Grand, Philippe - Swing Philnadi's Blues 经典吉他谱五线谱对照六线谱.pdf

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Buffet丰富的经验,追求制作上的改良,为了更优美的音色,仔细的挑选木质,且以不染色不打亮处理,保持木质原本的美观,下切式的音孔设计,终於实现了音乐家们的梦想,那就是—R13 Prestige的诞生. R13 Prestige的键结构,经过专家们再三的检验测试,使用防水垫(Gore-Tex),键的表面有镀银及镀银提供选择.R13 Prestige 的音高为440,Bb调的调音管(Barrel)长66mm,A调为65mm.Eb/Ab lever键为标准配置
Green Line
Green Line 源自1825年起,Buffet Crampon一直是乐器制造的改革者,面临有限的非洲黑木,於是开发了Green Line. Green Line是一种珍贵的材质,它混合了95%的黑檀木粉及5%的碳纤维而成,此种材质拥有与木制乐器一样的听觉品质,因为温度及湿度的改变并不影响它的共鸣,最重要的一点 – 不用担心会有木裂的情况出现! 目前仅有R13,Festival,RC以及RC Prestige以Green Line制造,且管径,键处理".与木制同型完全相同.
(注)Mitchel Arrignon世界级单簧管大师,目前任教於法国巴黎高等音乐院
R13 Prestige （R13银牌）
不仅止於是一件的完美机器制造物品,更希望它是一样有著独特表现,是独一无二的物品.Buffet丰富的经验,追求制作上的改良,为了更优美的音色,仔细的挑选木质,且以不染色不打亮处理,保持木质原本的美观,下切式的音孔设计,终於实现了音乐家们的梦想,那就是—R13 Prestige的诞生. R13 Prestige的键结构,经过专家们再三的检验测试,使用防水垫(Gore-Tex),键的表面有镀银及镀银提供选择.R13 Prestige 的音高为440,Bb调的调音管(Barrel)长66mm,A调为65mm.Eb/Ab lever键为标准配置.

英语话剧剧本范文10篇

英语话剧剧本范文10篇英文回答：1. "Romeo and Juliet" by William Shakespeare.The classic tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" tells the story of two young lovers from feuding families who fall in love and ultimately meet a tragic end. The play is filled with iconic lines and memorable scenes, such as the balcony scene where Romeo professes his love for Juliet. The emotional depth of the characters and the timeless themes of love and conflict make this play a favorite among audiences worldwide.2. "The Importance of Being Earnest" by Oscar Wilde."The Importance of Being Earnest" is a witty and satirical comedy that pokes fun at the social conventions of Victorian society. The play follows the antics of two friends who create imaginary personas to escape their dulllives, leading to a series of hilarious misunderstandings. Wilde's clever wordplay and sharp wit make this play a delight to watch and a favorite among fans of comedy.3. "A Streetcar Named Desire" by Tennessee Williams."A Streetcar Named Desire" is a powerful drama that explores the themes of desire, madness, and the clash between old and new ways of life. The play follows the troubled relationship between Blanche DuBois and her brother-in-law Stanley Kowalski, culminating in a devastating climax. Williams' vivid characters and poetic language create a haunting and unforgettable theatrical experience.4. "Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller."Death of a Salesman" is a poignant tragedy that delves into the struggles of the American Dream and the impact of a changing society on one man and his family. The play follows Willy Loman, a salesman who grapples with feelings of failure and disillusionment as he confronts his ownmortality. Miller's exploration of the human condition and the pursuit of success resonates with audiences to this day.5. "The Glass Menagerie" by Tennessee Williams."The Glass Menagerie" is a lyrical and introspective drama that examines the bonds of family and the power of memory. The play follows the Wingfield family as they navigate the challenges of life in 1930s St. Louis.Williams' poetic language and evocative imagery create a dreamlike atmosphere that draws audiences into the characters' inner worlds.6. "A Raisin in the Sun" by Lorraine Hansberry."A Raisin in the Sun" is a groundbreaking drama that explores the African American experience in 1950s America. The play follows the Younger family as they grapple with poverty, racism, and the pursuit of their dreams.Hansberry's powerful storytelling and complex characters shed light on the struggles and triumphs of a marginalized community.7. "The Crucible" by Arthur Miller."The Crucible" is a gripping drama that examines the Salem witch trials and the dangers of mass hysteria and intolerance. The play follows the residents of Salem as they are swept up in a frenzy of accusations and paranoia. Miller's exploration of fear and injustice resonates with audiences as a cautionary tale about the consequences of blind belief.8. "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" by Edward Albee."Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" is a searing drama that delves into the complexities of marriage and the nature of truth. The play follows the tumultuous relationship between George and Martha, whose verbal sparring and emotional games reveal deep-seated resentments and secrets. Albee's sharp dialogue and psychological insight make this play a riveting and thought-provoking experience.9. "The Cherry Orchard" by Anton Chekhov."The Cherry Orchard" is a classic tragicomedy that explores themes of change, loss, and the passage of time. The play follows the aristocratic Ranevskaya family as they face the prospect of losing their beloved estate to foreclosure. Chekhov's nuanced characters and bittersweet humor create a rich tapestry of human emotions and relationships.10. "Waiting for Godot" by Samuel Beckett."Waiting for Godot" is a groundbreaking absurdist play that challenges traditional notions of plot and character. The play follows two characters, Vladimir and Estragon, as they wait endlessly for the arrival of a mysterious figure named Godot. Beckett's minimalist dialogue and existential themes have made this play a landmark in modern theater.中文回答：1. 威廉·莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。

动作研究之父-吉尔布雷斯夫妇

● 动作研究之父——弗兰克吉尔布雷斯动作研究之父：弗兰克吉尔布雷斯（Frank Bunker Gilbreth，1868-1924）弗兰克吉尔布雷斯，1868 年出生在美国缅因州费尔菲尔德。

吉尔布雷斯在安得福学院和波士顿学院学习时，成绩优异。

1885 年他通过了麻省理工学院的入学考试，却因家庭困难没有入学，而是进入建筑行业，并以一个砌砖学徒工的身份开始了职业生涯。

这样，年仅 17 岁的他就开始在一个建筑承包公司那里做学徒工。

在以后的 10 年时间里，吉尔布雷斯刻苦钻研，努力工作，终于设计出一种新的脚手架，发明了建造防水地窖的新方法，不仅如此，他在混凝土建造方面也有许多革新。

因为在技术上的杰出成就，他成为公司的总监督。

吉尔布雷斯夫妇的主要著作有：《现场制度》、《混凝土制度》、《动作研究》、《对残疾人的动作研究》等。

1943 年，吉尔布雷斯夫妇被授予甘特奖章。

● 弗兰克吉尔布雷斯-背景简介1895 年，吉尔布雷斯在波士顿注册登记了自己的建筑承包公司。

由于技术发明专利权的保护，以及吉尔布雷斯在业务管理方面的诸多改进，他的公司办得十分红火，以后逐渐从建筑承包业扩展到建筑咨询业，在美国的纽约和英国的伦敦都设有办事处。

他根据自己的丰富经验著书立说，在这个过程中，吉尔布雷斯对一般管理科学产生了浓厚的兴趣。

1910 年，吉尔布雷斯对东方铁路运费案极感兴趣，并参加了倡导科学管理的集团。

弗兰克吉尔布雷斯的夫人1912 年，在泰罗与甘特的影响下，吉尔布雷斯放弃了收入颇丰的建筑业务，改行从事“管理工程”的研究，他在体力劳动的操作方法上很有造诣。

他的妻子莉莲对他的研究做出了很大的贡献。

1912—1917 年的 5 年时间内，他把美国普罗维登斯巾的新英格兰巴特公司作为自己的试验基地。

由于他的出色的研究成果，很快他就赢得了管理专家的荣誉。

1924 年 6 月 14 日，由于心脏病，正在准备参加布拉格国际管理大会的吉尔布雷斯突然死去，当时他才 56 岁。

Bybee (2006) From usage to grammar the mind’s response to repetition

FROM USAGE TO GRAMMAR:THE MIND’S RESPONSE TO REPETITIONJ OAN B YBEEUniversity of New MexicoA usage-based view takes grammar to be the cognitive organization of one’s experience withlanguage.Aspects of that experience,for instance,the frequency of use of certain constructionsor particular instances of constructions,have an impact on representation that is evidenced inspeaker knowledge of conventionalized phrases and in language variation and change.It is shownthat particular instances of constructions can acquire their own pragmatic,semantic,and phonolog-ical characteristics.In addition,it is argued that high-frequency instances of constructions undergogrammaticization processes(which produce further change),function as the central members ofcategories formed by constructions,and retain their old forms longer than lower-frequency in-stances under the pressure of newer formations.An exemplar model that accommodates bothphonological and semantic representation is elaborated to describe the data considered.*1.U SAGE-BASED GRAMMAR.The observance of a separation between the use of lan-guage and its internalized structure can be traced back to de Saussure’s well-known distinction between LANGUE and PAROLE(1915[1966]:6–17),which was adhered to by American structuralists and which made its way into generative grammar via Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance(Chomsky1965).In American struc-turalism and in generative grammar,the goal of studying langue/competence was given highest priority and the study of language use in context has been considered to be less relevant to the understanding of grammar.Other goals for linguistic research which do not isolate the study of language structure from language use,however,have been pursued through the last few decades by a number of functionalist researchers(for instance,Greenberg1966,Givo´n1979,Hopper&Thompson1980,Bybee1985)and more recently by cognitive linguists as well,all working to create a broad research paradigm under the heading of USAGE-BASED THEORY(Barlow&Kemmer2000,Lan-gacker2000,Bybee2001).While all linguists are likely to agree that grammar is the cognitive organization of language,a usage-based theorist would make the more specific proposal that grammar is the cognitive organization of one’s experience with language.As is shown here, certain facets of linguistic experience,such as the frequency of use of particular in-stances of constructions,have an impact on representation that we can see evidenced in various ways,for example,in speakers’recognition of what is conventionalized and what is not,and even more strikingly in the nature of language change.The proposal presented here is that the general cognitive capabilities of the human brain,which allow it to categorize and sort for identity,similarity,and difference,go to work on the language events a person encounters,categorizing and entering in memory these experi-ences.The result is a cognitive representation that can be called a grammar.This grammar,while it may be abstract,since all cognitive categories are,is strongly tied to the experience that a speaker has had with language.In addition to presenting evidence that specific usage events affect representation,I also address the issue of the type of cognitive representation that is necessary to accom-*This article is an expanded version of the Presidential Address of January8,2005,presented at the annual meeting of the LSA in Oakland,California.I am grateful to Sandra Thompson and Rena Torres-Cacoullos for many discussions of the phenomena treated here.In addition,the questions and comments after the presentation in Oakland in2005from Ray Jackendoff,Mark Baker,Larry Horn,and Janet Pierrehumbert stimulated improvements in the article.711712LANGUAGE,VOLUME82,NUMBER4(2006)modate the facts that are brought to light in this usage-based perspective.I argue for morphosyntax,as I have for phonology,that one needs an exemplar representation for language experience,and that constructions provide an appropriate vehicle for this type of representation.2.C ONVERGING TRENDS IN LINGUISTIC THEORY.In recentyears many researchers have moved toward a consideration of the effect that usage might have on representation. One practice that unites many of these researchers is a methodological one:it is common now to address theoretical issues through the examination of bodies of naturally occur-ring language use.This practice has been in place for decades in the work of those who examine the use of grammar in discourse with an eye toward determining how discourse use shapes grammar,notably Givo´n,Thompson,Hopper,and DuBois(e.g. DuBois1985,Givo´n1979,H opper&Thompson1980,Ono etal.2000,Thompson& Hopper2001).In addition,researchers in sociolinguistic variation,such as Labov, Sankoff,and Poplack(bov1972,Poplack2001,Poplack&Tagliamonte1999, 2001,Sankoff&Brown1976),have always relied on natural discourse to study the inherentvariat ion in language use.The importance of usage-and text-based research,always important to traditional historical linguistics,is especially emphasized in functionalist work on grammaticiza-tion,for example,Bybee2003a,b,Hopper&Traugott1993,and Poplack&Tagliamonte 1999.In fact,the study of grammaticization has played a central role in emphasizing the point that both grammatical meaning and grammatical form come into being through repeated instances of language use.This line of research along with the discourse research mentioned above indeed seeks to explain the nature of grammar through an examination of how grammar is created over time,thus setting a higher goal for linguis-tic explanation than that held in more synchronically oriented theory,which requires only that an explanatory theory provide the means for adequate synchronic description (Chomsky1957).Of course,one major impetus for the shift to analysis of natural language use is the recent availability of large electronic corpora and means of accessing particular items and patterns in such corpora.Through the work of corpus linguists,such as John Sinclair (1991),computational linguists,such as Dan Jurafsky and colleagues(e.g.Jurafsky et al.2001,Gregory et al.1999),and those who are proposing probabilistic or stochastic grammar,such as Janet Pierrehumbert(e.g.2001)and Rens Bod(1998),access to the nature and range of experience an average speaker has with language is now within our grasp.Studies of words,phrases,and constructions in such large corpora present a varying topography of distribution and frequency that can be quite different from what our intuitions have suggested.In addition,the use of large corpora for phonetic analysis provides a better understanding of the role of token frequency and specific words and collocations in phonetic variation.At the same time a compatible view of language acquisition has been developing. The uneven distribution of words and constructions in speech to children is mirrored somewhat in the course of acquisition:children often produce their first instances of grammatical constructions only in the context of specific lexical items and later general-ize them to other lexical items,leading eventually to productive use by the child;see work by Tomasello,Lieven,and their colleagues(e.g.Lieven et al.2003,Savage et al.2003,Tomasello2003).3.F INDINGS.As linguists turn their attention to natural language use,they find a fascinating new source of insights about language.One finding that seems to holdFROM USAGE TO GRAMMAR:THE MIND’S RESPONSE TO REPETITION713 across many studies and has captured the interest of researchers is that both written and spoken discourse are characterized by the high use of conventionalized word sequences, which include sequences t hatwe mightcall formulaic language and idioms,butalso conventionalized collocations(sometimes called‘prefabs’;Erman&Warren2000). Idioms are conventionalized word sequences that usually contain ordinary words and predictable morphosyntax,but have extended meaning(usually of a metaphorical na-ture),as in these examples:pull strings,level playing field,too many irons in the fire. Idioms are acknowledged to need lexical representation because of the unpredictable aspects of their meaning,but as Nunberg and colleagues(1994)point out,they are not completely isolated from related words and constructions since many aspects of their meaning and form derive from more general constructions and the meaning of the component words in other contexts.Idioms provide evidence for organized storage in which sequences of words can have lexical representation while still being associated with other occurrences of the same words,as schematized in this diagram from Bybee 11998.F IGURE1.The relation of an idiom to its lexical components.Idioms have a venerable history in linguistic study,but prefabs or collocations have attracted less attention through recent decades(but see Bolinger1961,Pawley&Syder 1983,Sinclair1991,Biber etal.1999,Erman&Warren2000,and Wray2002).Prefabs are word sequences that are conventionalized,but predictable in other ways,for exam-ple,word sequences like prominent role,mixed message,beyond repair,and to need help.In addition,phrasal verbs(finish up,burn down)and verb-preposition pairings (interested in,think of,think about),which are pervasive in English as well as other languages,can be considered prefabs,though in some cases their semantic predictability could be called into question.These conventional collocations occur repeatedly in dis-course and are known to represent the conventional way of expressing certain notions (Erman&Warren2000,Sinclair1991,Wray2002).Erman and Warren(2000)found that what they call prefabricated word combinations constitute about55%of both spoken and written discourse.Speakers recognize prefabs as familiar,which indicates that these sequences of words are stored in memory despite being largely predictable in form and meaning.The line between idiom and prefab is not always clear since many prefabs require a metaphorical stretch for their interpretation.The following may be intermediate exam-ples,where at least one of the words requires a more abstract interpretation:break a habit,change hands,take charge of,give(someone/something)plenty of time,drive 1See Barlow2000for an interesting discussion of the way a conventionalized expression can undergo permutations that demonstrate that its compositionality is also maintained.714LANGUAGE,VOLUME82,NUMBER4(2006)(someone)crazy.I bring up these intermediate cases to demonstrate the gradient nature of these phenomena;the lack of a clear boundary between idioms and prefabs would also suggest that both types of expression are stored in memory.What we see instantiated in language use is not so much abstract structures as specific instances of such structure that are used and reused to create novel utterances.This point has led Hopper(1987)to propose grammar as emergent from experience,mutable, and ever coming into being rather than static,categorical,and fixed.Viewed in this way,language is a complex dynamic system similar to complex systems that have been identified,for instance,in biology(Lindblom et al.1984,Larsen-Freeman1997).It does not have structure a priori,but rather the apparent structure emerges from the repetition of many local events(in this case speech events).I describe here some data that help us understand what some of the properties of an emergent,usage-based gram-mar mightbe.4.G OALS OF THE ARTICLE.There are a number of important consequences of the fact that speakers are familiar with certain multiword units.For the present article I focus on the implications of the fact that the use of language is lexically particular; certain words tend to be used in certain collocations or constructions.My goal is to explore the implications of this fact for cognitive representation.I discuss a series of cases in which there is evidence that lexically particular instances of constructions or word sequences are stored in memory and accessed as a unit.I further discuss facts that show that the frequency of use of such lexically particular collocations must also be a part of the cognitive representation because frequency is a factor in certain types of change.I argue that in order to represent the facts of usage,as well as the facts of change that eventually emerge from this usage,we need to conceive of grammar as based on constructions and as having an exemplar representation in which specific instances of use affect representation.The model to be proposed,then,uses a type of exemplar representation with constructions as the basic unit of morphosyntax(see §§6–9and13).After discussing further aspects of the approach taken,five types of evidence are discussed.First,evidence for the importance of frequency in the developing autonomy of new constructions in grammaticization is presented.Second,I discuss the effects of context and frequency of use on the development of conventionalized collocations and grammatical constructions.Third,I briefly treat phonological reduction in high-frequency phrases.Fourth,I turn to the organization of categories within constructions where it is seen that in some cases high-frequency exemplars serve as the central members of categories.Finally,the fact that high-frequency exemplars of constructions can resist change is taken as evidence that such exemplars have cognitive representation.5.F REQUENCY EFFECTS ON PROCESSING AND STORAGE.Before turning to the evidence,I briefly review three effects of token frequency that have been established in recent literature.First,high-frequency words and phrases undergo phonetic reduction at a faster rate than low-and mid-frequency sequences(Schuchardt1885,Fidelholtz1975,Hooper 1976,Bybee&Scheibman1999,Bybee2000b,2001).This REDUCING EFFECT applies to phrases of extreme high frequency like I don’t know,which shows the highest rate of don’t reduction(Bybee&Scheibman1999),and also to words of all frequency levels undergoing gradual sound change,such as English final t/d deletion or Spanish [L]deletion,both of which affect high-frequency words earlier than low-frequency words(Bybee2001,2002,Gregory et al.1999).The explanation for this effect is that theFROM USAGE TO GRAMMAR:THE MIND’S RESPONSE TO REPETITION715 articulatory representation of words and sequences of words is made up of neuromotor routines.When sequences of neuromotor routines are repeated,their execution becomes more fluent.This increased fluency is the result of the establishment of a new routine, as when a group of words comes to be processed as a single unit(Anderson1993, Boyland1996).In the new routine articulatory gestures reduce and overlap as the routine is repeated.A second effect of token frequency(the CONSERVING EFFECT)relates to the morpho-syntactic structure of a string.High-frequency sequences become more entrenched in their morphosyntactic structure and resist restructuring on the basis of productive pat-terns that might otherwise occur.Thus among English irregular verbs the low-frequency verbs are more likely to regularize(weep,weeped)while the high-frequency verbs maintain their irregularity(keep,kept).My proposal to explain this tendency(Hooper 1976,Bybee1985)is that frequency strengthens the memory representations of words or phrases,making them easier to access whole and thus less likely to be subject to analogical reformation.This effect applies to syntactic sequences as well,allowing higher-frequency exemplars to maintain a more conservative structure(Bybee& Thompson1997).In§15the example of the maintenance of the older type of negation in English(no-negation)with high-frequency constructions is discussed.The third effect(AUTONOMY)is related to the second one.Autonomy refers to the factt hatmorphologically complex forms(or st rings of words)of high frequency can lose their internal structure as they become autonomous from etymologically related forms(Bybee1985).This can be seen for example in the way that words with deriva-tional affixes become less transparently related to their base forms as they become more frequent(Bybee1985,Hay2001).Hay(2001)argues that the semantic opacity of words like dislocate is due to the fact that their complex forms are more frequent than the bases from which they were originally derived.The effect applies to inflection only in cases of extreme high frequency,where it leads to suppletion.Thus went was formerly the past tense of wend but(for unknown reasons)itincreased in frequency and moved away from wend,joining go to become the past tense of that verb.This effect also applies in grammaticization when sequences that are originally complex (such as be going to)lose their semantic and syntactic transparency and move away from other instances of the words be,go,and to.In discussing these effects here and elsewhere,I refer to high and low frequency and to extreme high frequency without specifying exactly what these values mean in numerical terms.Thus,the conserving effect applies to high-frequency items but auton-omy appears to affect only strings of extreme high frequency.The reducing effect appears to be graded in that the higher the frequency of the string,the greater its reduction.The phenomenon discussed in§14in which higher-frequency items form the centers of categories requires that the item not be so high in frequency as to be autonomous.The impossibility at the moment of specifying ranges for extreme high, medium,and low is only a function of the state of our knowledge.As more empirical studies appear,absolute frequency ranges for each phenomena will eventually be speci-fiable.6.C ONSTRUCTION-BASED REPRESENTATIONS.For the phenomena to be examined here, cognitive representations based on constructions turn out to be highly effective.Several versions of grammar in terms of constructions have been discussed in the literature. Proposals have been made by Fillmore and Kay(e.g.Fillmore etal.1988,Kay& Fillmore1999),Goldberg(1995,2003),Lakoff(1987),Langacker(1987),and Croft716LANGUAGE,VOLUME82,NUMBER4(2006)(2001).All of these proposals agree on a basic point:Cognitive representations of grammar are organized into constructions which are partially schematic,conventional-ized sequences of morphemes with a direct semantic representation.According to Goldberg,all of the following constitute constructions:(i)idioms with fixed lexical content:go great guns;(ii)idioms that are partially filled:jogϽsomeone’sϾmemory; (iii)constructions with some fixed material:he made his way through the crowd;and (iv)fully abstract constructions:they gave him an award.It is interesting to note that almost all constructions contain some explicit morphologi-cal material,tying them fairly concretely to specific words or morphemes(e.g.way and the possessive pronoun in(iii)).The ditransitive construction in(iv)contains no specific phonological material that identifies it as the ditransitive.Only the word order signals this.However,it should be noted that only a small class of verbs can occur in this construction so that it also has a grounding in lexical items.In fact,the continuum in(i)through(iv)shows examples from the most lexically explicit to the most schematic.Prefabs can also be considered to be instances of con-structions that are lexically filled.Given the high use of prefabs and idioms in natural speech,it appears that a good deal of production(and perception)refers to sequences of prespecified lexical choices rather than to abstract grammar.For this reason,a model that builds a grammar from specific instances of language use,such as an exemplar model or a connectionist model,seems appropriate.For present purposes,I focus on representation in an exemplar model.7.E XEMPLAR REPRESENTATION.Several versions of exemplar theory have been pro-posed in the psychology literature on categorization(Nosofsky1988,Goldinger1996). The version of exemplar theory adopted here has found its way into linguistics as a means of representing phonetic variation(K.Johnson1997,Pierrehumbert2001,2002). In this model,every token of experience is classified and placed in a vast organizational network as a part of the decoding process.The major idea behind exemplar theory is that the matching process has an effect on the representations themselves;new tokens of experience are not decoded and then discarded,but rather they impact memory representations.In particular,a token of linguistic experience that is identical to an existing exemplar is mapped onto that exemplar,strengthening it.Tokens that are similar but not identical(differing in slight ways in meaning,phonetic shape,pragmat-ics)to existing exemplars are represented as exemplars themselves and are stored near similar exemplars to constitute clusters or categories.Thus the phonetic shape of a word mightconsistof a setof phonet ic exemplars t hatare very similar t o one anot her.2 Exemplar clusters can also be arranged hierarchically.A set of exemplars that are judged to be similar phonetically and represent the same meaning are clustered together and are represented as a word or phrase.Constructions emerge when phrases that bear some formal similarity as well as some semantic coherence are stored close to one another.According to K.Johnson(1997),phonetic exemplars are tagged for an array of information about their occurrence:phonetic context,semantic and pragmatic informa-tion,other linguistic context,and social context.Thus an exemplar is an extremely2In some versions of exemplar representation,exemplars are scattered randomly through space.Only when categorization of a new exemplar is necessary are they organized by similarity(Chandler2002,Skousen 1989).Because linguistic categorization takes place so often I propose that linguistic categories(in the form of phonetic,morphosyntactic,semantic/pragmatic characteristics)are more entrenched in the sense that frequently used categorizations have an impact on neurological organization.FROM USAGE TO GRAMMAR:THE MIND’S RESPONSE TO REPETITION717 complex item.Not only does the phonetic side of a word or phrase take different forms and thus require multiple exemplars,but the semantic and contextual sides also encompass ranges of variation.It is necessary,then,to expand the theory to encompass exemplars that differ by any of the facets of a linguistic sign.That is,the particular semantic interpretations associated with tokens of use also contain details and nuances that lend themselves to exemplar representation.When meanings are the same,they are mapped onto the same exemplar,but when there are differences,separate exemplars are created.Similarly,the memory for contexts of use for words and constructions can be organized in exemplar clusters.These points are further illustrated in§13.In applying this kind of model to linguistic data,it is important to bear in mind just which aspects of the model are helpful to our understanding of language.Thus I focus on the following factors because they help us understand how constructions come into being and change over time.a.Exemplar representations allow specific information about instances of useto be retained in representation.b.Exemplar representations provide a natural way to allow frequency of useto determine the strength of exemplars.c.Exemplar clusters are categories that exhibit prototype effects.They are or-ganized in terms of members that are more or less central to the category,rather than in terms of categorical features.At first it might seem rather implausible to suppose that every token of language use encountered by a speaker/hearer has an effect on cognitive representation.Therefore it is important to consider how these notions can be applied to language.First,we have to move beyond the goal of structural and generative linguistics to try to establish which features or forms are stored in the lexicon and which are not(cf. Langacker’s rule/list fallacy(1987))and take a more probabilistic view of representa-tion.A phrase that is experienced only once by an adult is likely to have only a minute impact on representation compared to all of the accumulated exemplars already existing. Compare this to a young child whose experience is much more limited:each new token of experience has a greater impact on his/her representations.In addition,given a highly organized network of morphemes,words,phrases,and constructions,it will be difficult to distinguish between specific storage(storing the relatively low-frequency phrase such as beige curtains as a unit)and distributed storage(mapping the two words onto existing exemplars of these words)because both types of processing are occurring at the same time.Only when a sequence is repeated will access to it as a unit rather than by its parts become more efficient(Boyland1996,Haiman1994,Hay2001).Thus the question of storage or nonstorage will always be a probabilistic one,based on the experience of the language user.Second,human memory capacity is quite large.Nonlinguistic memories are detailed and extensive,suggesting a strong memory capacity for experienced phenomena(Gol-dinger1996,K.Johnson1997).In particular it is interesting to consider how memory for repeated experiences is represented,because an important feature of linguistic expe-rience is the regular repetition of phonological strings,words,and constructions.Con-sider a repeated experience,such as walking from your office on campus to your classroom.You probably take much the same route each time,and although many of the perceptual details are not important,you register them anyway.Was there a pigeon on the path?Did you see your colleague coming from the other direction?These details are registered in memory so that if they are repeated,it is noted and eventually you718LANGUAGE,VOLUME82,NUMBER4(2006)may come to expect to see a pigeon on the path or your colleague returning from his class.At the same time,memories decay over time.If in fact you never see your colleague again on that path,you may forget the one time you saw him/her there.Both of these properties of memory—the build up of strength in repeated memories and the loss of nonrepeated memories—are important for explaining linguistic phenomena. Third,it is clear that linguistic memories represented as exemplars can undergo considerable reorganization,particularly when change is ongoing in a language.Exam-ples of reorganization of constructions are presented in§§10–12,but for now I mention a phonetic example.Consider the case of a sound change occurring at a word boundary which sets up variation among the forms of a word,such as in the final syllable of a Spanish word ending in[s]in dialects where it is reduced to[h]before a consonant but maintained before a vowel.In a case like this,the phonetically conditioned variation is not maintained.Rather,the more frequent variant,the one used before a consonant, is extended to use before a vowel.This gives evidence for considerable reorganization within the exemplar cluster resulting in a smaller range of variation(Bybee2000a, 2001).(For experiments that model category formation from exemplars,see Pierrehumbert2001,2002,Wedel2004.)The cases I discuss here provide evidence that linguistics needs a model that allows particular instances of use to affect representation.It is important to note that there are several models that have been computationally tested that have this property;for in-stance,connectionist models work on the principle that detailed information is the basis of more general patterns.Such models have been tested on a variety of cognitive phenomena,but it may be that language will present both the toughest testing ground for such theories and the best source of data for our understanding of categorization and memory,especially memory for repeated events.8.E XEMPLAR REPRESENTATION OF CONSTRUCTIONS.As mentioned above,exemplars of words or phrases that are similar on different dimensions are grouped together in cognitive representation.From such a grouping a construction can emerge.For example, an exemplar representation of a partially filled construction would have experienced tokens mapping onto the constant parts of the construction exactly,strengthening these parts,while the open slots would not match exactly.If there are similarities(in particu-lar,semantic similarities)among the items occurring in the open slot,a category for these items would begin to develop.Thus in a Spanish example that I discuss further in§14,adjectives following the verb quedarse‘to become’,such as quieto,tranquilo, or inmo´vil,would be categorized together due to their semantic coherence,and this category would then predict novel uses of quedarseםadjective(Bybee&Eddington 2006).(1)Example:Spanish quedarseםADJECTIVE‘become ADJ’quedarse͕tranquilo‘tranquil’quieto‘quiet,still’inmo´vil‘still,immobile’͖Further details about the mapping of form and meaning in constructions is presented in§13.9.E FFECTS OF REPETITION ON PARTICULAR INSTANCES OF CONSTRUCTIONS.The next three sections of this article contain a discussion of the effects of repetition and context of use on particular exemplars of constructions.The examples provided are intended as empirical evidence that specific instances(exemplars)of constructions are part of the cognitive representation of language and that frequency of use has an impact on。

普利兹克奖历届得主及作品赏析

普利兹克奖（1979-2013）一、1979年菲利普·约翰逊Philip Johnson 美国（1）代表作品：1949 美国康涅狄格州纽卡纳安玻璃住宅Glass House New Canaan1980 加利福尼亚州加登格罗夫水晶大教堂Crystal Cathedral Garden Grove1984 美国电报电话公司大楼AT&T Building New York★加利福尼亚州加登格罗夫水晶大教堂：①10，000多盏银色玻璃窗用硅酮胶水粘在建筑上，使建筑物承受8.0级地震及每小时100英里的强风。

②两座90尺高的电动大门在讲坛后打开，以使晨光与和暖的微风来烘托朝拜圣礼。

③祭坛和道坛由花岗岩制成，17尺高的十字架被设计成18开书页宽镶金的老式结构。

（2）设计概念：①注重自然和人造光线之间的搭配以及水对所处位置的重大作用以及光线等方面的作用。

②用雕刻结等方式创造更大的空间。

③他对排列的建筑空间相当感兴趣，并将它当作一种思路来进行思考，将之付诸实际中以领会、理解。

二、1980年路易斯·巴拉甘Luis Barragán 墨西哥（1）代表作品：1948 巴拉干住宅Casa Luis Barragan1955 安东尼奥·格雷夫兹住宅Antonio Galves1968 圣·克里斯特博马厩与别墅San Cristobal★巴拉干住宅：①对墨西哥民居传统的延续。

②生活区门厅是一条黑色熔岩石铺成的长廊，这种过渡空间与传统一致。

③休息厅内有一堵粉红色墙，反射出柔和的粉红色光线。

④起居室有块落地玻璃窗面向庭院，窗子只有两条极细的分隔。

⑤建筑中有许多矮墙隔断，形成良好的光影变换的效果。

（2）设计概念：①色彩浓烈鲜艳的墙体的运用。

②将自然中的阳光与空气带进人的视线与生活当中，并且与色彩浓烈的墙体交错在一起，使两者的混合产生奇异的效果。

③对水运用的灵感来自于那些被摩尔人作为镜子、可视的标签或者音乐元素的喷泉中。

浅析男中音托马斯·汉普森演唱的艺术歌曲《菩提树》

托马斯?汉普森（Thomas Hampson）不仅是当今世界拥有最美的嗓音之一的男中音歌唱家，还拥有超凡的表演能力。

一站上舞台，他的心里就只有一件事：把人物演活，感动观众。

因此，他在世界各大歌剧舞台和音乐会上的演出受到了观众和评论家的一致喝彩。

一、享誉世界的歌唱家托马斯?汉普森（Thomas Hampson，1955-）美国男中音，1955年6月28日，出生于美国印第安纳州的埃尔克哈特，1977年毕业于东华盛顿大学获学士学位1978年曾赢得“洛特?莱曼”奖，1982年在圣路易斯歌剧院出演《女人心》中的古列尔摩一角引起广泛注意，一跃成为美国当代最杰出的男中音，演出于世界最负盛名的歌剧院。

汉普森在华盛顿长大，师从过玛丽埃塔.科尔（Marieta Coyle）、伊丽莎白.施瓦茨科普夫、马提尔.辛格（Martial Singher）和霍斯特.龚瑟（Horst Günther）。

他以多才多艺著称，除在歌剧、轻歌剧、音乐剧、宗教作品领域均有建树外，他还在录音、研究以及教育领域获得了诸多成就。

1980年，托马斯.汉普森在斯海尔托亨博斯国际声乐比赛中获得二等奖，并成为1981年首次在大都会歌剧院演员。

在1992年，汉普森在华盛顿大学获得了学士学位。

他在2003年录制的瓦格纳唐怀瑟收到了格莱美奖最佳歌剧录音，并被认为是美国领先的男中音。

汉普森的歌剧曲目涵盖了广泛的角色。

同时托马斯汉普森也是一个著名的艺术歌曲演唱家和独奏家。

汉普森获奖无数，其中包括六次格莱美奖题名、两次爱迪生奖（荷兰）、两次法国唱片大奖、三次留声机大奖、古典回声将以及戛纳古典音乐奖。

汉普森还拥有华盛顿惠特沃斯学院、旧金山音乐学院的荣誉博士头衔，并且是伦敦皇家音乐学院的荣誉成员，被维也纳国家歌剧院授予“室内乐歌手”的头衔，美国国家艺术协会为了表彰他在音乐教育领域取得的成就授予他奖章。

托马斯？汉普森从罗西尼到威尔第和普契尼歌剧，从蒙特威尔弟到布里顿和亨策，演唱的歌剧剧目角色跨度广泛，他曾在罗西尼《威廉?退尔》、柴可夫斯基《尤金?奥涅金》、马斯内的《维特》中饰演主角，并曾参演了布松尼的《浮士德博士》、安布罗西？托马斯的《哈姆雷特》、威尔弟的《麦克白》、莫扎特的《唐?乔凡尼》、弗里德里希?采尔哈的《施坦弗尔德巨人》（世界首演）。

韦伯50岁生日演唱会歌名

Tina Arena-Down the WindMichael Ball-Gethsemane,All I Ask You,Vaults of Heaven,Love Changes EverythingAntonio Banderas-Oh What a Circus, High Flying Adored,The Phantom of the OperaBoyzone-No Matter WhatSarah Brightman-Pie Jesu, The Phantom of the Opera, All I Ask You,The Music of the NightGlenn Close-Once Upon A Time,With One Look,As If We Never Said GoodbyeBen De'ath-Pie JesuJulian Lloyd Webber-Inro and Variations I-IVMarcus Lovett-Superstar,Once Upon A TimeLottie Mayor-Whistle Down the WindDennis O'Neill-HosannaDonny Osmond-Any Dream Will Do,Close Every DoorElaine Paige-Don't Cry for Me Argentina,MemoryRay Shell-There's Light at the End of the TunnelKiri Te Kanawa-The Heart is Slow to LearnBonnie Tyler-Tyre Tracks and Broken Hearts若是说有一部DVD能够和《剧匠魅影》媲美的话，那必然是这部《韦伯50岁生日庆贺演唱会》。

1998年，划时期的音乐剧天才韦伯刚满50周岁，任何一名音乐工作者若是能在50周岁前写出一部像《歌剧鬽影》、《猫》这样的作品，那他足以取得世界范围内的尊崇，而韦伯所取得的成绩恐怕只有效“空前绝后”四个字才能形容，这四个字用来形容这场音乐会也丝毫不显得夸张。

小学上册第2次英语第5单元综合卷

小学上册英语第5单元综合卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What do we call the process of making something from scratch?A. CraftingB. ManufacturingC. ProductionD. CreationD2.The __________ (黄金时代) of Athens was during the 5th century BC.3.The capital of Italy is __________.4.I enjoy _______ (听故事) before bed.5.The chemical formula for ammonia sulfate is _______.6.There are seven continents on Earth, including ________ (地球上有七大洲，包括________).7. A ____ enjoys basking in the sun and has a colorful shell.8.I love to ________ with my family.9.I can ______ (帮助) my little brother with homework.10.What is the capital city of Kenya?A. NairobiB. MombasaC. KisumuD. EldoretA11. A solution with a lower concentration of solute is said to be ______.12.The chemical formula for manganese dioxide is _______.13.The ______ (雨水收集) can benefit garden plants.14.What is the name of the ancient civilization that built pyramids in Egypt?A. MayansB. AztecsC. EgyptiansD. GreeksC Egyptians15._____ (蜜蜂) help pollinate flowers.16.What is the main ingredient in a salad?A. BreadB. LettuceC. RiceD. MeatB17.The process of fermentation can produce __________ as a byproduct.18.They are going to ________ a movie.19.What do you call the time it takes for the Earth to rotate once on its axis?A. YearB. MonthC. DayD. HourC20.My favorite fruit is _______.21.My pet rabbit loves to hide in ______ (草丛).22. A ________ (植物研究项目) can yield results.23.What do we call the time it takes for the Earth to complete one rotation?A. YearB. DayC. MonthD. HourB24.My uncle is a __________. (商人)25.How many colors are in a rainbow?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight26.What is the currency used in Japan?A. DollarB. EuroC. YenD. PesoC27.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. YangtzeD. MississippiB28.The chemical formula for -pentanol is ______.29.The discovery of gold led to the ______ (淘金热) in California.30.What do you call a young duck?A. DucklingB. ChickC. CalfD. Foal31.I want to learn how to ________.32.What do you call a large mammal that lives in the ocean?A. SharkB. WhaleC. DolphinD. Seal33. A mixture that contains particles that settle out is called a _______.34.What do you call a living thing that is not a plant or an animal?A. FungusB. MineralC. ElementD. CompoundA35.What kind of animal is a dolphin?A. FishB. MammalC. ReptileD. AmphibianB36.Frogs are ______ because they can live in water and on land.37.What is the name of the fairy tale character who lost a shoe?A. CinderellaB. Snow WhiteC. RapunzelD. Little Red Riding HoodA38.What do you call the practice of keeping bees?A. HorticultureB. ApicultureC. SericultureD. AquacultureB39.What do we call a person who invents things?A. InventorB. CreatorC. DesignerD. Innovator40.What do you call a group of stars forming a pattern?A. GalaxyB. ConstellationC. ClusterD. NebulaB41.What is the term for the process of a caterpillar turning into a butterfly?A. HibernationB. MetamorphosisC. MigrationD. PollinationB42.What do you call a person who studies rocks?A. BiologistB. ChemistC. GeologistD. AstronomerC43.What do we call the process of taking in food and nutrients?A. DigestionB. IngestionC. AbsorptionD. MetabolismB44.What do you call the place where we keep our cars?A. GarageB. KitchenC. Living RoomD. BedroomA45. A _______ (小海豚) plays with its friends in the ocean.46.Which instrument is used to measure time?A. ThermometerB. ClockC. BarometerD. SpeedometerB47.Which animal is known for its stripes?A. LionB. ZebraC. ElephantD. BearB48.Which animal is known for building dams?A. BeaverB. OtterC. FoxD. MuskratA49.The boy has a cool ________.50. A ________ (鸟) can fly high in the sky and sings beautifully.51.What is the chemical symbol for gold?A. AgB. AuC. PbD. FeB52.The ______ is known for her philanthropic efforts.53.The _____ (月亮) is full tonight.54.What do we call the movement of the Earth around the sun?A. RotationB. RevolutionC. OrbitD. Spin55.What is the name of the famous artist who painted the Sistine Chapel?A. Leonardo da VinciB. MichelangeloC. RaphaelD. Van GoghB Michelangelo56.The _______ of sound can be influenced by the environment in which it is produced.57.What do you call the process of planting seeds?A. GrowingB. HarvestingC. SowingD. WateringC58.What do we call the place where you go to see animals?A. ZooB. FarmC. AquariumD. Circus59.The study of earthquakes involves measuring their ______.60.What do we call a small, round fruit that is red or green?A. OrangeB. AppleC. BananaD. Pear61.The bee collects nectar from _________. (花)62. A tornado is a fast-moving ______.63.I like to listen to audiobooks while I ________ (散步) in the park.64.My sister is a great _____ (演讲者).65.Saturn is famous for its ______.66.My favorite game is ________ (扑克牌) with my family.67.The ______ (物种多样性) is crucial for ecosystem health.68.The _____ (多肉植物) store water in their leaves.69.The chemical symbol for potassium is __________.70.In a chemical reaction, the products may have different properties from the _____.71.My mom is a __________ (教育工作者).72. A ______ is used to represent chemical reactions using symbols.73.What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. SugarB. CocoaC. FlourD. MilkB74.The ______ shares knowledge about wildlife.75.I like to ___ (play) outside.76.My dog loves to play fetch with a _________ (球).77. A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed is called a _______.78.The main type of bonding in metals is called ______ bonding.79.What do we call the part of the plant that contains seeds?A. FlowerB. LeafC. StemD. FruitD Fruit80.The first successful polio vaccine was developed by ________.81. A __________ is a large region known for its wildlife.82.What do we call a scientist who studies human behavior?A. PsychologistB. SociologistC. AnthropologistD. HistorianA83.In a chemical equation, reactants are found on the ______.84.The _______ of a wave can be calculated using its frequency.85.I enjoy ______ (与同事合作) on projects.86.Which of these is not a vegetable?A. CarrotB. TomatoC. BananaD. SpinachC87.What is the term for a baby cow?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. FoalA88.What do you call a person who writes books?A. AuthorB. PainterC. DirectorD. Producer89.The ________ was a notable leader in the quest for equality.90. A lever can help lift a ______.91. A _____ (花卉市场) offers a variety of blooms.92.Wildflowers add beauty to __________ (自然环境).93.What is the name of the famous historical figure known for his "I Have a Dream" speech?A. Malcolm XB. Nelson MandelaC. Martin Luther King Jr.D. Rosa ParksC Martin Luther King Jr.94.Leaves collect ______ (阳光).95.She is _______ (watching) TV.96. A dog can _______ very loudly.97.I found a ________ in my pocket.98.The bird is in the ___. (cage)99. A __________ is an area where fresh and saltwater mix.100.He is learning to ___. (write)。

ppt爱因斯坦

• Albert Einstein(1979-1955) • He is a well-known theoretical physicist, founder of the theory of • relativity. • Einstein is the greatest physicist. He loves physics, devoted his life to theoretical physics research. People called him the 20th century, Copernicus, Newton 20th century.
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• The most important contribution in his life is the theory of relativity. • In 1938, his movement in general relativity made significant progress • in this issue reveals the deeper space, matter, motion, and the unity • between gravity. Research on General Relativity and Gravitation, • 60 since, due to experimental techniques and the development of • astronomy‘s great attention. In addition, the Einstein cosmology （宇宙 • 论）, with a unified gravity and electromagnetic field theory（引力和电磁 • 统一理论）, quantum theory（量子论） of all the contributions to the • development of physics. • 1938年，他在广义相对论的运动问题上取得重大进展由此更深一步地 • 揭示了空时、物质、运动和引力之间的统一性。广义相对论和引力论的 • 研究，60年代以来，由于实验技术和天文学的巨大发展受到重视。另 • 外，爱因斯坦对宇宙学、用引力和电磁的统一场论、量子论的研究都为 • 物理学的发展作出了贡献。

2005考研英语一真题2005历年考研英语一真题及答案详解考研英语一真题官方最全

2016 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker.A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child littleto say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and gro om’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circleof happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: the divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry20 the woman must wait ten months.1. [A] by way of [B] on behalf of [C] as well as [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C] compete with [D] decided on3. [A] close [B] renew [C] arrange [D] postpone4. [A] Above all [B] In theory [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] since [B] but [C] or [D] so8. [A] copy [B] test [C] recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] passing [B] lighting [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] meeting [B] collection [C] association [D] union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D] live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] if [D] for14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [D] avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A] whatever [B] however [C] whenever [D] wherever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C]shaped [D] pushed18. [A] withdrawn [B] invested [C] donated [D] divided19. [A] breaks [B] warns [C] shows [D] clears20. [A] so that [B] while [C] once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)T ext 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that ―i nci t e excessive thinnes s‖ by promoting ext r em e dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ul t ra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep –and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and sixmonths in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.I n contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: ―We are aware of and take responsibility for the im pact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young peopl e.‖ The char t er’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen FashionW eek(CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be thebest step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] New runways would be constructed.[B] Physical beauty would be redefined.[C] W ebsites about dieting would thrive.[D] The fashion industry would decline.22. The phrase ―impinging on‖(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to .[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?[A] New standards are being set in Denmark.[B] The French measures have already failed.[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure.[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse.24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for .[A] pursuing perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about model’s character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] setting a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text?[A] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France[C] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryT ext 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. W hile polls show B r i t ons rate ―t he countrysi de‖alongside the royal f a m ily, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political traction.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save ―t he beauty of natural places for everyone forever‖.I t was specifically to provide ci t y dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience ―a refreshing air‖.H ill’s pr essur e later led to the creat ion of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any m or e, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorising ―o f f-pl an‖building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Nigel Farage’s speech this year to the Campaign to Protec t Rural Engandstruck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that ―h ousing crisi s‖ equals ―c oncreted meadow s‖ is pure lobby talk. The issue i s not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. W e do not ruin urban conservation areas in this way. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, B r i t ai n is Europe’s m ost crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative –the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this ratherthan promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside _.[A] didn’t start till the Shakespearean age[B] has brought much benefit to the NHS[C] is fully backed by the royal family [D]is not well reflected in politics27. According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being .[A] gradually destroyed[B] effectively reinforced[C] largely overshadowed[D] properly protected28. which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.[B] The Conservatives may abandon ―off-plan‖building.[C] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence. [D]Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.29. The author holds that George Osborne’sPreference .[A] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[B] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas[C] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis [D]reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of .[A] the size of population in Britain.[B] the political life in today’s Britain[C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[D] the town-and-country planning in BritainT ext 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of busines s,‖ wrote Mi l t on Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist. ―That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profit s.‖ B ut even if you accept F r i edman's premise and regard corporate soc i al responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders' money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies—at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate last year by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a ―s i gnal‖that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect way to donate to the go od causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse ―ha lo ef f ect‖,whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent paper attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCP A). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stance, that accounted for the leniency: companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the authors conclude that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do se em to be influenced by a company's record in C S R.―We estimate that ei t her eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign official s,‖ says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do -gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with _.[A ] tolerance [B] skepticism [C] uncertainty [D] approval32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by_ .[A] winning trust from consumers[B] guarding it against malpractices[C] protecting it from being defamed[D] raising the quality of its products33. The expression ―more lenient‖(Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to .[A] more effective[B] less controversial[C] less severe[D] more lasting34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a compa n y’s CSR record .[A] has an impact on their decision[B] comes across as reliable evidence[C] increases the chance of being penalized[D] constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?[A ] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[B] The necessary amount of companies’spending on it is unknown.[C] Companies’financial capacity for it has been overestimated.[D] It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.T ext 4There will eventually come a day when The New Y ork Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the paper's publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses, delivery trucks—isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online-only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though printad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation may be lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you."Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming.* "It was seen as a blunder," he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at The New Y ork Times? "I wouldn’t pick a year to end print," he said. "I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product."The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Then increase it as a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year—more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive."36. The New Y ork Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to .[A] the high cost of operation[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the increasing online ad sales37. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should _.[A] seek new sources of readership[B] end the print edition for good[C] aim for efficient management[D] make strategic adjustments38. It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a ―l eg acy product‖.[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that, in a changing world _.[A] legacy businesses are becoming outdated[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once[B] Cherish the Newspaper Still in Y our Hand[C] Make Y our Print Newspaper a Luxury Good[D] Keep Y our Newspapers Forever in FashionPart BDirections：Read the following texts and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Have confidence in yourself[C] Decide if the time is right [D]Understand the context[E] W ork with professionals[F] Make it efficient[G] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between t oda y’s workplace and the ―d ress for succes s‖ era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress t-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to inves t in an upgrade?And what’s the bes t way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41.A s an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during t r ans i t i ons—when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’r e in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and pr of es sional s.Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and t hat’s OK.42.Get clear on what impact you’r e hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more―S o H o.‖(I t’s OK to use characterizations like t hat.)43.Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of yourenvironment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44.Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J·Crew·Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. I t’s not asexpensive as you might think.45.The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fuss ing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46) W e don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. I t is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health a nd we don’t know how to gai n ac cess to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our ment al health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem—confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives—the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. I t’s a form of innate or un learned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and withunconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, inculture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49) Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice. W e think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words, providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.Y ou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e ―L i Mi ng‖ i nst ead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part A52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.Y ou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2016 年考研英语一真题参考答案Use of English1. [C] as well as2. [D] decided on3. [C] arrange4. [B] In theory5. [C] After6. [A] into7. [B] but8. [C] recite9. [D] tying10. [A] passing11. [D] union12. [D] live13. [B] until14. [A] obtain15. [C] viewed16. [A] whatever17. [B] brought18. [D] divided19. [C] shows20. [B] whileReading ComprehensionPart AT ext 121. [B] Physical beauty would be redefined.22. [D] doing harm to23. [A] New standards are being set in Denmark.24. [C] showing little concern for health factors25. [A] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body IdealsT ext 226. [D] is not well reflected in politics27. [A] gradually destroyed28. [D] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.29. [D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. [D] the town-and-country planning in BritainT ext 331. [B] skepticism32. [A] winning trust from consumers33. [C] less severe34. [A] has an impact on their decision35. [B] The necessary amount of companies’spending on it is unknown.T ext 436. [A] the high cost of operation37. [D] make strategic adjustments38. [B] is meant for the most loyal customers39. [C] aggressiveness better meets challenges40. [C] Make Y our Print Newspaper a Luxury GoodPart B41. [C] Decide if the time is right42. [G] Know your goals43. [D] Understand the context44. [E] W ork with professionals45. [F] Make it efficientPart C46. 我们并不必学习如何保持心理健康；它与生俱来，正如我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口和修复骨折一样。

亨利菲尔丁

Brief Introduction about the author
In 1752 he returned to political writing as publisher of the periodical The Covent Garden Journal. However, illness forced him to relinquish his post as magistrate in 1753.
Achievement in English novel
Fielding adopted “ the third-person
narration,” in which the author
b“ecthoimnkess
the the
“thoaullg-hknt”owoifnagllGhoids.”
He
His language is easy, unlabored （自然的，流利的）and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogues and other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence and unexpectedness.
Achievement in English novel
菲尔丁被认作是“英国小说之父”，因为他对现代小说形式建立的贡献。他是在理论和实践上第一个开始的十八世纪的所有小说家，特别是写了“散文体喜剧史诗”，给了现代小说以结构和方式。在他之前，小说相关的故事理查德逊的《帕梅拉》为代表的书信形式（一系列的信件），或者是或者是通过主要人物的讲述，例如笛福的《鲁宾逊漂流记》的传奇式流浪冒险的形式。但是菲尔丁采纳“第三人称叙述“，在这里面作者变为“无所不知的神” 。他所有的人物都思考思想，因此他能够不仅展现他们外部的行为，而且也展现他们头脑的内部作品。在他的故事中，他试图保持古典作品的史诗形式，但是同时对像他的现实展现。他的语言是容易的，流利的和熟悉的，但是极度灵活和有力的。他的句子是以罗技和韵律为标记，他的结构仔细地指向必然的结尾。他的作品也是以灵活的，戏剧的对话和其他的例如悬念，一致而出乎意外。

布列松

抓取“决定性瞬间”是布列松摄影概念中的核心和精华。他这样的解释：“对我来讲，照相机就是一本速写簿，一件工具 --- 是获取直觉的、自发的和令疑问和决心并存的伟大瞬间的工具。一个人要想把有意义的东西带给世界，他就必须能够与他取景框中的事物灵犀相通。这种方式需要精力集中、头脑有素、反应敏锐和对几何结构有良好感觉。拍摄照片既要认清事实本身，又要赋予它视觉感知形式上的意义。它把人的头脑、眼睛和心灵放在了同一条轴线上。”
布列松虽然是第一批使用莱卡相机的摄影师，但他从不以摄影器材来标榜自己的地位。照相机对他来讲只是一件工具，一件拍摄照片的工具。他只使用莱卡相机和标准镜头。他甚至把相机上的莱卡商标和所有闪亮的金属部件都用黑色胶布贴上，以免对拍摄对象产生干扰。他只使用黑白胶卷，他不使用闪光灯。他认为闪光灯会干扰被摄对象。
布列松的最大功绩在于他首当其冲打破了大画幅摄影中普遍存在的矫揉造作的风气，把照相机从沙龙影室带到了街角路旁，把雕凿的摆布拍摄变成了抓取运动中的瞬间。他把真实、运动和生命带给了摄影，赋予了摄影新的生命和灵魂。正如美国华盛顿科克林艺术画廊主任菲利普· 布鲁克曼指出的：“他不但改变了摄影，而且改变了我们通过照片观看世界的方式。”
1947年他与罗伯特· 卡帕等摄影师合伙创办马格南图片社，专门为期刊提供世界性的新闻报道图片。 1954年他成为第一个在卢浮宫举办展览的摄影师， 70年代前后离开摄影舞台，以圆梦的方式开始了他的晚年 --- 重新回到了他童年所喜爱的绘画。
谢谢
他接着说：“我认为，摄影的意义在于理解，我们无法把它与其它的视觉表现形式分离开来。这是一种解放自己的拍摄方式，而不是为了证明和显示自己的创造力。这是一种生活方式。”

穆雷老师推荐的翻译书目100本

英文部分（100本）ALVAREZ, Roman & VIDAL, M. Carmen-Africa. 1996. Translation, Power, Subversion. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.ANDERMAN, Gunilla & Margaret Rogers (ed.) 2003. Translation Today: Trends and Perspectives. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.BAER, Brian James & Geoffrey S. Koby (ed.) 2003. Beyond the Ivory Tower: Rethinking Translation Pedagogy.Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.BAKER, Mona (ed.) 1998. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London & New York: Routledge. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之20）BAKER, Mona. 1992. In Other Words, A Coursebook on Translation. London & New York: Routledge.BASSNETT, Susan. & LEFEVERE, Andre. 1998. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之1）BASSNETT, Susan. & TRIVEDI, Harish. (ed.) 1999. Post-colonial Translation, Theory and Practice.London and New York: Routledge.BASSNETT, Susan. 2002. Translation Studies, Third edition.London & New York: Routledge. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之27）BOWKER, Lynne & CRONIN, Michael & KENNY, Dorothy & PEARSON, Jennifer (ed.) 1998. Unity in Diversity? Current Trends in TranslationStudies.Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.BURRELL, TODD & Sean K. Kelly. (ed.) 1995. Translation: Religion, Ideology, Politics: Translation Perspectives VIII. Center for Research in Translation, State University of New York at Binghamton.CATFORD. J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. Oxford/London: Oxford University Press. CHESTERMAN, Andrew & WAGNER, Emma. 2002. Can Theory Help Translators?A Dialogue Between the Ivory Tower and the Wordface. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.CHESTERMAN, Andrew (ed.) 1989. Readings in Translation Theory.Oy Finn Lectura Ab.CHESTERMAN, Andrew. 1997. Memes of Translation: The Spread of Ideas in Translation Theory. John Benjamins Publishing Company.CRONIN, Michael. 2003. Translation and Globalization. London & New York: Routledge.DAVIS, Kathleen. 2001. Deconstruction and Translation. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之13）DELISLE, Jean & WOODSWORTH, Judith (Edited and Directed) 1995. Translators Through History. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company / UNESCO Publishing.DELISLE, Jean. 1988. Translation: an Interpretive Approach.Ottawa, England: University of Ottawa Press.ELLIS, Roger & OAKLEY-BROWN, Liz (ed.) 2001. Translation and Nation: Towards a Cultural Politics of Englishness. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.FAWCETT, Peter. 1997. Translation and Language, Linguistic Theories Explained. Manchester: St Jerome Publishing.FLOTOW, Luise von. 1997. Translation and Gender, Translating in the “Era of Feminism”. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之17）GENTZLER, Edwin. 2001. Contemporary Translation Theories.(Second Revised Edition) Clevedon: Multilingual Matters LTD. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之19）GILE, Daniel. 1995. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.GRANGER, SYLVIANE & Jacques Lerot & Stephanie Petch-Tyson (ed.) 2003. Corpus-based Approaches to Contrastive Linguistics and Translation Studies. Amsterdam-New York: RodopiGUTT, Ernst-August. 2000. Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.（上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之18）Hasen, Gyde, Kirsten Malmkjar & Daniel Gile (eds.) 2004. Claims, Changes and Challenges in Translation Studies. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.HATIM, B. & MASON, I. 1990. Discourse and the Translator.London/New York: Longman. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之8）HATIM, Basil & MASON, Ian. 1997. The Translator as Communicator. London & New York: Routledge.HATIM, Basil. 1997. Communication Across Cultures, Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之2）HATIM, Basil. 2001. Teaching and Researching Translation. New York: LongmanHatim, B. and J. Munday. 2004. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. London and New York: Routledge.HERMANS, Theo (ed.) 1985. The Manipulation of Literature, Studies in Literary Translation. London & Sydney: Croom Helm.HERMANS, Theo. 1999. Translation in Systems, Descriptive and Systemic Approaches Explained.Manchester: St Jerome Publishing. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之16）HERMANS, Theo (ed.) 2002. Crosscultural Transgressions: Research Models in Translation Studies II, Historical and IdeologicalIssues. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.HEWSON, Lance & Jacky Marlin. 1991. Redefining Translation—the Variational Approach. London & New York: Routledge.HICKEY, Leo. (ed.), 1998. The Pragmatics of Translation.Clevedon/Philadelphia/Toronto/Sydney/Johannesburg: Multilingual Matters Ltd. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之4）HOLMES, James S. 1988. Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies. Amsterdam: Rodopi.HOMEL, David & Sherry Simon (ed.) 1988. Mapping Literature: the Art and Politics of Translation. Montreal: Vehicule Press.HOUSE, Juliane. 1997. Translation Quality Assessment, A Model Revisited. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.JOHNSTON, David (Introduced and Edited.) 1996. Stages ofTranslation. Bath: Absolute Classics.KATAN, David. 1999. Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之15）KELLY, L. G. 1979. The True Interpreter: A History of Translation Theory and Practice in the West. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.LEFEVERE, Andre (ed.) 1992. Translation/History/Culture, A Sourcebook.London and New York: Routledge. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之23）LEFEVERE, Andre. 1992. Translating Literature, Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context. New York: The Modern Language Association of America.LEFEVERE, Andre.1992. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London and New York: Routledge. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之24）MUNDAY, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications.London & New York: Routledge.NEWMARK, Peter. 1988. A Textbook of Translation.New York: Prentice-Hall International. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之7）NEWMARK, Peter. 1982. Approaches to Translation.Oxford : Pergamon. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之5）NEWMARK, Peter. 1991. About Translation.Clevedon/Philadelphia/Adelaide: Multilingual Matters Ltd.NIDA, Eugene A. & TABER, Charles R. 1969 1974 1982 The Theory and Practice of Translation.Leiden: E. J. Brill.（上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之22）NIDA, Eugene A. 1964. Toward A Science of Translation: with special reference to principles involved in Bible translating. Leiden：E. J. Brill. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之21）NIDA, Eugene A. 2001. Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之9）NORD, Christiane. 1991. Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Application of a Model forTranslation-Oriented Text Analysis (Translated from the German ) Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA.: Rodopi.NORD, Christiane. 1997. Translating as a Purposeful Activity, Functionalist Approaches Explained.Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之3）OLOHAN, Maeve (ed.) 2000. Intercultural Faultlines: Research Models in Translation Studies I: Textual and Cognitive Aspects. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.OLOHAN, Maeve. 2004. Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies.London & New York, Routledge.PEREZ, Maria Calzada (ed.) 2003. Apropos of Ideology: Translation studies on Ideology----Ideologies in Translation studies. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.PYM, Anthony. 1998. Method in Translation History. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.PYM, Anthony. 2004. The Moving Text: Lo c alization, translation, and distribution. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.REISS, Katharina. 2000. Translation Criticism—the Potentials and Limitations, Categories and Criteria for Translation Quality Assessment. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之25）RENER, Frederick M. 1989. Interpretation: Language and Translation, From Cicero to Tytler. Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA.: Rodopi.ROBINSON, Douglas. 1991. The Tr anslator’s Turn.Baltimore & London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.ROBINSON, Douglas. 1997. Translation and Empire.Postcolonial Theories Explained. Manchester: St Jerome Publishing.ROBINSON, Douglas. 1997. Western Translation Theory, from Herodotus to Nietzsche. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.ROBINSON, Douglas. 1997. What Is Translation? Centrifugal Theories, Critical Interventions. Kent: The Kent State University Press.ROBINSON, Douglas. 2001. Who Translates? Translator Subjectivities Beyond Reason. Albany：State University of New York Press.ROSE, Marilyn Gaddis (ed.) 1981. Translation Spectrum, Essays in Theory and Practice. Albany: State University of New York Press.ROSE, Marilyn Gaddis. 1997. Translation and Literary Criticism, Translation as Analysis. Manchester: St Jerome Publishing. SAMUELSSON-BROWN, Geoffrey. 1998. A Practical Guide for Translators (Third Edition) Clevedon：Multilingual Matters Ltd.SCHAFFNER, Christina & KELLY-HOLMES, Helen (ed.) 1996. Discourse and Ideologies. Clevedon：Multilingual Matters Ltd.SCHAFFNER, Christina. & ADAB, Beverly (ed.) 2000. Developing Translation Competence. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. SCHAFFNER, Christina (ed.) 1999. Translation and Norms.Clevedon：Multilingual Matters Ltd.SCHAFFNER, Christina (ed.) 1998. Translation and Quality.Clevedon /Philadelphia /Toronto /Sydney/ Johannesburg: Multilingual Matters Ltd.SCHULTE, Rainer. & BIGUENET, John (ed.) 1992. Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.SEWELL, Penelope & Ian Higgins (ed.) 1996. Teaching Translation in Universities: Present and Future Perspectives. London: CILT (The Association for French Language Studies in association with the Centre for Information on Language and Research ).SHUTTLEWORTH, Mark. & COWIE, Moira. 1997. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester: St Jerome Publishing. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之29）SIMON, Sherry & ST-PIERRE, PAUL (ed.) 2000. Changing the Terms, Translating in the Postcolonial Era.Ottawa : University of Ottawa Press.SIMON, Sherry (ed.) 1995. Culture in Transit, Translating the Literature of Quebec.Montreal: Vehicule Press.SIMON, Sherry. 1996. Gender in Translation, Cultural Identity and the Politics of Translation. London and New York: Routledge.SNELL-HORNBY, Mary & POCHHACKER, Franz & KAINDL, Klaus (ed.) 1994. Translation Studies, An Interdiscipline. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.SNELL-HORNBY, Mary. 1988. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之12）SORVALI, Iema. 1996. Translation Studies in a NewPerspective. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.STEINER, George. 1975,1992,1998 (Third Edition). After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之11）TIRKKONEN-CONDIT, Sonja & Riitta Jaaskelainen (ed.) 2000. Tapping and Mapping the Processes of Translation andInterpreting. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.TOURY, Gideon. 1980. In Search of A Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv University. Jerusalem: Academic Press.TOURY, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies andBeyond. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之10）TROSBORG, Anna (ed.) 1997. Text Typology and Translation. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.TYMOCZKO, Maria & GENTZLER, Edwin (eds.) 2002. Translation and Power.Amherst and Boston: University of Massachusetts Press. TYMOCZKO, Maria. 1999. Translation in a Postcolonial Context: Early Irish Literature in English Translation.Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之14）VENUTI, Lawrence (ed.) 1992. Rethinking Translation. London and New York: Routledge.VENUTI, Lawrence (ed.) 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London & New York: Routledge.VENUTI, Lawrence. 1995. The Translator’s Invisibility.London and New York: Routledge. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之26）VENUTI, Lawrence. 1998. The Scandals of Translation：Towards an Ethics of Difference. London & New York: Routledge.VERMEER, Hans J. 1996. A Skopos theory of Translation: Some Arguments for and against. Heidelberg: TEXTconTEXT-Verlag.VINAY, Jean-Paul and DARBELNET, parative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John BenjaminsWAARD, Jan de & Eugene A. Nida. 1986. From One Language to Another: Functional Equivalence in Bible Translating. Nashville: Nelson. WILLIAMS, Jenny & CHESTERMAN, Andrew. 2002. The Map, A Beginner’s Guideto Doing Research in Translation Studies.Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. （上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之28）WILSS, Wolfram. 1982. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.（上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之6）WILSS, Wolfram. 1996. Knowledge and Skills in TranslationBehavior.Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.ZANETTIN, Federico & Silvia Bernardini & Dominic Stewart (ed.) 2003. Corpora in Translator Education. Manchester & Northampton MA: St. Jerome Publishing.中文部分（30本）蔡新乐著《文学翻译的艺术哲学》，开封：河南大学出版社，2001蔡毅、段京华编著《苏联翻译理论》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000陈德鸿、张南峰编《西方翻译理论精选》，香港：香港城市大学出版社，2000 陈福康著《中国译学理论史稿》（修订本），上海：外语教育出版社，2000陈玉刚主编《中国翻译文学史稿》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1989郭建中编著《当代美国翻译理论》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000郭延礼著《中国近代翻译文学概论》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，1998孔慧怡著《翻译·文学·文化》，北京：北京大学出版社，1999廖七一等编著《当代英国翻译理论》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，2001林煌天主编《中国翻译词典》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，1997刘靖之编《翻译新焦点》，香港：商务印书馆（香港）有限公司，2003刘宓庆著《翻译教学：实务与理论》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2003罗新璋编《翻译论集》，北京：商务印书馆，1984马祖毅、任荣珍著《汉籍外译史》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，1997马祖毅著《中国翻译史》（上卷），武汉：湖北教育出版社，1999孙艺风著《视角·阐释·文化：文学翻译与翻译理论》，北京：清华大学出版社，2004孙致礼著《1949－1966：我国英美文学翻译概论》，南京：译林出版社，1996 谭载喜著《西方翻译简史》，北京：商务印书馆，1991王克非编著《翻译文化史论》，上海：外语教育出版社，1997王宏志编《翻译与创作：中国近代翻译小说论》，北京：北京大学出版社，2000王宏志著《重释‘信达雅’——二十世纪中国翻译研究》，上海：东方出版中心，1999谢天振编《翻译的理论建构与文化透视》，上海：外语教育出版社，2000谢天振著《翻译研究新视野》，青岛：青岛出版社，2003许钧、袁筱一等编著《当代法国翻译理论》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，2001许钧著《翻译论》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003杨自俭、刘学云编《翻译新论(1983-1992)》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，1994张柏然、许钧主编《面向21世纪的译学研究》，北京：商务印书馆，2002郑海凌著《文学翻译学》，郑州：文心出版社，2000中国译协《翻译通讯》编辑部编《翻译研究论文集（1894－1948）》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1984中国译协《翻译通讯》编辑部编《翻译研究论文集（1949－1983）》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1984附录：与译学研究关系比较密切的杂志1 BABEL: International Journal of Translation (The Netherlands)2 META: Translators’ Journal (Canada)3 TARGET: International Journal of Translation Studies (The Netherlands)4 THE TRANSLATOR: Studies in Intercultural Communication (UK)5 PERSPECTIVES: Studies in Translatology（Denmark）6 中国翻译7 外国语8 外语与外语教学9 四川外语学院学报10 解放军外国语学院学报11 上海翻译12 中国科技翻译。

布朗宁

England.
Works of Robert Browning

Pauline (1833) The Ring and the Book (10 verse narratives, 1868) My Last Duchess (a dramatic monologue that explores the idea of possessive/distorted love) (1842) Porphyria‘s Lover (a poem of love lust, and murder) (183642) Home-Thoughts, from Abroad (1845)
• Victorian literature ,as a product of its age , naturally took on its quality of magnitude and diversity .It was many-side and complex ,and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people’s life and thoughts .
• But the last three decades of this century witness the decline of the British empire and the decay of the Victorian values .
• Ideologically , the Victorians experienced fundamental changes . The rapid development of science and technology ,new inventions and discoveries in geology , astronomy biography and anthropology drastically shook people’s religious beliefs . • Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced , which gave chances for capitalists to exploit the poor .

历年考研英一阅读理解真题2021

历年考研英一阅读理解真题2021历年考研英一阅读理解真题1Text 1In the 2022年film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater des cended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,HM, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking anindustry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For HM to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2022年has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including HM, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t affordnot to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.历年考研英一阅读理解真题2Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolutiondidn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard,boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This wouldboost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.历年考研英一阅读理解真题3TEXT 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted“kings don't abdicate, they die in their sleep." But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above "mere" polities and "embody"a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchy's continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy's worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A]eased his relationship with his rivals.[B]used to enjoy high public support.[C]was unpopular among European royals.[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[B] Aristocrats' excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobility's adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals "have most to fear" because Charles[A]takes a tough line on political issues.[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats[D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs21.Dended his reign in embarrassment.22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.25. D Carlos, a lesson for all Monarchies历年考研英一阅读理解真题4Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2022年. For themost part，the response has been favorable，to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini，a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise，however，is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini，who had advocated Gilbert‘s app ointment in the Times，calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez，that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part，I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure，he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions，but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall，or anywhere else，to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf，or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time，attention，and money of the art-loving public，classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses，dance troupes，theater companies，and museums，but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap，available everywhere，and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‘slive performances; moreover，they can be “consumed” at a time a nd place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new mus ic that is not yet available on record. Gilbert‘s own interest in new music has been widely noted：Alex Ross，a classical-music critic，has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different，more vibrant organizat ion.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed，they must first change the relationship between America‘s oldest orchestra and the new aud ience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert‘s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text，which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert‘s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic，the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.。

英文我最爱的歌曲作文

英文我最爱的歌曲作文英文：One of my all-time favorite songs is "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen. This iconic masterpiece holds a special place in my heart for several reasons. Firstly, its unique structure and musical arrangement captivate me every time I listen to it. The blend of rock, opera, and ballad elements creates an unforgettable auditory experience thattranscends genres. From the hauntingly beautiful intro tothe thunderous climax, every section of the song tells a story and evokes powerful emotions.The lyrics of "Bohemian Rhapsody" are another aspectthat I adore. They are enigmatic and open to interpretation, allowing listeners to find personal meaning in them. The narrative unfolds like a mini-drama, following the protagonist through a journey of self-discovery, confession, and redemption. Lines like "Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?" and "Nothing really matters, anyone can see"resonate deeply with me, as they reflect the universal human experience of grappling with reality and existential questions.Moreover, the vocal performance by Freddie Mercury is simply unparalleled. His dynamic range, emotional delivery, and theatrical flair elevate the song to a level of brilliance that few artists can achieve. The way he seamlessly transitions between different vocal styles showcases his incredible talent and versatility. Whenever I hear his voice soar during the operatic section or the raw vulnerability in the quieter moments, I am reminded of why he is considered one of the greatest singers of all time.Furthermore, "Bohemian Rhapsody" holds nostalgic value for me. It reminds me of cherished memories associated with family gatherings, road trips, and late-night karaoke sessions with friends. It's a song that brings people together, transcending generations and cultural boundaries. Whether I'm belting out the lyrics at the top of my lungs or simply swaying along to the music, it never fails to uplift my spirits and fill me with joy.In conclusion, "Bohemian Rhapsody" is more than just a song to me; it's a timeless masterpiece that continues to inspire and enchant listeners around the world. Its enduring popularity and cultural significance serve as a testament to the genius of Queen and the enduring legacy of Freddie Mercury. Whenever I hear those iconic opening chords, I know that I'm about to embark on a musical journey unlike any other.中文：我最喜欢的歌曲之一是Queen的《波西米亚狂想曲》。

Reason and revolution

Benjamin Franklin
• “In many ways it is Franklin who best represents the spirit of the Enlightenment in America: self- educated, social, assured, a man of the world, ambitious and public-spirited, speculative about the nature of the universe, but in matters of religion content to observe the actual conduct of men rather than to debate supernatural matters which are unprovable”(Baym 8)
Benjamin Franklin
Hale Waihona Puke • Franklin was a rare genius in America and his identity could be a printer, postmaster, almanac writer, essayist, scientist, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, parlorman, businessman, patriot, and man of the world(饱经世故者,爱享乐者) .
• The secular ideals (入世思想)of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of Benjamin Franklin. • He instructed his countrymen as a printer, not a priest. • He was a humanist(人文主义者), concerned with this world and the people in it.

乔杰拉德

今年5月2日，被金氏世界纪录认列为「全世界最伟大销售员」的乔吉拉德将抵达台北，以台湾为第一站，展开两岸三地巡回演讲。

这个底特律贫民窟长大的擦鞋童，> 如何成为汽车史上最会卖车的人？> 乔吉拉德〈Joe Girard〉是何许人也？他是一个曾经创下四项世界纪录的汽车销售员。

翻开一九七七年的金氏世界纪录三百四十五页，「最伟大销售员」一栏写著：「美国密西根州底特律市的乔吉拉德，于一九七三年创下前所未闻的一千四百二十五辆个人年度汽车零售纪录……。

」此外，事实上直至一九九一年的金氏世界纪录年鉴都还记载著，乔吉拉德一生的零售销售总纪录是一万三千零一辆；而且每月最高销售纪录一百七十四辆，平均每日售出六辆车。

> 传奇：以销售汽车创下四项金氏世界纪录也就是说，乔吉拉德是全球单日、单月、单年度，以及销售汽车总量的纪录保持者。

金氏纪录上以「全球最伟大的销售员」形容他。

一九七八年一月宣布退休后，他所缔造的纪录，迄今未被打破！但乔吉拉德十五年的汽车销售员生涯，碰到美国经济大环境最紊乱的时刻，一九六四年越战开打，美国经济受战事拖累，一九七三年全球又爆发第一次石油危机，不景气使得美国汽车销售量下滑，但他在逆势中，一年还能卖出一千四百多辆车子。

一年，卖出一千四百多辆车子？这数字转换到台湾，约当台湾最会卖汽车的业务员穷一生之力的成绩〈编按：前南阳实业汽车业务员张丽玉，是台湾首位卖出千辆汽车的业务员，在她二十年的销售生涯中，共卖出一千九百辆汽车〉。

「我曾经一天成交十八辆车子！」乔吉拉德自豪的回忆。

这数字之于今天的同业又是何笱义？底特律罗斯威尔〈Roseville〉地区最大的汽车经销商杰佛瑞公司销售顾问蓝迪·帕勒米诺〈Randy Palermino〉表示，以每月二十个工作天来算，目前汽车销售员如果每天能卖出一辆车、每月成交二十辆车，就已经是顶尖销售员，可以过优渥的生活了，「更何况，乔吉拉德一天曾成交十八辆车？他真的写下了传奇！」他不禁赞叹。

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