The Pilgrim’s Progress
The Pilgrim's Progress 天路历程
天路历程
Author: John Bunyan (1628-1688)
பைடு நூலகம் Author
Introduction
First part Second part
Significance
Evaluation
John Bunyan, the famous writer and lay preacher（布道家） . Born in Bedford(贝 德福德） of England. He had been recruited（征募） into army of parliament of revolution when he was young, and then engaged in missionary activities in his hometown. In 1660 the Stuart finished restoration, the authorities excuse without permission do missionary work, put him in jail twice. He stayed in prison for twelve years, and was again imprisoned for six months in 1695 respectively. He wrote "The pilgrim's progress“ in prison, the content about Christian and his wife has been looking for the kingdom of heaven, The language is concise and easy, known as the most famous fable literature in England.
The Pilgrim's Progress
Report of T he Pilgrim’s ProgressCourse: History of British Literature Date: 27th, October 2012Recently I’ve read the Christian allegory The Pilgrim’s Progress, which was written by John Bunyan, an English author, in 1687. It’s regarded as one of the most significant masterpieces of religious English Literature following The Bible. Besides, this novel reflects several aspects of the 17th society in Britain, so it can be called a realistic literature as well. For its perfect mixture of religion and carnal society, I appreciate it very much.This novel told a story combined by two parts, both of which were related to the arduous journeys of Christians. The protagonist in former part was named Christian, who originally lived in the City of Destruction, determined to take off the burden on his back and avoid being destroyed in his hometown, so he set out to seek for the Celestial City. He met with different people and various things on the way, which might guide him, mislead him, hurt him, help him or frighten him. Fortunately, he overcame all the difficulties and temptations,and eventually reached the Celestial City. The latter part wa s about Christian’s family, his wife and children. They also confronted numerous similar challenges, but our heroine succeeded with other’s helps and arrived in the same place as Christian. Bunyan was a Christian, and he wrote to announce his piety. Although the world, not only in the novel but also in the real society, was much wicked and immoral, the religious Christian chose to keep piety and pursue beauty and kindness. They trusted the God and they believed the world would become ideal one day with their sincere prayers and devotion.I chose to read this novel with an intention to learn more about religion, meanwhile I was a little afraid because of cultural difference this theme might be too recondite and hard for me to understand. However, the Pilgrim’s Progress proved my worries were needless by its vivid language and clear structure. I searched the Internet and found the writer Bunyan born in a craftsman’s family wasn’t well_educated. I regarded it as a main reason to his simple writing style, which was quite different from other pedantic authors’. What matteredwa s not one’s educational degree, but his profound understanding of the theme. Bunyan did quite well in this point. He devoted his whole life into the religional career so that he was qualified to produce such an excellent masterpiece. Besides, I supposed the way that the roles in this book were named also contributed a lot to the readers’ understanding. For instance, the man who Christian met on the top of the Hill Difficulty was named Timorous, for his characteristic was timidity. Timorous was so faint-hearted that he was even scared off by the tied lion in the daytime. I could master Bunyan’s intention of this man at the first sight of his name. However, it did n’t mean all the roles were simply signed by their names in the book; on the contrary, they were all derived from flesh and blood in the carnal world,so critics thought highly of the book for its vivid reflection of the real society.In my consideration, another decisive reason for the b ook’s popularity is the innovative structure. In the beginning of the story Bunyan told the readers it happened in a man’s dream, and during the process of story-telling, the dreamer interrupted many times to narrate what he observed in his dream. As we knew, implicit dreams were supposed to foretell something in the future, so Bunyan created a dreaming way to tell the religional allegory, in order to remind readers to think deeply of the story, not just take it for amusement.The Pilgrim’s Progress enjoys my repeated compliments, and it impresses me so much with its concise language, attractive structure and profound contents. I’m an atheist, but I still suppose it’s a suitable approach to know more concerning Christianism, if students feel unsatisfied with some dull religional lectures.。
The Pilgrim
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《天路历程》不仅仅是一个宗教寓言，还具有深刻的历史寓意，影射了当时社会的历史现实，例如 最明显的浮华集市。在浮华集市的描写中，班扬向我们展示了复辟时期伦敦的景象，以及当时的封 建资产阶级社会。在这里一切都是可以买卖的，包括国土、荣誉、头衔、欲望、快乐、甚至生命等 等。欺骗、谋杀在这里都是正常的。《天路历程》展示了复辟时期复杂的英国社会，表现了班扬对 当时的社会历史的看法，也反映了基督徒在当时社会中的窘境，一方面是对清教的虔诚，一方面是 世俗世界的自私和道德堕落。 《天路历程》除了对文学寓言体的运用，另一文学特色是借助了梦境的形式。班扬把“基督徒”的 旅程置于梦境的框架之中。“基督徒”看到了其他人没有看到的东西，因而矢志远行，寻找天国的 拯救。正是这种能够看到无形的真理世界的能力使基督徒能够经受住各种艰难险阻，并最终达到目 标。在《天路历程》中，班扬依靠这一视觉的隐喻，将那些只能看到眼前事物的人，同那些通过信 仰能够看到真理的人区分开来。
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第二部分最早于1684年出版，写的是基督徒的妻子 “女基督徒”和孩子们在一个叫做“无畏”的人的指 引下，前往天堂的朝圣过程。同基督徒的历程一样， 他们也从毁灭城出发，在到达天国城的大门之前，遇 到了同样的艰难险阻。然而这两个旅程却又很不相同。 基督徒是自己上路，他在路上会受到这样那样的帮助， 有时也有一个两个同伴，但基本上是他独自一人行进 在通往漫漫的天国道路上。而女基督徒却是与他人结 伴而行，而且他们的同伴一路上不断壮大，相互帮助， 相互支持。 The Second Part of The Pilgrim's Progress presents the pilgrimage of Christian's wife, Christiana; their sons; and the maiden, Mercy. They visit the same stopping places that Christian visited. By using heroines, Bunyan, in the Second Part, illustrates the idea that women as well as men can be brave pilgrims.
英国文学史习题_3
I. Choose the best answer for each blank.1. John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious .A. allegoryB. romanceC. comedyD. novel2. “Some books are to be tasted, others are to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested” is taken from ’s work.A. Thomas MoreB. Francis BaconC. John BunyanD. Matthew Arnold3. Hamlet, ______, King Lear and Macbeth are generally regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies.A. Romeo and JulietB. Timon of AthensC. A Lover's ComplaintD. Othello4. In Paradise Lost the author eulogizes the spirit of ______ that is though lost, but the______cannot be conquered, and the pursuit of revenge, immortal hate towards god will never be overcome.A. pessimism, knowledgeB. optimism, idealC. rebellion, willD. cynicism, concept5. Donne’s poetry is full of metaphors, original images, wit and______, except ingenuity, dexteroususe of colloquial speech, considerable flexibility of rhythm and meter, complex themes and caustic humor.A. conceitsB. Petrarchen imagesC. rhetoricsD. brevity6. The Merchant of Venice belongs to Shakespearian plays of_______.A. comedyB. sequence of sonnetsC. tragedyD. historical play7. The principal elements of novel are mystery, horror and suspense.A. GothicB. RomanticC. SentimentalD. Realistic8. Which of the following is a Gothic novel?A. Northanger AbbeyB. The Mysteries of UdolphoC. Gulliver’s TravelD. Robinson Crusoe9. “To be, or not to be: that is the question”expresses Hamlet’s ______ character.A. resoluteB. resolute and hesitantC. stubbornD. indecisive and hesitant10. Paradise Lost is a (n)________.A. lyrical poemB. hymnC. epicD. narrative poem11. The English Renaissance began during the reign of _________.A. Henry VIIIB. Charles IIC. Elizabeth ID. James I12. The four Greatest Tragedies of Shakespeare’s do NOT include __________.A. OthelloB. King LearC. Romeo and JulietD. Macbeth13. Which of the following comments on the Elizabethan Age is NOT true?A. It is the age of translation.B. It is the age of bourgeois revolution.C. It is the age of the protestant reformation.D. It is the age of exploration.14. Which of the following does NOT describe metaphysical poetry best represented by John Donne’s works?A. Elegant language.B. Conceit.C. ArgumentD. Common speech15. Paradise Lost by Milton took its material from_______.A. Greek mythologyB. The BibleC. Roman mythologyD. French romance16. _______ is the leading figure of the metaphysical school.A. John MiltonB. John DonneC. John BunyanD. John Keats17. Donne’s famous analogy of parting lovers to a drawing compass provides a prime example of _______.A. conceitB. dramatic monologueC. exaggerationD. paradox18. Humanists of the Renaissance turned to the spirit of ______ culture for inspiration.A. Greek and RomanB. Anglo-SaxonC. CelticD. Medieval19. The Elizabethan ______, in its totality, is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.A. poetryB. novelC. dramaD. essay20. _________, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.A. BeowulfB. The Faerie QueeneC. Robin HoodD. Piers the Plowman21. Francis Bacon’s achievements mainly lie in the following fields EXCEPT ____.A. poem writingB. scienceC. essay writingD. philosophy22. The Enlightenment Movement did not advocate ________.A. Rationality, reason, order and rulesB. return to the ancient classical worksC. inner feelings of individualsD. universal education23. ________ is not written by Alexander Pope.A. An Essay on CriticismB. The EssaysC. An Essay on ManD. The Dunciad24. The tone of Jonathan Swift’s novel Gulliver’s Travels is ________.A. sadB. sarcasticC. praisingD. detached25. Modern English novel arose in the ______ century.A. 16thB. 17thC. 18thD. 19th26. In the 18th century English literature, the representative writer of neoclassicism is _____.A. Alexander PopeB. Jonathan SwiftC. Daniel DefoeD. John Milton27. The 18th century witnesses a new literary form—the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______presentation of life of the common English people.A. romanticB. idealisticC. propheticD. realistic28. You may have met the word “Yahoo”on internet, but you may also have met it in English literature. It is found in _______.A. Pilgrim’s ProgressB. Vanity FairC. Gulliver’s TravelsD. Tom Jones29. John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress is a(n) _______.A. allegoryB. romanceC. comedyD. realistic novel30. _____ is a typical feature of Swift’s writings.A. Bitter satireB. Elegant styleC. Casual narrationD. Complicated sentence structure1. The _Enlightenment______ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century.。
John Bunyan&The Pilgrim's Progress
英国文学史及作品选读习题集(3)-推荐下载
3 English Literature in the 17th CenturyⅠ. Essay questions.1. Give supporting reasons for the statement: Samson in Samson Agonistes is John Milton the author himself.2. Analyze the character of Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost.Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1. Elegy 9. Pastoral2. Pamphlet 10. Diction3. Assonance 11. Epithalamion4. Stanza 12. Dream vision (Dream allegory)5. Folktale 13. Metaphysical poetry6. Hyperbole 14. Fable7. Prose poems 15. Parable8. Conceit 16. Masques (Masks)Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks.1. One school of poetry prevailing in the 17th century is that of __________, who were sided with the King against the Parliament and Puritans.2. Though as __________, the characters in The Pilgrim’s Progress impress the readers like real persons. The places in it are English scenes, and the conversations which enliven his narratives vividly repeat the language of the writer’s time.3. The poems of John Donne belong to two categories: the _________, and the later________.4. John Donne is the founder of the school of __________. His works are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.5. Because of the success of Paradise Lost, John Milton produced in 1671 another epic, _________.6. John Milton’s Paradise Lost opens with the description of a meeting among the fallen angels, and ends with the departure of _______and ________from the Garden of Eden.7. George Herbert, “the saint of the Metaphysical school,” sometimes resorts to tricks of typographical layout to express his religious piety, as shown by “_________”: “A broken Altar, Lord, thy servant rears…”8. The most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden, poet, ________, and playwright.9. Paradise Lost is a long epic. The stories are taken from __________.10. The Pilgrim’s Progress tells of the spiritual pilgrimage of Christian, who flies form City of Destruction, and finally comes to the Delectable Mountains and the __________.11. Sir Thomas Browne and Jeremy Taylor have been thought to be tworepresentative_________ prose writers in English literature for their elaborate and magnificent style.Ⅳ. Choose the best answer.1. John Dryden’s tragedy All for Love deals with the same story as ________’s Antonym and Cleopatra.A. William ShakespeareB. John MiltonC. Christopher MarloweD. John Bunyan2. In John Milton’s Paradise Lost, Adam and Eve are forbidden to eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of _________.A. Love and HateB. Good and EvilC. Faith and BetrayalD. Scene and Sensibility3. ________ is shown in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.A. UtopianismB. IdealismC. RealismD. Puritanism4. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for ________.A. Material wealthB. spiritual salvationC. Universal truthD. self-fulfillment5. “To wage by force or guile eternal war, Irreconcilable to our grad Foe.” (John Milton, Paradise Lost) By what means were Satan and his followers to wage this war against God?A. By planting a tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden.B. By turning into poisonous snakes to threaten man’s life.C. By removing God from His throne.D. By corrupting man and woman created by God.6. By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands of the people of Vanity Fair, John Bunyan intends to show the prevalent political and religious _______of his time.A. PersecutionB. improvementC. prosperityD. disillusionment7. “Areopagitica” is John Milton’s best-known______.A. ProseB. epicC. novelD. drama8. ______ is one of the most remarkable passages in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.A. Holy LivingB. Holy DyingC. Vanity FairD. Lycidas9. The only love poem of John Milton is “__________”.A. LycidasB. On His Deceased WifeC. On MarriageD. Areopagitica10. Metaphysical poets and Cavalier poets share a similar awareness of _________in their poetry.A. MortalityB. sensualityC. destinyD. joyⅤ. Short-answer questions.1. Analyze the relation between John Milton’s works and the English Revolutions.2. What are the contributions of John Dryden to the English neoclassical school of literature?3. List no less than five characters in The Pilgrim’s Progress.4. Illustrate with an example that John Milton is a great stylist.Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the following passage.Passage 1Judge: thou runagate, heretic, and traitor, hast thou heard what these honest gentlemen have witnessed against thee?Faithful: May I speak a few words in my own defense?Judge: Sirrah, sirrah! Thou deservest to live no longer but to be slain immediately upon the place: yet, that all men may see our gentleness towards thee, let us hear what thou, vile runagate, hast to say.Questions:1. Which work is the passage quoted from?2. Who is the author of the work?3. Summarize the story of the passage.Passage 2“…Knowledge forbidden?Suspicious, reasonless. Why should their LordEnvy them that? Can do they only standBy ignorance, is that their happy state,The proof of their obedience and their faith?…Hence I will excite their mindsWith more desire to know, and to rejectEnvious commands, invented with designTo keep them low whose knowledge might exaltEqual with gods…Questions:4. Which epic are these two stanzas quoted from?5. Who is the author of the epic?6. Who is the image, “I”?7. What is the possible theme of the epic?KeysⅠ. Essay questions.1. (1) Samson Agonistes is a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedies. It dealswith the story of Samson from the “Book of Judges” in the Old Testament.Samson is an athlete of the Israelites. He stands as the champion fighting for the freedom of his country. But he is betrayed by his wife Dalilah and blinded by his enemies the Philistines. Led into the temple to make them sport, he wreaks his vengeance upon his enemies by pulling down the temple them and upon himself in a common ruin.(2) There is much in common between Samson and John Milton. Like Samson,Milton had also been embittered by an unwise marriage, persecuted by his enemies, and suffered from blindness. And yet he was unconquerable.(3) Samson’s miserable blind servitude among his enemies, his agonizing longingfor sight and freedom, and the last terrible triumph all strongly suggest Milton’s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. There fore, Samson in the drama is Milton himself in life.2. (1) In John Milton’s Paradise Lost, Satan, like a conquered and banished giant,remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of angels. It is he who, passing the guarded gates obstacle, makes man revolt against God.(2) Satan is the spirit of questioning the authority of God. When he gets to theGarden of Eden, he believes in no reason why Adam and Even should not taste the fruit of tree of Knowledge.(3) Though defeated, Satan prevails, since he has won from God a third part of hisangels, and almost all the son of Adam. Though wounded, he triumphs, for the thunder which hits upon his head leaves his heart invincible. Though feebler in force, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility, and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty, and a joy. In conclusion, the finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell.And Satan is the real hero of the poem.Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1. Elegy: In Greek and Roman times, the term elegy was used to refer to any poem composed in elegiac meter. Since the 17th century, elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, or loss or death more generally, although in Elizabethan times it was also use to refer to certain love poems. Elegies written in English frequently take the form of the pastoral elegy.2. Pamphlet:Originally a pamphlet was a sort of treatise or tract. It then came to mean a short work written on a topical subject on which an author feels strongly. Many outstanding writers have used the pamphlet to express vigorous political or religious views.3. Assonance: Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowels-especially in stressed syllables-in a sequence of nearby words.4. Stanza: A stanza is a grouping of the verse lines in a poem, often set off by a space in the printed text. Usually the stanzas of a given poem are marked by a recurrent pattern of rhyme and are also uniform in the number and length of the componentlines.5. Folktale: Folktale, strictly defined, is a short narrative in prose of unknown authorship which has been transmitted orally; many of these tales eventually achieve written form. The term, however, is often extended to include stories invented by a known author which have been picked up and repeatedly narrated by word of mouth as well as in written form.6. Hyperbole:It is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or possibility.7. Prose poems: Prose poems are densely compact, pronouncedly rhythmic, and highly sonorous compositions which are written as a continuous sequence of sentences without line break.8. Conceit: From the Italian concetto(meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feeling. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron.9. Pastoral: the originator of the pastoral was the Greek poet Theocritus, who in the third century B.C. wrote poems representing the life of Sicilian shepherds. (Pastor is Latin for “shepherd.”) It is a deliberately conventional poem expressing an urban poet’s nostalgic image of the peace and simplicity of the life of shepherds and other rural folk in an idealized natural setting.10. Diction: The term diction signifies the types of words, phrases, and sentence structures, and sometimes also of figurative language, that constitute any work of literature. A writer’s diction can be analyzed under a great variety of categories, such as the degree to which the vocabulary and phrasing is abstract or concrete, Latin or Anglo-Saxon in origin, colloquial of formal, technical or common.11. Epithalamion:Epithalamion, or in the Latin form epithalamium, is a poem written to celebrate a marriage. The term in Greek means” at the bridal chamber,” since the verses were originally written to be sung outside the bedroom of a newly married couple. The form flourished among the Neo-Latin poets of the Renaissance, who established the model that was followed by writers in the European vernacular languages.12. Dream vision (Dream allegory): It is a mode of narrative widely employed by medieval poets: the narrator falls asleep, usually in a spring landscape, and dreams the events he goes on to relate; often he is led by a guide, human or animal, and the events which he dreams are at least in part an allegory.13. Metaphysical poetry: A term that can be applied to any poetry that deals with philosophical or spiritual matters but that is generally limited to works written by a specific group of 17th century poets are linked by style and modes of poetic organization. Common elements include the following: (1) an analytical approach to subject matter; (2) colloquial language ;( 3) rhythmic patterns that are often rough or irregular, and (4) the metaphysical conceit, a figurative device used to capture though and emotion as accurately as possible.14. Fable: A fable is also called an apologue. It is short narrative, in prose or verse,which exemplifies an abstract moral thesis or principle of human behavior; usually, at its conclusion, either the narrator or one of the characters states the moral in the form of an epigram.15. Parable: A parable is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress the tacit analogy, or parallel, with a general thesis or lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience. The parable was one of Jesus’ favorite devices as a teacher.16. Masques (or Masks):The masque was inaugurated in Renaissance Italy andflourished in England during the reigns of Elizabeth Ⅰ. It was an elaborate form of court entertainment that combined poetic drama, music, song, dance, splendid costuming, and stage spectacle. A plot—often slight, and mainly mythological and allegorical—served to hold together these diverse elements. The speaking characters, who wore masks (hence the title), were often played by amateurs who belonged to courtly society. The play concluded with a dance in which the players doffed their masks and were joined by the audience.Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks.1. Cavalier poets2. Allegory3. Youthful love lyrics, sacred verses4. Metaphysical poetry5. Paradise Regained6. Adam; Eve7. The Altar8. Critic9. The Old Testament10. Celestial City11. BaroqueⅣ. Choose the best answer.1. A2. B3. B4. B5. D6. A7. A8. C9. B 10. AⅤ. Short-answer questions.1. John Milton defended the English Commonwealth with his pen. His epic Paradise Lost and his pamphlets played an active part in pushing on the revolutionary cause. For example, the image of Satan embodies the political passions of the persecuted Republicans after Restoration.2. Following the standards of Classicism, John Dryden established the heroic couplet as one of the principal English verse form, clarified the English prose and made it precise, concise and flexible, and raise English literary criticism to a new level. He was the forerunner of the English neoclassical school of literature in the 18th century.3. Christian, Faithful, Envy, Mr. Badman and Judge Hate-good.4. John Milton is famous for his grand style, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study. It is an art attained by definite and conscientious rhetorical devices. For example, he likes to use Latinisms proper names of resonance and color to create an elevated and dignified effect.Ⅳ. Answer the questions according to the following passages.Passage 11. It is quoted form The Pilgrim’s Progress.2. The author is John Bunyan.3. The passage is entitled Vanity Fair. Christian and Faithful come to Vanity Fair. As they refuse to buy anything but Truth, they are beaten and put in a cage, and then taken out and led in chains up and down the fair, and at length brought before a court. Judge Hate-good summons three witnesses: Envy, Superstition and Pick thank, who testify against him. The case is given to the jury, composed of Mr. Badman, Mr. No-good, Mr. Malice, etc. each gives verdict against Faithful, who is presently condemned. Here Bunyan intends to satirize the estate trials in the reactionary reigns of Charles Ⅱ and James Ⅱ, which are merely forms preliminaryto hanging, drawing and quartering.Passage 24. They are quoted from Paradise Lost.5. It is an epic written by John Milton.6. “I” in the two stanzas refers to Satan.7. On appearance, the epic is to justify the ways of God to man, i.e., to advocate submission to the Almighty. But actually the theme of the epic is a revolt against God’s authority because in the poem God is no better than a selfish despot, seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. He is cruel and unjust in his struggle against Satan. What Milton actually intends to appraise is Satan, who in the author’s eyes is a real hero. He amid so many dangers makes man revolt against God.。
智慧树知到《英国文学漫谈》章节测试答案
鏅烘収鏍戠煡鍒般€婅嫳鍥芥枃瀛︽极璋堛€嬬珷鑺傛祴璇曠瓟妗?绗竴绔?1銆?English literature began with the ( ) settlement in England.A:RomanB:CelticC:EnglishD:Anglo-Saxon绛旀: Anglo-Saxon2銆?Beowulf, written about the life of England in the ( ) society,is said to bethe national epicof the English people.A:primitiveB:feudalC:medievalD:agricultural绛旀: feudal3銆?Beowulfis written in the form of ( ), a popular form of poetry in Anglo-Saxon literature.A:balladB:blank verseC:coupletD:alliterative verse绛旀: alliterative verse绗簩绔?1銆?The medieval period is often called the Dark Age for the dominating power of ( ) over everything in the society.A:the KingB:feudal lordsC:the ChurchD:the knights绛旀: the Church2銆?The central character of a romance is ( ), who follows the code of behavior calledchivalry.A:the knightB:the warriorC:the GladiatorD:a soldier绛旀: the knight3銆?The stories of ( ) are the most well-known ballads, songs of stories told orally in 4-line stanzas.A:the green knightsB:King ArthurC:Robin HoodD:the Vikings绛旀: Robin Hood4銆? Piers the Plowmanwritten by William Langland in the form of ( ) represents the achievements of popular literature of Medieval England.A:allegoryB:symbolismC:a dreamD:epic绛旀: allegory5銆?( ) is considered the father of English poetry, whose most representative work isThe Canterbury Tales.A:William LanglandB:Edmund SpenserC:John MiltonD:Geoffrey Chaucer绛旀: Geoffrey Chaucer6銆?The Canterbury Tales,a collection of stories strung together and told by 30 pilgrims on their way to pilgrimage, is written in the form of ( ).A:blank verseB:alliterative verseC:heroic couopletD:ballad绛旀: heroic couoplet7銆?The key-note of the Renaissance is ( ).A:humanismB:realismC:romanticismD:asceticism绛旀: humanism绗笁绔?1銆?It was ( ) who first introduced and reformed the English drama which reached its climax in the hands of William Shakespeare.A:JohnWycliffB:University WitsC:Christopher MarloweD:Ben Johnson绛旀:B2銆?Great writers of the English Renaissance who are known for humanism, took ( ) as the centre of the world and voiced the human aspirations for freedom and equality.A:the worldB:GodC:powerD:man绛旀:D3銆?Shakespeare is hailed by ( ), contemporary with Shakespeare, as 鈥渘ot of an age, but for all time鈥?A:Christopher MarloweB:Ben JonsonC:Robert GreeneD:Thomas Nash绛旀:B4銆?Hamlet is characterized as a(an) ( ) on that, he loves good and hates evil;he is a man free from prejudice and superstition; he has unbounded love for the world and firm belief in the power of man.A:idealistB:PuritanC:humanistD:patriot绛旀:C5銆? Edmund Spenser was considered the ( ) for his achievements in poetry.A:鈥渢he Poets鈥?Poet鈥?B:鈥渇ather of English poetry鈥?C:鈥渢he saint of English poetry鈥?D:鈥渢he greatest English poet鈥?绛旀:A6銆?( ) is a distinctive verse form adopted by Edmund Spenser in his works incluiding his masterpieceThe Faerie Queene. It has 9-line stanzas, rhyming in ababbcbcc.A:鈥淭he mighty lines鈥?B:sonnetC:鈥淭he Spenserian Stanza鈥?D:blank verse绛旀:C7銆?Francis Bacon won for himself the first English ( ) for his achievements in English literature of the Renaissance.A:dramatistB:poetC:prose writerD:essayist绛旀:D8銆?The most representative work of Francis Bacon is ( ), which is the first collection of English essays.A:Advancement of LearningB:EssaysC:The Interpretation of NatureD:Novum Organum绛旀:B绗洓绔?1銆? ( )is regarded as the greatest prose writer in theEnglish literature of the17th century, who is best known for his workThe Pilgrim鈥檚 Progress.A:John DrydenB:Francis BaconC:George HerbertD:John Bunyan绛旀:D2銆?The Pilgrim鈥檚 Progressis written in the form of ( ) .A:symbolsB:allegoryC:allusionsD:aggressions绛旀:3銆? 鈥淭he Metaphysical Poets鈥?refer to theloose group of17th-century English poets whose work was characterized by the inventive use of( )A:metaphorB:imaginationC:conceitD:symbols绛旀:C4銆? In his 鈥淎 Valediction: Forbidding Mourning鈥? John Donne makes a most impressive comparison between love and ( ) as the dominant conceit of the poem.A:a pair of compassesB:an earthquakeC:a farewell to a dying personD:a piece of gold绛旀:A5銆?The 17th century of English history was marked mainly by the English Bourgeois Revolution which ended with the establishment of ( ) as a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the monarchy.A:the United KingdomB:institutional monarchyC:the Whig PartyD:the Tory Party绛旀:B6銆?(聽聽聽聽) was the religious cloak of the English Bourgeois Revolution which advocated God's supreme authority over human beings.A:HumanismB:RepublicanismC:CalvinismD:Puritanism绛旀:D7銆? Puritan poetry in the 17th-century English literature is represented best by ( ), who producedParadise Lostas his representative work.A:John MiltionB:John DonneC:Robert HerrickD:John Dryden绛旀:A8銆?Throughout his life, Milton showed strong rebellious spirit agaisnt many things he thought unjust and acted as the voice of ( ) of England under Oliver Cromwell.A:the ParliamentB:the CommonwealthC:the MonarchD:the Royalists绛旀:B9銆? 鈥淥n his Blindness鈥?and 鈥淥n his Deceased Wife鈥?are the two best-known of Milton鈥檚 ( ).A:elegiesB:blank versesC:sonnetsD:alliterative verses绛旀:C10銆? Milton鈥檚Paradise Lostemploysthe themes taken from ( )of the Christian Bible.A:GenesisB:MatthewC:ExodusD:Luke绛旀:A11銆? The central theme ofParadise Lostis ( ).A:the creation of manB:the fall of manC:resurrectionD:final judgment绛旀:绗簲绔?1銆?The Enlightenment was an intellectualmovement throughout Western Europe in the18thcenturywhich was an expression of the struggle of bourgeoisie against ( ).A:puritanismB:feudalismC:humanismD:classicism绛旀:B2銆? Among the English Enlighteners of the 18th century,there were chiefly two groups: the ( ) group and the radical group.A:conservativeB:revolutionaryC:royalistD:moderate绛旀:D3銆? The Tatler,a British literary and society journal begun byRichard Steelein 1709,featured cultivated essays on( ).A:contemporary mannersB:social evilsC:class strugglesD:cultural state绛旀:A4銆?As a distinctive way, ( ) are adopted by the neo-classicist playwrights in the 18th-century English literature.A:realistic techniquesB:three unitiesC:heroic coupletsD:satires绛旀:B5銆?( ) writers in the 18th-century English literature modelled themselves ontheGreek and Romanwritersin their dramatic writings.A:Pre-romanticistB:RealistC:Neo-classicistD:Enlightenment绛旀:C6銆? AlexanerPope was a masterof poetryinheroic couplet.He strongly advocated ( ), emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules.A:realismB:naturalismC:aestheticismD:classicism绛旀:D7銆? Daniel Defoe is an early proponent of the ( ) novel whose masterpieceRobinson Crusoetells about the adventures of a sailor on the sea and on an island.A:sentimentalistB:epistolaryC:realistD:Gothic绛旀:C8銆丄s one of the greatest satirists in the 18th century,(聽聽聽聽)made use of satire to attacksocial evilsand call for social changes in hisGulliver's Travels.A:Johnathan SwiftB:Daniel DefoeC:Samuel RichardsonD:Henry Fielding绛旀:A9銆?Gulliver鈥?s Travelstells about the adventures of Gullliver through the fairy tale of fantasy which is a great satire on ( ).A:human mindB:human heartC:human spiritD:human nature绛旀:D10銆?( ), the greatest realist novelist of the 18th-century English literature, is also considered the father of the English novel.A:Jonathan SwiftB:Henry FieldingC:Daniel DefoeD:Oliver Goldsmith绛旀:B11銆?Tom Jonesshows Fielding鈥檚 philosophical view of 鈥渞eturn to ( )鈥? Thus, in characterization, a contrast is made between Tom Jones, the good-nautured though flawed man, and Bilfil, the hypocritical villain.A:natureB:childhoodC:countrysideD:motherland绛旀:A12銆?Sentimentalism of English literature got its name from Lawrence Stern's novel (聽聽聽聽) in which Sterne tries to catch the actual flow of human mind and sentiment.A:Tristram ShandyB:The Vicar of WakefieldC:PamelaD:A Sentimental Journey绛旀:D13銆? Sentimetalism is also found in Samuel Richardson鈥檚 ( ) novels which convey female characters鈥?feelings and sentiments.A:realistB:adventureC:epistolaryD:historical绛旀:C14銆? The only poet of the sentimentalist school of literature is Thomas Gray, whose well-known 鈥淓legy Written in a Country Churchyard鈥?earned for him the name of a 鈥? ) Poet鈥?A:LakeB:NationalC:LocalD:Graveyard绛旀:D15銆? Oliver Goldsmith鈥檚The Vicar of Wakefieldconveys his reflections on the relations between sentimentalism and ( ) in the 18th-century English literature.A:satireB:realismC:romanticismD:localism绛旀:16銆? The latter half of the 18th century English literaturewas marked by a strong protest against the bondage ofclassicismanda recognition of the claims of passionand emotion which is later known as ( ).A:sentimentalismB:realismC:pre-romanticismD:neo-classicism绛旀:C17銆? Robert Burnsis the best known of the poets who have written in the( )dialect.A:IrishB:ScottishC:LondonD:Celtic绛旀:B绗叚绔?1銆? Romanticism preferred ( ) to reason and rationalism. To William Wordsworth,poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.A:emotionB:devicesC:rhetoricD:art绛旀:A2銆乀he joint publication of聽聽(聽聽聽聽) in 1798 by Wordsworth and Coleridge marked the beginning of the Romantic movement in England.A:'Lines Composed upon Tinten Abbey'B:'Rime of Ancient Mariner'C:Lyrical BalladsD:'Preface to Lyrical Ballads'绛旀:C3銆?To Wordsworth, the theme of poetry should be concerned with ( ), the language of peotry should be plain, and the people poetry should deal with are country folk.A:country lifeB:common lifeC:city lifeD:fantastic life绛旀:B4銆?In鈥淚 Wandered Lonely as a Cloud鈥? 鈥渢he inward eye鈥?refers to ( ), which is a metaphor to appeal to the reader鈥檚 imagination of the author鈥檚 inner feelings.A:鈥渉eart鈥?B:鈥渆motians鈥?C:鈥渞eason鈥?D:鈥渕ind鈥?绛旀:D5銆? In鈥淭he Solitary Reaper鈥? the feeling of ( ) is clearly conveyed to the reader, especially in the first stanza.A:lonelinessB:melancholyC:homesicknessD:disillusionment绛旀:B6銆? Percy Bysshe Shelley belongs to the school of ( ) romantic poets, whose masterpiecePrometheus Unboundowes much to the Greek tragedyPrometheus Bound.A:revolutionaryB:passiveC:activeD:lyrical绛旀:C7銆? ( ) is Shelley鈥檚 bestknown lyric in which he calls forth the overthrowing of the old social system and bringing destruction to it.A:鈥淥de to the West Wind鈥?B:鈥淭o a Skylark鈥?C:鈥淭he Cloud鈥?D:鈥淪ong to the Man of England鈥?绛旀:A8銆?Walter Scott is the only novelist of the romantic literature of the 19th-century England and his novels are mainly ( ) novels as far as genre is concerned.A:realistB:historicalC:sentimentalistD:psychoanalytical绛旀:B9銆? Scott鈥檚 historical novels touch uponthe subject matters ofthe history of( ), thehistory of Englandand the history of European countries.A:IrelandB:WalesC:FranceD:Scotland绛旀:D绗竷绔?1銆? JaneAusten鈥檚 novels mainly concern such issues as the ( ) of young women. Because of the use of satire and criticism of social prejudices, she is considered as a realist novelist rather than a romantic writer.A:mannersB:moralsC:ethicsD:feminism绛旀:A2銆? The Bronte sisters refer to Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte, with the elder two represented byJane Eyreand ( ) respectively.A:The ProfessorB:Agnes GreyC:Wuthering HeightsD:Villette绛旀:C3銆?Of the women writers in the 19th century English literature, ( ) is the only one that deals with the life of the working-class people, represented by her novelMary Barton.A:Mrs. GaskellB:Charlotte BronteC:George EliotD:Jane Austen绛旀:A4銆?The novels of George Eliot mostly deal with ( ) problems and contain psychological studies of the characters.A:socialB:moralC:culturalD:psychological绛旀:B绗叓绔?1銆? In response to the social, political and economic problems associated withindustrialisation,() novel becomes the leading genre of the Victorian literature.A:critial realistB:psychoanalyticalC:aestheticistD:new romanticist绛旀:A2銆乀he first period of Charles Dickens鈥檚 literary careeris characterized mainly by (聽聽聽聽) and the novels are filled with moral teachings.A:mysticismB:pessimismC:fatalismD:optimism绛旀:D3銆? Thomas Hardyis the most representativerealist in the later decades of the Victorian era,whose principal works are the ( ) novels, i.e., the novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.A:realistB:character and environmentC:modernistD:Bildungsroman绛旀:B4銆?In the aesthetic movement of the 19th century, 鈥淎rt for Art鈥檚 Sake鈥?can simply mean the focus on ( ) rather than on deep meaning of literary works.A:formB:techniqueC:impressionD:beauty绛旀:D5銆? ( ) is a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of an individual character whose spiritual world is conveyed to the reader through the author鈥檚 subtle psychological analysis.A:Interior monologueB:Free associationC:Dramatic monologueD:Psycho-analysis绛旀:C6銆?鈥淏reak, Break, Break鈥? is a short lyric poem written by Alfred Tennyson which is a(n) ( ) for the poet to reveal his grief over the death of his friend.A:elegyB:lyricC:sonnetD:ode绛旀:A7銆?Thomas Carlyle's non-fiction The French Revolution: A Historywas the inspiration for Charles Dickens' s novel(聽聽 ).A:Hard TimesB:Great ExpectationsC:A Tale of Two CitiesD:Oliver Twist绛旀:C8銆?John Ruskin was the leading English artcritic of the Victorian era. In hisModern Painters, he argued that the principal role of the artist is ( ).A:鈥渁rt for art鈥檚 sake鈥?B:鈥渢ruth to nature鈥?C:innovationD:creativity绛旀:B9銆?In hisCulture and Anarchy, ( ) showed his deepest contempt for and most frequent attack on the middle-class Philistines who he thought lacked culture.A:Thomas CarlyleB:John RuskinC:Charles KinsleyD:Matthew Arnold绛旀:D绗節绔?1銆?Writers, artists and composers we consider 鈥渕odern鈥?had their roots in the ( ) era which produced such writers as Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, W. S. Maugham, etc.A:EdwardianB:VictorianC:ElizabethanD:Georgian绛旀:A2銆? A Passage to Indiais set on Joseph Conrad鈥檚 own experience in India which deals with the theme of ( ) in addition to persoal relationships.A:patriotismB:culturalismC:fatalismD:colonialism绛旀:D3銆? ( )is admittedlyan autobiographicalnovel which draws much onMaugham鈥檚own experience.A:The Moon and SixpenceB:The Razor鈥檚 EdgeC:Of Human BondageD:Howard鈥檚 End绛旀:C绗崄绔?1銆?鈥淭he Waste Land鈥?is written by T. S. Eliot in which the theme of the ( ) of the post-World War I generation is declared to the reader.A:dreamB:disillusionmentC:enlightenmentD:radicalism绛旀:B2銆? Because of his Irish background, ( ) is thought to be the driving force of the Irish Literary Revival.A:William Butler YeatsB:AlfredTennysonC:Matthew ArnoldD:Robert Browning绛旀:A3銆?Ulysses, written by James Joyce and considered the most representative of the Egnlish stream-of-consciousness novels, is set in ( ), Ireleand .A:LondonB:EdinburghC:ManchesterD:Dublin绛旀:D4銆? The only female writer of the stream-of-consciousness novel is ( ), who produced such novels asTo the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway, The Waves, etc. .A:Catherine MansfieldB:George EliotC:Virginia WoolfD:Elizabeth Bowen绛旀:C5銆?D. H. Lawrence is a modernist novelist who makesreflectionsupon thedehumanizingeffects of( ) in his representative workSons and Lovers.A:modernizationB:industrialisation C:urbanizationD:mechanization。
the pilgrim's progress简介
the pilgrim's progress简介
《天路历程》（The Pilgrim's Progress）是英国作家约翰·班扬于1678年所著的长篇寓言小说。
小说讲述的是一个叫基督教的人，在追寻道路、逃离灾难和最终获得拯救的旅程中的故事。
这个故事以寓言形式，描述了人类在追求上帝的真理和救赎过程中所面临的各种诱惑和磨难，并通过主人公的历程，向读者阐述了基督教信仰的理念和价值观。
《天路历程》被认为是英国文学史上最具有影响力的作品之一，曾被翻译成100多种文字，对世界文学和文化产生了深远的影响。
它不仅被视为基督教文学的经典之作，也是英国文学中最重要的寓言小说之一，被誉为英国文学中的奇迹。
罗经国版《新编英国文学简史上》第六章3
Bunyan’s life Bunyan’s literary creation
The Pilgrim’s Progress allegory
Textual study:
The Pilgrim’s Progress
Bunyan’s life
Born in 1628, uneducated tinker; From the reformation he received an excess of the spiritual independence which had caused the Puritan struggle for liberty; The religious ferment of the age made a tremendous impression on Bunyan’s sensitive imagination; The dowry of his wife, two books entitled The Plain Man’s Pathway to Heaven and The Practice of Piety, gave fire to his imagination; Became an open-air preacher, imprisoned because of his refusal to obey the law prohibiting religious meetings without the authority of the Established Church;
Textual study
The Pilgrim’s Progress: a brief comment
The Pilgrim’s Progress is written in the form of allegory and dream; The allegory is written in an effective style: simple, strong, masculine and direct; He uses the language of the common people; He links the religious allegory with realistic character sketches. He ticks off a character by merely giving him a name—Obstinate, Mr. Worldly Wiseman, Lord Hategood.
The-Pilgrim’s-Progress
Context in Christendom （基督教徒，基督教世界）
The explicit（详尽的，清楚地）
Protestant（基督教徒，新教徒） theology
（神学）of The Pilgrim‘s Progress made it
found in it a true personal experience told with strength, interest, humor----in a word, with all the qualities that such a story should possess. Young people have read it, first, for its intrinsic (本质的，内在的) worth, because the dramatic interest of the story lured them on to the end; and second, because
it was their introduction to true allegory. It was the only book having any story interest in the great majority of English and American home for a full century.
much more popular than its predecessors.
Bunyan’s gifts and plain style breathe life into the abstractions（抽象概念） of the anthropomorphized（人性化） temptations （诱惑） and abstractions that Christian encounters and with whom he converses（认 识，谈话） on his course to Heaven. Samuel
A Comparative Study on The Journey to the West and The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》与《西游记》的
A Comparative Study on The Journey to the West and ThePilgrim’s Progress1. IntroductionNecessarily, different cultural characteristics of nationality derive from varieties environment, lifestyle, tradition, faith and appreciation. However, cultures of different nationalities have something in common for people’s thought, emotion, and behavior. As Mr. Meng Zhaoyi points:Human development is a trend which brings about a transnational or trans-regional culture exchanges. Characters of cultures, such as development, synchronism, transmission, enculturation and backwardness make it progresses. The development of culture bursts the restrains of communication. Nowadays, we can not find nothing where a culture is impacted by others. Throughout the world history literature, the suffering processes of believers is one of the main themes of religion works, such as The Pilgrim’s Progress and The Journey to the West. Absolutely the writing of the Pilgrim’s Progress is based on Christianism particularly The Bible, while The Journey to the West is based on Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. Similar historical circumstance and religion atmosphere coincidentally make the two authors choose religion subject and the form of imagination to write which makes the works a carrier of religion ideology, salvation concept and people’s acknowledgment and exploration to the other side of the world. The Pilgrim’s Progress is honored as “a perfect work of allegory” by westerner, while the Journey to the West is honored as “a medieval legendary of China”. They are written according to social matters. They criticize on social evils, greatly show the sense of mission social responsibility. The two works differ from each other for their heroes aims to the journey, authors’ attitudes toward rising businessmen and writing techniques. We could have a better understanding of the two works by exploring their similarities and differences.2. Differences of the two novels2.1 Different imagery of namesThe first section of The Pilgrim’s Progress tells a story in form of dream where the christian knows the ruin of hometown from a book. A man called “preacher”warns him of leaving for heaven. Then he starts his journey. The second section of the book tells a story about Christian’s wife, whose name is Woman Christian, taking a journey to heaven with her children. She is guided by a man called Fearless. Based on The Bible, the two sections of The Pilgrim’s Progress has many symbolic names. For example, there are the Pond of Despair, Mountain of Difficulty (difficulties that the christian must to overcome), Village of Doubt, Giant of Despair (the Christian is held back by Giant of Despair at Village of Doubt), and Vanity Fair, Preacher(who guides the journey of Christian) and Mr.Fearless(who guides the journey of Woman Christian).Having suffered from countless difficulties, and dangers, the Christian arrives in heaven, making his dream of salvation come true. He is modeled as an incarnation of virtue and an example of puritans at revolution age. Mr Brave, modeled as a representative for rightness as well. As for negative roles, there are Arrogant, Haughty and so on. They are hated by God according to The Bible. Besides, conceptualized roles are used to imply the figures in real society. For example, Devil Apollyon is a tyrant. Mr “Bashfulness” is a saint when being at outside but a devil when being at home. They are the symbols of evil and guilt. Many names and roles in the book originate from the history of Christianity. For example, the Christian’s four kids, they are Mathew, Samuel, Joseph and Jacob. According to The Bible, Mathew is one of the 12 apprentices of Jesus, Samuel is a famous prophet at judges age, Joseph is the twelfth son of Jacob and Jacob is Jesus’ brother.In The Journey to the West, Tang Monk’s three apprentices represent three kind of bad habits, they are avarice, anger and simpleton. Pig represents people who have a strong desire of avarice. He lust for wealth, beauty, fame, profit, food and sleep. Pig is warned to observe the eight commandments so that he can quit the desire of avarice and gain wisdom. As a result, he is named as “Eight Commandments”. Conversely, Pig fails to observe. Monkey King represents anger, he always wants to control whenan accidents happen unfairly. But he will be angry when he is misunderstood and blamed by his master. Being endowed with magic power and having an ability of seventy two metamorphoses, Monkey King is more powerful than Tang Monk, nevertheless, Tang Monk is the master while Monkey King isn’t. When I was a little boy, I couldn’t understand why Tang Monk is the master as he looks so weak, rather than Monkey King is as he is so powerful. But finally I got it after I study Buddhism, which tells me that the ultimate pursuit of Buddhism is not being powerful but to eliminate human’s anger. Monk Sha is a man of simpleton and honesty, being lack of common sense. He has no idea of what is right or wrong. Studying Buddhism can help him avoid confusion.2.2 Different attitudes toward rising bourgeoisieThe Journey to the West was written when capitalism rises, while The Pilgrim’s Progress is written at the time of England bourgeois revolution. Inevitably, rising businessmen are involved in both works. Although the Journey to the West is a story about Tang Dynasty, it presents a situation of flourishing development of capitalism at middle and later Ming Dynasty. Being at the feudal age, Wu Cheng’en, the author, dare not to advocate business activities directly. So he just holds a cautious attitude toward the promotion of capitalism. Yet, we can find the author’s promotion to the rising businessmen in the book. Every destination of the journey owns praise from the author, even pubs are described as paradise. It is a breakthrough that the author equate the lowly-considered business activity with the lofty journey of Tang Monk. For example, when Tang Monk sees a group of businessmen walking on dangerous layer of ice, he says, “Benefit is more important than anything. They risk their life for gaining benefit while my emperor brother be loyal to fame. It makes no difference”. Meanwhile, there is much praise for humanity and aspiration for freedom spirit. Monkey King, whatever he represents in the book, represents the liberation of personality. The author is a person of lower-level. He has a close experience to the benefit brought by development of bourgeoisie therefore, he advocates the rising bourgeoisie. Some writers of history regard The Journey to the West and The Plum in the Golden Vase as works of two age. But that is incorrect. Greatly The Journey to theWest continues to tell the kind of story of The Plum in the Golden Vase. Both the novels have a similar attitude toward rising class.To the rising businessmen, Bunyan accepts and criticizes. If there is no description of Vanity Fair, The Pilgrim’s Progress would be a mere religion work written to exhort. It is the description that presents features of that age. Vanity Fair is described as a materialistic and vile place. There are many goods such as country, desire, happiness, whore, children and anything to be purchased. When the christian and his partner Mr Loyalty buy truth, they are mocked, attacked and even be sentenced to death. In fact, the “Vanity Fair”mirrors the life of England bourgeois noblemen. And is the author, weather or not, an opponent to the capitalism class as he describes the Vanity Fair such a corrupt place? Bunyan had joined the Cromwell’s New Model army and edified with bourgeois ideology. He is not the opponent to capitalism but an opponent to “those people who are opposed to the supreme of God”. Namely, he is opposed to those noblemen who disobeys the edification of God, and the clergy who exploit churches.2.3 Different aims of journeysAlthough the two novels reveal reality by religion, they have different cognition to it, which hat can be explored in protagonists’ aim for their journeys.The Journey to the West is a subverting work for it satires feudal culture of Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism. And the author expresses his satire by another buddhist and taoist works as well. The Journey to the West is “a work of game”, it contains “sharp realism”, and conveys the truth by games.The satire is radiated by author’s unsatisfied tone to feudalism society. At the period of middle and later Ming Dynasty, emperors become more and more incompetent and corrupt. The country falls down and their people live in misery. That situation generates thoughts of salvation and loyalty that are greatly advocated by the author. Therefore Tang Monk starts his journey. However, it is not for himself but for the salvation of all and for his emperor’s everlasting power. Jambudvipa, where Tang Dynasty locates, is a place filled with avarice, slaughter, deception, lies, cheat, ingrate and murder.Obviously the place is not a real place of Tang dynasty. It is a plot conceived toshow the degeneration of middle and later period of Ming Dynasty. Faced with that situation, the author wants to find a way to reform, which means to change the situation and people’s soul by good ideologies and moral cultivation.At Bunyan’s age, the emperor of England was a believer of Roman Catholic, and Christian church was badly corrupt. It is not the same as what is described in The Bible. Therefore, what Bunyan wants to do is to correct the wrong reality with his pen. Just as it is written in this book, “Why the christian starts his journey? He is oppressed by the great burden. He worries about the ruin of his hometown by heaven’s fire. He cries, “How can we be saves?” .Although the ways of salvation is different, it differs from the ideologies between China and foreign countries. The aim of The Journey to the West lies in helping from others, while the aim of The Pilgrim’s Progress lies in self-rescue. Anyway, as long as everyone get rescued, all get rescued.3. Similarities of the two novels3.1 Similarity of techniquesThe creation of the two novels. In the novels, romanticism is widely adopted. It expresses authors’feelings and imagination to life, namely the perception and perspective for beauty and ugliness, the true and the false, the good and the evil. In order to transcend the reality, authors have to take peculiar imagination, bold exaggeration and fancy plot to radiate their feeling to real life, because they are reluctant to face the odiousness of reality. There are some common features of romanticism in both novels, for example, fancy circumstances and plots, which makes the two novels popular around the world.Most Christians have an imagination of a paradise. John Milton, exactly, imagines in Paradise Lost, looking far into the distance, the kingdom of heaven looks like an earthly paradise with tall city walls and magnificent buildings.Full of imagination, Bunyan starts to write The Pilgrim’s Progress with a dream, develops the story with a full scroll of fancy circumstances, including fierce fighting,plenty of monsters and so on. The romantic characteristics of the novel are as follows: on the one hand, there are various figures in the book, for example, Monster Apollyon, who imperils the christian at valley of mortification, looks like a pterosaur as well as a fish wearing a coat of scale. His feet look like bear’s paw. His lion-liked big mouth flaming and smoking. On the other hand, there are many unique names by which the author rectify and personify abstract things. For example, there are names of people, Mr.Meek, Loyalty, Timidity, Giant of Despair, names of places, Pool of Despair, Castle of Suspect, Town of Pomp and so on.The Journey to the West reads more splendid than most mystery works before. Its circumstances transfer with the deeds of immortals and monsters, breaking away from time and space. For example, Monkey King uproars in heaven, breaks into Dragon King’s Palace. He would be anywhere at anytime. Humans, deities, animals are oddly-shaped. Everything in the story is endowed with magic power. For example, the description of Monkey King’s cudgel, “it weighs 13500 Jin”, “suddenly it is turned into a needle”(). And Monkey King has a super power of 72 metamorphoses. Ne Zha, is a superhuman with 3 heads and 6 arms. The birds, beasts, even plants can turn into anything with magic power. In a word, that is a world full of magic.3.2 Similarity of religionFor example, the writing pattern of the Pilgrim’s Progress is “original sin-believing-expiation-salvation-favor”, The narrative styles of the two stories follow a narration Bible. The story can be summarized as the following, with original sin, Christian starts his journey to pursue truth. During the process he is lured constantly by other people and things. Finally he clutches the Cross on the “wall of salvation” which means his release from original sin. While The Journey to the West is written accord ing to a Buddhism pattern of “karma-salvation of ascetic-salvation of all-to be immortal”. Tang monk and his apprentices are punished to be ordinary humans to suffer from 81 difficulties due to their previous crimes. Taking scriptures as their very goal, they start the journey of suffering 81 difficulties. Luckily, when they need help, their immortal friends come to help. Their journey is a process not only to save themselves but also to save all.Both novels tell the story of believer suffering the difficulties in order to realize their supreme goals. The believers are devout and indomitable to their own religion. The christian, hero of The Pilgrim’s Progress,suffers from devils, beauty, wealth abusive power, suicide, betray and so on. However he holds on to march toward heaven. While Monkey king is a hero who eradicate demons, Tang Monk and his fellow apprentices firmly march toward the west. Obviously, the two novels advocate a common doctrine of karma, good and evil, embrace, abstinence, toleration.Based on religion, the two authors take The Bible and the buddhist books as a basis to write.John Bunyan is a devout christian and missionary, mainly receiving education from The Bible. As Elvis Lewis says, “Bunyan’s life experience forms material of the novel while The Bible forms the framework and his genius finally make it”. Bunyan is quite familiar with The Bible as he respectively quotes 160 and 94 metaphors from The Bible in the first and second section of his book. Wu Chengen is not a special buddhist or a taoist, but a intellectual with combined idea of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. As a result, there are Buddha, Bodhisattva(the figures of Buddhism), Jade Emperor, sons of heaven(the figures of Taoism). They are deities in The Journey to the West and once they join together to tackle Monkey King. Then, Tang Monk is modeled as a buddhist who wants to take across sentient beings universally, as well as a stubborn and coward scholar. Monkey King follows Master Puti and later convert to Tang Monk. And there are numerous Confucian classics and taoist parlance in the novel that make The Journey to the West full of features of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. Besides, the final result of Tang Monk and his apprentices are getting the scriptures(for Buddhism), to live forever(for Taoism) and continuing to save(for Confucianism). Just as Lindsay comments, Like the words in The Bible, buddhist texts in the story turn to be vivid.Meanwhile, many ideologies and words of Taoism are much adopted, the most typical of which is the application for ideologies and imagery of the book of changes in the beginning and the end.3.3 Similarities of themesPoignant reality and strong critics are obvious features of the two novels.Religion is a faith including commentary to the world and cognition to supernatural power, as well as a hope deriving from reality.John Bunyan and Wu Chengen have a similar life experience. They have a precise observation as well. Bunyan was born in a poor tinker family. He joined parliamentary army in England Revolution. But that army is a nonconformist denomination being suppressed at the age of dynasty restoration. Sticking to preach religion puts him into prison for 12 years, during the time he wrote the Pilgrim’s Progress, and that is his master work. Besides, he had written many other religion work. Writing with the intention to expose feudalism and pursue freedom and equality made him a representative for lower level believers. Wu Chengen was born in a downfallen merchant family. He was reluctant to write to flatter the authority. As a result, he always failed in the imperial competitive examination. Therefore, he lived a poor life on his writing for a long time. With fairy tales, many of his poetic prose are written to assail the ugliness of society. Those characteristics are largely presented in The Journey to the West. The realism and criticism of the two novels are revealed from flowing aspects.Firstly, both novels have realistic image of the figures. Figures in the two novels, though they are social ones with magic power and sense, they are social ones of reality as well. Those figures can be classified as two kinds. The justice and the evil. Monkey King and the christian are representatives of justice. Being upright, honest, indomitable, believing in justice, brave to struggle, the christian is modeled as an incarnation of virtue, and an example of puritans in the period of revolution. While Monkey King is modeled as a figure of unruliness, energy and power. He resists violence. He loves freedom, yearns for pureness and brightness. He is clever and brave. He is the most famous and brilliant hero in mythical literature. There are another conceptualized figures modeled to represent social people of demoralization and evil The Pilgrim’s Progress. For instance, Apollyon is a tyrant, Mr.Corruption is a corrupt official, Ms.Affection is a hypercritical noble woman. There are plenty of monsters in The Journey to the West, White-boned Demon, Bull Demon King, Bear Demon and Yama. They are fierce and cruel ones. They are not only the incarnation ofnatural power, but also the symbol of feudal autocracy.Secondly, both novels reveal evils of society by telling the experience of heroes as links. As George Bernard Shaw points, the whole story of The Pilgrim’s Progress questions morality and reputation, and condemns evil and crime.“Valley of Disgrace”and Demon Apollyon are modeled to reflect the autocracy of Stuart Dynasty. “Vanity Fair” is a place filled with goods like honor, official position, body and soul, except for truth. And there are murder, cheat and bully as well the Christian is beat up even sentenced to death due to his claim to buy truth. The plot reveals the situation of tyranny and the people’s tough living situation.The difficult living condition is more apparent in The Journey to the West. On the one hand, governors are exposed to be more luxurious. There are feasts arranged with priceless food and wine, including dragon’s liver, phoenix’s marrow, bear gall and ape’s lip and so on. On the other hand, they are corrupted and incompetent. For example, when Osiris amends the book of life and death, he practices favoritism. Even two of important apprentices of the Buddha extorts from Tang Monk and his apprentices when their requirements are declined, and they give Tang Monk fake scriptures, which reveals the cowardice and weakness of the governors.Thirdly, they criticize the injustice of laws. Both novels largely question the institutions and laws. In The Pilgrim’s Progress, the Christian is sentenced after he claims to buy truth. Unexpectedly, the jury are Blindness, Bad Guy and Prurience and the witnesses are Jealousy, Superstition and Flattery. The result of judgment turns out to be the death for Mr Loyalty and the Christian. The plot reflects a real trial of Judge Jeffery, castigating the injustice in real life. While The Journey to the West advocates “retribution for sin”. However it depends on antecedents rather than sin. Monsters can kill without being badly punished if they have antecedents. For example, the lion, the elephant and the rock kill others in human being’s world but they are not punished, and even they are reinstated in office. For the immortals at lower levels, however, once they violate the law, they will definitely be punished.4.ConclusionThe P ilgrim’s Progress and The Journey to the West have an epochal meaning not only because they have similarity in critical thought on religion, but also because they both adopt religious pattern and allegory. The P ilgrim’s Progress describes the process to heaven in a form of dream, while in The Journey to the West tells the journey of Tang Monk an his followers. The former is about the C hristian’s ideology of faith and salvation of soul, while the latter is about the idea of understanding of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.Actually the journeys both of the christian and Tang Monk and his apprentices are journeys for soul. The Kingdom of Heaven or the western heaven are the highest state where we can arrive only by making great efforts and experience great hardship. Therefore both works imply that we should pay more attention to our inner heart and we can achieve our goal by perseverance and persistence.As it describes below, the names of characters and imagination present the authors’ attitudes and views to reality. Those names are full of deep implication.。
The Pilgrim’s Progress
救赎与恩典观念传达
救赎观念的体现
小说中基督徒的朝圣之旅实际上 是一次寻求救赎的过程，通过信 仰和虔诚，他最终获得了上帝的
救赎和拯救。
恩典观念的传达
在基督徒的旅程中，他不断领受到 上帝的恩典和眷顾，这些恩典不仅 帮助他克服困难，也让他更加坚定 自己的信仰。
救赎与恩典的关系
小说通过基督徒的经历展示了救赎 和恩典之间的密切关系，即救赎是 上帝对人类的拯救，而恩典则是上 帝对人类的爱和关怀。
清教徒思想影响
强调个人信仰
清教徒认为个人与上帝之间的直接关系是信仰的核心，强调个人 对《圣经》的解读和理解。
反对繁文缛节
清教徒反对教会中的繁文缛节和形式主义，主张简化宗教仪式，注 重内心的虔诚。
提倡勤奋节俭
清教徒提倡勤奋工作和节俭生活，认为这是实现个人价值和社会进 步的重要途径。
作者个人经历及信仰转变
遇见的人物及事件
“福音使者”
基督徒在逃离“毁灭之城”前，遇到了一位名叫“福音使者”的人，他向基督徒传授了 信仰和救赎的知识。
“忠信”与“盼望”
基督徒在旅途中结识了两位同伴——“忠信”与“盼望”，他们共同经历了许多艰难 险阻。
与“世界王子”的斗争
在穿越“狭谷”的过程中，基督徒遇到了代表世俗诱惑的“世界王子”，经过一场激烈 的斗争，基督徒最终战胜了“世界王子”，坚定了自己的信仰。
结局与寓意
结局
基督徒及其同伴最终抵达了“天城”，获得了永恒的救赎和幸福。
寓意
通过基督徒的历程，作品传达了对信仰、救赎和人生意义的深刻思考。它告诉人们，只有坚定信仰、 勇敢面对人生中的困难和挑战，才能最终获得真正的幸福和救赎。同时，《天路历程》也揭示了人性 的复杂性和世俗世界的诱惑，提醒人们要时刻保持警惕和自省。
The Pilgrim's Progress(β vision)
The Pilgrim's Progress was written during the period of the English Revolution. Also, it belongs to Puritan literature.
This period was one of confusion in literature due to the breaking up of the old ideals. Puritanism disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry written in the previous period. Literature was as divided in spirit as were the struggling parties
About writer: John Bunyan
John Bunyan is one of the great writers and evangelists o f the period of the English bourgeois revolution on the 1 8th century.
At that time, the Puritan believed in simplicity of life, many simple pleasures were forbidden and an austere(简朴的) standard of living was forced upon unwilling people.
Impression（万子豪）
As a tinker in a poor family , he experienced a lot , which laid his foundation for his thinking pattern ,confirmed him in his calling as a writer , made him realize that following Jesus may have difficulties. Influenced by Renaissance and his experience, he expressed his love for people .So, we can see that time and social degree can shape one’s character. In the book ,one chapter tells us that the person who did not understand the Bible was regarded as disappointment and will not gain entry to the Celestial City . Reading is important.
英美文学选读第二章笔记Neoclassical-period
I.Multle choice1.The 18th century England is known as the Enlightenment in thehistory英國的十八世紀也同時是啟蒙主義時代，或曰理性時代, 啟蒙運動是進步的知識分子運動，興盛於法國，後來席卷整個歐洲2.The Pilgrim’s progress is the most successful religious allegoryin the English language天路歷程是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言，它的主旨是讓人們遵循基督教教義3.The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to beconcerned with the search for spiritual Salvation4.Among the representative of the Enlightenment, who was the firstto introduce rationlism to England?Alexander Pope 亞歷山大.蒲柏作為啟蒙主義時期的代表人物，蒲柏第一個將理性主義引入英國,他將現行的社會制度奉為理想的制度，但依然能看透那嚴重的道德，政治及文化上的腐朽沒落5.An essay on criticism , written in heroic couplet by Pope, isconsidered manifesto of English neoclassism論批評是用英雄雙韻體寫的說教詩, 倡導了古典主義標準，在英國普及了新古典主義6.Alexander Pope stongly advocated neoclassicism,emphasizing thatliterary works should be judged by classical rules of order,reason , logic , restrained emotion, good taste and decorum蒲柏是當時最偉大的詩人，他大力倡導新古典主義，強調文學作品的優劣應由古典的秩序尺度，理性，邏輯，情感的克制，高雅的品位及是否體面，正派來衡量7.The Dunciad is generally considered to be Pope’s best satiricwork群愚史詩是蒲柏最優秀的諷刺作品，他花了十年心血才將其完成8.Daniel Defore describes as a typical Englishmiddle-class man of the eighteen century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonistMoll Flanders 莫爾。
英国文学简要笔记
1.John Donne 多恩--- Metaphysical poetry玄学派诗人Major works: The Canonization/A V alediction: Forbidding Mouring/Song 2.John Milton 弥尔顿---Paradise Lost失乐园The epic is written in blank verse.The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton’s creed（纲领）.3.John Bunyan班扬--- The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程Thackeray’s the Vanity Fair an excerpt from the Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Pilgrim’s Progress is an allegory寓言Theme：the Puritan struggle of freedom of worship, the eternal struggle of man to find unity with God.His language is concrete, living and colloquial.4.Daniel Defoe笛福---Moll Flanders /Robinson Crusoe笛福18世纪的小说家5.Jonathan Swift斯威夫特---A Modest Proposal /Gulliver’s Travels /ATale of TubHe is a satirist讽刺家.“Proper words in proper place ,makes the true definition of a style”6.Alexander Pope蒲柏---the first one introduce rationalism to England.He is the great poet of the classical in the first half of the 18th century.He is a master of heroic couplets.Major works：The Rape of the Lock劫发记/An Essay on Man人论7.Fielding菲尔丁---The father of English novelFirst to write a “Comic epic in prose”散文体史诗Adopted” the third-person narration”Masterpiece: The Story of Tom Jones ,A Foundling8.Thomas Gray格雷---Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓畔挽歌The leader of the sentimental poetry of the day.9.Robert Burns彭斯---His poem written in the Scottish dialect.<A Red, Red Rose>(1)How does the narrator in the love song express his love?To use many figures of speeches: simile, metaphor, repetition.(2)Why is this poem so touching to the readers?A: directly passionateB: artistic recreation; imagery presentationC: in repetition to stir on echoing effect.10.William Blake布雷克---poet & engraver雕刻家Major works: The Song of Innocence & the Song of Experience<The Chimney Sweeper>扫烟囱的小孩(1)What is the young child speaks of his “father and mother” whom doeshe refer to?The indifference & ruthlessness of the adults.(2)What is the “little black thing” in the poem?Sweeper(3)What is the theme of poem?To satire the indifference & ruthlessness of the adults, and the society. 11．The Age of Romance(1798-1835)Background：A. three revolution (Industrial, American, French).B. the abolition of slavery in British colonies.C. the introduction of system of national education.D. the Factory Acts工厂法案by which the employment children under nine was forbidden by the law.E. the Lyrical Ballads----Wordsworth & ColeridgeCharacterize by 5 “I”: Imagination, Intuition, Idealism, Inspiration, Individuality12.The Lake Poets湖畔诗人---- Wordsworth & Coleridge & Southey骚塞The Satanic school 撒旦派诗人---- Byron & Shelly & Keats13.Wordsworth 华兹华斯----“emotion recollected in tranquility”Lyrical Ballads 抒情民谣：Theme：Sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language.14. <I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud>Rhyme scheme: ab ab cc, iambic tetrameter抑扬格四音步(1)What does the image of cloud suggest to you?Loneliness, isolation, solitude, aimlessness, aloofness.Cloud represents the feelings of the speaker essentially.(2)What has the poet meditated from what he has described? And thetheme?In loneliness or in low spirit, the recollection of the nature beauty brings him “the bliss” and “pleasure”in his heart. Therefore, the idea of going back to nature is advocated and clearly expressed in this poem.(3)Pay a attention to the tense(时态) used in this poem, what does itindicate?Past tense(过去时)The recollection of the past experience will arouse a new sense of the old memories.15. <The Solitary Reaper>孤独的割麦女Each ending with a couplet. Written in iambic tetrameter, the rhyme is ab ab cc dd.The theme: this poem uses rural figures to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity & its radiant beauty.16.Coleridge柯勒律治----The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏/ Kubla khan忽必烈汗The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏是《抒情民谣》里唯一一首Coleridge所做。
The_Pilgrim’s_Progress (2)
Theology of the Cross
The theology of the Cross (Latin: Theologia Cruets)[1] or staurology[2] (from Greek stauros: cross, and -logy: "the study of")[3]is a term coined by the theologian Martin Luther[1] to refer to theology that posits the cross as the only source of knowledge concerning who God is and how God saves. It is contrasted with the theology of glory[1] (theologia gloriae),[1] which places greater emphasis on human abilities and human reason.
CONTENT
Christians began a difficult journey alone, after get out of the entanglement of "quagmire" despair, "the valley of humiliation", "valley of the shadow of death," "vanity fair", "doubt" fort, along the way is better than "atheist", "ignorance", "Mr Smart", "Mr Ass", "love Mr. Qian" . Finally, he reached the kingdom of heaven and saw God.
The-Pilgrim’s-Progress
just this side of the River of Death.
• The River of Death死亡河, the dreadful river
that surrounds Mount Zion, deeper or shallower depending on the faith of the one traversing it.
• MERCY宽容, CHRISTIANA's neighbour, who goes with her on pilgrimage and marries MATTHEW.
• MR. GREAT-HEART伟大的心先生, the guide and body-guard sent by the INTERPRETER with CHRISTIANA and her companions from his house to their journey's end. He proves to be one of the main protagonists in the Second Part.
• River of God or River of the Water of Life上帝 之河, a place of solace for the pilgrims. It flows
through a meadow, green all year long and filled with lush fruit trees.
Main Characters
• CHRISTIAN基督, whose name was Graceless at some time before, the protagonist in the First Part, whose journey to the Celestial City is the plot of the story.
天路历程英语读后感
天路历程英语读后感天路历程英语读后感The pilgrim"s progress can be said to be a very famous and very influential book in the Christian literature and a lot of people have read it. Actually when I first read the pilgrim"s progress I am not interested in it，even feel boring, and the result is I want to give up halfway. Why，because I don"t have experience of the Christian in this book. He encountered many difficulties, but I have not experienced, so I am not interested in it when I readied it.As time goes by I read it more and more, and I began to feel deeply the process of Christian struggling against difficulties. Then I find all sorts of experience of protagonist Christian is the mirror of most of ordinary people.The difficulties he met，also is that we met. His failure was also that we had been through. And each time he regained faith, which also brought us a great joy and hope, because we also are the people who have pursuit and ideal.From the knowledge level to see，The pilgrim"s progress is the most vitality predictions. This work is to write a virtual world, but it is the reality of the world in essence. This can make us more aware of the complexity behind the real world.This work mainly displayed that human losing himself needed redemption, and only can be saved through confessing their iniquity and believing God. All kinds of people Christian meet on the road are the people banyan met in any market, or any other streets in that era of Britain. This is the reason that novel have b vitality.Reading this book, what make me feel touched and shock isthat Christian faithfully began his difficult lonely journey for the beliefs in his heart. All the way he went through despair mire, humiliation valley, the valley of the shadow of death, vanity fair, doubt fort, and all the way he defended entanglement of atheist, ignorance, Mr. Smart, Mr. Apple, Mr. Love money and so on，and finally came to the kingdom of heaven to pay a formal visit god.Did you ever have the experience like Christian being overcome by difficulties?Did you ever same to feel very sad, and even discouraged?Let Christian’ s words remind us once again：My enemies!Do not rejoice over me,when I fall, I will rise up, I sit in darkness, and Jehovah will be a light unto me.Although we are not Christian, we can get a lot of valuable spiritual wealth from the Christian. In order to the paradise of the heart, he insisted on their beliefs, had indomitable sprint，did not be afraid of all kinds of difficulties and hardships, and ultimately achieved himself ideal. In the process toward the pilgrim，the Christian experienced all kinds of hardships and temptation, but the power of the divine in his heart drove him constantly.This is the power of faith. At each stage of the novel Christian has experienced many tests, frustrated. At the same time, he also got edification, friendship, understanding and joy. This is life"s most precious wealth. Only unswerving firmly believe that their beliefs, oneself will have the possibility of success. Give up is not successful. In the fiction, soft wanted to follow the Christian went to the kingdom of heaven, but while he encountered difficulty he hesitated and turned back. stubborn is so sure for everything，and he adhered others to accept his point of view, even he thinkhimself he did not need the help of others, also did not need any guidance. Succinct forthright language of Christian shows that he was a man of determination and perseverance.Only such as Christian， it will be possible to achieve their ideal. But, no one else will meet with difficulties. For example, in the valley of the shadow of death the heart of Christian appeared straggliest and hesitation. Christian had not set out on a journey yet and he was laughed at the family and the neighbor"s taunt.He met despair mire when he left not a long time. This kind of trouble continued until he reached the kingdom of heaven.The way of going the kingdom of ideal heaven is not only bright and sunny, but also has the dark clouds. I think we can get some enlightenment from the book to solve problems we are facing today. Christian started the journey to the kingdom of heaven. We saw him on the way to heaven, and in every step he was faced with choice weather continue or not. It also makes us associate that we are always faced with the same choice like Christian in our current life journey.The description is enough to tell everyone: faith is not a simple matter. Faith is not diversion，Even more is not a easy way of recreation In our time. everyone ，who has the ideal and faith，is the need to pay the price. A belief is not allowed to be satisfied with a smattering of knowledge. Beliefs demand people must devote your whole heart to the life of the whole to embrace that beautiful flame.。
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• Giant Despair • A terrifying Giant who guards the Doubting Castle, along with his wife, Diffidence. He locks Hopeful and Christian in a dungeon for several days. • Knowledge, Experience, Watchful and Sincere • Shepherds at Immanuel's Land who protect the Lord's sheep. • Ignorance • A boy who comes from the Country of Conceit and encounters Christian and Hopeful. In the end, he is sent to Hell, proof that good intentions are not enough to save a man's soul.
Part II
• Christiana • Christian's wife. Originally, she tried to persuade Christian not to go on the journey. After news of his success reached her, she decided to take her family and seek salvation as well. • Mercy • Christiana's neighbor. She accompanies Christiana to the Celestial City and eventually marries one of Christiana's sons, Matthew.
The Pilgrim’s Progress
By Xiaoli Fang
Allegory
• It is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching. An allegory has a double meaning. It has a primary meaning, or surface meaning, and a secondary meaning, or underlying meaning.
• Good-will • He saves Christian from the arrows of Beelzebub and pulls him through the Wicket Gate. • Interpreter • A holy man who shows Christian several wonders that await all pilgrims seeking the Celestial City.
(Allegorical )Characters
• Christian • An ordinary sinner from the City of Destruction who journeys toward the Celestial City in search of salvation. • Evangelist • A prophet/preacher who is eager to help those who have decided to seek salvation.
The Pilgrim’s Progress as an allegory
• The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory. This book opens with the author’s dream in which he sees a man “with a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back”. The man is the Christian pilgrim (基督教的朝圣者), the book is the Bible, and the burden on his back is the weight of worldly cares and concerns. He embarked on a hard journey to seek salvation(救赎).
• Formalist and Hypocrisy • Pilgrims who try a short cut and die for their offense. • Porter • A watchman of the house where Christian finds rest.
• Apollyon • A foul fiend that Christian fights with in the Valley of Humiliation. • Faithful • A friend and companion to Christian on the road to the Celestial City. • Mr. Talkative • A talkative fool who latches on to Christian and Faithful. When he leaves them, they are thankful.
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It tells how Christian starts his pilgrimage from his home to the Kingdom of Heaven, and of his experiences and adventures on his journey. There are many allegorical figures and places Christian meets on the way.
• Atheist • A good-natured and happy man who laughs at the pilgrims and tells them that there is no such place as the Celestial City. • Turn-away • An apostate who has been seized by seven devils. • Flatterer • A man who induces the pilgrims to follow him.
• Great-heart • A soldier who accompanies the women and children on their journey and saves them from a lot of difficulties. • Gaius • The innkeeper who welcomes the party of pilgrims and who gives his daughter as a bride to another of Christiana's sons. • Mnason • A native of Cyprus. He provides the pilgrims with rest in Vanity and gives two of his daughters, Grace and Martha, to Samuel and Joseph, Christiana's other unwedded sons.
Vanity Fair
• Bunyan gives a symbolic picture of London at the time. Interested only in commerce and money-making, the town holds a year-round fair at which all kinds of things are bought and sold, including honour, title, kingdom, lusts; there cheating, rougery, murder, and adultery prevail.
• Hate-good • A wicked judge in the town of Vanity who sentences Faithful to death. • Hopeful • A companion to Christian after Faithful's death. In the end, he helps Christian cross the Dark River and get to the Celestial City. • By-ends • A wealthy man who honors his religious beliefs when they are easy. When things get difficult, he is not as pious or faithful. He dies in the silver mines, overcome by his own love of comfort.