Improved harmonic development of the Earth tide-generating potential
(完整版)一些英文审稿意见及回复的模板(可编辑修改word版)
一些英文审稿意见的模板最近在审一篇英文稿，第一次做这个工作，还有点不知如何表达。
幸亏遇上我的处女审稿，我想不会枪毙它的，给他一个 major revision 后接收吧。
呵呵网上找来一些零碎的资料参考参考。
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1、目标和结果不清晰。
It is noted that your manuscript needs careful editing by someone with expertise in technical English editing paying particular attention to English grammar, spelling, and sentence structure so that the goals and results of the study are clear to the reader.2、未解释研究方法或解释不充分。
In general, there is a lack of explanation of replicates and statistical methods used in the study.Furthermore, an explanation of why the authors did these various experiments should be provided.3、对于研究设计的 rationale:Also, there are few explanations of the rationale for the study design.4、夸张地陈述结论/夸大成果/不严谨：The conclusions are overstated. For example, the study did not show if the side effects from initial copper burst can be avoid with the polymer formulation.5、对 hypothesis 的清晰界定：A hypothesis needs to be presented。
大学英语读写1 U8练习题
Unit 8 Coping with an Educational ProblemA)I. VocabularyB)Part OneDirections: Match the words in column A with definitions in column B.1. acquire a. collect, or gather esp. over a period of time2. portable b. move from a better to a worse position3. accumulate c. get for oneself by one’s own work, skill, action4. decline d. continue (after stopping)5. proceed e. declare to be true; state esp. in the face of opposition6. claim f. the state of being secure7. security g. try to be better than (sb. else )8. compete h. light or small enough to be easily carriedPart TwoDirections: Choose the proper words and expressions and put the numbers in the blanks.1. jam2. slice3. function4. affect5. better off6. run out of7. break down8. make a living by9. concentrate on10. search for11. sum up12. drive home13. in the first place14. wake up1. Citing specific examples will help the orator ________ his points when he delivered a speech.2. Y ou will _________ if you work too hard all the time.3. What will the world use for power when it has ________ oil?4. I can’t _________ what I’m doing while the noise is going on upstairs.5. It’s definitely the general manager’s duty to _________ at the end of the budget conference.6. Y ou won’t be any _________ morally than you are right now.7. Sherlock Holmes, the famous detective in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s masterpiece, always setout to __________ clues in a deductive manner.8. The old machine won’t _________ properly if you don’t oil it regula rly.9. Everyone wanted a __________ of the profits.10. We could see crowds __________ the entrance to the stadium.Part ThreeDirections: Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate form of the word given in the bracket.1. Melanie was _________ in the sunshine on the beach of Florida when they arrived. (luxury)2. While we were busy working out how much food we would need for the party, Henry stood_________ watching. (idle)3. Visitors are often __________ to discover how little the town has changed. (amazement)4. It was thought she only had a month to live but she made a _________ recovery. (miracle)5. Adopted children shouldn’t be kept in __________ about their true origins. (ignorant)6. The strike was called to protest the managing director's plans to break up and _________ thedeficit-ridden company. (privacy)7. Strolling _________, we reached that farm in two hours. (leisure)8. We must constantly help improve their professional __________. (competent)9. Since we moved to the new house all our things are in ________. (confuse)10. Perhaps economy is the _________ to your financial troubles. (solute)Part FourDirections: Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence from the four choices given under each sentence.1. The public ______ more severe measures to combat the recent crime wave.A. askedB. recommendedC. suggestedD. demanded2. ______ is supposed to be the essence of private enterprise.A. CompetitionB. CompeteC. CompetitiveD. Competence3. The students gradually _____ some knowledge of the subject at school.A. acquiredB. requiredC. derivedD. made4. Mike never tells anyone what he does for a _____.A. jobB. workC. professionD. living5. Daisy was so ______ in the novel that she did not hear the door bell ring.A. engagedB. delightedC. absorbedD. concentrated6. When I saw Peter, I stopped and smiled, but he ______ me and walked on.A. refusedB. ignoredC. deniedD. missed7. Now that Sam has retired, he lives partly on his pension and partly on the _____on his post office savings account.A. incomeB. wagesC. interestD. salary8. Joe can be very rude in ______, though in public he’s usually polite.A. himselfB. secretC. particularD. private9. The food was divided _____ according to the age and size of the children.A. equallyB. proportionatelyC. sufficientlyD. adequately10. I wondered why she broke _____ in the middle of a sentence.A. offB. outC. downD. up11. In English, woman may ____ “Eeek” when they are frightened by something.A. excelB. astonishC. light upD. exclaim12. The doctor told him smoking too much would _____his health and even cause lung cancer.A. affectB. effectC. affirmD. effort13. What I’m trying to do is to _____ why my daughter’s condition has not improved.A. look forB. find outC. search forD. get in14. Instead of studying hard at college, John was ______ away his time.A. wanderingB. wastingC. idlingD. throwing15.Tibet, the second largest province of China, is____ in uranium and underground thermal power.A. wealthyB. abundantC. adequateD. sufficient16. Mr. Peel began a reply, but his wife ____ with a remark again.A. cut inB. cut backC. cut offD. cut short17. My doctor put me ____ starvation diet, that is, he allowed me only tea and milk.A. withB. forC. onD. in18. As a woman of strong will, Gemma composed herself ____ when she heard the news ofArthur’s death.A. as she could bestB. as best she couldC. best as she couldD. could best as she19. I’d just do as soon as you ____ the research yourself.A. doB. will doC. didD. would do20. I don’t know ____ it was that answered the phone this morning.A. whyB. howC. whoD. thatA)II. StructurePart OneDirections: Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.1. _____ you are all here, let’s try and reach a decision.A. For nowB. Now thatC. Ever sinceD. By now2. ______ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.A. Being publishedB. PublishedC. PublishingD. To be published3. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _____ after 11 o’clock at night.A. were not playedB. not to playC. not be playedD. did not play4. His health falling, _________ in 1782.A. so Henry Lee went on leave from the armyB. the army gave Henry Lee leaveC. when the army gave Henry Lee leaveD. Henry Lee went on leave from the army5. I was __________ work last week, but I changed mind.A. to have startedB. to startC. to be startingD. to have been starting6. Jean worked just so much _________.A. like what she was told toB. as she was told toC. as to what she tried to doD. like she was told to7. We’ll take __________ put you to the trouble of fetching more.A. less sugar thanB. less sugar ratherC. less sugar rather thanD. lesser sugar than8. Recently, he has lost all his __________.A. wage and saving at cardB. wages and saving at cardC. wages and savings at cardD. wages and savings at cards9. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _______directed.A. likeB. soC. whichD. as10. It’s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _____ by about10%.A. will have risenB. has risenC. will be risingD. has been rising11. Hot air accompanied by high relative humidity feels warmer than _________.A. is it actuallyB. actually it isC. it actually isD. is actually it12. Molds cannot produce their own food _________ their nourishment from living on deadorganic matter or on other living matter.A. obtainB. obtainingC. but obtainD. is obtained13. __________ deeply moved by his speech.A. Everyone of us wereB. Everyone of us wasC. Every one of us wereD. Every one of us was14. If I had remembered ______ the window, the thief would not have got in.A. to closeB. closingC. to have closedD. having closed15. Y ou’d rather watch TV this evening, ________?A. isn’t itB. hadn’t youC. wouldn’t youD. won’t you16. Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she _____ a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often.A. has to getB. were to getC. had gotD. could have got17. _________ that this region was so rich in natural resources.A. Little he knewB. Little did he knowC. Little he did knowD. Little he had know18. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, ______ something occurred which attracted my attention.A. unlessB. untilC. whenD. while19. What do you think of his proposal that improvements _______ in the old type of vacuum cleaner?A. be madeB. would be madeC. will be madeD. will have to be made20.I have kept that portrait _______ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.A. whichB. whereC. whetherD. whenPart TwoDirections: Identify the ONE that is not correct and write down the correct answer.1. Parrots have heavily bodies and exceedingly strong legs.A B C D ( )2. Historical geology deals about data on the development of the Earth gathered from the study ofA Brocks, which are analyzed to determine their age and composition.C D ( )3. During eclipses of the Sun, the Ojibwa Indians of North America shot flaming arrows insideA B Cthe sky to rekindle the light.D ( )4. The sonometer is instrument used to study the mathematical relations of harmonic tones.A B C D ( )5. In 1967, Canada’s year centennial, one and a quarter million people from all over the worldA B Cvisited Parliament Hill in Ottawa.D ( )6. Because its body is supported by water, the blue whale can grow to a size considerable largerA Bthan any land mammal alive today.C D ( )7. Few people realize that Siberia is extremely rich in natural resources, having not only oil andA B Cgas with vast reserves of coal, timber, land , and water.D ( )8. Soap is used as a lubricant in making tiny wires for electrical appliances such television setsA B Cand telephones.D ( )9. Since the turn of the century, the number of Native Americans living in Canada is increased.A B C D( )10. Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their crops.A B C D ( )A)III. ClozePart OneDirections: Fill in the gaps with any words you think fit.Nature has a prefect system for recycling water. Water is used again and again. It falls as rain.Then 1 goes one of three places. It might seep slowly through the soil as it soaks 2 into the natural reservoirs underground. It might disappear into the 3 by evaporating quickly. It might run off into streams 4 rivers and to the oceans. 5 is a problem with this recycling system. It 6 a balance that can be easily upset by people. Nature’s recycling system can 7 well only if people work with the system —not 8 it. Some ways that people interfere with nature are easy to understand. 9 sewage water from homes and factories must not mix with drinking water. People would get sick from 10 dirty water.Part TwoDirections: Choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Shopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the twentieth century. 1 in the 1900s most American towns and cities had a Main Street. Main Street was always in the heart of a town. This street was 2 on both sides with many 3 businesses.Here shopper walked into stores to look at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture, hardware, and groceries. 4 , some shops offered 5 . These shops included drugstores, shoe-repair stores, and barber or hairdressing shops. 6 in the 1950s, a change began to 7 . Too many automobiles had crowded into Main Street 8 too few parking places were 9 shoppers.Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look with interest at the open spaces 10 the city limits. Open space is what their car-driving customers needed. And open space is what they got 11 the first shopping center was built. Shopping center, 12 malls, started as a collection of small new stores 13 congested city centers. 14 by hundreds of free parking spaces customers were drawn away from 15 areas to out lying malls. And the growing 16 of shopping centers led 17 to the building of bigger and better-stocked stores. 18 the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almost developed into small cities themselves. In addition to providing the 19 of one shop shopping, malls were transformed intolandscaped parks, 20 benches, fountains, and outdoor entertainment.1. A. As early as B. Early C. Early as D. Earlier2. A. built B. designed C. intended D. lined3. A. variable B. various C. sorted D. mixed-up4. A. As well B. Beside C. In addition D. Apart from5. A. medical care B. food C. services D. cosmetics6. A. Suddenly B. Abruptly C. Contrarily D. But7. A. be taking place B. take place C. be taken place D. have taken place8. A. while B. yet C. though D. and then9. A. used by B. ready for C. available for D. available to10. A. over B. from C. out of D. outside11. A. when B. while C. since D. then12. A. that as B. or rather C. or D. and13. A. out of B. next to C. away from D. near14. A. Attracted B. Surprised C. delighted D. Obsessed15. A. inner B. central C. shopping D. downtown16. A. fame B. distinction C. popularity D. liking17. A. on B. in turn C. by turns D. further18. A. By B. During C. In D. To19. A. cheapness B. convenience C. readiness D. handiness20. A. because B. and C. with D. providedA)IV. Reading ComprehensionDirections: Choose the ONE best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.Passage OneTo be sure, only children experience some things differently from those with siblings (兄弟姐妹). Many feel more pressure to succeed. In the absence of brothers and sisters, only children also tend to look more exclusively to their parents as role models.In India, 19-year-old Saviraj Sankpal founded a support group for the tiny minority of only children. Among other things, the group does volunteer work to counter the myth that they are irresponsible. “People think we’re pampered (娇养) and spoiled,” says Sankpal, a computer engineering student. “But I’d like to remind them how lonely it can get.”Most only children, however, say they wish for siblings only when it comes to caring for aging, unhealthy parents. Britain’s David Emerson, co-author of the book The Only Child, says that such a person bears terrible burden in having to make all the decisions alone. Emerson knows from experience: After his father died, he chose to move his elderly mother from their family home, where she was vulnerable (易受攻击的) to house breakers, to a new one with more security. “The move was quite hard on her, and she might feel that I pushed her into it,” he says. “Ultimately, I am left with that responsibility.”In the future, more and more only children will likely face similar choices. With working mothers increasingly the norm (正常现象), many families are finding they simply don’t have the time, money or energy to have more than one child. As only children become common, perhaps the world will realize that the accusation made against them is unjust.1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s attitude towards only children is ____.A.criticalB.objectiveC.hostileD.unjust2. It can be inferred from the passage that only children’s parents should ______.A.found a support group for their only childrenB.do volunteer work to help their only childrenC.let their only children make all the decisions aloneD.set good examples for their only children3. Emerson decided to move his elderly mother to a new house because he ____.A.is the only who cares about herB.doesn’t want to 1eave her aloneC.wants to share the responsibility with herD.is worried about her safety4. It is quite usual now for a working mother to _____.A.spend all her time and money on her only childB.be responsible for bringing up her only childC.have and bring up only one childD.concentrate all her energies on her job5. The main idea of the passage is that ______.A.only children are spoiled and irresponsibleB.only children have to face many challengesC.most only children want to have brothers and sistersD.most only children share their responsibilities with their parentsPassage T woWhen an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the life span of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.The longest extension ever granted was to Georges V alensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuit was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high coat of conduction a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor's right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new” ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basi c patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the V olkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.6. The passage is mainly about _________.A.an approach to patentsB.the application for patentsC.the use of patentsD.the access to patents7. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A.When a patent becomes out of effect, it can be re-patented or extended if' necessary.B.It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention public.C.A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legal period is over.D.One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patentoffice.8. Georges V alensi’s patent lasted until 1971 because _________.A.nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that timeB.his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long timeC.there were not enough TV stations to provide color programsD.the color TV’ receiver was not available until that time9. The word “plagiarize” most probably means _________.A.steal and useB.give reward toC.make publicD.take and change10. From the passage we learn that _________.A.an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practiceB.products are actually inventions which were made a long time agoC.it is much-cheaper to buy an old patent than a new oneD.patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through deadpatentsPassage ThreeMost people feel lonely sometimes but it usually lasts only between a few minutes and a few hours. This kind of loneliness is not serious. In fact, it is quite normal. For some people, though, loneliness can last for years. Psychologists are studying this complex phenomenon in an attempt to better understand long-term loneliness. These researchers have already identified three different types of loneliness.The first kind of loneliness is temporary. This is the most common type. It usually disappears quickly and does not require any special attention. The second kind, situational loneliness, is a natural result of a particular situation, for example, a divorce, the death of a loved one or moving to a new place. Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches andsleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year. Situational loneliness is easy to understand and to predict.The third kind is the most severe. Unlike the second type, chronic (慢性的) loneliness usually lasts more than two years and has no specific cause. People who experience habitual loneliness have problems socializing and becoming close to others. Unfortunately, many chronically lonely people think there is little or nothing they can do to improve their condition.Psychologists agree that one important factor in loneliness is a person’s social contacts, i.e. friends, family members, coworkers, etc. We depend on various people for different reasons. However, psychologists have found that the number of social contacts we have is not the only reason for loneliness. It is more important how many social contacts we think or expect we should have. In other words, though lonely people may have many social contacts, they sometimes feel they should have more.Most researchers agree that the loneliest people are between the ages of 18 and 25. They found that more than 50 percent of the college freshmen were situationally lonely at the beginning of the semester, but had adjusted after a few months. Thirteen percent were still lonely after seven months due to shyness and fear. They felt very uncomfortable meeting new people, even though they understood that their fear was not rational. The situationally lonely freshmen overcame their loneliness by making new friends, but the chronically lonely people remained unhappy because they were afraid to do so.Psychologists are trying to find ways lo help habitually lonely people for two reasons. First of all, they are unhappy and unable to socialize. Secondly, researchers have found a connection between chronic loneliness and serious illnesses such as heart disease. While temporary and situational loneliness can be a normal, healthy part of man, chronic loneliness can be a very sad, and sometimes dangerous condition.11. What is the main idea of this passage?A.There are three different kinds of loneliness.B.Chronic loneliness is the most severe kind.C.Researchers want to cure loneliness.D.There is some difference between being alone and being lonely.12. Lonely people have social contacts _________.A.because they can ask for helpB.until they produce good healthC.but they think they do not have enoughD.and therefore they can get emotional support from their friends13. Situational loneliness has made it possible for people ________.A.to adjust to the new circumstancesB.to cause sleeplessness and headachesC.to understand that their shyness can not be got hold ofD.to keep fit14. “The situationally lonely freshmen overcame their loneliness” probably means .A.they accepted their lonelinessB.they were no longer lonelyC.they made new friendsD.they improve their condition15. What does “to do so” (Para. 5) mean?A.To predict situational lonelinessB.To have physical problemsC.To question popularityD.To make new friendsPassage FourI’ve been struck, living in Silicon V alley (硅谷) and spending time in other high-tech regions, by how each region can be analyzed with respect to the quality and diversity (多样性) of its knowledge producers and knowledge consumers.The classic way to view knowledge production in a region is to list all the educational institutions one can think of — universities and colleges, schools, libraries, museums, civic (城市的) centers —and to see these as the region’s producers of knowledge, with the region’s citizens, students, firms, government, and voluntary organizations as their consumers.But in most regions I visit today, there is a rich interaction between the knowledge producers and knowledge consumers．If the region is geographically compressed enough, you start to get all kinds of informal, face-to-face connections between knowledge producers and consumers —students work part-time in surrounding firms, new firms spin out of universities, employees are retrained on campus, different people go to different public gathering places, and so on. In the 1970s and 1980 we were absorbed with science parks; in the 1990s, all these connections produce what I think of as learning parks. Such learning parks bring increasingly rich intellectual and educational opportunities to their region.If top-quality schools and universities once invested money in science parks, we now see learning parks pushing resources the other way. In the relation between leading-edge (前沿) firms and universities, for example, the firms increasingly provide adjunct (临时的) professors, guest lecturers, internships (实习期) for students, vacations for faculty, and workplace experiences for scholars of all ages. So the traditional producers of knowledge (the faculty) are also becoming consumers of the knowledge that their traditional consumers (graduate students, firms in the region) produce. This is very healthy indeed.16. The author has noticed how to look at a place in terms of ______.A.the quality and diversity of its servicesB.its rich intellectual and educational opportunitiesC.knowledge production and consumptionD.investment in educational institutions17. Educational institutions in a region inc lude not only universities and colleges but also ____.A.high-tech companiesB.firms, government and organizationsC.science parks and learning parksD.libraries, museums and civic centers18. In the passage the word “park” most probably means ______.A. a piece of land in a town for public recreationB. a group of buildings housing related enterprisesC. a piece of country kept in its natural conditionD.an enclosed area of grassland attached to a large country house19. Learning parks are now helping universities by ______.A.hiring adjunct professors in leading firmsB.establishing business relations with surrounding firmsC.allowing scholars to work in leading-edge firmsD.retraining employees on campus20. The traditional producers of knowledge are those who ______.A.teach full time in a college or universityB.work in leading-edge firmsC.pursue graduate studies in a college or universityD.teach temporari1y at a college or universityV. T ranslationPart One上个月，我回到了阔别20年之久的家乡。
中外学校合作意向书英文版式
Studtudents
Joint degree programs
Scholarships and financial aid
Chinese and foreign schools will establish student exchange programs to enable students to study at each other's institutions for a semester or a year, enhancing cross cultural communication and experience
02 03
Exchange visits
Regularly arrange exchange visits for teachers, students, and administrative staff of both parties to promote cultural exchange and multi learning
strategies • Follow up action plan
01 Background of cooperation
Introduction to Educational Environment
Chinese educational system
The current educational system in China has been rapidly developing in recent years, with more focus on quality education and innovation
Joint teacher training: Chinese and foreign schools will collaborate on teacher training programs to improve teachers' professional skills and knowledge of international education
北魏孝文帝改革的措施和影响
北魏孝文帝改革的措施和影响北魏孝文帝改革，又称孝文天元改革，是北魏政治、经济、文化等一系列体制改革，这些改革通过实施具有系统性、科学性、和谐性原则来实现功能补偿，从而推动北魏整体发展与强大。
孝文帝改革的措施主要有两个方面。
一是它大力改革了农业经济。
孝文帝颁布了大量及时流动的、明确的农业法令，使耕地有序而充分利用，并给贫困群众减轻劳役负担，改革土地的所有制和税制，加重对富商的税负，增加对农民的集体租金和私人租金补贴，使农业在有效的产出上得到大幅度的提高。
第二，孝文帝还进行了政治制度改革，改革主要是以实行新的律法为核心，完善、正规化行政组织，实行中央集权，强化了中央对各项行政活动的控制。
同时，它重建了国家法律和秩序，并组织设立了新的法院和审判机构，从而建立了政治和宗教秩序。
孝文帝改革正在驱动北魏古国经济社会发展，促进了经济腾飞、文化兴盛，影响很大。
经济上，改革使农业得到了发展，同时也促进了商业的发展；文化上，改革使文学和科学及宗教得到了持续发展；法律上，改革使帝国法律和秩序得到完善，均衡了社会秩序，实现了和谐。
总之，孝文帝改革使北魏在经济、文化和政治等方面都得到了发展，大大推动了北魏古国的发展与强大，为中国古代社会的发展作出了巨大贡献。
【参考答案】The reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, also known as the Tianyuan Reform, is a series of system reforms in politics, economy, culture, etc. in the Northern Wei Dynasty. These reforms achieve functional compensation through the implementation of systematic, scientific and harmonic principles, thus promoting the overall development and strength of the Northern Wei Dynasty.The measures of Emperor Xiaowen's reform mainly include two aspects. Firstly, it vigorously reformed the agricultural economy. Emperor Xiaowen issued a large number of timely and clear agricultural ordinances, which ordered the farmland to be used in an orderly and sufficient manner, alleviated the burden of labor for the poor, reformed the ownership of land and tax system, increased the tax burden of rich merchants, and increased the collective rent and private rent subsidy to farmers, thus greatly increasing the effective output of agriculture.Secondly, Xiaowen Emperor also carried out political system reforms. The reform mainly took the implementation of new laws as its core, improved and standardized the administrative organization, centralized the power of the central government, and strengthened the central government's control over various administrative activities. At the same time, it rebuild state laws and order, and set up new courts and prosecution agencies, thus establishing a political and religious order.Emperor Xiaowen's reform is driving the economic and social development of the North Wei ancient country, promoting economic take-off, cultural prosperity, and has a great impact. Economically, the reform has promoted the development of agriculture and also promoted the development of commerce; culturally, the reform has led to the sustained development of literature, science and religion; legally, the reform has improved the imperial laws and order and balanced the social order, achieving harmony.。
雅思最实用词组搭配
雅思最实用词组搭配之马矢奏春创作1. 经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy2. 人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard3. 先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology4. 面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges5. 人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…6. 社会发展的肯定结果 the inevitable result of social development7. 引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention8. 不成否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…9. 热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue11. 完全分歧的观点 a totally different argument12. 一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others…13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,14. 就…到达绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…15. 有充沛的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons16. 双方的论点 argument on both sides17. 发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…18. 对…必不成少 be indispensable to …19. 正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:20.…也不例外…be no exception21. 对…发生有利/晦气的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…22. 利远远年夜于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.23. 招致, 引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in24. 复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon25. 责任感 / 成绩感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’svision28. 学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills29. 经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden30. 考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective32. 做出共同努力 make joint efforts33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…34. 为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society35. 打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…36. 综合素质 comprehensive quality37. 无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach39. 致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…40. 应当供认 Admittedly,41. 不成推卸的义务 unshakable duty42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…43. 可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information44. 贵重的自然资源 valuable natural resources45. 因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词, 字母I 年夜写)46. 方便快捷 convenient and efficient47. 在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life48. 环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly49. 社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress50. 科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology51. 对这一问题持有分歧态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue52. 支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of the former/ latter opinion53. 有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence54. 在一定水平上 to some extent/ degree / in some way55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice56. …肯定趋势 an irresistible trend of…57. 日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition58. 眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest59. 长远利益. interest in the long run60.…有其自身的优缺点… has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages61. 扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones62. 取其精髓, 取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs.63. 对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to64. 交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information65. 跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …66. 采用有效办法来… take effective measures to do sth.67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …68. 有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides. No garden without weeds.69. 对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person.70. 重视 attach great importance to…71. 社会位置 social status72. 把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…73. 扩年夜知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge74. 身心两方面 both physically and mentally75. 有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal77. 可以取代“think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that\78. 缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden79. 优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth.80. 与…比力 compared with…/ in comparison with81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary.82. 取代 WordStr/ substitute / take the place of83. 经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water84. 提供就业机会 offer job opportunities85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress86. 毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…87. 增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding。
通信工程专业英语教案
Ancient systems and optical telegraphy
Early telecommunications included smoke signals and drums. Talking drums1 were used by natives in Africa, New Guinea and South America, and smoke signals in North America and China. Contrary to what one might think, these systems were often used to do more than merely announce the presence of a military camp.
Telephone
The electric telephone was invented in the 1870s; it was based on earlier work with harmonic (multi-signal) telegraphs. The first commercial telephone services were set up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London. Alexander Graham Bell held the master patent for the telephone that was needed for such services in both countries. All other patents for electric telephone devices and features flowed from this master patent.
基于改进调制的两级式单相光伏并网逆变器前级二次谐波抑制
第51卷第17期电力系统保护与控制Vol.51 No.17 2023年9月1日Power System Protection and Control Sept. 1, 2023 DOI: 10.19783/ki.pspc.230157基于改进调制的两级式单相光伏并网逆变器前级二次谐波抑制张鸿博，熊军华, 李继方(华北水利水电大学电气工程学院，河南 郑州 450045)摘要：为抑制两级式单相光伏并网逆变器前级电路中的二次谐波电流，利用开关周期平均模型对前级电路中二次谐波电流产生的原因进行了分析，基于此提出了抑制二次谐波电流的改进调制方法。
该方法根据实时采样得到的母线电压修正占空比，无需复杂的运算处理，易于实现。
进一步分析了改进调制方法下前级Boost电路的小信号传递函数，提出了欠阻尼条件下基于微分先行PID算法的光伏电池最大功率点电压跟踪方法。
仿真表明，改进后的两级式单相光伏并网逆变器最大功率点跟踪过程振荡小，光伏电池输出电流平稳，二次谐波电流抑制效果显著。
关键词：并网逆变器；二次谐波；抑制；开关周期平均；调制Front-stage second harmonic suppression of a two-stage single-phase photovoltaicgrid-connected inverter based on improved modulationZHANG Hongbo, XIONG Junhua, LI Jifang(College of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China)Abstract: To suppress the second harmonic current in the front-stage circuit of a two-stage single-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, the causes of the second harmonic current in the front-stage circuit are analyzed using a switching period average model, and based on this an improved modulation method for suppressing the second harmonic current is proposed. This method corrects the duty ratio according to the bus voltage obtained by real-time sampling. This is easy to realize without complicated processing. The small signal transfer function of the front-stage Boost circuit using an improved modulation method is analyzed, and a voltage tracking method of the maximum power point of photovoltaic cells based on a differential ahead PID control algorithm in an under-damped condition is proposed. The simulation results show that the improved two-stage single-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverter has little oscillation in the maximum power point tracking process, the output current of photovoltaic cells is stable, and the second harmonic current suppression effect is remarkable.This work is supported by the Key Science and Technology Project of Henan Province (No. 222102240072).Key words: grid-connected inverter; second harmonic; suppression; switching period averaging; modulation0 引言单相逆变器输出瞬时功率含有2倍工频的波动，导致直流母线电压叠加大量2倍工频纹波(简称2次纹波)[1]。
模拟人生英文作文模板
模拟人生英文作文模板Title: Simulated Life: A Look into the Future。
Introduction。
In recent years, the concept of simulating human life has become increasingly popular. With the advancement of technology and artificial intelligence, the idea of creating a simulated world where individuals can experience life in a virtual environment has captured the imagination of many. In this essay, we will explore the potential benefits and drawbacks of simulating human life, as well as the ethical and moral implications of such a concept.The Potential Benefits of Simulated Life。
One of the most significant benefits of simulating human life is the opportunity to experience different realities and scenarios that may not be possible in the real world. For example, individuals could simulate living in different time periods, exploring different cultures, or even experiencing life on other planets. This could lead to a greater understanding and empathy for others, as well as a deeper appreciation for the diversity of human experience.Additionally, simulating human life could provide a safe environment for individuals to learn and grow. For example, students could practice real-life scenarios in a simulated environment, such as medical procedures or emergency response situations. This could lead to more effective training and improved skill development in various fields.The Drawbacks of Simulated Life。
适用于频率偏移情况下谐波参数估计的改进算法
适用于频率偏移情况下谐波参数估计的改进算法马也驰;陈隆道【摘要】Aiming at the problem that the traditional phase difference correction method has a large error in the measurement of the funda-mental frequency offset of the power grid signal, it may even produce the problem of measurement failure. An improved algorithm based on the traditional phase difference was proposed. The voltage signal of the grid was added to the Blackman-Harris window. By analyzing the spectral expression of the windowed signal, the error source of the electrical parameter estimation was studied, and the spectral expression was polynomial transformed to accelerate the sidelobe decay rate, further reduce the spectral leakage and the spectrum Line, and then re-esti-mate the electrical parameters according to the new spectral expression obtained from the estimation formula of the traditional phase difference method and the polynomial transformation. Respectively, using the traditional phase difference method and the polynomial transformation of the improved phase difference method for numerical simulation comparison. The results indicate that the improved algorithm is improved by at least one order of magnitude compared with the traditional phase difference method, and it is suitable for the high accuracy estimation of the harmonic parameters of the power system under the frequency offset. Even under the noise condition, The advantages of the algorithm is also more obvious.%针对电网信号基波频率偏移时传统相位差校正法测量结果存在较大误差,甚至可能产生测量失败的问题,提出了一种基于传统相位差的改进算法.将电网电压信号加入Blackman-Harris窗,通过分析加窗信号的频谱表达式,研究了电参量估计的误差来源,将频谱表达式进行了多项式变换从而加快了旁瓣衰减速度,进一步减轻频谱泄漏和各谱线之间的干扰,再依据传统相位差法的估计公式和多项式变换所得的新频谱表达式对电参量进行了重新估计.分别使用传统相位差法和经多项式变换的改进相位差法进行了数值仿真对比.研究结果表明:改进算法较传统相位差法相比各次谐波的测量精度提高了至少一个数量级,适用于频率偏移情况下电力系统谐波参数的高准确度估计;即使在噪声条件下,改进算法的优势也比较明显.【期刊名称】《机电工程》【年(卷),期】2017(034)009【总页数】6页(P1038-1043)【关键词】谐波分析;频率偏移;加窗傅里叶变换;相位差;多项式变换【作者】马也驰;陈隆道【作者单位】浙江大学电气工程学院,浙江杭州310027;浙江大学电气工程学院,浙江杭州310027【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM935.21近年来，电力系统谐波污染日益严重[1-5]。
DLM4000八通道混合信号波形显示器说明书
For today’s challenging power electronics, Only one scope will do – the world's only Two USB Terminals onFront Panel four-direction selection buttonJog shuttle androtary knobEight Analog Input Channels (Yokogawa Probe Interface Compliant)Additional 16-bits of Input Logic,for a total of 24-bits (Optional)6.6kgModest 178 mm Depth Half of the former model DL7480Channel 8 is Convertible to8-Bit Logic Input (Standard Feature)The portable eight-channel DLM4000 isthe daily instrument of choice.12.1” LCD enables eight waveforms to be easily observed.Portable178mm355mmThis combination with the optionalPBDH0150 High-Voltage Differential Probe,creates a compact andmulti-channel oating voltage and current measuring system.Numerous I/O analog, digital, and serial-bus waveforms surrounding the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) must be measured. The DLM4000 offers ample channel-count and architecture to monitor eight analog channels and up to 24-bits of logic input while simultaneously performing protocol analysis such as UART, I2C, SPI, CAN, LIN and FlexRay. The DLM4000 can speed up the the R&D process. Four channels are not enough.Example: Start-up sequence test of multi-output power supply or ConverterPrimary /secondary voltage/current and power supply control signalExample: Troubleshooting of infrequent problems Comprehensive stability test of the whole system8ch8ch8chCAN / LIN / FlexRay UART / I C /SPIformer model DL7480Product IntroductionFunctions & FeaturesOptions & AccessoriesOperability & SoftwareSpeci cations0302Reliable capture, from fast-short pulses to long recordingsFeatures, Functionality, and Operability Extra Deep Memory (125 Mega-Points) Enables Long-Duration MeasurementDual-window zooming enables two separate areas to be displayed.In addition to basic trigger functions such as Edge, State, and Pulse Width – Advanced trigger types are provided, including Edge OR Edge Edge OR Edge (quali ed)State Enhanced triggersEdge trigger For fast-short waveformsthe comprehensive trigger suite captures the waveforms you need!Use the DLM4000 like an eight-channel memory recorder or select faster sampling rates up to 1.25 GS/s across all channels!Portrait, compact bodyDLM2000 Mixed signal oscilloscope seriesProduct IntroductionFunctions & FeaturesOptions & AccessoriesOperability & SoftwareSpeci cations0504F-V conversion of frequency pulse (/G2 option)PBC100(701928) / PBC050(701929)DC to 100 MHz / DC to 50 MHz 701936Deskew correction signal sourceSCL SDASCL SDACAN_H CAN_LPower supply analysis function (/G4)assures exible probing options.Analyzing High-speed Differential Signals−PBDH1000 Differential Probe−Intelligent serial-bus auto-setup feature enables quick and easy setup. The bit-rate and voltage Many systems contain multiple serial buses. The DLM4000 analyzes four different serial-bus types simultaneously. A combination trigger of two Expansion of FFT CalculationIn addition to power spectrum, advanced FFT functions such as coherence and transfer function calculations Power AnalysisPower MeasurementThe built-in algorithm ne tunes Power Loss calculations.User-speci ed parameters include device such as IGBTs and MOSFETs.Automated measurement of power parameters such as active power, apparent power, power factor etc. (Calculation of three-phase power is also possible)By dividing the long memory into segments, the SOA (safe operating area) can be analysed and, peak voltages between switching cycles can be compared by overlaying or one-by-one replay.It is also possible to display a list of the switching loss of each cycle and save the results. By clicking a value in the list, the correspondingwaveform will be directly displayed.Example: Switching Loss AnalysisThe High Voltage Differential Probe range includes models such as the compact PBDH0150(1400Vpeak) as well as the 701926 (7kVpeak).Easy Probing for Floating Signals −High-Voltage Differential Probe−The PBC100 and PBC050 high-bandwidth current probes measure DC to 100MHz and 50MHz at up to 30Arms. The 701931 is available for higher currents up to 500Arms. The current probe range covers a wide range of applications.Wide Range of Current Measurement−Current probe−When measuring very fast switching devices,probe delay time correction (de-skew) is crucial.The 701936 signal source and auto de-skew feature makes de-skewing quick and and simple.Enables Precise Power Measurement −Deskew correction signal source−The DLM4000 offers advanced serial-bus analysis – saving precious development time of ECUs and Embedded Systems. Eight analog input channels means that multiple analog, serial-bus, and logic waveforms can be easily and simultaneously observed whilst preserving their relative timing.Up to four serial-buses can be analysed at the same time.Eight analog input channels enables four pairs of voltage and currentmeasurements, thereby supporting today’s high-speed and sophisticated power electronics circuit development. Optional analysis functions and accessories support the comprehensive measurement of power electronic devices.-Switching Loss -Safe Operating Area-Harmonic Analysis -Joule IntegralFor power device circuit voltage/current measurementCAN, LIN, I 2C, SPI, & UART(RS232) … Protocol AnalysisOptions and Accessories Product IntroductionFunctions & FeaturesOperability & SoftwareSpeci cations0706Advanced User-InterfaceFlexible and Powerful FeaturesBroad Connectivity and Easier Controlmouse keyboads/ea/products/oscilloscopes/oscilloscopes-application-software/Standard:1.8 GB Optional: 7.2 GBGP-IB connection terminal (optional)Control from a PCUSB 2.0 peripheral connection terminal x2Supports USB storage, USB mouse and keyboards.Probe power terminal x8 (optional)External trigger inputRGB video signal output terminalGO/NO-GO Output terminal USB-PC Connection terminalEthernet (1000BASE-T)Trigger output For current and differential probes that don't support the Yokogawa probe interface.Connection to an external monitorControl from a PC.Mount to PC as External storage.Monitor & Control from a work Data Transfer & Email.The push function for each knob enables fine adjustments to be made or puts the setting back to the default.Speed-sensitive knob behavior creates a natural response.The scope intelligently responds to the operator.Dedicated knobs assure analog-like, intuitive operationMulti-color LED for clarityBy pushing the knob,trigger level is set to the center of the waveform automatically.The "?" button gets the operator fast and friendly online help. No more need to consult the user's manual.Thumbnail can be viewed full-sizeSelect from 9 languages.Built-in user guidanceGraphical online helpThumbnail can be viewed full-sizeMultiple LanguagesAdvanced Waveform Parameter Measurement FunctionsVariety of Display FormatsComfortable OperationThumbnails of waveform data, waveform image data, and Wave-Zone les can be displayed. The image and le names are shown so that you can view screen image contents while copying or deleting les.Product IntroductionFunctions & FeaturesOptions & AccessoriesOperability & SoftwareSpeci cations0908Specification DLM 4000 SeriesModelsBasic SpecificationsAnalog Signal inputInput channels CH1 to CH8(CH1 to CH7 when using logic input)Input coupling setting AC, DC, DC50 Ω, GNDInput impedance 1 MΩ ±1.0%, approximately 20 pF50 Ω ±1.0% (VSWR 1.4 or less, DC to 500MHz) Voltage axis sensitivity 1 MΩ 2 mV/div to 10 V/div (steps of 1-2-5)setting range 50 Ω 2 mV/div to 500 mV/div (steps of 1-2-5)Max. input voltage 1 MΩ 150 Vrms50 Ω Must not exceed 5 Vrms or 10 VpeakMax. DC offset 1 MΩ ±1V (2 mV/div to 50 mV/div)setting range ±10V (100 mV/div to 500 mV/div)±100V (1 V/div to 10 V/div)50 Ω ±1V (2 mV/div to 50 mV/div)±5V (100 mV/div to 500 mV/div)DC accuracy*±(1.5% of 8 div + offset voltage accuracy) Offset voltage accuracy* 2 mV to 50mV/div ±(1% of setting +0.2 mV)100 mV to 500 mV/div ±(1% of setting + 2 mV)1 V to 10 V/div ±(1% of setting + 20 mV)Frequency characteristics (-3 dB attenuation when inputting a sinewave of amplitude ±3div)**DLM4038 DLM40581 MΩ(when using passive probe)100 mV to 100 V/div DC to 350 MHz DC to 500 MHz20 mV to 50 mV/div DC to 300 MHz DC to 400 MHz50 Ω10 mV to 500 mV/div DC to 350 MHz DC to 500 MHz2 mV to 5 mV/div DC to 300 MHz DC to 400 MHzIsolation between channels -34 dB@ analog bandwidth (typical value) Residual noise level*The larger of 0.4 mV rms or 0.05 div rms(typical value)A/D resolution 8bit (25LSB/div)Max. 12 bit (in High Resolution mode) Bandwidth limit FULL, 200 MHz, 100MHz, 20 MHz, 10 MHz,5 MHz, 2 MHz, 1 MHz, 500 kHz, 250 kHz,125 kHz, 62.5 kHz, 32 kHz, 16 kHz, 8 kHz(can be set for each channel)AB triggers A Delay B 10 ns to 10 s (Edge, EdgeQuali ed, State, Serial Bus)A to B(N) 1 to 10 (Edge, Edge Quali ed,State, Serial Bus)Dual Bus Serial bus onlyForce trigger Force a trigger manuallyTrigger level setting range CH1 to CH8 ±4 div from center of screenTrigger level setting resolution CH1 to CH8 0.01 div (TV trigger: 0.1 div)Trigger level accuracy*CH1 to CH8 ±(0.2 div + 10% of trigger level)Window Comparator Center/Width can be set on individual Channelsfrom CH1 to CH8DisplayDisplay 12.1-inch TFT color liquid crystal display1024 × 768 (XGA)FunctionsWaveform acquisition modes Normal, Envelope, AverageHigh Resolution mode Max. 12 bit (the resolution of the A/D convertercan be improved equivalently by placing abandwidth limit on the input signal.)Sampling modes Real time, interpolation, repetitive samplingAccumulation Select OFF, Intensity (waveform frequency bybrightness), or Color (waveform frequency bycolor)Accumulation time 100 ms to 100 s, In niteRoll mode Enabled at 100 ms/div to 500 s/div (depending onthe record length setting)Zoom function T wo zooming windows can be set independently(Zoom1, Zoom2)Zoom factor ×2 to 2.5 points/10div (in zoom area)Scroll Auto ScrollSearch functions Edge, Edge Quali ed, State, Pulse Width, StateWidthI C (option), SPI (option), UART (option),CAN (option), LIN (option), FlexRay (option)History memory Max. data 2,500 (record length 1.25 kPoints, with standard)10,000 (record length 1.25 kPoints, with /M1 option)20,000 (record length 1.25 kPoints, with /M2 option)History search Select Rect, WAVE, Polygon, or Parameter modeReplay function Automatically displays the history waveformssequentiallyDisplay Speci ed or average waveformsCursor T ypes ∆T, ∆V, ∆T & ∆V, Marker, DegreeSnapshot Currently displayed waveform can be retained on screenComputation & Analysis FunctionsPower Measurement Automated measurement of power parameters forup to four pairs of voltage and current waveformsValues can be statistically processed and calculatedMeasurement Urms, Unm, Udc, Urmn, Uac, U+pk, U-pk, Up-pparameters Irms, Imn, Idc, Irmn, Iac, I+pk, I-pk, Ip-pP, S, Q, Z, λ, Wp, Wp+, Wp-, Abs.Wp, q, q+, q-,Abs.qI C Bus Signal Analysis Functions (/F2 & /F3 Options)Applicable bus I C bus Bus transfer rate: 3.4 Mbit/s max.Address mode: 7 bit/10 bitSM bus Complies with System Management BusI C Trigger modes Every Start, Address & Data, Non-Ack, GeneralCall, Start Byte, HS ModeAnalyzable signals All analog, logic and Math channelsAnalysis results displays Analysis no., time from trigger position (Time(ms)),1st byte address, 2nd byte address, R/W,Data, Presence/absence of ACK, informationAuto setup function Auto setting of threshold value, time axis scale,voltage axis scale, and display of analysis resultsAnalyzable no. of data 300,000 bytes max.Search function Searches data that matches speci ed addresspattern, data pattern, and acknowledge bitconditionAnalysis results save function Analysis list data can be saved to CSV-format lesSPI Bus Signal Analysis Functions (/F2 & /F3 Options)Trigger types 3 wire/4 wireAfter assertion of CS, compares data afterarbitrary byte count and triggers.Analyzable signals All analog, logic and Math channelsAnalysis results displays Analysis no., time from trigger position (Time(ms)),1st byte address, 2nd byte address, R/W,Data, Presence/absence of ACK, informationByte order MSB/LSBAuto setup function Auto setting of threshold value, time axis scale,voltage axis scale, and display of analysis resultsAnalyzable no. of data 300,000 bytes max.Decode bit length Specify data interval (1 to 32 bits), decode startpoint, and data lengthAnalysis results displays Analysis no., time from trigger position (Time(ms)), Data 1, Data 2Auxiliary analysis functions Data search functionAnalysis result save function Analysis list data can be saved to CSV-format lesUART Bus Signal Analysis Functions (/F1 & /F3 Options)Auxiliary analysis functions Data search and eld jump functionsAnalysis result save function Analysis list data can be saved to CSV-format lesFlexRay Bus Signal Analysis Functions (/F5 & /F6 Options)Applicable bus FlexRay Protocol Version2.1Analyzable signals All analog and Math channelsBit rate 10Mbps, 5Mbps, 2.5MbpsFlexRay bus Trigger modes Frame Start, Error, ID/Data, ID ORAuto setup function Auto setting of bit rate, threshold value, time axisscale,voltage axis scale, and display of analysisresultsAnalyzable no. of frames 5,000Analysis results displays Analysis no., time from trigger position (Time(ms)),Segment (Static or Dynamic),Indicator, FrameID,PayLoad length, Cycle count, Data, InformationAuxiliary analysis function Data searchAnalysis result save function Analysis list data can be saved to CSV-format lesGP-IB (/C1 Option)Electromechanical speci cations Conforms to IEEE std. 488-1978 (JIS C 1901-1987)Protocol Conforms to IEEE std. 488.2-1992Auxiliary InputRear panel I/O signal External trigger input, external trigger output,GO-NOGO output, video outputProbe interface terminal (front panel) 8 terminalsProbe power terminal (side panel) 8 terminals (/P8 option)Internal StorageCapacity Standard model: Approx. 1.8 GB/C8 option: Approx. 7.2 GBBuilt-in Printer (/B5 Option)Built-in printer 112 mm wide, monochrome, thermalUSB Peripheral Connection T erminalConnector USB type A connector × 2 (front panel)Electromechanical speci cations USB 2.0 compliantSupported transfer standards Low Speed, Full Speed, High SpeedSupported devices USB Mass Storage Class Ver. 1.1 compliant massstorage devicesUSB HID Class Ver.1.1 compliant mouse,keyboadUSB-PC Connection T erminalConnector USB type B connector × 1Electromechanical speci cations USB 2.0 compliantSupported transfer standards High Speed, Full SpeedModel Frequency bandwidth Input channelsDLM4038 DLM4058350 MHz500 MHz(standard) 8 analog channels or 7 analog channels + 8bit logic(/L16 option)8 analog channels + 16bit logic or7 analog channels + 24bit logicProduct IntroductionFunctions & FeaturesOptions & AccessoriesOperability & SoftwareSpeci cationsis included.*2: Start guide as the printerd material, and User's manuals as CD-ROM are included.*1: As the accessories for 701939 probe, various adapters are available. Please refer to DL Series Accessories brochure. *2: Current probes' maximum input current may be imited by the number of the probes used at a time.[ DLM is a registered trademark of Yokogawa Electric Corporation.]Any company's names and product names appearing in this document are the registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective companies.Accessories (sold separately)*1: Logic probes are not included. Please order the accessory logic probe 701988/701989 sold separately.*2: Only one of these can be selected at a time.*3: Specify this option when using current probes or differential probes that don't support probe interface.*4: Only one of these can be selected at a time.*5: Only one of these can be selected at a time.*6: Only one of these can be selected at a time.*7: Only one of these can be selected at a time.*8: The 701939 probes are not included when this option is specified.Logic probesRepresented by:YOKOGAWA CORPORATION OF AMERICA 2 Dart Road, Newnan, GA. 30265-1094 U.S.A.Phone: +1-770-253-7000 Facsimile: +1-770-254-0928YOKOGAWA EUROPE B. V.Euroweg 2 3825 HD Amersfoort, THE NETHERLANDS Phone: +31-88-4641000 Facsimile: +31-88-4641111YOKOGAWA ENGINEERING ASIA PTE. 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C.(C)P.O.BOX 10070, Manama, Building 577, Road 2516,Busaiteen 225, Muharraq, BAHRAINPhone: +973-17-358100 Facsimile: +973-17-336100YOKOGAWA ELECTRIC CIS LTD.Grokholskiy per. 13, Build. 2, 4th Floor, 129090, Moscow RUSSIAN FEDERATIONPhone: +7-495-737-7868 Facsimile: +7-495-737-7869Tachihi Bld. No.2, 6-1-3 Sakaecho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo, 190-8586 Japan Phone: +81-42-534-1413 Facsimile: +81-42-534-1426YOKOGAWA METERS & INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION Global Sales Dept.Subject to change without notice.[Ed : 02/b] Printed in Japan, 305(KP)All Rights Reserved, Copyright© 2012, Yokogawa Meters & Instruments Corporation.。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第7期
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The plane found the spot and hovered close enough to （） that it was a car.问题1选项A.ensureB.examineC.verifyD.testify【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。
句意：飞机发现了这个地点，并盘旋着靠近，以证实这是一辆汽车。
verify指证明，证实；testify指作证。
选项C更符合语境。
2.单选题The encouraging factor is that the （）majority of people find the idea of change acceptable. 问题1选项A.numerousB.vastC.mostD.massive 【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。
the vast majority of指“绝大部分，绝大多数”。
选项B正确。
3.单选题Adam Smith, writing in the 1770s, was the first person to see the importance of the division of labor and to explain part of its advantages. He gives as an example the process by which pins were made in England.“On e man draws out the wire; another strengthens it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds it at the top to prepare it to receive the head. To make the head requires two or three operations. To put it on is a separate operation, to polish the pins is another. And the important business of making pins is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen operations, which in some factories are all performed by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them.”Ten men, Smith said, in this way, turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4, 800 pins per worker. But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of labor, none of them could have made twenty pins in a day and perhaps not even one.There can be no doubt that division of labor is an efficient way of organizing work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam Smith saw this but he also took it for granted that division of labor is in itself responsible for economic growth and development and that it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still. But division of labor adds nothing new; it only enables people to produce more of what they already have.1.According to the passage, Adam Smith was the first person to （）.2.Adam Smith saw that the division of labor （）.3.Adam Smith mentioned the number 4,800 in order to （）.4.According to the writer, Adam Smith’s mistake was in believing that division of labor （） .5.Which of the following could serve as an appropriate title for the passage?问题1选项A.take advantage of the division of laborB.introduce the division of labor into EnglandC.understand the effects of the division of laborD.explain the causes of the division of labor问题2选项A.enabled each worker to make pins more quickly and more cheaplyB.increased the possible output per workerC.increased the number of people employed in factoriesD.improved the quality of pins produced问题3选项A.show the advantages of the division of laborB.show the advantages of the old craft systemC.emphasize how powerful the individual worker wasD.emphasize the importance of increased production问题4选项A.was an efficient way of organizing workB.was an important development in methods of productionC.certainly led to economic developmentD.increased the production of existing goods问题5选项A.Adam Smith, the English EconomistB.The Theory of Division of LaborC.Division of Labor, an Efficient Way of Organizing WorkD.Adam Smith, the Last Discoverer of Division of Labor【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。
浙江省杭州2022-2023学年高二下学期3月月考英语试题含解析
A.thatB.whatC.whetherD.where
【答案】D
【答案】infectious##nfectious
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词。句意：笑是最具感染力的表达方式之一。根据句意和首字母提示可知，此处填形容词infectious“感染的”，放在expressions前作定语，故填infectious。
3.S________nothing, he walked right into the trap.（根据首字母单词拼写）
【点睛】名词性从句考查的关键是连接词的选用和语序，因此，我们首先要搞清从句的性质，掌握各连接词的用法，在此基础上判断．此外，关注名词性从句用陈述语序．题干中is being accepted 是谓语动词，前面是主语从句，第一个空用that引导，因为主语从句中不缺少成分，也不需要翻译，第二个空是be动词后面的表语从句的引导词，表示"职业"，用whatever，去掉逗号中间插入的部分可知，is前的主语从句"girls can be whatever they would like to be"从意思到成分都是完整的，故选择在名词性从句中不担任成分，无意义的that，
14.________leaves the classroom last should turn off the lights.
A.WhichB.WhoC.WhicheverD.Whoever
掺硫 GaSe 电子结构及光学性质的第一性原理研究
掺硫 GaSe 电子结构及光学性质的第一性原理研究张顺如;邓晓鹏;谢林华【摘要】基于第一性原理密度泛函理论，采用局域密度近似的赝势平面波方法计算了掺硫元素红外光学材料GaSe 晶体的物性，包括晶体结构参数优化、微观电子结构和宏观光学性质。
计算的纯 GaSe 晶格常数的结果与其他实验值较吻合，随着硫含量的增加 GaSe1－ x Sx 晶格常数呈减小趋势。
计算得到的电子带结构表明，GaSe1－x Sx 是直接带隙半导体材料，能带带隙宽带随着硫含量增加而逐步增加。
通过分析计算所得的 GaSe1－ x Sx 光吸收曲线发现该系列晶体具有良好的光学质量，随组分比增加，固溶体 GaSe1－ x Sx 吸收曲线低能端光吸收限蓝移。
%The structural ,electronic ,and optical properties of the GaSe1 - xSx semiconductor are calculated using a first -principle density - functional theory (DFT ) method considering the exchange - correlation function within the local density approximation (LDA) .The calculated structural parameters of the unit cell of the pure GaSe is in favorable agreement with the experimental data ,while the lattice constants of the S doped - GaSe decreases with the increasing concentration of S elements . Results on band structure are presented ,the energy gaps all are found to be directfor this materials ,and found the band gaps of GaSe1 - x Sx increases with the the increasing concentration of S as well .The calculated optical absorption coefficient show consistent results that GaSe1 - x Sx crystals are excellent nonlinear optical material .【期刊名称】《怀化学院学报》【年(卷),期】2014(000)011【总页数】4页(P35-38)【关键词】GaSe1 - x Sx;密度函数理论;电子结构;光学性质【作者】张顺如;邓晓鹏;谢林华【作者单位】怀化学院物理与信息工程系，湖南怀化 418008;怀化学院物理与信息工程系，湖南怀化 418008;四川师范大学物理与电子工程学院，四川成都610066【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O43第Ⅲ-Ⅵ主族化合物GaSe是一种重要的宽带隙半导体，在非线性光学方面有重要的应用前景.由于该晶体集合了很多优良的物理性质[1-2]，人们已经开始对GaSe晶体展开二阶倍频、频率混合及太赫兹应用方面的研究[3-5].对纯GaSe晶体来说，最大的缺点是其不令人满意的机械性能[6]，如极易劈裂(沿垂直于光轴方向的原子层)，几乎为零的相对硬度，使得晶体不能按预先设计好的角度进行加工，无法实现理论上可行的相位匹配及频率转换，这在很大程度上限制了该晶体的应用.在各国实验工作者的不断努力下，纯GaSe晶体中掺杂S元素几乎优化了GaSe晶体的所有物理特性：机械性能增强，光学吸收系数降低，非线性极化系数增大，从根本上提高了晶体的光学质量.目前，国内外对GaSe，GaSe1-xSx晶体的电子结构和光学性质进行了一些实验和理论方面的研究，实验方面：中国台湾的C.C.Wu 等人用布里奇曼方法生长了GaSe1-xSx层状单晶体，并研究了该系列晶体的结构，电子结构和光学性质[7，8].俄罗斯的M.M.Nazarova等人[9]用布里奇曼方法生长了GaSe，GaSe1-xSx单晶体，并研究了GaSe，GaSe1-xSx晶体的光吸收谱.国内吉林大学高锦岳教授研究组[10]对GaSe1-xSx的光吸收特性进行了实验研究，其GaSe1-xSx单晶体来自俄罗斯俄罗斯科学研究院西伯利亚分院Andreev教授研究组.理论方面，中国国防科学技术大学的袁建民研究组用线性缀加平面波方法对GaSe晶体的电子结构进行了计算[11,12]，美国的Zs.Rak等人[13,14]用第一性原理计算了了GaSe晶体的电子结构，俄罗斯的M.M.Nazarova等人用第一性原理计算了GaSe晶体的电子结构，光学性质[9].但是，至今尚未发现对GaSe晶体掺杂S元素的改进型晶体GaSe1-xSx的几何结构，电子结构，以及线性光学性质等物理性质的理论研究报道.本文的目的是采用基于第一性原理的赝势平面波方法，对GaSe1-xSx(x=0，0.25，0.5，0.75)晶体的电子结构，光学性质进行较全面的计算，并对其进行分析.由于GaSe晶体及其改进型晶体的主要用途在红外非线性光学领域，故研究其红外透过率是相当重要的，而影响晶体红外透过率的主要因素是其光吸收率，所以研究改进后GaSe晶体即GaSe1-xSx的吸收系数光谱曲线是本文重点.六方对称结构GaSe晶体及GaSe掺杂晶体具有非中心对称性，其空间群为m.我们用晶格常数的实验值作为初始设置计算其电子结构和线性光学性质，本文所有的计算结果是采用基于密度泛函理论的赝势平面波方法的CASTEP程序计算得到的[15-16].交换关联能采用基于局域密度近似Ceperley and Adler-Perdew and Zunger泛函[17],之所以采用局域密度近似方法,是因为已有研究者证实采用广义梯度近似研究Ⅲ-Ⅵ层状材料会低估层与层之间的弱键(范德华力),将导致结构优化完后在垂直层原子的方向的化学键被大范围的拉伸,与实际情况不符.在本文所有的计算中,Ga原子外层的s、p以及d电子,Se原子和S原子外层的s、p电子均视为价电子,而各原子的其余部分则看作离子实.我们对GaSe晶体及GaSe掺杂晶体进行总能量的收敛测试，选取计算的平面波截断能为330eV，并设定当两次自洽循环的总能量差小于1x10-6 eV时，离子间最大Hellmann-Feynman作用力小于0.01 eV/,最大离子位置失配为5×10-4,最大离子应力为0.02 Gpa时，认为几何优化收敛.对于纯GaSe晶体选取的K点为12×12×3的Monkhorst-Pack网格,共产生38个K点.对于GaSe1-xSx(x=0.25,0.5，0.75)晶体,采用8×8×3的Monkhorst-Pack网格.3.1 结构性质我们计算了GaSe1-xSx晶体在平衡结构时的晶格常数，这些数据跟以前文献报道的理论值和实验值一同列在表1，根据计算，我们发现这四种不同S含量GaSe1-xSx的晶格常数随浓度变化的规律是逐渐缩小，这是因为杂质S元素的半径比主体Se元素的小，随着掺杂S元素的增加,GaSe1-xSx的晶格常数就会变小，而且晶胞体积也随着掺杂S元素的增加而逐步缩小，原子排列更紧凑.而纯GaSe晶体的晶格常数相比于实验值小，众所周知，用LDA方法计算出来的晶格常数是要比实验值小，如此小的差别是在正常范围内的.3.2 电子结构我们计算了GaSe1-xSx(x=0，0.25,0.5，0.75)晶体在各自晶格平衡态时在第一布里渊区内沿高对称点的能带结构和电子态密度，不同S浓度的晶体的能带结构和电子态密度图表示在图1和图2，对于不同掺杂浓度x，它们的能带结构和态密度(DOS)相互形状一致，由此可知该系列晶体的晶格对称性没有发生改变，晶体内原子周围的化学环境也没有发生明显变化.研究能带结构图，可以发现不同掺S浓度的GaSe晶体都是直接带隙半导体晶体.不同掺杂含量的晶体带隙列在表2,可以发现，带隙和文献中报道的理论值相吻合，由于使用的是局域密度近似计算(LDA)，所以计算得到的所有带隙都比实验值小.对于不同掺杂含量x(x=0，0.25，0.5，0.75)，晶体带隙能大小随之变化，从表2中可以看出，存在一个带隙随着S杂质含量增加而增加的变化趋势.对非线性光学晶体而言，宽的带隙对应着大的抗激光损伤域值[20]，因此，在纯的硒化镓晶体中掺入S元素是提高晶体物理性能的有效途径.3.3 光学性质晶体的复介电函数ε(w)可以用来描述晶体对电磁波(光波)幅照的线性响应.复介电函数实部ε1(w)可以由占据态和非占据态之间遵从选择定则的矩阵元跃迁计算出来，而通过Kramers-Kronig关系换算可以得到复介电函数虚部ε2(w)，晶体的线性光学性质均可以由复介电函数导出.由于局域密度泛函理论低估能带带隙，我们采用剪刀修正使纯晶体的光吸收边与实验值一致，这一方法对组分含量变化的系统是有效的.图3给出了采用的剪刀修正为1.342eV时，GaSe1-xSx晶体在0-4 eV范围内的光吸收谱.从图3可以发现，GaSe1-xSx晶体的光吸收起始点随着掺杂含量x的变化分别为2.12,2.313,2.462和2.622eV，表明随着掺杂硫元素含量的增加，GaSe1-xSx晶体光吸收发生蓝移现象.本文应用第一性原理方法系统地研究了S元素掺杂系列晶体GaSe1-xSx(x=0,0.25,0.5，0.75)的结构参数，能带结构，态密度，线性光学性质.计算的结果发现，纯GaSe晶体(ε相)理论计算的晶格参数a、b与实验值相一致;计算的能隙与最近报道的理论计算结果相一致.GaSe1-xSx晶体随着硫掺杂含量的增加时，发现四种成分组合的化合物晶体都是直接带隙半导体，且它们的能带结构和态密度图的形状一致，结果表明：该系列晶体的对称性结构不发生改变，晶体内原子周围的化学环境没有明显变化.研究该系列晶体能带结构图，发现随着S含量在GaSe1-xSx晶体中的增加，晶体的带隙增大，有利于提高晶体的抗激光损伤域值.随着掺杂硫元素的增加，晶体单位晶胞体积变小，原子排列更紧凑.我们详细研究了GaSe1-xSx晶体的光学性质，通过对不同含S量GaSe1-xSx晶体的吸收谱线分析，发现该系列晶体具有良好的光学质量，随组分比增加，固溶体GaSe1-xSx吸收曲线低能端光吸收限蓝移.由吸收系数曲线和透过率之间的关系，可以发现透明光谱区短波截止波长逐渐向短波方向移动.【相关文献】[1]Fernelius N C.Properties of gallium selenide single crystal[J].Prog.Cryst.Growth Charact.Mater.,1994(28):275-353.[2]Dimitriev V G,Gurzadyhan G G,and Nikogosyan D N.Handbook of Nonlinear Optical Crystals[M].Springer,New York,1999.[3]Liu K,Xu J and Zhang X C.Proceedings of the Joint 29th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 12th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics[C].2004:333.[4]Suhre D R,Singh N B,Balakrishna V,et al.Improved crystal quality and harmonic generation in GaSe doped with indium[J].Opt.Lett.,1997(22):775-777.[5]Liu K,Xu J Z,and Zhang X C.GaSe crystals for broadband terahertz wavedetection[J].Appl.Phys.Lett.,2004(85):863-865[6]Feng Z S,Kang Z H,Wu F G,et al.SHG in doped GaSe:Incrystals[J].Opt.Express,2008(16):9978-9985.[7]Wu J Y,Lin S L,Huang Y S.Characterization of Ge(Se1-xSx)2 series layered crystals grown by vertical Bridgman method[J].Journal of Crystal Growth,2005,281:377-383.[8]Wu C C,Ho C H,et al.Optical properties of GaSe1-xSx series layered semiconductors grown by vertical Bridgman method[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2004(88):313-317.[9]Nazarov M M,Kosobutsky A V,Sarkisov S Yu,et al.Electronic properties and influence of doping on GaSe crystal nonlinear optical parameters for the applications in terahertz range[J].Proc.of SPIE,2011,7993:799326-799335[10]张洪志.红外非线性晶体GaSe,GaSe:X(X=S,In)及GaSe1-xSx(X0.413)光学及倍频特性的研究[D].吉林大学,2008.[11]张栋文.袁建民线性缀加平面波方法对GaSe晶体电子结构的计算[J].原子与分子物理学报,2004(增刊):301-302.[12]Zhang D W,Jin F T,Yuan J M.First-principles calculation of static equation of state and elastic constants for GaSe[J].Chinese Phys.Lett.,2006(23):1876-1879.[13]Rak Zs,Mahanti S D,Mandal K C,et al.Theoretical studies of defect states inGaTe[J].J.Phys.:Condens.Matter,2009(21):015504-015512.[14]Rak Zs,Mahanti S D,Mandal K C,et al.Electronic structure of substitutional defects and vacancies in GaSe[J].J.Phys.Chem.Solids,2009(70):344-355.[15]Milman V,Winkler B,White J A,et al.Electronic structure,properties,and phase stability of inorganic crystals:A pseudopotential plane-wave study[J].Int.J.QuantumChem.,2000(77):895-910.[16]Ceperley D M and Alder B J.Crystal structure and pair potentials:A molecular-dynamics study[J].Phys.Rev.Lett.,1980(45):566-569.[17]Perdew J P and Zunger A.Self-interaction correction to density-functional approximations for many-electron systems[J].Phys.Rev.B,1981(23):5048-5079.[18]Pellicer-Porres J,Mauger A,et al.High-pressure x-ray-absorption study ofGaSe[J].Phys.Rev.B,2002,(65):174103-174109.[19]Madelung O.Semiconductors:Data Handbook[M].3rd ed.Berlin：Springer,2004.[20]苏旭,刘涛,张刚,等.中红外波段二阶非线性光学晶体材料研究进展[J].无机化学学报,2006(22):1163-1169.[21]Tributsch H.Solar Energy-Assisted Electrochemical Splitting ofWater[J].Z.Naturf.A,1977,32A:972-985.。
建筑电气英文原文
Building ElectricalElectrical construction including two strong design elements include : a part of the transformation and distribution system. power and lighting systems, mine grounding system.In general, building key changeElectrical construction including two strong design elements include : a part of the transformation and distribution system. power and lighting systems, mine grounding system.In general, building key changes include : high-voltage and low-voltage distribution systems, transformers, standby power system. power systems including power distribution and control; indoor and outdoor lighting system include all types of lighting; Lightning Protection System including mine waves penetrated, lightning sensors, grounded,equipotential bonding and local equipotential bonding. Auxiliary equipotential bonding and so on. In such a short span of 20 years, the system has undergone enormous changes in technology and products. Many of the design concept has also undergone tremendous changes. Swichgear such as high pressure system, the first circuit breaker to the oil circuit breakers. After the progressive development of the oil circuit breakers, is not only large in size, but did not fire. Swichgear are larger allocation, we must also set up independently in heir own rooms, occupied a lot of the construction area. Now a vacuum circuit breaker andSF6 circuit breakers, is not only small size but also high-capacity short-circuit. enclosure size is a lot smaller than the original cabinets, circuit breakers without any oil, fire performance greatly improved. with a total of home and other low-voltage equipment in a room, saving both space and convenience of management. The large volume of low-voltage circuit breaker from the past, the development of small to large short-circuit current capacity, the ability to continue to score small in size, stable, which makes the system more secure and reliable, and designed to bring the convenience. Intelligent direction toward another recent low voltage circuit breaker, breaker various parameters can be controlled through the bus industry, Signals transmitted to the computer directly.The emergence of dry-type transformers, electrical design for the building posed a great convenience, Because there is no possibility of transformer oil spills and fires, so that it can be easily installed in the building itself, even go directly to the load center. It also eliminated restrictions on capacity building in the transformer oil, building greater capacity for dry-type transformers can be used. In the designs of the project, on the application of four Taiwan2500kVA dry-type transformers.Used emergency power generators, from the performance and size perspective,there is a lot of progress than in the past. In addition to the use of diesel generators works, as emergency lighting, we use EPS. Allowing a millisecond interruption in the supply of equipment, we can useUPS. Power equipment controlled from a single control to the control relay. Apart from the better performance of various components that are smaller in size and so reduce the volume control box, As a result of the digital technology is more controlled and controlled state control equipment at its best. further the energy saving effect.Lighting Project is a single source from the past, light lamps and the low efficiency of state toward even broader prospects. The light source used in the building are a number of varieties to choose from, toward a luminous efficiency of light, light color, develop in the direction of high color-rendering index, and lampshave been continuously improved its efficiency and allocation-form so that the application of different occasions.for example, the fluorescent lamp ballasts Inductance ballasts from the ordinary inductance ballasts to energy-saving electronic ballasts. but also against the size of the harmonic components, to produce low harmonic electronic ballasts. Many technologies, accessories and lamps, can satisfy the design and design options, and fully meet the varied architecture, Lighting requirements for the various sites. Regardless of the lighting or indoor decorative lighting.Whether or road lighting and outdoor courtyard of the building of light illumination, all of the show lighting technology to the development of the architectural lighting benefits and convenience.Another design used in electrical devices and other equipment, such as co-switching power supply switch of mutual investment. from the traditional production of specialized products,in addition to the conventional power switching meet, also a dual power supply can meet each other electronic equipment investment, greatly increasing the reliability and continuity of supply.Electric power supply cables and wires is widely used products. Look past the wire and cable samples, the species is scarce, and now, introducing various cable, From ordinary to the flame-retardant PVC cables, fire resistance, Low-smoke halogen-free cable-radiation environment; Insulation materials to the mineral insulated from the ordinary; Bus Bus closed to regular insulation, pre-cable, etc. branches. Electrical construction of these technologies are safe, reliable, convenient, providing an effective environmental protection.Targeting special needs of the construction of distribution, some new device has been widely applied. For example, large hospital operating room medical establishments leakage protection, residual current monitoring system.The development of the technology for strong, and it is obvious to the engineering and technical personnel, as well as our own experience. Such a great development for China's construction of electrical construction and laying a good foundation also created the conditions for the construction of safe use of electricityAlong with the deepening of building intelligent technology applications, some of theequipment or system control, The control system has gradually become a professional monitor, and open its construction equipment monitoring and control system communication protocol. reach of the Internet and communications systems. Buildings such as the automatic power control system, using field bus technology data acquisition and processing, centralized control Variable distribution system to reach the remote monitoring, remote control that remote control and remote, unmanned substation achieve. Continuous collection and analysis systems, the necessary advice or warning is given in advance to facilitate the safe operation of the system. Automatic power control system using computer technology, information technology, control technology, sensor technology, communications networking technology,Power electronics technologies, it can basically replace the traditional secondary loop is the wiring simple, reliable performance and easy maintenance. Meanwhile, the energy consumption of buildings in the second major energy-efficient lighting control system will also be paying. professional lighting control systems have been widely used inmany buildings. Lighting control from a single real-time sensors to control the timing control,reduced-control development. In addition, scene control, remote control, and control a variety of flexible control of the scene, to achieve the maximum energy, while also achieving a comfortable lighting systems, functional and humane For example, the late 1980s "compiled by the architectural design of fire safety regulations," GBJl6-87; 1990s, the "civil Lighting Design Standards" GBJl33-90; JGJ/16-92;"civil Electrical Design Standards" "Lighting design standards of industrial enterprises"GB50034-92; "Architectural Design Standards" GB50045-95; "Supply and Distribution System Design Standards" GB50052-95; "l0kV substation design and below" GB50053-94;"Low Voltage Distribution Design Standards" GB50054-95; "Universal design of electricity distribution equipment," GB50055-93; GB50057-94 "Building mine design," and so on. To be followed by the construction of electrical design basis for the construction of electrical taken as olid step toward standardizationIntelligent technology is only a means of building is equipped with intelligent functions,stressing efficiency, low energy consumption. Cleaner, in the true realization of people-centered, under the premise of achieving energy conservation, enhance building's function, protection of the environment and sustainable development goals. Building the implementation of sustainable development from a strategic perspective, ecosystem, emphasis on environmental protection. Sustainable development is an eternal theme. Through years of practice, in a rational and pragmatic attitude, from the actual needs, and practical application of the standards, not blindly follow the one-sided pursuit of a comprehensive and advanced intelligent systems, but technically ahead. The design also done a reasonable investment, the use of different functions. investment and management requirements of the specificsituation,identify advanced, reliability, Economic rationality and the optimal point of this concept now has become the intelligent building industry consensus. Building Intelligent technology,which will enable the construction of all colleges and universities have opened up this technology corresponding professional courses and the development of relevant professional students.Intelligent Building Technology include : construction equipment automatic control system, security system, the car park management system, automatic fire alarm and fire system that communications and computer network systems, integrated wiring system,broadcasting system, cable systems, video conferencing systems and the number of meetings，more than 10 sub-system integration. The first independent from the domestic building intelligent technology to the development of systems integration subsystem.(1)Construction equipment monitoring technology 20th century mainly concentrated monitoring of the 1980s, due to poor reliability, speed slow After the 1990s has been rarely used, and have been replaced by the Distributed Control. In the late 1990s, as computer technology, control technology, network and communications technology development and integration, Monitoring construction equipment technology has been developing rapidly(2)security technology Safety precautions, including CCTV, intrusion alarm, access control (doors), patrolling,cuts more perimeter defense and othersubsystems. Security systems from the initial subsystem independent of each other, to present the linkage between the various subsystems.greatly increased the tight security, reliability and real-time for the people's work, studying and living with a security guarantee. CCTV Surveillance System from analog to digital direction of the past, size of the entire security system is also moving system, digital,integrated direction(3)communication network technology Intelligent Building communications networks, including computer networks, two-way cable TV transmission networks and telephone communications network. The first two intelligent building as a broadband backbone network to focus almost all of its information technology and information resource management Almost all of the users are connected to the station. Before the mid-1990s, in the 20th century, there is a market for all types of networks and users. But in the late 1990s, with reasonable investment Ethernet wiring flexibility, and superior performance, ease of maintenance and use of such advantages, ICT networks gradually in the list. Ethernet transmission rate, from the initial 10Mbps,100Mbps to 1Gbps.10Gbps even higher rate. Intelligent Building Telephone Network (ISDN, xI) SL), currently used for voice communication, also both data and images narrowband data communications,it makes people through communication networks, TV, telephoneconference and other functions. Smart Access technology is the key to building links with the outside, it makes visible the world is becoming smaller and smaller. people's work, life has undergone a drastic change. Intelligent Building Access Network or the Internet, more and more high-bandwidth requirements of the receiving, to meet the increasing demand for user data communications.In the development of the cable network, a wireless network with the flexibility of receiving,entered a rapid development stage. From 2003 through the Study of Polling Strategy Based on the original Route to now, over to 100 megahertz. Mobile Internet access for people with a great convenience, and in many areas with great potential for development. network is becoming the trend(4)integrated wiring technology PDS is intelligent building data, voice and multimedia communications platform. Since the technology into China's market, because of its excellent performance, Intelligent Building to the domestic market, a new concept, new technology, and immediately aroused tremendous repercussions in the construction industry. has been widely used in all types of intelligent building. To meet the network transmission bandwidth and speed the development of new products PDS fresh from the first three lines, Category 5 to 6 lines, or even in advance of the standard seven Cabling System products to meet the demand for gigabit networks. With a transmission rate of the network upgrade, in order to adapt to its fiber network has already been put into the development of the 10G market, The new multi-mode and single-mode fiber transmission medium as a good will be widely used. Copper from five to three over the five,six or even higher categories, from copper wire to fiber optic cable, technology and products continuously updated. Ting fully reflects the rapid development of the intelligent building and the application of new technologies and broad prospects.(5)System Integration Technology Intelligent Building of each subsystem in general linking their respective networks, The operation is expected to complete their work stations, but has not yet reached the sharing of information resources. In order to achieve efficient management, sharing of information resources between the various subsystems, and system integration. In the systems integration process, the choice of platform integration, network structure,The scope of integrated subsystems are different, with different integration models. With computer technology, network technology, control technology, the development of display technology, Building equipment monitoring and control system and other systems linked through computer networks. The resulting construction equipment monitoring system based systems integration mode. There is equality in their respective systems integration, and establish a network management system integration. as a subsystem to lower the scene control network integration and equal manner. Real-time data subsystem, open, industry-standard interface, converted into auniform format stored in the database or server system integration.Integrated network management system to achieve unified management subsystem procedures, monitoring and information exchange Systems integration, in order to achieve agreement on the opening of the linkage between the various subsystems related to the control and information sharing. improved management efficiency, enhance capacity to deal with emergencies, and the purpose of saving energy and manpower savings. This is the construction equipment management system (BMS). System integration is not our aim, but to enhance the building's function and the technical means to improving management efficiency, Integrated content is not the better, but according to the use and management of the needs of the mature technology, the system is reliable and reasonable investment. Efficient management of the premise that demand integration(6)intelligent residential areas 20th century and the 1990s by the international electronic smart residential housing ideas,Intelligent Building Technology gradually spread to residential areas, in the first few economies in the more developed coastal cities has been successful. Intelligent Technology began construction of residential and public buildings to residential quarter, Intelligent building intelligent technology to rapidly extend, which has become an important market for the development of intelligent buildings. From public buildings to residential intelligent intelligent, which is the demand of the market, as well as practical development needs.Intelligent Design Institute is the country will put on an important position in the residential,residential to provide a platform for intelligent, Residential and intelligent design is cutting-edge and challenging area. Residential District intelligent technology development can be categorized into the following areas : system design emphasizes people-oriented design concepts, residents should cater to all levels of convenience, safety and comfort and handling the relationship between advanced and practical relationship Function Deployment and reasonable investment. Security system from a separate Security Subsystem for family and neighborhood Combining the technologies of defense and defense Security system.Broadband Access information communications from a single operator mode for more options, xD-SL broadband access network, a two-way cable network to form district computer network development, Area residents can enjoy the information and communication services from a single broadband Internet service to the district receiving more LAN extension of the kind of value-added services. Automatic monitoring of electrical and mechanical equipment,electrical water table remote copy, audio and video systems, information technology and other property management systems, Area residents to make the living environment and quality of life improved greatly. The application of intelligent home, Area residents make a real life experience to bring the information age to all kinds of convenience and variety of family office, Network concept has become a reality of life.。
基于改进SOGI-PLL电网基波正序分量同步方法
式中， ％ 为锁相环输出的正序分量相位角。
图 1 传统二阶广义积分器结构图 Fig. 1 Diagram of traditional SOGI structure
图中输入信号为v» ，输出信号为和原信号 相同的信号v» , 及 移 相 90°的信号
由 图 1 得到传统的S O G I 传递函数为
\⑷ 崖
= U P„ 0 + u „ s\n{-2cot+ (/>)
⑶
式 中 ， 0 = A —供。， 0 为负序电压分量相位角。
设和％中的直流分量和交流分量分别为
Ud~dc > Ud-act Uq-dc-> Uq~〇c i 贝丨j舍—
k = Ud-ac+ ^-dc
(4)
Ud-dc
UP
(5)
Uq-dc
0
V a c " U ncos(-2cot+ </>)
U ns\n{-2cot+ (/>)
(6)
电压不对称故障下，而 轴 电 压 分 量 中 混 有 二 倍 频 的 交 流 分 量 ，因 此 单 同 步 坐 标 系 锁 相 环 无 法 实 现准确锁相和电压基波信号的正负序分离[14]。
3 基 于 改 进 SOGI-P L L 的电网基波正序分 量同步方法
者 ，Emaik 2 7 3 8 2 4 3 1 3 @ q q . c o m ) ; 王安娜(1956-),女 ，辽宁鞍山人，博 士 ，教 授 ，主要从事智能电网、模式 识别、故障诊断等方面的教学与科研工作。
第6期
唐爱博等：基于改进SOGI-P L L 电网基波正序分量同步方法
•1137 •
相 位 、频 率 信 息 。在 电 网 发 生 不 对 称 故 障 时 ，负序 分量的波动会影响锁相结果的准确性，为实现精确 锁 相 ，必 须 准 确 跟 踪 基 波 电 压 信 号 的 正 序 分 量 [5,6]。 文 献 [7]提 出 基 于 频 率 前 馈 的 新 型 三 相 锁 相 环 结 构 来实现正序分量跟踪，在却坐标系下利用双二阶广 义积分器进行瞬时对称分量运算分离出基波电压 信号的正负序分量。但瞬时对称分量运算也会减缓 系统的响应速度，同时二阶广义积分器对高次谐波 具 有 较 好 的 抑 制 效 果 ，对 低 次 谐 波 的 抑 制 效 果 较 差 ，当混有直流分量时也无法完成电压信号的准确 检 测 [8]。文 献 [9〜11]利 用 特 定 频 率 的 陷 波 器 来 消 除 电网电压不对称时而轴分量中的2倍工频波动量， 但陷波器参数选取较复杂，且没有考虑直流分量和 频率相位偏移的影响。文献[12，13]利用多级联模块 来消除却坐标系下全谐波分量对锁相结果的影响， 但 多 级 联 结 构 增 加 了 系 统 延 时 ，减 缓 了 响 应 速 度 。
正弦脉宽调制(中英文)
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation(SPWM)正弦脉宽调制(SPWM)The switches in the voltage source inverter(See Fig.1)can be turned on and off as required.In the simplest approach,the top switch is turned on If turned on and off only once in each cycle,a square wave waveform results.However,if turned on several times in a cycle an improved harmonic profile may be achieved.Fig 1:Simple Voltage SourcedIn the most straightforward implementation,generation of the desired output voltage is achieved by comparing the desired reference waveform(modulating signal)with a high-frequency triangular…carrier‟wave as depicted schematically in Fig.2.Depending on whether the signal voltage islarger or smaller than the carrier waveform,either the positive or negative dc bus voltage is applied at the output.Note that over the period of one triangle wave,the average voltage appliedto the load is proportional to the amplitude of the signal(assumed constant)during this period.The resulting chopped square waveform contains a replica of the desired waveform in its low frequency components,with the higher frequency components being at frequencies of a close to thecarrier frequency.Notice that the root mean square value of the ac voltage waveform is still equalto the dc bus voltage,and hence the total harmonic distortion is not affected by the PWM process.The harmonic components are merely shifted into the higher frequency range and are automatically filtered due to inductances in the ac system.When the modulating signal is a sinusoid of amplitude Am,and the amplitude of the triangularcarrier is Ac,the ratio m=Am/Ac is known as the modulation index.Note that controlling themodulation index therefor controls the amplitude of the applied output voltage.With a sufficientlyhigh carrier frequency(see Fig.3 drawn for fc/fm=21 and t=L/R=T/3;T=period of fundamental),the high frequency components do not propagate significantly in the ac network(or load)due the presence of the inductive elements.However,a higher carrier frequency does result in alarger number of switchings per cycle and hence in an increased power loss.Typically switchingfrequencies in the 2-15 kHz range are considered adequate for power systems applications.Alsoin three-phase systems it is advisable touse s so that all three waveforms aresymmetric.Fig 2:Principal of Pulse Width ModulationFig.3:SPWM with fc/fm=48,L/R=T/3Note that the process works well form ≤1.For m >1,there are periods of the triangle wave in which there is no intersection of the carrier and the signal as in Fig.4.However,a certain amountof this“overmodulation”is often allowed in the interest of obtaining a larger ac voltage magnitude even though the spectral content of the voltage is rendered somewhat poorer.Note that with an odd ratio for fc/fm,the waveform is anti-symmetric over a 360 degree cycle. With an even number,there are harmonics of even order,but in particular also a small dc component.Hence an even number is not recommended for single phase inverters,particularly for smalratios of fc/fm.SPWM Spectra:Although the SPWM waveform has harmonics of several orders in the phase voltage waveform, the dominant ones other than the fundamental are of order n and n±2 where n=fc/fm.This is evident for the spectrum for n=15 and m=0.8 shown in Fig.5.Note that if the other two phases are identically generated but 120o apart in phase,the line-line voltage will not have any triplenharmonics.Hence it is advisable to choose,as then the dominant harmonic will be eliminated.It is evident from Fig 5b,that the dominant 15th harmonic in Fig.5a is effectively eliminated in the line voltage.Choosing a multiple of 3 is also convenient as then the same triangular waveform can be used as the carrier in all three phases,leading to some simplification inhardware.It is readily seen that as the where E is the dc bus voltage,that the rms valueof the output voltage signal is unaffected by the PWM process.This is strictly true for the phase voltage as triplen harmonic orders are cancelled in the line voltage.However,the problematic harmonics are shifted to higher orders,thereby making filtering much easier.Often,the filtering is carried out via the natural high-impedance characteristic of the load.Fig.5:SPWM Harmonic Spectra:n=15,m=0.Selective Harmonic Elimination(also called Optimal PWM)Notice that in the SPWM strategy developed above,a large number of switchingsare required, with the consequent associated switching losses.With the method of Selective Harmonic Elimination,only selected harmonics are eliminated with the smallest number of switchings.This methodhowever can be difficult to implement on-line due to computation and memory requirements.For a two level PWM waveform with odd and halfwave symmetries and n chops per quarter cycle as shown in Fig 4,the peak magnitude of the harmonic components including the fundamental, are given byEqn.1:Here is the magnitude of the harmonic and is the primary switching angle.Even harmonics do not show up because of the half-wave symmetry.The n chops in the waveform afford n degrees of freedom.Several control options are thus possible.For example n selected harmonics can be eliminated.Another option which is used here is toeliminate n-1 selected harmonics and use the remaining degree of freedom to control the fundamental frequency ac voltage.To find theα‟s required to achieve this objective,it is sufficient toset the corresponding h‟s in the above equations to the desired values(0 for the n-1 harmonics tobe eliminated and the desired per-unit ac magnitude for the fundamental)and solve for theα‟s.Fig 4:A two-level PWM waveform with odd and halfwavesymmEquation 1 can be readily proved by finding the fourier coefficients of the waveform showninFig.4.In general,for a periodic waveform with period,the Fourier Cosine and Sine Coefficients are given by:Because of the half-cycle symmetry of the waveform of Fig.4,only odd order harmonics exist. Also,it is easy to see that the Fourier Cosine coefficients disappear with the choice of coordinate axes used.Utilizing the quarter cycle symmetry,the Fourier Sine coefficients become:Substituting the two-valued PWM waveform for,one obtains(see Fig.4):The following example illustrates the use of three chops per quarter cycle which allow for three degrees of freedom.We may use these to eliminate two harmonics and control the magnitude of the fundamental to any desired value:Example:Selective Harmonic Elimination is applied with a view to controlling the fundamental component of voltage to 50V(rms)and eliminating the 3rd and 5th harmonics.The source voltage is 100 V. Calculate the required chopping angles.As three objectives are to be achieved,we need 3 chops.The fundamental,3rd and 5th harmonic magnitudes are given by:We require:正弦脉宽调制电压源逆变器的开关（见图1）可以按要求打开和关闭。
滑窗迭代DFT检测谐波和无功电流的新算法
滑窗迭代DFT检测谐波和无功电流的新算法张杰成;乔鸣忠;朱鹏;马战毅;杜承东【摘要】针对现阶段谐波和无功检测方法计算量大、存在低通滤波环节等不足,提出了一种检测谐波和无功电流的新方法.该方法首先进行坐标变换,然后利用基波正序电压实时相位参与滑窗迭代计算,直接得到基波正序有功电流,不需要坐标反变换、幅值和相角计算,减小了计算量.根据电力系统中偶次谐波和离散傅里叶变换的特性,证明了半周期傅里叶变换的可行性.同时对不同步采样导致的幅值误差进行了修正.仿真结果表明,该谐波检测方法稳态精度高,动态性能好,抗干扰能力强.【期刊名称】《电力系统及其自动化学报》【年(卷),期】2015(027)012【总页数】5页(P18-22)【关键词】谐波检测;滑窗迭代;坐标变换;半周期【作者】张杰成;乔鸣忠;朱鹏;马战毅;杜承东【作者单位】海军工程大学电气工程学院,武汉430033;海军工程大学电气工程学院,武汉430033;海军工程大学电气工程学院,武汉430033;海军工程大学电气工程学院,武汉430033;海军驻上海沪东中华造船有限公司军事代表室,上海201206【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM714随着电力电子装置的广泛应用，各类非线性负载使得电网中的谐波和无功问题日益严重。
有源电力滤波器APF（active power filter）由于其补偿效果好、补偿灵活等优势而成为电能质量控制领域的一个研究热点[2]。
目前瞬时无功功率理论已经成为APF谐波检测中的一种重要方法。
但是设计出一个既能满足系统各项性能指标要求，又要尽量降低滤波器阶数以满足工程应用的数字滤波器有一定难度[3]，特别是当负载不平衡时较大地负序分量使得滤波器速度和精度之间更难以均衡。
近年来随着各种智能算法的不断涌现，如人工神经网络、小波变换[4]、自适应噪声对消技术[5]等方法使得谐波检测的精度和速度都有所改进。
但是这些方法建立在一系列复杂的计算之上，计算量大，难以在APF工程中应用实现。
Improved harmonic transposition
专利名称：Improved harmonic transposition 发明人：Ekstrand, Per,Villemoes, Lars Falck 申请号：AU2010209673申请日：20100312公开号：AU2010209673A1公开日：20110728专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：The present invention relates to transposing signals in time and/or frequency and in particular to coding of audio signals. More particular, the present invention relates to high frequency reconstruction (HFR) methods including a frequency domain harmonic transposer. A method and system for generating a transposed output signal from an input signal using a transposition factor T is described. The system comprises an analysis window of length L, extracting a frame of the input signal, and an analysis transformation unit of order M transforming the samples into M complex coefficients. M is a function of the transposition factor T. The system further comprises a nonlinear processing unit altering the phase of the complex coefficients by using the transposition factor T, a synthesis transformation unit of order M transforming the altered coefficients into M altered samples, and a synthesis window of length Ls, generating a frame of the output signal.申请人：Dolby International AB代理人：Chrysiliou IP Melbourne更多信息请下载全文后查看。
Eaton 设备优化解决方案介绍说明书
SolutionsA. Energy UsedThis section lists the total amount of energy used during the billing period in kilowatt-hours (kWh). Y ou can reduce this area of your bill by improving efficiency, reducing losses and decreasing consumption.The world is more energy conscious these days. But unlike you, most of the world doesn’t pay a utility bill that rivals the cost of a four bedroom home. Y energy is being expended in your facility and how you can make it more of an asset and less of a liability.Your bill. Let’s see how low it can go.YoUr enerGY BiLL at a GLanceeaton corporation Energy Savings4Power Factor Correction and Conditioning Products Don’t rob your facility of its potential! If you have high per-formance equipment, you need high performance power condi-tioning products to get the most out of your investment.= High Penalty SavingsPower FactorCorrection CapacitorsKeep your power factor high, increase your system’s capacity,and pay fewer penalties. In most cases, the payback isless than two years and manytimes, less than six months. Eaton offers free power factorsite evaluations that will take all of the guess work out offinding the right solution for your site.= High Penalty SavingsHarmonic Filters Harmonics waste money and energy, two things no one should waste. Eaton offers both fixed and switched passive har-monic filters, the benefits of which are:• Reduces harmonics and corrects and maintains desired power factor • Ideal for 6-pulse drive and other high harmonic load environments • Standard ratings available: 150-10,000 kvar, up to 15,000 Vac (other ratings available)• Switched filters monitor the facility and add or subtract capacitance from the system to maintain a consistent level of desired power factor = High Penalty Savings = High Efficiency Savings Active Harmonic Filters Provides active harmonic con-trol to monitor the distorted electrical signal, determine the frequency and magnitude of the harmonic content, and then cancel those harmonics with the dynamic injection of oppos-ing current; all while providing the benefit of traditional passive filters with simpler engineering requirements, and easier, less expensive installation.Ideal for retrofit, these active filters are available as both independent structures or as an integral component to a bundled motor control center. Additionally, they meet all IEEE 519 standards.= Moderate Penalty Savings = High Efficiency SavingsT ransformers By placing the transformer closer to the load, you get better power distribution. Both of these transformer solutions can increase efficiency and reduce usage penalties.= Moderate Efficiency Savings = Moderate Penalty SavingsEnergy Efficient Transformers Eaton’s low temperature riseenergy efficient transform-ers offer greatly improved lifeexpectancies and substantialincreases in overload capa-bilities. These transformers can help cut operating expenses for systems requiring unit loading at 80 to 100% of the nameplaterating, 24 hours a day, or where load growth is expected.Specifically designed to meet the NEMA Energy Efficient stan-dards and for applications where the average loading is in excess of 50%, this low temperature rise (115°C or 80°C) product offers significant energy savings, which are is realized due to fewer losses in the transformer and reduced heat production.= Moderate Efficiency Savings Harmonic Mitigating Transformers Reduce harmonic currents and reap many benefits: lower your maintenance and replacement costs; eliminate overheating of the transformer and exces-sive operating temperatures. Less heat means less cooling costs where the transformer is installed. Even though there is less heat, you can still use the full capacity of the transformer; no need to de-rate the trans-former below the nameplate capacity. Helps meet IEEE 519 harmonic limits.= Moderate Penalty Savingseaton corporation Energy Savings5Automatic T ransfer SwitchesThese reliable and compact assemblies transfer essential loads and electrical distribution systems from utility power to the emergency or back up power source. Automatic transfer switches have grown in popularity permitting critical loads to continue running with minimal or no outage.= High Demand SavingsBusway Choosing busway over cable will save you energy. Sized to carry the same current as cable, busway will have lower losses and can be reconfigured easily as facility needs change. Built to exact length, Eaton’s efficient busway wastes nothing; spe-cifically those skyrocketing raw materials, such as copper and steel. There are many busway designs to choose from, one is bound to make the most of your facility.= Low Efficiency Savings Motor Control Centers (MCC)When you bundle products, you bundle savings. Grouping energy-saving motor control, associated control and distribu-tion equipment together saves time, money, hassle and space. Eaton's MCCs are specially designed to operate machin-ery and industrial processes. Through eight regional U.S. service centers, MCCs can be customized to your exact requirements. = Low Efficiency Savings = Moderate Time of Use Savings = Moderate Demand Savings Ampgard ® MV Adjustable Frequency Drives In industry circles, the Ampgard drive is known as the market shaper. This medium voltage adjustable frequency drive deliv-ers the most benefits in the smallest available package (that can still handle large relays and cables). Complete efficiency and easy maintenance with all of the protection and control your facil-ity demands, and an isolation switch life of 5000 operations.= Low Efficiency Savings = Moderate Time of Use Savings= Moderate Demand Savings CountersThese counters allow you to define maintenance schedules based on use instead of fixed time. Preset use means you don’t swap out equipment prematurely, which would waste money; nor do you switch it out too late, which would cause clogged filters or increased fric-tion in the system. This inexpen-sive workhorse provides output signals at preset count values. Perfect for industrial water fill-ing and dispensing applications, counters come with a variety of control options in different sizes, display types and feature sets. Eaton counters are a simple and effective way to what to know how much output is being achieved.= Moderate Efficiency Savings Molded Case Circuit Breakers The time for fuses has long past. Circuit breakers save ener-gy compared to fused discon-nects because they have less watts loss for like ratings. And circuit breakers can be reset after they trip, while fuses must be replaced and discarded in compliance with special disposal procedures. = Low Efficiency Savings Paralleling Switchgear Paralleling switchgear manages the critical transition from utility power to on-site power sources. This makes it practical to use combined heat and power (CHP) systems that take advantage of otherwise wasted heat energy or on-site power sources run on alternative fuels.= Low Efficiency Savings = Moderate Efficiency Savings Uninterruptible Power Systems (UPS)With energy costs overwhelm-ing server costs in today's data centers, Eaton is responding to the demand for more energy-efficient solutions. The rack-based Eaton BladeUPS power system and the centralized Eaton 9395 UPS greatly reduce energy consumption without compromising reliability. With the new Energy Saver System the 9395 UPS operates at an efficiency of 99% and pays for in itself in reduced energy costs within three to five years.= Low Efficiency SavingsMetering Devices and Software Installing Eaton’s meters on dif-ferent pieces of equipment, you (and whomever you choose, wherever you choose) will get complete, real-time unbiased usage information about the power that is coursing through your facility and your energy usage. From the simplest of metering devices that can alert you to potential problems to the more advanced meters that can actually help you develop a baseline of energy usage, Eaton has the metering devices and software you need. Validate and then explain, to anyone who asks, just how seriously you take saving energy. • IQ 100 – Basic Electrical Meters• IQ 210/220/230/250/260 - Electronic Panel Meters• IQ Energy Sentinel - Monitors Power and Energy Readings• IQ Multipoint Energy Submeter II - Flexible Submetering for Energy Use• IQ DP-4000 - Full Function Meter• IQ Analyzer 6600 Series - Revenue Class Meter and Power Quality Analyzer • Power Xpert ® 4000/6000/8000 Meter Series - Next Generation Revenue Grade Power Quality Meter Series = High Demand Savings Engineering ServicesEaton engineers find wastefulpatterns in total consumptionof energy from all sources—electricity, gas, steam andcompressed air. They thenrecommend more efficient solu-tions that shrink energy use. Acoordination study can optimizeyour electrical system’s protec-tion with the most efficient useof resources.= High Efficiency Savings= High Time of Use Savings= High Demand Savings= High Penalty Savings= High Validation SavingsSolid-State Overloads Conventional thermal overloads use heat buildup to determine when to shut down the system to protect the motor. These ther-mal overloads increase the heat buildup in electrical rooms and require additional cooling from the HVAC system. By replacing thermal overloads with solid state overloads you improve your motor protection while removing waste heat buildup.= Low Efficiency Savings Lighting Contactors Automate and save! Use Eaton lighting contactors to help auto-mate lighting schemes to turn off when not needed (daylight) or not in use. They are both industrial and efficient, providing a safe and convenient means for local or remote switching of lamp loads. They are also suit-able for other loads, such as low pressure and high-pressure sodi-um lamp loads and other non-motor (resistive) loads. Designed to withstand the large initial inrush currents of tungsten lamp loads without contact welding, these contactors are fully rated and do not require derating.= Moderate Efficiency Savings = Low Time of Use Savings eaton corporation Energy Savings6LED Indicating LightsLEDs are brighter and last lon-ger, while using 1/3 of the ener-gy of comparable incandescentlights. This results in less energyused and less heat in your elec-trical room. Eaton LED lights are built to last over 100,000 hours.Don’t waste time or money on incandescent lights any longer.= Low Efficiency SavingsControl Relays and Timers Eaton’s control relays and timers are ideal for industrial applica-tions that require a high switch-ing capacity and long electrical service life. The relays have short-term overload resistance in the event of short circuits or voltage peaks and offer quick system wiring, superior safety features and a high level of modularity.= Moderate Efficiency Savings Sensors If you want high efficiency you will require sensors. Whether your application requires sophis-ticated non-contact sensing solu-tions, rugged mechanically actu-ated switches or reliable safety products, Eaton has the sensing solution you need. Maybe you need the latest in photoelectric technology, or maybe you need the time-tested reliability of a limit switch. And in some cases, the best solution is a unique combination of different sensing technologies. • Inductive Proximity • Capacitive • Photoelectric • Current • Limit Switches= Moderate Efficiency Savingseaton corporation Energy Savings7Pow-R-Command Lighting Control SystemThrough automated building management systems you reduce your energy consumption by 10 to 30 percent. Simple pro-tocols can control your facility's lighting, heating and air condi-tioning, and electrical loads. End the manual exercise of checking where energy is being wasted. Eaton’s industry-leading Pow-R-Command ™lighting controlsystems turn off the lights when a space is empty.= High Efficiency SavingsReduced Voltage Motor Starters Lower the demand on a motor during start-up, conserve energy and extend the life of the mechanical system. Eaton’s reduced voltage soft starters are compact, multi-functional, easy to install, and easy to program. Designed for industrial, 3-phase motors, the line is available for current ranges from 0.8 amp through 1,000 amp applications and is suitable for mounting in motor control centers or in enclosed control. These reduced voltage motor starters offer integral run bypass, motor overload protection and advanced diagnostics.= Low Demand Savings Variable Frequency Drives (VFD)Save a whopping 10-50 percent in energy when you use an Eaton variable frequency drive to adjust a motor's speed to close-ly match output requirements. By varying the speed to match the requirements, you remove the need for dampers and throt-tle controls; two energy wasters that require a lot of power to slow the system down.= High Efficiency Savings = Moderate Demand Savings= Moderate Penalty SavingsProgrammable Logic Controllers (PLC)Y ou don’t use sprinklers whenit’s raining, why would you use energy when no one is there to use it? Use your energy only when you need it with the Eaton Logic Controller (ELC). Automate and intelligently control power processes based on real-time environmental inputs. Instead of continuous energy processes, you want on demand energy processes. With easy interface applications and a wide range of customization capabilities, the ELC is a key component in your energy savings solutions.= High Time of Use Savings= High Demand SavingsEaton Corporation Electrical Sector 1000 Cherrington Parkway Moon Township, PA 15108United States 877-ETN-CARE (877-386-2273)© 2008 Eaton Corporation All Rights Reserved Printed in USA Publication No. BR08324005E / 3PCAugust 2009When it’s all said and done, you need to excel in operations and save where you can; energy, money, manpower, headaches, hassles and those unrelenting regulations.Don’t overlook the importance of partnering with a company that can help you get the power infrastruc-ture you need to do the job you love. Eaton has vast solutions that you can leverage to make the most of what you have.PowerChain Management is a registered trademark of Eaton Corporation. All other trademarks are property of theirrespective owners.。
电话的历史英文作文
电话的历史英文作文英文回答：The telephone's history is a captivating tale of innovation, collaboration, and the transformative power of communication. Its roots can be traced back to the 1840s, when scientists like Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray experimented with transmitting sound over wires. In 1876, Bell's "harmonic telegraph" became the first prototype of a working telephone, but it was a far cry from the ubiquitous devices we use today.Throughout the late 19th century, the telephone underwent rapid development, thanks to the efforts of inventors like Thomas Edison, who introduced the carbon transmitter for improved sound quality. In the early 1900s, automatic telephone exchanges replaced manual operators, making it easier and faster for people to connect with each other. With the advent of transatlantic cables and undersea lines, international long-distance calls became a reality.The telephone played a pivotal role in the 20thcentury's technological advancements. The development of carrier systems allowed for multiple simultaneous conversations over a single wire, while satellites enabled global communication. In the 1970s, the advent of digital technology further revolutionized the field, leading to advances in fiber optics, cellular networks, and voice-over-IP (VoIP).Today, the telephone is more than just a device for voice communication. Smartphones have integrated telephony with a myriad of other functions, making them indispensable tools for personal, professional, and social interactions. As we look ahead, the future of the telephone promises continued innovation, with the integration of artificial intelligence and the exploration of new communication paradigms.中文回答：电话的历史。
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Improved harmonic development of the Earth tide-generating potential
S. M. Kudryavtsev
830
In our work we followed the latter approach. The following major modifications have been introduced by us to further increase the accuracy of the TGP expansion. 1. We developed and used an improved technique of spectral analysis to obtain expansions of the relevant functions to Poisson series with the terms’ amplitudes and arguments being high-degree polynomials of time (as opposed to classical Fourier analysis where the terms’ amplitudes are constants and the arguments are linear functions of time). 2. The most up-to-date planetary and lunar ephemerides DE/LE-405, -406 (Standish 1998a) were used. 3. In order to decrease the effect of close frequencies the improved spectral analysis was done over a 2000-year interval of time, 1000–3000. As a result, we can reach an accuracy of the harmonic development of the TGP in the time domain that improves on the accuracy of any previously developed model. Respective computation of gravity tides at a mid-latitude station can be done at sub-nGal level and is proven to be stable over the period 1600–2200 (the complete time span covered by the ephemeris DE/LE405). This allows use of the present TGP development in treatment of advanced gravimeter data in the future and in high-accuracy prediction of Earth tides.
1 Introduction The task of harmonic development of the Earth tide generating potential (TGP) has a long history. Doodson (1921) first performed an accurate representation of the
Sternberg Astronomical Institute of Moscow State University, 13 Universitetsky Pr., Moscow, 119992, Russia e-mail: ksm@sai.msu.ru; Tel.: +7-(095)-939-16-50; Fax: +7-(095)-932-88-41 Received: 24 July 2002/Accepted: 20 October 2003
TGP by harmonic series. Subsequent expansions were done by Cartwright and Tayler (1971), Cartwright and Edden (1973), Bu ¨ llesfeld (1985), Xi (1987, 1989), and Tamura (1987, 1995). The latest and to date most accurate harmonic developments of the TGP have been made by Hartmann and Wenzel (1994, 1995) and Roosbeek (1996), who used quite different methods in their studies. Roosbeek’s model of the TGP is built by means of an analytical technique. He used analytical series for spherical coordinates of the Moon from ´ and Chapront ELP2000–85 theory (Chapront-Touze 1988) and those of the major planets from VSOP87 theory (Bretagnon and Francou 1988). Then, after some transformation of the series he obtained the desired harmonic series representing the TGP development. Such an approach separates well terms of close frequencies in the final expansion (but only as far as is done in the original motion theories of the Moon and planets). However, the accuracy of this method is obviously limited by the accuracy of the bodies’ coordinates provided by the analytical theories of planetary/lunar motion which have a lower accuracy than numerical ephemerides of DE-series by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)/ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [the latter are recommended by the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) Conventions (McCarthy and Petit 2003) for precise calculations]. Hartmann and Wenzel (1994, 1995) chose another method for developing their model of the TGP. As a source of the Moon/ planet coordinates they used the then most accurate numerical ephemeris DE-200 (Standish and Williams 1981). They calculated numerical values of relevant functions of the attracting bodies’ coordinates contained in the TGP formulation over a 300-year interval (1850– 2150) with a small sampling step and made a Fourier analysis of the obtained data. A disadvantage of this approach is the non-proper separation of close frequencies when making a Fourier analysis of data sampled over a relatively short period of time. Nevertheless, Hartmann and Wenzel were able to build an accurate harmonic development of the TGP which was one of the best at the time of their study.
Abstract. An improved technique is proposed for spectral analysis of an arbitrary function of the Moon/Sun/planet coordinates tabulated over a long period of time. Expansion of the function to Poisson series is made where the amplitudes and arguments of the series’ terms are highdegree time polynomials, as opposed to the classical Fourier analysis where the terms’ amplitudes are constants, and the arguments are linear functions of time. This leads to an improvement in accuracy of the spectral analysis of the functions over long-term intervals. The technique is applied to produce a harmonic development of the Earth tide-generating potential (TGP) which was preliminarily calculated and tabulated over an interval of 2000 years centered at epoch J2000.0. (The latest NASA/ JPL long-term ephemeris DE/LE-406 has been used as the source of the Moon, Sun and planet coordinates.) The final development of the TGP, named KSM03, includes some 27 000 terms of amplitudes down to the level of 1 Â 10À8 m2 sÀ2 . The respective accuracy in calculation of gravity tides at a mid-latitude station is 0.025/0.39 nGal (the root-mean-square/maximum error) when compared with a benchmark gravity tide series numerically computed with the use of the most accurate ephemeris DE-405 at every hour within the interval 1600–2200 (the complete period of time covered by the ephemeris). It exceeds the accuracy of any previously made harmonic development of the TGP in the time domain by a factor of at least 3. Key words: Tide generating potential – Harmonic development