Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
遗传算法关键术语
遗传算法是一种模拟自然选择和遗传机制的优化算法，用于解决复杂的优化问题。
以下是一些遗传算法中的关键术语：
个体（Individual）：表示问题解空间中的一个潜在解，通常由一组参数或染色体表示。
染色体（Chromosome）：由基因串联而成的结构，用于表示一个个体的特征或解。
基因（Gene）：染色体中的一个元素，代表个体的一个特定特征或属性。
种群（Population）：包含多个个体的集合，用于代表问题解空间的一个子集。
适应度（Fitness）：用于度量个体的优劣程度，通常是通过目标函数或评价指标来计算的。
选择（Selection）：根据个体适应度，从种群中选择个体用于产生后代。
交叉（Crossover）：将两个个体的染色体部分交换，产生新的个体。
变异（Mutation）：随机改变个体染色体中的基因，以增加种群的多样性。
迭代（Generation）：遗传算法的每一轮进化称为一代，种群中的个体经过选择、交叉和变异产生下一代。
终止条件（Termination Criterion）：用于决定何时终止遗传算法的运行，通常根据达到一定的迭代次数或满足特定的适应度要求。
遗传算法通过模拟生物进化的过程，不断优化种群中的个体，从而找到问题的最优解或接近最优解的解。
这些关键术语在遗传算法的理解和应用中起着重要的作用。
生态学部分词汇
生态学部分词汇空间异质性生态学过程和格局在空间分布上的不均匀性及其复杂性。
这一名词在生态学领域应用广泛，其含义和用法亦有多种。
具体地将，空间异质性一般可以理解为是空间缀块性（patchness）和梯度(gradient)的总和。
目录1简介2分类1简介空间异质性（spatial heterogeneity）是指生态学过程和格局在空间分布上的不均匀性及其复杂性。
这一名词在生态学领域应用广泛，其含义和用法亦有多种。
具体地讲，空间异质性一般可以理解为是空间缀块性（patchness）和梯度(gradient)的总和。
而缀块性则主要强调缀块的种类组成特征及其空间分布与配置的关系，比异质性在概念上更加具体。
因此，空间格局，异质性和缀块性在概念上和实际应用中都是相互联系，但又略有区别的一组概念。
最主要的共同典在于它们都强调非均质性以及对尺度的依赖.空间异质性高,意味着有更加多样的小生境,能允许更多的物种共存。
2分类空间异质性（一）非生物环境的空间异质性Harman研究了淡水软体动物与空间异质性的相关性，他以水体底质的类型数作为空间异质性的指标，得到了正的相关关系：底质类型越多，淡水软体动物种数越多。
植物群落研究中大量资料说明，在土壤和地形变化频繁的地段，群落含有更多的植物种，而平坦同质土壤的群落多样性低。
（二）植物空间异质性MacArthur等曾研究鸟类多样性与植物的物种多样性和取食高度多样性之间的关系。
取食高度多样性是对植物垂直分布中分层和均匀性的测度。
层次多，各层次具更茂密的枝叶表示取食高度多样性高。
结果发现：鸟类多样性与植物种数的相关，不如与取食高度多样性相关紧密。
因此，根据森林层次和各层枝叶茂盛度来预测鸟类多样性是有可能的，对于鸟类生活，植被的分层结构比物种组成更为重要。
在草地和灌丛群落中，垂直结构对鸟类多样性就不如森林群落重要，而水平结构，即镶嵌性或斑块性（patchiness）就可能起决定作用宏观生态学常用空间异质性概念。
consonant_clusters
/sk-/: sclerosis, /skr-/: screen, /skj-/: skewer, /skw-/: square
final two-consonant clusters:
pre-final /m/, /n/, /N/, //, /s/ + final:
/-mp/: jump /-nd/: band, /-nt/: bent, /-ns/: since, /-nz/: bronze, /-NT/: strength, /-ntS/: bench, /-ndZ/: orange /-Nk/: bank /-d/: hold, /-t/: belt, /-k/: milk, /-tS/: belch, /f/: self, /-v/: twelve, /-T/: health
nasal plosion: When /t/ or /d/ is followed by /n/, the explosion of the plosive takes place through the nose
/tn/: certainly, Britain, written, oughtn’t witness, partner, at noon, what next /dn/: sudden, garden, pardon, wouldn’t sadness, kidney, good night, red nose
plural noun / third person singular verb marker -s/-es: voiceless consonant + -s / -es → / s / voiced consonant / vowel + -s / -es → / z / / s /, / z /, / S /, / Z /, / tS /, / dZ / + -s / -es → / Iz / past tense marker -ed / -d: voiceless consonant + -ed / -d → / t / voiced consonant / vowel + -ed / -d → / d / / t /, / d / + -ed / -d → / Id / * P. 98. II
英语语音智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年齐鲁师范学院
第一章测试1.We should learn how to use the movable articulators such as _______________ allof which are very active in the active in the articulation of speech sounds.A:the lipsB:the vocal cordsC:the tongueD:the soft palate答案:ABCD2. A language consists of three important elements, namely _________________ .A:grammarB:vocabularyC:pronunciationD:listening答案:ABC3.The field of phonetics is traditionally divided into three subdisciplines:____________________ phonetics.A:auditoryB:acousticC:articulatoryD:phonology答案:ABC4.The vocal tract is formed by ________________ .A:mouthB:pharynxC:larynxD:nose答案:ABD5.Because British people tend to pronounce post-vocalic r sound, RP is rhotic.A:对B:错答案:B6.If phonetics deals with the physical reality of speech sounds, then phonology,on the other hand, is primarily concerned with how we interpret andsystematize sounds.A:错B:对答案:B7.The back rounded /ɔ/ is heard in British English in word such as not. In GA,this vowel sound is replaced with /a:/ .A:错B:对答案:B8.GA speakers use a great deal of weak forms to pronounce the unstressedsyllables, while RP speakers tend to pronounce both stressed and unstressed syllables very clearly.A:对B:错答案:B9.When we pronounce vowels and voiced consonants the vocal cords are keptapart and do not vibrate.A:对B:错答案:B10.Suprasegment features are features of speech which generally apply togroups of segments, or phonemes.A:错B:对答案:B第二章测试1.All consonants are voiced, while vowels can be voiced or voiceless.A:对B:错答案:B2.Schwa is a reduced vowel in stressed syllables, especially if syllabicconsonants are not used.A:对B:错答案:B3.In terms of syllable structure, vowels form the nucleus of the syllable. Theconsonants, on the other hand, occupy the onset or coda position.A:错B:对答案:B4.When a diphthong is pronounced, the first vowel sound is shorter, lower andweaker than the second one.A:对B:错答案:B5.There are five vowels in the alphabets, which represent all vowel sounds inEnglish language.A:对B:错答案:A6.All the speech sounds in the language can be classified into 4 groups: vowels,monophthongs, diphthongs and consonants.A:错B:对答案:A7.According to the distinctive feature theory, /ɔ/ and /a:/ differ from eachother by __________ .A:tongue positionB:tongue heightC:lengthD:lip posture答案:D8.The distinction between primary and secondary cardinal vowels is based onthe _______ position.A:vocal cordsB:soft palateC:lipsD:tongue答案:C9.Closing diphthongs end with a glide toward _______ or _______ .A:/ə/B:/ɔ/C:/i/D:/u/答案:CD10.The description of vowels relates to ________________ .A:tongue positionB:lengthC:lip postureD:tongue height答案:ABCD第三章测试1.In which word the letter b is not silent?A:doubleB:debtC:lambD:doubt答案:A2.English consonants can be classified in three ways, they are ( ).A:by the place of articulationB:by the manner of articulationC:by voicingD:by the loudness of sound答案:ABC3.[k] and [g] are pronounced by blocking the breath-stream with the back ofthe tongue and soft palate, building up the pressure, and suddenly releasing it.A:对B:错答案:A4.The consonants [f]，[v]，[t] ，[d] are fricatives.A:错B:对答案:A5.According to the features of consonants, [s] can be described as ( ).A:fricativeB:dentalC:aspiratedD:voiceless答案:ACD6.An affricate is a combination of a plosive and a ( ).A:lateralB:approximantC:fricativeD:nasal答案:C7. When pronouncing [ts], the tongue first sticks to the gums, blocks theairflow, and then raises.A:对B:错答案:B8.Which word does not contain the sound /m/?A:kindB:lambC:summerD:some答案:A9.There is no difference between English consonant /l/ and Chinese consonant/l/.A:对B:错答案:B10.Which of the following phonemes are approximant?A:/j/B:/l/C:/w/D:/r/答案:ACD第四章测试1. A syllable contains one and only one consonant.A:错B:对答案:A2.Secondary stress is more prominent than primary stress.A:对B:错答案:B3.Primary stress is often conveyed by changes in length, loudness, and pitch.A:对B:错答案:A4. A rhythm group contains more than one stressed syllable, together withunstressed syllables clustering about it or none.A:错B:对答案:A5.The notion of rhythm comes from the unstressed syllables. Word andsentence stress combine to create the rhythm of an English utterance.A:错B:对答案:A6.Which words are usually stressed in the following sentence: I am reading avery interesting novel?A:I, am, reading, novelB:readingC:very, interestingD:reading, very, interesting, novel答案:D7.Which words are usually stressed in the following sentence: Twenty isenough?A:is, enoughB:Twenty, is, enoughC:TwentyD:Twenty, enough答案:D8.Which words are usually stressed in the following sentence: The book that Ihave just read is hers?A:book, readB:book, justC:book, have, read, hersD:book, just, read, hers答案:D9.Which words are usually stressed in the following sentence: Who was that onthe phone?A:who, that, phoneB:who, wasC:who, was, that, phoneD:phone答案:A10.Which of the following words have their stress on the second syllable?A:AmericaB:introductionC:historicalD:sentence答案:AC第五章测试1.Progressive assimilation refers to the sounds assimilated are affected by thepronunciation of the preceding sounds.A:对B:错答案:A2.When /n/ is followed by /p/, /b/ or /m/, it becomes /ŋ/.A:对B:错答案:A3.It is a cluster of consonants. It could be two or three consonants.( )A:错B:对答案:B4. Gifts is initial consonant cluster. ( )A:对B:错答案:B5.Pronunciation is really about（）.A:throatB:tongueC:all of the aboveD:lips答案:C6.She sells seashells by the seashore. is ( ) in English.A:tongue twisterB:folk songC:sayingD:none of the above答案:A7.In the phrase “give me” which sound can be elided?( )A:/i/B:/v/C:/m/D:/g/答案:B8.Squeezing letters is the phenomenon of ( )A:consonant clusterB:incomplete explosionC:liasionD:elision答案:A9.Squeezing words is the phenomenon of ( )A:incomplete explosionB:elisionC:consonant clustersD:liasion答案:B10.Consonant clusters has_________.A:final clusterB:initial clusterC:medial clusterD:first cluster答案:ABC第六章测试1.What is the purpose of the speaker by saying “could you give me the ”?A:It is attracting attention.B:It is a polite request.C:It sounds like a command; the answer “yes” is expected.D:This is a question asking for information.答案:B2.Choose the standard intonation for the following sentences: 1. Can you try itout?2. When will you be ready?3. Come to the blackboard.4. Did he see hisfriend?A:rising, falling, rising, risingB:falling, falling, rising, fallingC:rising, falling, falling, risingD:falling, rising, falling, rising答案:C3.Which part carries maximal prominence in an intonation unit?A:nucleusB:pre-headC:tailD:head答案:A4.Which type of intonation is not the typical types of English intonation?A:falling intonationB:rising-falling intonationC:falling-rising intonationD:rising intonation答案:B5.The nucleus of the following sentence “I am WRIting a LETter to him.”is .A:ter to himB:LETC:WRIting aD:I am答案:B6. A nucleus is the first fully stressed syllable in an intonation unit.A:对B:错答案:B7.The focusing function of intonation is to show what information in anutterance is new and what is already know.A:错B:对答案:B8. A special question with falling intonation asks for information, while aspecial question with rising intonation usually signals more interest on the part of the speaker.A:对B:错答案:A9.In the sentence “The man works very hard, /doesn’t he?”, the speaker is surethat the man works very hard, and expects you to agree.A:对B:错答案:B10.The sentence “I have to buy bananas, apples, lemons and pears” should bespoken in rising intonation.A:错B:对答案:A。
英语语音知到章节答案智慧树2023年潍坊科技学院
英语语音知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新潍坊科技学院第一章测试nguage is first perceived through writing. ( )参考答案:错2.Emphasizing good pronunciation guarantees fluent spoken English andeffective communication. （）参考答案:错3.Speech organs are also known as ( ).参考答案:vocal organs or speech articulators4.Besides speech production, what is the primary function of speech organs? ( )参考答案:breathing and eating5.How do you say “齿龈” in English? ( )参考答案:alveolar ridge6.There are two types of speech organs. ( )参考答案:对7.How many syllables are there in the word “table”? ( )参考答案:two8.The KK transcription is used to transcribe ( ).参考答案:American English9.What are the two ways to transcribe English speech sounds? ( )参考答案:narrow transcription;broad transcription10.The maximum possibility of consonant cluster is_____consonants in thebeginning and_____in the final position. ( )参考答案:three，four第二章测试1.听附件录音，在下面的句子中选择正确的词。
英语语音教程 (6)
[s] + [k] [t]
ask desk best
voiceless + [s] [t]
caps l
ips
stopped
stepped
voiced + [z] [d]
dogs
pigs
robbed
begged
voiceless + [ts] [dz]
tests
rests
fields
shields
first
(12) He was a perfect scream.
(13) I’m curious to know the result.
(14) No sweet without sweat.
(15) It’s a small world.
(16) Our hope rests on you.
(17) I asked Stone to help me.
Chapter I Pronunciation
Unit 6
Consonants Clusters and Incomplete Plosives 辅音连缀和不完全爆破
FOCUS Consonants Clusters 辅音连缀 Incomplete Plosives 不完全爆破 Principles of Consonants Clusters & Exercises 练习
sphere small smoke smog speak sleep slave cross
shrimp bright print
twice twin
twelve class blind
grow green clear dwell sweep sway scream blue
(完整版)托福TPOextra答案解析和原文翻译
TPO 34阅读解析第一篇Population and Climate【P1】地球人口的增长已经对大气和生态环境产生了影响。
化石燃料的燃烧，毁林，城市化，种植大米，养殖家畜，生产作为助推燃料和制冷剂的CFC增加了空气中CO2，甲烷，二氧化氮，二氧化硫灰尘和CFOs 的含量。
约70%的太阳能量穿过大气直射地球表面。
太阳射线提高了土地和海洋表面的温度，随后土地和海洋表面将红外射线反射会太空中。
这能使地球避免温度过高。
但是并不是所有的红外射线被返回会太空中，一些被大气中的气体吸收，然后再次反射回地球表面。
温室气体就是其中吸收了红外射线的一种气体，然后再次反射一些红外线到地球。
二氧化碳，CFC，甲烷和二氧化氮都是温室气体。
大气中温室效应形成和建立的很自然。
事实上，大气中如果没有温室气体，科学家预测地球温度比当前的能够低33度。
【P2】大气中当前二氧化碳浓度是360ppm。
人类活动正在对大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加有着重要的影响，二氧化碳浓度正在快速增长，目前预估在未来50-100年内，浓度将是目前的一倍。
IPCC在1992中做出一份报告，在该份报告中大多数大气科学家中观点一致，预测二氧化碳浓度翻倍可能会将全球气温提高1.4-4.5度。
IPCC在2001年的报告中做出的预测是气温几乎将会提高2倍。
可能发生的气温升高比在冰河时期发生的变化要大很多。
这种温度的升高也不会是一直的，在赤道周围变化最小，而在极点周围的变化则是2-3倍。
这些全球变化的本地化影响很难预测，但是大家一致认为可能会影响洋流的改变，在北半球的一些区域可能增加在冬天发洪水的可能性，在一些区域夏天发生干旱的概率提高，还有海平面的升高也可能会淹没位置较低的国家。
【P3】科学家积极参与地球气候系统中物理，化学和生物成分的调查，为了对温室气体的增加对未来全球气候的影响做出准确预测。
全球环流模型在这个过程中是重要的工具。
这些模型体现包含了当前对大气环流模式，洋流，大陆影响和类似东西所掌握的知识，在变化的环境下预测气候。
英语语音PPT5.Consonant Clusters,NASALS and lateral plosions
Nasal Plosion （鼻腔爆破）
Lateral Plபைடு நூலகம்sion （舌边爆破）
The release of a plosive by lowering the sides of the tongue, as at the end of the word saddle. When /t/ or /d/ is followed by /l/, (as in little / litl/ and middle / midl/), the tongue-tip remains on the ridge of the upper front teeth, but one or both sides of the tongue are suddenly lowered so that the breath passes out with lateral plosion. P. 85, Exercise 8
Unit 15 Consonant Clusters (辅音连缀，或辅音群)
What is a consonant cluster?
Definition: A consonant cluster is a group （一组 的）or sequence of (连续的) consonants that appear together in a syllable without a vowel between them. In the word chat, the letters c and h appear contiguously but are not a consonant cluster, even though both are separate consonants in other contexts (cat; hat). In this instance, ch is a digraph （二合字母（代表一个单音的两个字母, 如sheaf中 sh ） because the ch sequence represents a single sound in the underlying English sound system.
分子生物学常见名词解释(中英文对照)
分子生物学重要概念AAbundance (mRNA 丰度)：指每个细胞中mRNA 分子的数目。
Abundant mRNA(高丰度mRNA)：由少量不同种类mRNA组成，每一种在细胞中出现大量拷贝。
Acceptor splicing site (受体剪切位点)：内含子右末端和相邻外显子左末端的边界。
Acentric fragment(无着丝粒片段)：(由打断产生的)染色体无着丝粒片段缺少中心粒，从而在细胞分化中被丢失。
Active site(活性位点)：蛋白质上一个底物结合的有限区域。
Allele(等位基因)：在染色体上占据给定位点基因的不同形式。
Allelic exclusion(等位基因排斥)：形容在特殊淋巴细胞中只有一个等位基因来表达编码的免疫球蛋白质。
Allosteric control(别构调控)：指蛋白质一个位点上的反应能够影响另一个位点活性的能力。
Alu-equivalent family(Alu 相当序列基因)：哺乳动物基因组上一组序列，它们与人类Alu家族相关。
Alu family (Alu家族)：人类基因组中一系列分散的相关序列，每个约300bp长。
每个成员其两端有Alu 切割位点(名字的由来)。
α-Amanitin(鹅膏覃碱)：是来自毒蘑菇Amanita phalloides 二环八肽，能抑制真核RNA聚合酶，特别是聚合酶II 转录。
Amber codon (琥珀密码子)：核苷酸三联体UAG，引起蛋白质合成终止的三个密码子之一。
Amber mutation (琥珀突变)：指代表蛋白质中氨基酸密码子占据的位点上突变成琥珀密码子的任何DNA 改变。
Amber suppressors (琥珀抑制子)：编码tRNA的基因突变使其反密码子被改变，从而能识别UAG 密码子和之前的密码子。
Aminoacyl-tRNA (氨酰-tRNA)：是携带氨基酸的转运RNA，共价连接位在氨基酸的NH2基团和tRNA 终止碱基的3￠或者2￠－OH 基团上。
遗传学名词解释(中英对照版)
遗传学名词解释（中英对照版）abortive transduction 流产转导：转导的DNA片段末端掺入到受体的染色体中，在后代中丢失。
acentric chromosome 端着丝粒染色体：染色体的着丝粒在最末端。
Achondroplasia 软骨发育不全：人类的一种常染色体显性遗传病，表型为四肢粗短，鞍鼻，腰椎前凸。
acrocetric chromosome 近端着丝粒染色体：着丝粒位于染色体末端附近。
active site 活性位点：蛋白质结构中具有生物活性的结构域。
adapation 适应：在进化中一些生物的可遗传性状发生改变，使其在一定的环境能更好地生存和繁殖。
adenine 腺嘌呤：在DNA中和胸腺嘧啶配对的碱基。
albino 白化体：一种常染色体隐性遗传突变。
动物或人的皮肤及毛发呈白色，主要因为在黑色素合成过程中，控制合成酪氨酸酶的基因发生突变所致。
allele 等位基因：一个座位上的基因所具有的几种不同形式之一。
allelic frequencies （one frequencies）在群体中存在于所有个体中某一个座位上等位基因的频率。
allelic exclusion 等位排斥：杂合状态的免疫球蛋白基因座位中，只有一个基因因重排而得以表达，其等位基因不再重排而无活性。
allopolyploicly 异源多倍体：多倍体的生物中有一套或多套染色体来源于不同物种。
Ames test 埃姆斯测验法：Bruce Ames 于1970年人用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（大鼠）肝微粒体法来检测某些物质是否有诱变作用。
amino acids 氨基酸：是构成蛋白质的基本单位，自然界中存在20种不同的氨基酸。
aminoacyl-tRNA 氨基酰- tRNA：tRNA的氨基臂上结合有相应的氨基酸，并将氨基酸运转到核糖体上合成蛋白质。
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase 氨基酰- tRNA合成酶：催化一个特定的tRNA结合到相应的tRNA分子上。
遗传学名词解释-(2)
遗传学名词解释-(2)《遗传学》名词解释1Mitosis, 有丝分裂：高等真核生物细胞分裂形式，细胞分裂过程中，子代染色体数目不变。
Meiosis, 减数分裂：有性生殖个体形成生殖细胞的分裂方式，期间复制一次，分裂两次，子代染色体数目减半。
Chromosome 染色体：指细胞分裂过程中，由染色质聚缩而呈现为一定数目和形态的复合结构。
2Synapsis 联会：减数分裂偶线期开始出现同源染色体配对现象，即联会。
Homologous Chromosome, 同源染色体：指形态、结构和功能相似的一对染色体，他们一条来自父本，一条来自母本。
Chromatids 染色单体：复制时产生的染色体拷贝。
3Univalent 二价体：一对配对的同源染色体称二价体Wild-type gene, 野生型基因：在自然群体中往往有一种占多数座位的等位基因，称为野生型基因。
Bivalent 单价体：本应联会而未联会的染色体。
4Alleles, 等位基因：位于同源染色体上，位点相同，控制着同一性状的基因。
Principle of Linkage, 连锁遗传定律：亲本所具有的两个或多个性状，常有联系在一起遗传的倾向。
Locus 基因座：一个特定基因在染色体上的位置。
5Heterozygous,杂合子：是指同一位点上的两个等位基因不同的基因型个体Homozygous, 纯合子：是指同一位点上的两个等位基因相同的基因型个体Phenotype 表现型：某个体某单性状的物理表现形式。
6Diploid, 二倍体：细胞核染色体根据着丝粒位置和染色体长度全是成对存在的个体或细胞。
（2n）Haploid, 单倍体：具有配子染色体数（n）的个体或细胞。
Chromosome theory of heredity, 遗传的染色体理论：基因位于染色体上，且成线性排列，基因间的距离由它们在后代中共同出现的概率决定。
Polyploid 多倍体：体细胞中含三个及以上染色体组的个体。
consonants的名词解释
consonants的名词解释Consonants: Exploring the Melodic and Harmonic Foundations of LanguageIntroductionLanguage is a fascinating tool that humans use to communicate and convey thoughts, emotions, and ideas. Each language has its own unique characteristics and structures that allow for effective communication. One fundamental aspect of language is the division of sounds into two main categories - consonants and vowels. In this article, we will delve into the world of consonants, exploring their definition, characteristics, and significance in language.Defining ConsonantsConsonants, in linguistics, are a group of speech sounds that are produced with some degree of obstruction or closure in the vocal tract. Unlike vowels, which are produced with relatively unrestricted airflow, consonants require the involvement of various parts of the vocal tract such as the lips, teeth, and tongue. These obstructions create distinct patterns of sound that form the basis of words and sentences in language.Characteristics of Consonants1. Voice and Voicelessness: One of the key distinctions among consonants is the presence or absence of vocal cord vibration. Consonants can either be voiced, where the vocal cords vibrate, or voiceless, where no vibration occurs. For example, the "b" sound in "bat" is voiced, while the "p" sound in "pat" is voiceless.2. Place of Articulation: Another important characteristic of consonants is the place of articulation, which refers to the specific location in the vocal tract where the obstruction occurs. There are various possible places of articulation, including the lips, teeth, alveolar ridge (just behind the upper teeth), hard and soft palate, and the back of the tongue among others. Different languages may utilize different places of articulation,leading to variations in consonant sounds. For instance, English has sounds like "m" and "n" that are produced with the lips and the alveolar ridge, respectively.3. Manner of Articulation: Consonants can also be classified according to the manner of articulation, which describes how the airflow gets obstructed or modified. This can involve complete or partial closure of the vocal tract, or the redirection of airflow. Some examples of manner of articulation include stops (complete closure and release of airflow), fricatives (partial obstruction creating a hissing or buzzing sound), and affricates (combining a stop and a fricative).Importance of Consonants in Language1. Word Differentiation: Consonants play a crucial role in distinguishing words from one another. Changing a single consonant sound in a word can completely alter its meaning. For example, replacing the "b" sound in "bat" with a "p" sound creates the word "pat" with an entirely different meaning.2. Rhythm and Melody: Consonants contribute to the melodic and rhythmic patterns of speech. They provide the beats and structure of spoken language, allowing for the expression of emotions, emphasis, and clarity in communication. The arrangement and repetition of consonants create a pleasing flow of sounds, enhancing the overall musicality of language.3. Syllable Formation: Consonants are essential for the formation of syllables, which are the building blocks of words. A syllable typically consists of a vowel sound, often accompanied by one or more consonant sounds. The combination of consonants and vowels in syllables forms the basis for constructing meaningful words in any language.4. Social and Cultural Significance: Consonants play a role in shaping the social and cultural identity of language communities. Different languages have varying sets of consonant sounds, which can be influenced by geographical, historical, and cultural factors. The unique consonant patterns in a language contribute to its distinctiveness and richness, reflecting the heritage and diversity of its speakers.ConclusionConsonants form an integral part of language, providing the framework for meaningful communication. Their diverse characteristics and arrangements allow for the creation of words, sentences, and the expression of emotions. Understanding the significance of consonants in language deepens our appreciation for the complexity and beauty of linguistic communication. So, next time you speak, take a moment to appreciate the subtle nuances and harmonious interplay of consonant sounds that underpin the words you utter.。
consonant cluster例子
consonant cluster例子
在语言学中，辅音串（consonant cluster）是指连续出现的两个或多个辅音音素。
这个音素序列在词的开头、中间或结尾都可能出现。
让我们来看几个常见的辅音串例子。
1. 在词的开头：
- "black"（黑色）：这个词以一个辅音串开始，/b/和/l/，形成了一个清晰的辅音串。
- "splash"（飞溅）：开头的辅音串/s/和/p/给词汇带来了一种活力和强烈的感觉。
2. 在词的中间：
- "text"（文本）：这个词包含两个辅音串，/t/和/k/在中间形成了一个辅音串，让这个词很简洁。
- "hamster"（仓鼠）：这个词中的辅音串/st/以及后面的/rs/产生了一个特殊的
音韵效果。
3. 在词的结尾：
- "jump"（跳跃）：这个词以一个辅音串结束，/m/和/p/，使单词有一个明确
的结束音。
- "trick"（戏法）：结尾的辅音串/ck/增添了一种刺激感。
在以上例子中，我们可以看到辅音串在词汇中的重要作用。
它们使得词语的发
音更加丰富多彩，增加了语言的表达能力。
同时，辅音串的出现也为发音的流畅度和速度提供了挑战。
在学习某种语言时，了解并正确发音辅音串是很重要的。
通过练习和反复听力，我们可以逐渐掌握并正确使用这些辅音串，从而更加准确地表达自己。
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
voiced consonants +/d/ robbed rubbed called begged hugged loved moved seized smiled voiceless consonants +/ts/ tests rests beasts feasts boasts hosts gifts shifts voiced consonants +/dz/ fields shields wields folds holds ends spends extends
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
Consonant Clusters: combination of two or more consonants /sp/: spy speak spit spark sport spade spray /st/: stay steal still steak star story storey /sk/: sky ski sketch school scold skate scarf /sf/: sphere sphinx spherical /sm/: small smile smoke smith smack smooth /sn/: snow sneeze snake snap snatch snag snail
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
/sl/: sleep slide slow slim slot slum /sw/: swear swap swag sway sweet sweat swerve /pl, pr/: play please plot pray press print price /tr, tw/: try tree train truck twice twelve tweed /kl, kr, kw/: climb, claim clique clock clerk cry cream crush croak cradle crack quite quit quiver
consensusclusterplus提取亚型 -回复
consensusclusterplus提取亚型-回复[ConsensusClusterPlus提取亚型] - 一步一步回答ConsensusClusterPlus是一种用于从基因表达数据中提取亚型的数据挖掘工具。
在本文中，我们将一步一步地介绍如何使用ConsensusClusterPlus来提取亚型，并讨论其在生物医学研究中的应用。
第一步：数据准备在使用ConsensusClusterPlus之前，我们首先需要准备用于分析的基因表达数据。
该数据可以是来自任何生物医学研究的高通量基因表达实验，如微阵列或RNA测序数据。
确保数据已经被预处理，并完成了基本的质控和标准化。
第二步：安装和加载ConsensusClusterPlus ConsensusClusterPlus是一个R语言包，因此需要先安装R编程环境。
在安装R之后，可以通过使用以下命令来安装ConsensusClusterPlus包：install.packages("ConsensusClusterPlus")成功安装包后，可以使用以下命令加载ConsensusClusterPlus包：library(ConsensusClusterPlus)第三步：数据输入和预处理要使用ConsensusClusterPlus进行亚型提取，需要将数据导入到R中。
这可以通过将数据保存为适当的格式，例如一个数据框中的表格或一个矩阵文件，并使用下面的命令读取数据：data <- read.table("data.txt", header = TRUE, sep = "\t")确保数据包含适当的样本和基因信息，并按照所需的格式进行排列。
第四步：运行ConsensusClusterPlus现在，我们可以使用ConsensusClusterPlus对数据进行亚型聚类分析。
在分析之前，需要设置一些参数，例如聚类方法、重复次数和聚类数目。
拓扑心理学的英文名词解释
拓扑心理学的英文名词解释Topology Psychology: Exploring the intricate connections of the human mindIntroduction:In the realm of psychology, there exists a fascinating field that delves into the intricate connections of the human mind, known as Topology Psychology. This multi-disciplinary approach, combining principles from topology and psychology, seeks to unfold hidden patterns and structures within our cognition, emotions, and behavior. In this article, we will explore the essence of Topology Psychology and shed light on its key concepts and implications.1. The Basics of Topology Psychology:Topology Psychology, also known as Psychological Topology, is a branch of psychology that investigates the spatial relationships and connections between different mental processes, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. It draws inspiration from mathematics' branch of topology, which studies the properties of space that are preserved under continuous transformations, such as stretching or bending, but not tearing or gluing.2. The Foundation of Topology Psychology:While the study of cognitive and emotional processes has traditionally focused on their separate and individual components, Topology Psychology emphasizes the connectedness and interdependence between various psychological elements. It recognizes that our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are not isolated entities but are intricately linked, forming a complex network.3. Understanding Mental Spaces:Central to the concept of Topology Psychology is the notion of mental spaces. Similar to how physical spaces have dimensions, mental spaces have dimensions that represent certain aspects of our cognitive processes. These spaces can be visualized as interconnected nodes, with each node representing a specific mental state or concept.4. Mapping Mental Spaces:Topology Psychology employs various techniques to map and understand these mental spaces. One such method is the use of concept mapping, where participants are asked to visually represent their associations and connections between different concepts. Through these maps, psychologists can analyze the topological properties of mental spaces, identifying clusters, bridges, or isolated nodes, which reveal underlying patterns and structures in our cognitive processes.5. Application in Cognitive Psychology:Topology Psychology offers valuable insights into cognitive processes such as memory, attention, and problem-solving. By examining the spatial relationships between different components of these processes, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of how information is stored, accessed, and manipulated in the mind. This knowledge can inform the development of effective learning strategies and cognitive interventions.6. Implications for Emotional Well-being:Understanding the topology of emotions is another significant aspect of Topology Psychology. Emotions are not standalone experiences but are interconnected and influence one another. By mapping these emotional spaces, psychologists can identify emotional patterns and networks, enabling individuals to gain insight into their emotional states and develop strategies to regulate and manage their emotions effectively.7. Social Networks and Group Dynamics:Another intriguing application of Topology Psychology lies in analyzing social networks and group dynamics. By representing social relationships and interactions as interconnected nodes, researchers can uncover hidden structures within social groups. This understanding can contribute to the improvement of team performance, negotiation strategies, and conflict resolution.8. The Future of Topology Psychology:As the field continues to evolve, Topology Psychology holds immense potential in unraveling the complexities of the human mind. Incorporating technological advancements such as machine learning and data analytics can facilitate the analysis of vast amounts of psychological data and potentially lead to breakthroughs in diagnosing and treating mental disorders.Conclusion:Topology Psychology provides a fresh perspective on the interconnections between different psychological processes, offering a deeper understanding of our cognitive, emotional, and social experiences. By recognizing the intricate networks within the human mind, this field has the potential to revolutionize various branches of psychology, paving the way for innovative interventions and a more comprehensive understanding of human experiences.。
中国学生英语辅音丛发音问题及解决对策
Research on the Pronunciation of English Consonant Cluster
2.3 Improper utilization of speech organs
1) Difficulty of pronouncing dark lateral [l] Students find it difficult to pronounce dark lateral [l] (dark [l])， For example, they tend to pronounce milk [miək] film [fiəm] or they may probably pronounce clear [l] ，and then add [ə]， e.g. milk [milək] film [filəm]
Contents:
1.basic knowledge of English consonant cluster
1.1 Definition of consonant cluster 1.2 Classification of consonant cluster
2.Problems in teaching and learning English consonant cluster
3) Nasal
plosion
When pronouncing consonant clusters [dn] and [tn] ，stop sounds [d] and [t] are closely followed by the nasal [n]. [d] and [n]，or [t] and [n] are pronounced almost at the same time，thus the air stream would burst out from nasal organ. However, there are no such pronunciations in Chinese, which causes students adding a vowel sound [ə] to consonant clusters,
2021上半年教师资格考试初中英语真题及答案
2021上半年教师资格考试初中英语真题及答案第1部分：单项选择题，共19题，每题只有一个正确答案,多选或少选均不得分。
1.[单选题]Which of the following shows the proper pronunciation of the English consonant cluster “spl”in the word “splash”?A)[spl]B)[spl]C)[spl]D)[spl]答案:C解析:本题考查语音学。
splash中spl的发音为/spl/，故本题选C。
2.[单选题]The English phonemes /u:/ and /u/ differ in ______.A)length and lip roundingB)lip roundingC)length and tongue positionD)tongue position答案:A解析:本题考查语音学。
/u:/和/u/的发音区别第一点在于前者是长音，后者是短音；第二点在于两个音都是圆唇音，但是后者嘴型更小一些，故本题选A。
3.[单选题]The Arctic wolf is clearly a very ______ animal, for it is able to survive subzero temperatures, long periods of darkness, and days without food.A)ferociousB)hardyC)aggressiveD)docile答案:B解析:本题考查形容词辨析。
句意：北极狼显然是一种非常耐寒的动物，因为它能够在零度以下的温度、长时间的黑暗和没有食物的日子里生存。
ferocious意为“残忍的”；hardy 意为“适应力强的，耐寒的”；aggressive意为“好斗的”；docile意为“温顺的”。
根据句意可知B项符合句意。
故本题选B。
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Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
/bl, br/: blue blow black blame blush block breathe broad bring bright brother /dr, dw/: dress dream dry drain dread draw dwell dwarf dwindle /gl, gr/: glass glide glow glad green grow great grass grab grade gradual graft /fl, fr/: fly flow flee flesh fling flat from frame frank free French frail / r, r/: three throw threat through throat shriek shrink shrill shrimp shrewd
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
Plosives + Fricatives: red flags old friends kind voice second volume first visit sweet flowers just think get through take three right thing just then take this red stars bright sky first step keep silent folk songs big zoo first shift a smart shirt don’t shout look sharp make sure public show
not mine at midnight not now quite near loud noise
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
Lateral Plosion : /t,d + l/ at least a red lantern at leisure at lunch at liberty a good leader at last the third lesson an outline red light the second longest
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
Plosives + Affricates: white chalks great changes loud cheers a good child the first chapter a bit dry second choice black jacket a g tree hard journey fast train sweet dream sick child bad judge ripe cherries good driver fast train don’t try a good try a good job a big jar cold drink big chance not true
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
voiced consonants +/d/ robbed rubbed called begged hugged loved moved seized smiled voiceless consonants +/ts/ tests rests beasts feasts boasts hosts gifts shifts voiced consonants +/dz/ fields shields wields folds holds ends spends extends
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
Plosives + Plosives : active blackboard bookcase postcard doctor September picture handbag pigtail lecture put down wet ground next door stop talking keep quiet take care not bad great concern hard times quite different jump down
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
/sl/: sleep slide slow slim slot slum /sw/: swear swap swag sway sweet sweat swerve /pl, pr/: play please plot pray press print price /tr, tw/: try tree train truck twice twelve tweed /kl, kr, kw/: climb, claim clique clock clerk cry cream crush croak cradle crack quite quit quiver
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
voiceless consonants + /s/ : caps lips books roofs smiths desks maths lakes looks voiced consonants + /z/: dogs pigs cabs ribs leaves proves clothes seems sons voiceless consonants + /t/ stopped stepped asked kicked kissed missed watched
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
Consonant Clusters: combination of two or more consonants /sp/: spy speak spit spark sport spade spray /st/: stay steal still steak star story story /sk/: sky ski sketch school scold skate scarf /sf/: sphere sphinx spherical /sm/: small smile smoke smith smack smooth /sn/: snow sneeze snake snap snatch snag snail
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
Incomplete Plosion: When a plosive sound is not actually pronounced but only the speech organs are put to the position for it and the closure is held for the usual time of pronouncing it, it is known as incomplete plosive. It happens when a plosive is followed by another plosive, fricatives, affricates, nasals or lateral either in a word or between words.
Consonant Clusters and Incomplete Plosive
Nasal Plosion: /t,d + m, n/ good morning help me an important matter don’t’ know good news
attend meetings a good memory at noon odd numbers urgent needs