inC. tended byD. concerned about22.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Would you like→ ←music?A. to listen toB. to listeningC. listeningD. listening to23.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Jimmy asked Mary to lend him some money, which she agreed to,→ ←that he paid her back the following month.A. on occasionB. in caseC. under circumstanceD. on condition24.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) It was with great joy______ he knew that his GMAT score as 670, high enough to apply to a top university of business.A. whenB. withC. whatD. that25.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) What is the teacher doing by saying this in terms of instruction? "Now, did the questions h elp you understand the text better?”→ ←A. observing the activityB. evaluating the activityC. monitoring the activityD. controlling the activity26.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods, generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modem thought since the Renaissance. The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologian’s decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroes. His theory assumed that truth was accsssible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroes maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally，the teachings of Islamic theology.As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics，such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher Stanselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 of the text that→ ←.A. the position of philosophy as a humble servant was acceptedB. religion had turned into a hamper to the functioning of philosophyC. philosophers often quoted revelation to support themselvesD. philosophers were sometimes referred to in religious practice27.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Language is a tool of communication. The symbol “Highway Closed” on a highway serves→ ←.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function28.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Just recently the trustees of Social Security and Medicare issued their annual reports on the programs futures. Heres one startling fact: By 2030 the projected costs of Social Security and Medicare could easily consume via higher taxes-a third of workers future wage and salary increases. Were mortgaging workers future pay gains for baby boomers retirement benefits.This matters because Social Security and Medicare are pay-as-you-go programs. Current taxpayers pay current benefits. Future taxpayers will pay future benefits. Baby boomers retirement benefits will come mostly from their children and grandchildren, who will be tomorrow’s workers. Consequently, baby boomers children and grandchildren face massive tax increases. Social Security and Medicare spending now equals 14 percent of wage and salary income, reports Elizabeth Bell, a research assistant to Eugene Steuerle of the Urban Institute, Washington, D. C. By 2030, using the trustees various projections, that jumps to 26 percent. Of course, payroll taxes dont cover all the costs of Social Security and Medicare. Still, these figures provide a crude indicator of the economic burden, because costs are imposed heavily on workers via some tax, government borrowing and cuts in other government programs.It can be argued that the costs are bearable. The wage gains in the trustees reports could prove too pessimistic. Like all forecasts, theyre subject to errors. Even if they come true, they assume that tomorrow’s wages will be higher than today’s. Productivity increases; wages rise. In 2030, under the trustees "intermediate" assumptions, workers before tax incomes would be about a third higher than now, says Tom Saving of Texas A&M University. Whats the complaint if workers lost through steeper taxes-some of that? Why shouldnt they generously support parents and grandparents? Well, maybe they will. But there are at least two possible flaws in this logic.The first is that, on a year-to-year basis, wage gains would be tiny-less than 1 percent. When theyve gotten that low before, people have complained that theyre "on a treadmill" and that the American dream has been withdrawn. Even these gains might be diluted by further tax increases to trim today’s already swollen budget deficits. The second and more serious threat is that higher taxes would harm the economy. They might dull economic vitality by reducing investment and the rewards for work and risk-taking. Productivity and wage gains might be smaller than predicted. Then we’d flirt with that death spiral: Wed need still higher taxes to pay benefits, but those taxes might depress economic growth more.One way or another, workers may get fed up with paying so much of their paychecks to supportretirees, many of whom were living quite comfortably. So we ought to redefine the generational compact to lighten the burden of an aging population on workers. The needed steps are clear:to acknowledge longer life expectancies by slowly raising eligibility ages for Social Security and Medicare; to limit future spending by curbing retirement benefits for thebetter-off; to keep people in the productive economy longer by encouraging jobs that mix "work” and "retirement".The main tax base for Social Security and Medicare is→←.A. retirement benefitsB. the wage and salaryC. governments budgetD. trustee fund29.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) When a teacher teaches young learners English pronunciation,he should→ ←.A. Listen as much as possibleB. input regardless of students' abilityC. tolerate small errors in continuous speechD. read more English materials30.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Total physical response as a TEFL which is more aften usedfor teaching________.A. childrenB. adultsC. ESP courseD. GE course31.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following correctly describes the word stress?→ ←A. accelerate, accelerated, acceleration, acceleratingB. AcceLerate, accelerated, acceLeration, acceleratingC. accelerate, Accelerated, acceleration, acceleratingD. accelerate, accelerated, acceleration, Accelerating32.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Being a direct relative of the deceased, her claim to the estate was_____.A. optionalB. compulsoryC. legitimateD. prominent33.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities does not belong topre-reading activities?→ ←A. scanningB. setting the sceneC. skimmingD. paraphrasing34.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Where is Love? How can we find Love?The past ages of man have all been carefully labeled by anthropologists. Descriptions like "Paleolithic Man", "Neolithic Man", etc., neatly sum up the whole periods. When the timecomes for anthropologists to turn their attention to the twentieth century, they will surely choose the label "Legless Man". Histories of the time will go something like this. "In the twentieth century, people forgot how to use their legs. Men and women moved about in cars, buses and trains from a very early age. There were lifts and escalators in all large buildings to prevent people from walking. This situation was forced upon earth dwellers of that time because of miles each day. But the surprising thing is that they didn't use their legs even when they went on holiday. They built cable railways, ski lifts and roads to the top of every huge mountain. All the beauty spots on earth were marred by the presence of large car parks." The future history books might also record that we were deprived of the use of our eyes. In our hurry to get from one place to another，we failed to see anything on the way. Air travel gives you a bird's eye view of the world-or even less if the wing of the aircraft happens to get in your way. When you travel by car or train a blurred image of the countryside constantly smears the windows. Car drivers, in particular, are forever obsessed with the urge to go on and on: they never want to stop. Is it the lure of the great motorways, or what? And as for sea travel, it hardly deserves mention. It is perfectly summed up in the words of the old song: "I joined the navy to see the world, and what did I see? I saw the sea". The typical twentieth century traveler is the man who always says, "I've been there. " You mention the remotest, most evocative place names in the world like E1 Dorado, Kabul, Irkutsk and someone is bound to say, "I've been there meaning" I drove through it at 100 miles an hour on the way to somewhere else ".When you travel at high speed, the present means nothing; you live mainly in the future because you spend most of your time looking forward to arriving at some other place. But actual arrival, when it is achieved, is meaningless. You want to move on again. By traveling like this, you suspend all experience; the present ceases to be a reality: you might just as well be dead. The traveler on foot, on the other hand, lives constantly in the present. For him traveling and arriving is one and the same thing: he arrives somewhere with every step be makes. He experiences the present moment with his eyes, his ears and the whole of his body. At the end of his journey he feels a delicious physical weariness. He knows that sound satisfying sleep will be just the reward of all true travelers. Traveling at high speed means→←.A. people's focus on the futureB. a pleasureC. satisfying drivers' great thrillD. a necessity of life35.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Passage TwoThere was a time in my life when beauty meant something special to .me. I guess that would have been when I was about six or seven years old，just several weeks or maybe a month before the orphanage (孤儿院)turned me into an old man.I would get up every morning at the orphanage, make my bed just like the little soldier that I had become and then I would get into one of the two straight lines and march to breakfast with the other twenty or thirty boys who also lived inmy dormitory.After breakfast one Saturday morning I returned to the dormitory and saw the house parent chasing the beautiful monarch butterflies who lived by the hundreds in the bushes scattered around the orphanage.I carefully watched as he caught these beautiful creatures, one after another, and then took them from the net and then stuck straight pins through their head and wings, pinning them onto a heavy cardboard sheet.How cruel it was to kill something of such beauty. I had walked many times out into the bushes, all by myself, just so the butterflies could land on my head, face and hands so I could look at them up close.When the telephone rang the house parent laid the large cardboard paper down on the back cement (水泥) step and went inside to answer the phone. I walked up to the cardboard and looked at the one butterfly who he had just pinned to the large paper. It was still moving about so I reached down and touched it on the wing causing one of the pins to fall out. It started flying around and around trying to get away but it was still pinned by the one wing with the other straight pin. Finally its wing broke off and the butterfly fell to the ground and just trembled.I picked up the tom wing and the butterfly and I spat on its wing and tried to get it to stick back on so it could fly away and be free before the house parent came back. But it would not stay on him. The author set the living butterfly free because______ .A. he liked it very muchB. he had sympathy for the beautiful butterflyC. he couldn't bear a butterfly dying in his favorite bushesD. its wing broke off36.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) The machine looked like a large，old-fashioned→←typewriter.A. forcefulB. clumsyC. intenseD. tricky37.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) → ←is the home of golf.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Ireland38.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Last Friday a storm swept through two villages in the New Territories, destroying fourteen homes. Seven others were so badly damaged that their owners had to leave them, and fifteen others had broken windows or broken roofs. One person was killed, several were badly hurt and taken to hospital, and a number of other people received smaller hurt. Altogether over two hundred people were homeless after the storm.A farmer, Mr.Tan, said that the storm began early in the morning and lasted for over an hour. "I was eating with my wife and children, "he said, "When we heard a loud noise. A few minutes later our house fell down on top of US. We tried our best to climb out but then I saw that one of my children was missing. I went back inside and found him. safe but very frightened."Mr s. Woo Mei Fong said that her husband had just left for work when she felt that her house was moving. She ran outside at once with her children ."There was no time to take anything,"she said, "A few minutes later, the roof came down."Soldiers helped to take people out of the flooded area and the welfare department brought them food, clothes and shelter.Which of the following may be the best title for this passage?→←。

小学上册第6次英语第6单元测验卷

小学上册英语第6单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The _____ (种植者) shares tips on how to care for plants.2.Which animal is known for its loud roar?A. LionB. ElephantC. HorseD. Dog3.The _____ (藤蔓) climbs the fence beautifully.4.I think exploring new places can teach us about __________.5.What is the name of the famous artist known for his paintings of water lilies?A. Vincent van GoghB. Claude MonetC. Pablo PicassoD. Leonardo da VinciB6. A fulcrum is the point where a lever _______.7.I like to _____ (dance/sing) in the shower.8.The flower blooms in the ______.9.Which animal is known for being very slow-moving?A. CheetahB. SlothC. RabbitD. DogB10.The ________ (养分) in the soil is important for growth.11.The __________ is a famous mountain located in Japan. (富士山)12.The first emperor of China was ________ (秦始皇).13.The __________ (历史的修正) corrects misconceptions.14.What is the term for a story that teaches a lesson?A. FableB. MythC. LegendD. Fairy taleA15.How many senses do humans have?A. ThreeB. FourC. FiveD. SixC16.ts can produce ______ that repel pests. (某些植物可以产生驱虫的化学物质。

英文参考文献斜体规则

英文参考文献斜体规则一、用于作品名（the titles of works）英语中，所有单独出版的作品如：书名、报刊名、戏剧名、电影名、计算机软件名及录音名称都用斜体表示.这包括歌剧名、CD 名,艺术作品,单独出版的小册子、长诗名、连环漫画名称、电视和收音机节目名称、网址等.（一）标示书名、刊物名、报纸名等1. In his introduction to The Great Gatsby,ProfessorWilliam Smith points out that “Fitzgerald wrote abouthimself and produced a narcissistic masterpiece. ”此句中The Great Gatsby 用斜体，为书名。

威廉·史密斯教授在介绍《了不起的盖茨比》时指出：“菲茨杰拉德的这部自我陶醉的代表作描述的是他本人。

”又如：Alice Walker's novel The Color Purple has beenboth praised and criticized since 1982. （自1982 年以来，人们对艾丽丝·沃克的《紫色》这部小说一直褒贬不一。

）需注意的是：《圣经》（the Bible）及其中的书名，如创世纪（Genesis）、诗篇（Psalms）,以及古兰经（theKoran）等圣着，还有文件名、法规名等不用斜体.如：The Book of Eccelesiastes provides some of the mosthaunting phrases in the Bible. 《传道书》包含了《圣经》中一些令人难忘的警句。

The Book of Matthew,in theNew Testament,contains some ofthe Bible's best knownparables of Jesus.（《新约·马太福音》含有《圣经》中耶稣最着名的讲道故事。

南充“PEP”2024年10版小学6年级上册第十一次英语第六单元综合卷[有答案]

南充“PEP”2024年10版小学6年级上册英语第六单元综合卷[有答案]考试时间：90分钟（总分:120）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、What do you wear on your feet?A. HatB. GlovesC. ShoesD. Scarf2、听力题：The ________ (experiment) teaches us science.3、What is the name of the ocean that is the largest?A. AtlanticB. IndianC. ArcticD. Pacific答案:D4、听力题：The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or _____.5、填空题：The ________ (根茎) stores energy for the plant.6、填空题：The invention of the internet changed _____ communication.7、填空题：The ________ loves to jump and explore new places.8、听力题：A solution is a mixture where one substance ______ in another.9、听力题：My aunt is a ______. She loves gardening.10、选择题：What is the capital of Iceland?A. ReykjavikB. AkureyriC. KeflavikD. Selfoss11、填空题：We have a ______ (丰富的) class schedule.12、What is the opposite of "noon"?A. MorningB. AfternoonC. MidnightD. Dusk答案: C13、填空题：I want to _______ (了解)生态系统.14、What is the name of the first artificial satellite launched into space?A. VoyagerB. SputnikC. ApolloD. Hubble答案：B15、听力题：A sound's pitch is determined by its frequency, while its loudness is determined by its ______.16、What is the name of the famous ship that sank in 1912?A. BritannicB. LusitaniaC. TitanicD. Olympic答案: C17、Who is the main character in "Alice in Wonderland"?A. Snow WhiteB. AliceC. CinderellaD. Dorothy答案:B18、What do we call the brightness of a star as seen from Earth?A. MagnitudeB. LuminosityC. IntensityD. Brightness19、填空题：The ________ likes to sit on my shoulder.20、What do you call a person who works with metal?A. BlacksmithB. CarpenterC. ElectricianD. Mason答案: A21、填空题：I want to _______ (尝试) new hobbies.22、听力题：__________ are substances that can donate protons in a reaction.23、填空题：The ______ (绿化) of cities is important.24、填空题：A sloth moves very _______ (慢), hanging from trees.25、听力题：A crab has a hard ______.26、What is the capital of the Central African Republic?A. BanguiB. BimboC. BerbératiD. Bambari答案:A. Bangui27、填空题：My friend is very ________ (聪明).The dolphin leaps joyfully out of the ______ (水).29、填空题：Plants can improve our ______ (健康).30、What do you call a young female horse?A. ColtB. FillyC. MareD. Foal31、听力题：The ________ (book) is on the table.32、environmental education program) informs citizens. 填空题：The ____33、What is the capital city of Kazakhstan?A. AlmatyB. Nur-SultanC. ShymkentD. Aktobe34、What do we use to brush our teeth?A. CombB. ToothbrushC. TowelD. Spoon答案:B35、听力题：The puppy is very ___. (playful)36、填空题：A ________ (猴子) is very clever and enjoys swinging from trees.37、听力题：A chemical bond can form between ______.38、听力题：The Earth revolves around the sun in an _______ orbit.39、填空题：The _____ (梅花鹿) is graceful and lives in forests. 梅花鹿优雅地生活在森林里。

小学上册第二次英语第一单元测验试卷

小学上册英语第一单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The _____ (wind/snow) is blowing.2.The phase change from solid to liquid is called ______.3.Every year, we celebrate ________ (春节) with fireworks and family ________ (聚会).4.The capital city of Maldives is __________.5.Did you see the _____ (小猫) stretching out?6.I have a special drawer just for my favorite ________ (玩具名).7.What is the name of the famous castle in Scotland?A. Edinburgh CastleB. Windsor CastleC. Neuschwanstein CastleD. Alcázar of Segovia答案:A Edinburgh Castle8.What is the name of the famous landscape feature in Arizona?A. Grand CanyonB. YellowstoneC. YosemiteD. Zion答案:A9.What do you call the sound a cow makes?A. BarkB. MeowC. MooD. Roar10.Insects play a vital role in the ______ of many plants. (昆虫在许多植物的授粉中发挥着重要作用。

)11.The starling can mimic other _______ (声音).12.The __________ (历史的对话平台) foster community engagement.13.rain shadow) is an area receiving less rain. The ____14.The artist showcases her work at _____ (展览).15.The ancient Egyptians practiced _______ to preserve bodies.16.The garden has many _______ that smell wonderful.17.What is 5 + 7?A. 10B. 11C. 12D. 13答案:C18.The __________ (历史的教训) highlight the importance of learning from the past.19.What is 2 + 2?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 620.The chemical formula for calcium iodide is _______.21. A goat's horns can be sharp and ______ (危险).22.What do we call the soft, sweet food made from sugar?A. CandyB. CakeC. PieD. Cookie答案:A23.The __________ (历史的激励因素) prompt reflection.24.What is the name of the famous American musician known for "Purple Rain"?A. Michael JacksonB. PrinceC. Bruce SpringsteenD. Elvis Presley答案:B25. A ________ (猴子) swings from branch to branch in the trees.26.What do you call a young owl?A. OwletB. ChickC. FawnD. Kit答案:A27.My cousin enjoys __________ (参加) family gatherings.28.She has ________ (long) hair.29.The grass is ___ (green/brown).30.What is the capital of Italy?A. RomeB. VeniceC. FlorenceD. Milan31. A solution can be made more concentrated by adding more ______.32.My birthday is in _____ (十月).33.The chemical formula for calcium sulfide is _______.34.The squirrel gathers ______ for winter.35.I love collecting ______ (硬币) from different countries. Each one has a unique design and story.36.Water's unique properties are due to its _______ bonds.37.Wildflowers add beauty to __________ (自然环境).38.What do we call the tool we use to measure time?A. ScaleB. ClockC. RulerD. Thermometer39.What do we call the practice of growing plants in water?A. HydroponicsB. AquacultureC. AgricultureD. Horticulture答案:A40. A ______ (植物的研究) can lead to new discoveries.41.What is the capital of Saint Lucia?A. CastriesB. Vieux FortC. SoufrièreD. Gros Islet答案:A42.The chemical formula for calcium sulfate is _______.43.What do we call the main character in a story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. HeroD. Villain44.The process of weathering breaks down rocks into ______ fragments.45.I built a _____ (沙堡) at the beach.46.Canada has many ________ (加拿大有许多________) and lakes.47.We can _______ a snowman in winter.48.What is the name of the famous British landmark with large stones?A. StonehengeB. Big BenC. Buckingham PalaceD. Tower Bridge答案:A Stonehenge49.The ______ (果实) of the orange tree is juicy.50.I love to explore ________ (树林) near my house.51.What is the primary purpose of a compass?A. To tell timeB. To find directionC. To measure distanceD. To calculate weight答案:B52.This girl, ______ (这个女孩), loves to play the flute.53.The _____ (cat/dog) is sleeping.54.What do we call the act of cutting down trees?A. ReforestationB. AfforestationC. DeforestationD. Conservation答案:C Deforestation55.I want to ___ a sandwich. (make)56.The ________ was a significant conflict in the 21st century.57. A balance measures the ______ (mass) of an object.58.My mom is a great __________ (母亲).59.The ________ loves to eat grass.60.What do you call the small, round fruit that is often mistaken for a vegetable?A. CherryB. GrapeC. TomatoD. Blueberry61.My friend is a big __________ of music. (爱好者)62.The first human to break the sound barrier was ______ (查尔斯·杨)。

小学上册第15次英语第一单元真题试卷

小学上册英语第一单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.How many months are there in a year?A. 10B. 12C. 11D. 92.My dad cooks ______ on weekends. (breakfast)3.The ______ (海龟) swims in the ocean.4.My family enjoys cooking together ____.5.The owl's feathers are very _________. (安静)6.What fruit is yellow and curved?A. AppleB. BananaC. GrapeD. Orange7.The ______ helps us learn about cultural studies.8.What is the weather like when it rains?A. SunnyB. CloudyC. DryD. WetD9. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a _____.10.What do we call the study of the earth's landforms?A. GeographyB. GeologyC. CartographyD. TopographyB Geology11.Which holiday is celebrated on December 25th?A. ThanksgivingB. HalloweenC. ChristmasD. New YearC12.ts can ______ (帮助) reduce carbon footprint. Some pla13.Chlorine is a type of _______ that can be harmful.14.What is the main ingredient in salad dressing?A. OilB. WaterC. SugarD. SaltA15.The __________ is known for its beautiful beaches and coral reefs. (马尔代夫)16.Metals tend to lose ______ in reactions.17.The __________ (树木) provide shade on hot days.18.The discovery of ________ has changed the landscape of technology.19.The clouds are _______ (白色的).20. A _____ (植物保育计划) can restore habitats for wildlife.21. A dolphin is friendly and ______.22.My _____ (姐姐) collects dolls from different countries. 我姐姐收集来自不同国家的洋娃娃。

of genus one

D.L. was supported by NSF under Grants No. 0070522 and 0302043.
Байду номын сангаас56
Q. Liu et al.
Jacobian. Let X / S and E / S be the minimal regular models of X K and E K , respectively. Let m denote the order of the element of H 1 ( K , E K ) corresponding to the torsor X K . If T denotes the type of E k , then X k is of type mT . The most difﬁcult part of this theorem is the case of additive reduction. As a corollary to Theorem 6.6 and of results of B´ egueri [5] and Bertapelle [6] on the structure of H 1 ( K , E K ) when K is complete, we prove in 6.7 the existence of torsors X K having reduction of type mT , for any additive type T and integer m = pn and, in case the type T is semi-stable, for any integer m > 0. To prove Theorem 6.6, we ﬁrst show in 3.8 that there exists a canonical map of O K -modules H 1 ( X , O X ) → H 1 ( E , O E ) which extends the natural isomorphism H 1 ( X K , O X K ) → H 1 ( E K , O E K ). The existence of this map is the main link between X and E , and is proved in the following general theorem on N´ eron models of Jacobians. Theorem 3.1 (Raynaud, unpublished [47]). Assume that k is algebraically closed. Let f : X → S be a proper ﬂat curve, with X regular and with f ∗ O X = O S . Let J/ S denote the N´ eron model of the Jacobian of X K / K , and let Lie ( J ) denote its Lie algebra. Then the canonical morphism of O K -modules H 1 ( X , O X ) → Lie ( J ), which induces the canonical isomorphism H 1 ( X K , O X K ) → Lie ( JK ), has a kernel and cokernel of same length. This theorem is a key ingredient in the proof of Theorem 6.6, and we provide here a complete proof. The statement and proof of Theorem 6.6 in the function ﬁeld case was also known to Raynaud at the time he wrote [47]. Independently, Cossec and Dolgachev provided a proof of a slightly weaker version of Theorem 6.6 in the function ﬁeld case in [11], Theorem 5.3.1, also using [47] as one of the main ingredient in their proof. The statement of 6.6 in the function ﬁeld case is mentioned without proof in the second paragraph of [23]. The proof of Theorem 3.1 relies on Raynaud’s results on Picard functors in [48], and on a theorem on morphisms of group schemes of ﬁnite type that is of independent interest: Let u : G → G be a morphism of smooth group schemes of ﬁnite type over a complete discrete valuation ring O K with algebraically closed residue ﬁeld k. Assume that u K : G K → G K is surjective with smooth kernel. Then the length of the cokernel of Lie (u ) : Lie (G ) → Lie (G ) is expressed in 2.1 in terms of two other invariants, the ﬁrst one obtained using the group smoothening of Ker (u ), and the second one deﬁned as the dimension of a smooth group scheme D/k constructed so that D(k) = Coker (G ( S ) → G ( S )). Using 3.1, we show in Theorem 5.9 that the minimal regular models X and E have the same discriminant when k is perfect.

襄阳2024年09版小学五年级下册I卷英语第4单元暑期作业

襄阳2024年09版小学五年级下册英语第4单元暑期作业考试时间：90分钟（总分:120）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、How many days are in a week?a. Fiveb. Sixc. Sevend. Eight答案:c2、听力题：The sun is shining ___. (brightly)3、填空题：I like to organize my toys by ________ (名词) or size.4、填空题：Penguins live in very ______ places.5、听力题：I want to ___ a great chef. (become)6、听力题：The __________ can provide insights into the evolution of the Earth's surface.7、听力题：A solution that does not conduct electricity is called a ______ solution.8、听力题：A solution that contains a large amount of solute is said to be _______.9、听力题：The capital of Honduras is __________._____ (植物观察) teaches us about ecology.11、听力题：The _______ is great for attracting bees.12、填空题：My brother is a big __________ of video games. (粉丝)13、填空题：My grandma makes _______ (美味的) cookies.14、填空题：My sister is a great __________. (歌手)15、What do you call a collection of short stories published together?A. AnthologyB. NovelC. CompilationD. Collection答案: A16、填空题：I like to ______ (参与) in community service.17、听力题：The kids are playing ___ the yard. (in)18、听力题：A solution can be clear or ______.19、听力题：The kitten is ___ in the box. (sleeping)20、What do you call a person who studies the weather?A. AstronomerB. MeteorologistC. GeologistD. Biologist答案:B21、听力题：The chemical formula for methane is _______.I like to build a __________ when it snows. (雪人)23、填空题：The _____ (apple) tree provides shade and fruit.24、填空题：My dog wags its _________ when happy. (尾巴)25、听力题：The dog is ________ in the grass.26、填空题：The elephant's trunk is an extension of its ________________ (鼻子).27、What do you call a person who studies the interactions between organisms and their environment?A. EcologistB. BiologistC. GeologistD. Chemist答案: A28、听力题：The Earth's rotation causes _______ and night.29、What do we call the act of making a choice?A. Decision-makingB. SelectingC. ChoosingD. All of the Above答案：D30、What do we call a large body of salt water?a. Lakeb. Riverc. Oceand. Pond答案:C31、填空题：My _______ (猫咪) loves to chase string.32、听力题：I see a deer in the ___. (forest)A ____(conservation easement) protects land from development.34、填空题：I like to play ________ (扑克牌).35、填空题：The platypus is one of the few mammals that lay ________________ (蛋).36、填空题：The turtle is slow but _________. (稳重)37、选择题：What is the name of the process plants use to make food?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. DigestionD. Fermentation38、填空题：I think collecting ________ (玩具名) is a great way to learn about history.39、填空题：Plants help to prevent ______ (土壤侵蚀) by holding the soil in place.40、听力填空题：During school breaks, I usually __________ with my family.41、选择题：What do you call a person who studies stars?A. BiologistB. AstronomerC. GeologistD. Chemist42、听力题：A compound that can donate electrons is called a ______.43、填空题：A goldfish can recognize its ________________ (主人).44、听力题：A _______ is a reaction that produces heat.45、听力题：The __________ can reveal the distribution of different rock types.The bear climbs trees to find food and ____.47、听力题：The capital of Belgium is _______.48、填空题：The __________ is a large desert located in Australia. (大沙漠)49、What is the process of changing solid to liquid?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. BoilingD. Evaporating答案:B50、听力题：She is wearing a pretty ___. (hat)51、What do you call the study of the earth?A. BiologyB. GeographyC. ChemistryD. Physics52、填空题：Herbaceous plants have soft, green ______. (草本植物有柔软的绿色茎。

The Art of Problem-Solving

The Art of Problem-Solving The art of problem-solving is a skill that is essential for success in both personal and professional life. It involves the ability to analyze a situation, identify the root cause of the issue, and come up with effective solutions. Problem-solving requires critical thinking, creativity, and perseverance. It is a skill that can be developed and honed through practice and experience. One perspective on problem-solving is that it is a valuable skill that can lead to personal growth and development. When faced with a problem, individuals have the opportunity to challenge themselves and think outside the box. By overcoming obstacles and finding solutions, they can build confidence and resilience. Problem-solving also allows individuals to learn from their mistakes and improve their decision-making skills. From a professional perspective, problem-solving is a crucial skill that employers look for in potential candidates. In today's fast-paced and complex work environments, employees need to be able to think on their feet and come up with innovative solutions to challenges. Those who excel at problem-solving are often seen as valuable assets to their organizations. They can help improve processes, increase efficiency, and drive innovation. Another perspective on problem-solving is that it can be a source of frustration and stress. Not all problems have easy solutions, and some may require a great deal of time and effort to resolve. This can lead to feelings of overwhelm and helplessness. However, it is important to remember that facing challenges and overcoming obstacles can also be rewarding and fulfilling in the long run. In order to become a better problem-solver, it is important to develop certain key skills. These include critical thinking, communication, creativity, and collaboration. Critical thinking involves analyzing information, evaluating options, and making informed decisions. Communication skills are essential for working with others to find solutions. Creativity allows individuals to think outside the box and come up with innovative ideas. Collaboration involves working with a team to brainstorm solutions and implement them effectively. Overall, the art of problem-solving is a valuable skill that can benefit individuals in all areas of life. By developing this skill, individuals can become more confident, resilient, and successful. Problem-solving requires critical thinking, creativity,and collaboration. It is a skill that can be developed and honed through practice and experience. Whether in personal or professional life, being a strong problem-solver can lead to greater success and fulfillment.。

烟台2024年11版小学5年级第4次英语第二单元期中试卷

烟台2024年11版小学5年级英语第二单元期中试卷考试时间：100分钟（总分:120）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、填空题：I have a wonderful . (我有一个美好的。

)2、听力题：The _____ (mountain/valley) is high.3、填空题：The __________ (大西洋奴隶贸易) forcibly transported millions of Africans to the Americas.4、听力题：A ______ can be very colorful.5、听力题：His favorite game is ________.6、听力题：In chemistry, a solvent is the substance that does the _____.7、选择题：Which of these is a type of music?A. JazzB. PaintingC. PoetryD. Sculpture8、填空题：The _____ (花语) can convey different meanings.9、What do we call a scientist who studies the ocean?A. OceanographerB. Marine BiologistC. Aquatic ScientistD. Hydrographer10、How many days are there in a week?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 811、听力题：The dog is _____ (barking/sleeping) in the yard.12、What is the main ingredient in mayonnaise?A. MustardB. OilC. VinegarD. Egg13、听力题：A solid has a _______ shape, while a liquid takes the shape of its container.14、听力题：I love to play ______ (instruments) in the band.15、填空题：I love to read about ________.16、填空题：The ancient Egyptians built their pyramids as _____.17、填空题：My grandma makes the best ________ (饼干).18、填空题：The bird sits on a _______ (鸟坐在_______上).19、听力题：The main element in organic compounds is ______.20、听力题：The coffee is ___ (hot/cold).21、听力题：The sun sets and the sky is ______. (beautiful)22、听力题：A bat uses ______ to navigate in the dark.23、What is the name of the first human to orbit Earth?A. Yuri GagarinB. John GlennC. Alan ShepardD. Neil Armstrong24、Which animal is known for its ability to survive in deserts?A. CamelB. Polar bearC. PenguinD. Hedgehog答案:A25、听力题：My grandma enjoys knitting ____ (sweaters).26、听力题：An example of potential energy is a _______ at the top of a hill.27、填空题：The puppy is very ________ (活泼).28、What is the name of the famous wizard in literature?A. MerlinB. GandalfC. Harry PotterD. Dumbledore答案:C29、What is the name of the famous singer known for "Like a Rolling Stone"?A. Elton JohnB. Bob DylanC. Bruce SpringsteenD. Johnny Cash答案：B30、填空题：The ancient Greeks believed in many ________.31、选择题：What do we call the study of ancient civilizations?A. HistoryB. GeographyC. AnthropologyD. Archaeology32、What type of animal is a dolphin?A. FishB. MammalC. ReptileD. Bird答案：B33、听力题：A _______ is a reaction that involves the release of light.34、听力题：The ______ is known for her innovative ideas.35、听力题：Some plants can grow in _______ water.36、What is the name of the famous historical figure known for his "I Have a Dream" speech?A. Malcolm XB. Nelson MandelaC. Martin Luther King Jr.D. Rosa Parks答案: C. Martin Luther King Jr.37、听力题：The train arrives at ________.38、填空题：A _____ (海星) has five arms and lives in the sea.39、填空题：I saw a ______ (小鸟) building a nest in the tree. It looks very ______ (忙碌).40、What do we call the person who studies plants?A. BotanistB. ZoologistC. ChemistD. Physicist41、填空题：The _____ (兔子) hops quickly across the grass. It is very cute!兔子在草地上快速跳跃。

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a r X i v :q u a n t -p h /0607097v 3 4 J u l 2008A new type of solution of the Schr¨o dinger equation on a self-similar fractal potentialN L Chuprikov and O V SpiridonovaTomsk State Pedagogical University,634041,Tomsk,RussiaAbstract.Scattering a quantum particle by a self-similar fractal potential on a Cantor set is investigated.We present a new type of solution of the functional equation for the transfer matrix of this potential,which was derived earlier from the Schr¨o dinger equation.PACS numbers:03.65.Ca,03.65.XpIn this Letter we address the model[1,2]of scattering a quantum particle by aself-similar fractal potential(SSFP)given on a Cantor set.This scattering problem is,perhaps,the most simple one to allow studying the inﬂuence of the scale invariance ofideal deterministic fractals on physical processes in continuous media to involve suchfractal structures.Note that the sharp attenuations,found in[1],in the spectrum of probability wavestransmitted through this ideal fractal potential have also been observed experimentally(see[3])in the transmission spectrum of electromagnetic waves propagating through areal fractal medium(a numerical modelling for the corresponding pre-fractals see in[4]).However,the problem is that the model[1,2]remans incomplete in some respects.Inthis Letter we present a new type of solution to the Schr¨o dinger equation on the SSFP,in addition to two types presented in[1,2].So,let V(x)be a SSFP on the generalized Cantor set in the interval[0,L];eachlevel of the SSFP consists of N(N≥2)SSFPs of the next level whose width isαtimes smaller than that of the former(see[2]).Let also W be a power of the SSFP,that is,its total area:W= ∞−∞V(x)dx.In line with[1,2],for a particle with a given energy E(E=¯h2k2/2m),the transfer matrix Z(φ)(φ=kL)of the SSFP must obeythe functional equationZ(φ)=Z(αφ)[D(γφ)Z(αφ)]N−1;(1)Z(φ)= q(φ)p(φ)p∗(φ)q∗(φ) ,D(φ)= e iφ00e−iφ ;q(φ)=1T(φ)exp[−iJ(φ)],p(φ)= T(φ)exp i πα(N−1);R=1−T;T(φ),J(φ)and F(φ)are,respectively,the transmissioncoeﬃcient and phase characteristics of the SSFP;here F=0for the SSFP-barriers and F=πfor the SSFP-wells(see[2]).As it has turned out,Eq.(1)not uniquely determines the transfer matrix of the SSFP.Two diﬀerent types of solutions of this equation have been presented in[1,2]. Remind that theﬁrst type was obtained for any values of W,αand N to characterize the SSFP.In this case,for small values ofφ, 2−J.The second type of solutions exists only for the SSFP-barriers,if W=3N¯h2T(φ)∼y(φ)∼φfor small values ofφ.In this Letter we present a new(third)type of solutions(found by Chuprikov),with a cardinally diﬀerent behavior of the tunneling parameters in the asymptotic region. Namely,in this case,for small values ofφwe haveT(φ)= 1+cosh2[ω(ln(φ))]sinh2(cφ−s) −1,J(φ)=arctan{sinh[ω(ln(φ))]tanh(cφ−s)},(2)where c is a nonzero constant;ωis a nonzero real-valued function to obey the condition,ω[ln(φ)]=ω[ln(φ)+ln(α)].To extend this solution onto the whole ln(φ)-axis,one has to use the recurrence relations(18)and(19)presented in[2].As in[1,2],we display here ln(R/T)versus ln(φ).Figures(1)-(6)show this function for three values ofω-1,10and15-and three values of c-0.001,0.01and0.1.As is seen,there are three regions on the ln(φ)-axis, with a qualitatively diﬀerent dependence of ln(R/T):in the left regionln ln(R/T)∼ln(2|c|)−s ln(φ);in the right oneln( R/T¨ˆ)∼−2s ln(φ),where R/T is the envelop of R(φ)/T(φ).As regards the middle region,two qualitatively diﬀerent types of changing this function are possible here.Forω=1and all three values of c(seeﬁgures(1)and(2)) ln(R/T)∼−2s ln(φ).Such behavior also occurs forω=10and c=0.001(seeﬁgures(3)and(4)).At the same time,forω=15and all three values of c(seeﬁgures(5)and(6)),as well as for ω=10and c=0.1(seeﬁgures(3)and(4))we haveln(R/T)∼−2ln(φ).Note that the right region appears for all three types of solutions(see[2]).As regards the left one to follow from(2),such a behavior is a distinctive feature of the third type of solutions.It is also important to note here that for the solutions of theﬁrst and third types the phase path of the wave inside the out-of-barrier regions(i.e.,in the regions where the potentials are equal to zero)is inﬁnitesimally small in comparison with the wave path in the barrier regions.This feature distinguishes these types of solutions from the second one.A simple analysis shows that the tunneling parameters are non-diﬀerentiable functions at the pointφ=0,whenωdepends onφ.Figure7shows the function R(φ)/T(φ)for this case.So,there are at least three types of the transfer matrices of the SSFP.As is seen, though all of them are nonzero only on the Cantor set,i.e.,the set of zero measure, we deal with diﬀerent potentials.The Cantor set is a non-countable one,and,thus,it yet provides a much enough room for setting potentials with such diﬀerent scattering properties.Of course,in this case,it is of great importance is toﬁnd the sequences of pre-fractals to lead to the SSFPs,when the generation number of pre-fractals tends to inﬁnity.Additionally,another open question regarding the model is that the parameters to enter the third type of solutions remain to be connected to the SSFP parameters.References[1]Chuprikov N L2000J.Phys.A:Math.Gen.334293[2]Chuprikov N L and D N Zhabin2000J.Phys.A:Math.Gen.334309[3]Takeda M W,Kirihara S,Miyamoto Y,Sakoda K and Honda K2004Phys.Rev.Lett.92093902[4]Honda K and Otobe Y2006J.Phys.A:Math.Gen.39L315Figure captions\Figure{\label{fig1}The$\ln(\phi)$-dependence of$\ln(R/T)$for$s=0.5$,$c=0.001$ and$\omega=1$;bold full curve-$N=2$,thin full curve-$N=4$;points show the asymptote$13-2s\ln(\phi)$.\Figure{\label{fig2}The$\ln(\phi)$-dependence of$\ln(R/T)$for$N=3$,$\alpha=13$ and$\omega=1$;broken curve-$c=0.1$;thin full curve-$c=0.01$;bold full curve-$c=0.001$;circles show the asymptote$10-2s\ln(\phi)$.\Figure{\label{fig3}The$\ln(\phi)$-dependence of$\ln(R/T)$for$s=0.5$,$c=0.001$ and$\omega=10$;bold full curve-$N=2$,thin full curve-$N=4$;points show the asymptote$3-2s\ln(\phi)$.\Figure{\label{fig4}The$\ln(\phi)$-dependence of$\ln(R/T)$for$N=3$,$\alpha=13$ and$\omega=10$;broken curve-$c=0.1$;thin full curve-$c=0.01$;bold full curve-$c=0.001$;points show the asymptote$8-2\ln(\phi)$;circles show the asymptote$4-2s\ln(\phi)$.\Figure{\label{fig5}The$\ln(\phi)$-dependence of$\ln(R/T)$for$s=0.5$,$c=0.001$ and$\omega=15$;bold full curve-$N=2$,thin full curve-$N=4$;points show the asymptote$5-2\ln(\phi)$.\Figure{\label{fig6}The$\ln(\phi)$-dependence of$\ln(R/T)$for$N=3$,$\alpha=13$ and$\omega=15$;broken curve-$c=0.1$;thin full curve-$c=0.01$;bold full curve-$c=0.001$;points show the asymptote$8-2\ln(\phi)$;circles show the asymptote$4-2s\ln(\phi)$.\Figure{\label{fig7}The$\ln(\phi)$-dependence of$\ln(R/T)$for$s=0.5$,$c=0.001$ and$\omega=15\left[\sin\left(2\pi\frac{\ln(\phi)}{\ln(\alpha)}\right)+1.001\right]$; bold full curve-$N=2$,thin full curve-$N=4$;points show the asymptotes$5-2\ln(\phi)$and$14-2s\ln(\phi)$.。