Search for neutral Higgs bosons in e+e- collisions at sqrt{s} = 196 GeV

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Vertiefungsrichtung Information und Dokumentation

Vertiefungsrichtung Information und Dokumentation

DiplomarbeitWandel der Informationsvermittlung in wissenschaftlichen BibliothekenMöglichkeiten neuer Produkte und DienstleistungenvonMichaela Putz Vertiefungsrichtung: Information und Dokumentationbetreut vonDr. Berthold MeierFachhochschul-Studiengang InformationsberufeEisenstadt 2002Ich habe diese Diplomarbeit selbständig verfasst, alle meine Quellen und Hilfsmittel angegeben, keine unerlaubten Hilfen eingesetzt und die Arbeit bisher in keiner Form als Prüfungsarbeit vorgelegt.Aspang, am 22. Mai 2002 .......................................................................................................K URZREFERATViele Bibliotheken bieten heute ihre Kataloge und Datenbanken online an, vernach-lässigen dabei aber den Bereich Informationsvermittlung. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Veränderungen in der Informationsvermittlung zu analysieren und zu be-schreiben, wie neue Produkte und Dienstleistungen die Bibliothekare bei der Erfül-lung neuer Aufgaben unterstützen können.Zuerst werden folgende Phänomene untersucht: der Durchbruch des End-User-Searchings, die gestiegenen Erwartungen der Benutzer in einem elektronischen Um-feld, der Wandel der Einstellung von Studenten zur Bibliothek sowie die Verände-rungen bei der Publikationskette und die Ausweitung des Publikums durch Digitali-sierung.Anschließend werden neue Produkte und Dienstleistungen (digitale Auskunft, perso-nalisierte und value-added-services, Vermittlung von Informationskompetenz sowie das Konzept der Hybridbibliothek vorgestellt.Zuletzt werden Strategien zur Verbesserung des elektronischen Auskunftsangebots der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek entwickelt.Bibliotheken müssen proaktiver auftreten und auf einzelne Benutzergruppen zuge-schnittene Services anbieten. Eine weitere wichtige Aufgabe ist die Bereitstellung eines integrativen Zugangs zu allen Informationsressourcen einer Bibliothek.S CHLAGWORTE: Informationsvermittlung, Wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken, Wandel, Internet, BenutzerservicesA BSTRACTMost Libraries nowadays offer their catalogues or databases online, but do not adapt their reference services to the new environment. The purpose of this masters’ thesis is to analyse what has changed in the field of reference work and to describe how new products and services can help librarians in responding to this development. Firstly, changes in reference work due to the increased use of the Internet and elec-tronic media are examined. The main points discussed are increased end-user sear-ching, accompanied by changes in the way students do their research, electronic pub-lishing, digitisation and the impact all these factors have on reference work.This is followed by an analysis of new products and services (virtual reference, per-sonalised and convenience services, user education in information literacy, hybrid library concept).Finally, some strategies for improving the web presence of reference on the website of the Austrian National Library are developed.The main findings were that libraries need to be proactive and aware of the fact that there is a segmented user group with different needs. The main focus should be to provide users with a seamless access to all the information resources of a library.K EYWORDS: reference work, academic libraries, change, Internet, user servicesE XECUTIVE S UMMARYViele Bibliotheken bieten heute ihre Kataloge und Datenbanken online an, adaptie-ren ihr Angebot im Bereich Informationsvermittlung aber nicht dahingehend. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit soll untersucht werden, welche Veränderungen sich für diesen Bereich durch den Aufschwung des Internet und den Einzug von elektroni-schen Medien in Bibliotheken ergeben.Zuerst werden folgende Phänomene auf ihre Auswirkungen auf den Bereich Infor-mationsvermittlung hin untersucht: der Durchbruch des End-User-Searchings und die gestiegenen Erwartungen der Benutzer in einem elektronischen Umfeld, der Wandel der Einstellung von Studenten zur Bibliothek, Veränderungen bei der Publi-kationskette sowie die Ausweitung des Publikums durch Digitalisierung von Bestän-den. Als Konsequenzen ergeben sich für Bibliotheken neue Anforderungen, z.B. verstärkt proaktiv aufzutreten, Schulungen zur Informationskompetenz anzubieten, der Übergang vom Prinzip …just in case“ zu …just in time“ bei der Literaturvermitt-lung sowie die Aufbereitung von Informationsressourcen der Bibliothek für ein neu-es, breiteres Publikum.Anschließend werden neue Produkte und Dienstleistungen im Bereich Informations-vermittlung, wie digitale Auskunft, Vermittlung von Informationskompetenz, perso-nalisierte und value-added-services, sowie das Konzept der Hybridbibliothek vorge-stellt.Abschließend werden aufbauend auf die Analyse von Websites (außer)europäischer Nationalbibliotheken Vorschläge zur Verbesserung des elektronischen Auskunftsan-gebots der ÖNB erarbeitet.Damit Bibliotheken auch in Zukunft konkurrenzfähige Informationsvermittler blei-ben, müssen sie proaktiv auftreten und auf einzelne Benutzergruppen zugeschnittene Services anbieten. Ein Schwerpunkt im Bereich Informationsvermittlung liegt in Zu-kunft darin, auf das geänderte Informationsverhalten der Benutzer einzugehen und ihre Services dort anzubieten, wo auch die Benutzer sind – im Web. Ein weiteres Aufgabengebiet liegt in der Bereitstellung des integrativen Zugangs zu allen Informa-tionsressourcen einer Bibliothek, egal ob in Print- oder elektronischer Form, und dadurch die Erhöhung der Zugänglichkeit für die Benutzer.1.E INLEITUNG (7)2.A KTIVE I NFORMATIONSVERMITTLUNG EINST UND JETZT (8)2.1Begriffsbestimmung (8)2.2Informationsvermittlung in der wissenschaftlichen Bibliothek im Wandel (9)2.2.1...End-User-Euphorie“.. (13)2.2.2...Internet statt Bibliotheksbesuch?“.. (16)2.2.3...Dramatische Veränderung der Publikationskette“. (19)2.2.4...Neues Publikum durch Digitalisierungsprojekte“ (26)3.N EUE P RODUKTE UND D IENSTLEISTUNGEN IM B EREICHI NFORMATIONSVERMITTLUNG (29)3.1Digitale Auskunft (29)3.1.1Asynchrone Auskunft: Email und Webformulare (30)3.1.2Synchrone Auskunft: Chat (30)3.1.3Kooperative Auskunftserteilung (33)3.2Vermittlung von Informationskompetenz (34)3.2.1Schulungen (36)3.2.2Web-basierte Tutorials (38)3.3Personalisierte und value-added-services (40)3.3.1Interaktive oder personalisierte Dienstleistungen (41)3.3.2Cross-database-searching (44)3.4Hybrid Library (46)4.E LEKTRONISCHE I NFORMATIONSVERMITTLUNG AN DERÖSTERREICHISCHEN N ATIONALBIBLIOTHEK (50)4.1Aufgaben der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek im Bereich Informationsvermittlung (50)4.2...Electronic reference“ in (außer)europäischen Nationalbibliotheken.. (51)4.3Vorschläge zur Verbesserung des elektronischen Auskunftsangebots derÖsterreichischen Nationalbibliothek (55)5.C ONCLUSIO (59)6.L ITERATURVERZEICHNIS (60)suchen wissenich was suchenich nicht wissen was suchen ich nicht wissen wie wissen was suchenich suchen wie wissen was suchenich wissen was suchenich suchen wie wissen was suchen ich wissen ich suchen wie wissen was suchenich was wissen - Ernst Jandl, Die Bearbeitung der Mütze -1.EinleitungViele Bibliotheken bieten heute ihre Kataloge und Dienstleistungen im World Wide Web an, adaptieren ihr Angebot im Bereich Informationsvermittlung aber nicht da-hingehend.Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Veränderungen, die sich durch die neuen techni-schen Möglichkeiten ergeben haben, zu analysieren und davon ausgehend neue An-forderungen an die Informationsvermittlung einer wissenschaftlichen Bibliothek ab-zuleiten sowie neue Produkte und Dienstleistungen zur Serviceverbesserung zu be-schreiben.Die Motivation, über dieses Thema zu schreiben, ergab sich aus meiner Tätigkeit im Bereich Informationsvermittlung während eines Praktikums in der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Ich wurde dort oft mit den Problemen und Bedürfnissen der Benutzer1 im Umgang mit den Informationsressourcen der Bibliothek konfrontiert und begann, mich für neue Entwicklungen und Services im Bereich Informations-vermittlung zu interessieren.Zur Ermittlung von Trends in der Informationsvermittlung sowie von neuen Pro-dukten und Dienstleistungen wurde hauptsächlich bibliothekswissenschaftliche Fach-literatur aus dem deutsch- und vor allem anglo-amerikanischen Raum ausgewertet. Das verstärkte Heranziehen anglo-amerikanischer Literatur ist darauf zurückzufüh-ren, dass dort das Thema Informationsvermittlung stärker präsent ist und dass es bereits Erfahrungsberichte im Umgang mit den in der Arbeit beschriebenen neuen Produkten und Services gibt.2.Aktive Informationsvermittlung einst und jetzt2.1BegriffsbestimmungUnter Informationsvermittlung versteht man die Tätigkeit der Recherche, Selektion, Beschaffung, Bewertung, Aufbereitung und Weitergabe von Daten, Texten, Materia-lien und Medien zur Deckung von Informationsbedürfnissen Dritter. Für Kuhlen ist …jede Nutzung von Information, die über eine medialisierte Form der Wissensdar-stellung geschieht, also ohne direkten Kontakt zum ursprünglichen Wissensprodu-zenten, Informationsvermittlung“, wobei …jede Informationsvermittlungsleistung unterschiedlich viele Ebenen zwischen Wissensproduzent und Informationsbenutzer schiebt“2.Als Gründe für die Notwendigkeit von Informationsvermittlung werden von Kuhlen v.a. angeführt, dass es durch die Differenzierung der Arbeit zu einem Anstieg der Wissensproduktion kam, ein direkter Kontakt zum Wissensproduzenten kaum mehr möglich ist, das Wissen auf viele verschiedene Ressourcen verteilt ist und oft in einer für den Endnutzer nicht akzeptablen Form angeboten wird.3Die Informationsvermittlung ist eine Hauptaufgabe der Bibliothek, dazu wird der eigene Bestand in Katalogen erschlossen und bibliographische Nachschlagewerke zur Verfügung gestellt. Als Schnittstelle zwischen Benützer und Bibliothek kommt den Informationsvermittlern eine sehr wichtige Rolle zu.Informationsvermittlung kann sowohl reaktiv als auch proaktiv erfolgen. Bei erste-rem wird auf eine Anfrage geantwortet, z.B. am Informationsschalter, in der Fernlei-he oder durch die Unterstützung der Benützer. Als proaktiv werden Tätigkeiten der Bibliothek bezeichnet, bei denen die Bibliothek aktiv Informationen, Schulungen, etc. anbietet. 4Im folgenden werde ich auf die zentralen Aufgaben der Informationsvermittlung5 eingehen und davon Anforderungen für Bibliotheken ableiten:1.Herausfinden des Informationsbedürfnisses des Kunden, denn artikulierte Nachfrage undtatsächliches Informationsbedürfnis des Nutzers können weit auseinanderliegen.In der Bibliothek betrifft das vor allem den Bereich Benutzerbetreuung: Wäh-rend der Benutzer in der Bibliothek einen Bibliothekar konsultieren bzw. die aufliegenden Informationsmaterialien verwenden kann, ist die Benutzer-betreuung auch bei der externen Nutzung von Bibliotheksressourcen, z.B.Online-Katalogen und Datenbanken, in ausreichender Form gegeben?2.Bereitstellung zusätzlicher Hinweise auf weitere nützliche Quellen, d.h. nicht nur auf An-fragen zu reagieren, sondern auch auf nicht verlangte, aber nach Einschätzung des Informa-tionsvermittlers wichtige Informationen hinzuweisen.Um diese Aufgabe zu erfüllen, muss die Bibliothek proaktiv auftreten, sowohl in der individuellen Betreuung des Benutzers, als auch im verstärkten Anbie-ten von Schulungen, Benutzerhilfen, Tutorials, etc.3.Benutzung externer Quellen sowie die Aufbreitung und Verfügbarmachung des im Laufeder Zeit erarbeiteten organisationellen Wissens zusätzlich zum Rückgriff auf eigene Infor-mationsquellen.Die Einbeziehung externer Quellen bedeutet neben dem Verweis auf andere Informationsstellen auch das Anbieten des Zugriffs z.B. auf externe Daten-banken und das Internet. Die Verfügbarmachung des Wissens in einer Orga-nisation, also aktives Wissensmanagement, kann nicht nur dazu dienen, effi-zienter, sondern auch qualitativ hochwertiger Auskunft zu geben.2.2Informationsvermittlung in der wissenschaftlichen Biblio-thek im WandelDer Bereich Informationsvermittlung ist der Bereich, in dem die Bibliothek mit dem Benutzer in Kontakt tritt, daher kommt ihm besondere Bedeutung zu.In einer wissenschaftlichen Bibliothek umfasst der Bereich Informationsdienste im engeren Sinn den Auskunftsdienst, die Recherchen in konventionellen und elektroni-schen Nachweisinstrumenten und die fachwissenschaftliche Recherche.6 Weiters kann auch die Benutzerschulung (Durchführung von Kursen und Bibliothekseinfüh-rungen, Erstellung von Benutzungsanleitungen,..) dazugezählt werden.Durch den Einzug elektronischer Medien in die Bibliothek haben sich viele Arbeits-vorgänge in einer Bibliothek geändert. Informationsvermittler (bzw. Informations-vermittlungsstellen) bieten oft auch elektronische Profildienste sowie die Bestellung von Aufsätzen über Dokumentenlieferdienst für ihre Benutzer an. Hieraus ist er-sichtlich, dass im Bereich elektronischer Medien Informationsvermittlung und Me-dienlieferdienst immer stärker zusammenwachsen, was vor allem für den Benutzer Vorteile bringt so braucht er nach einer Datenbankrecherche mit Unterstützung des Informationsvermittlers nicht erst zur Fernleihe zu gehen, um den gewünschten Ar-tikel zu bestellen.Während im anglo-amerikanischen Raum …Reference and Information Services“ einen hohen Stellenwert einnehmen, hatte der Auskunfts- und Informationsdienst im deutschsprachigen Raum neben dem Bestandsaufbau und der Bestandserschließung eine eher untergeordnete Funktion.7 Daher soll im folgenden die Entwicklung ver-schiedener Modelle von Informationsvermittlung in Bibliotheken am Beispiel der USA aufgezeigt werden.Samuel S. Greens Artikel …Personal Relations between Librarians and Readers“8 aus dem Jahr 1876 wird in den USA als Beginn der Diskussion über Informationsver-mittlung in Bibliotheken gesehen. Er beschreibt darin Hauptkomponenten der In-formationsvermittlung, die auch heute noch gelten: die Hilfestellung bei der Wahl der geeigneten Informationsressourcen, der Öffentlichkeit den Wert der Bibliothek auf-zuzeigen, das Beantworten von Anfragen und die Schulung der Leser in der Benut-zung der Bibliothek. Im 20. Jahrhundert entwickelten sich zwei Servicemodelle9, die jeweils einen der beiden letztgenannten Punkte favorisierten:•Im ersten Modell, auch als …conservative“ oder …minimal model“ bezeichnet, liegt der Schwerpunkt auf dem Schulungsgedanken – der Benutzer soll die Bibliothek selbständig benutzen können, der Prozess der Informationsfin-dung ist wichtiger als die Information selbst.•Das zweite Modell, als …liberal“ oder …maximum model“ bezeichnet, stellt die Bereitstellung der Information über den Prozess der Informationsfindung – der Benutzer stellt eine Frage, die vom Bibliothekar beantwortet wird. Das Modell geht von der Ansicht aus, dass Bibliotheken komplexe Organisatio-nen sind und es nicht möglich ist, allen Benutzern entsprechende Recherche-fähigkeiten beizubringen.Die meisten Bibliotheken bieten eine Mischform dieser beiden Modelle an und beto-nen je nach Benutzergruppe den Schulungs- oder den Auskunftsschwerpunkt.Das traditionelle Informationsvermittlungsmodell betont die Auskunftsfunktion und stellt die individuelle Betreuung des Benutzers in den Mittelpunkt, während beim …Teaching-Library Model“ die Vermittlung von Fähigkeiten wie selbständiges Re-cherchieren und kritisches Bewerten der Informationen als Hauptaufgabe des Biblio-thekars gesehen wird.Durch die ständige Zunahme an Aufgaben für die …reference librarians“ und das sich wandelnde Arbeitsumfeld, das nun neben der Kenntnis einer Vielfalt an Ressourcen auch technische Kompetenz erforderte, sowie die Zunahme der …remote users“, also der Benutzer, die von außen auf die Informationsressourcen einer Bibliothek zugrei-fen, kam es in den USA bereits in den 1980er Jahren zu einem Reformprozess, in dem verschiedene Auskunftsmodelle entwickelt wurden. Bei den …Tiered Reference Services“ wird unterschieden zwischen einfachen, schnell zu beantwortenden Fragen und in die Tiefe gehenden, wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen. Das Ziel ist die Ent-lastung des wissenschaftlichen Auskunftspersonals von allgemeinen Auskünften, die auch von anderen Bibliotheksmitarbeitern geleistet werden können. Eines der in letz-ter Zeit entwickelten Modelle ist das der …Virtual Reference Services“, bei dem den Benutzern mittels Verwendung moderner Technologien (Email, Chat, ..) geholfen werden soll. Hier tritt der Schulungsgedanke zurück, im Vordergrund steht eine bes-sere Zugänglichkeit und schnelle Beantwortung von Fragen.10…Während sich Bibliotheken in den USA bemühen, die Qualität, das heißt: ihreLeistung im Auskunftsdienst zu verbessern, scheint man in Deutschland Mühezu haben, den Auskunftsdienst überhaupt als legitime bibliothekarische Tätig-keit zu etablieren.“11In der deutschsprachigen bibliothekswissenschaftlichen Literatur wurden die Sicht-weise vom Leser als Kunden sowie Themen wie Dienstleistungsorientierung, Marke-ting oder Qualitätssicherung erst in den letzten Jahren verstärkt aufgegriffen, und zwar großteils von einem betriebswirtschaftlichen Standpunkt aus. Als Auslöser kön-nen die finanziellen Probleme, vor die viele Bibliotheken vor allem seit den 1990er Jahre gestellt sind, sowie die steigende Konkurrenz am Informationsmarkt12 gesehenwerden. Klassische Wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken und ähnliche Einrichtungen sind nicht mehr die einzigen Anbieter von Information, sie müssen auf die neue Konkur-renzsituation reagieren, um den gestiegenen Bedürfnissen der Kunden gewachsen zu sein. Hobohm sieht die Herausforderung für Bibliotheken in folgenden Punkten: …Die Bibliothek muß sich als informationsanbietende Institution eines offenerwerdenden Marktes zunächst um eine ansprechende Verpackung bemühen, d.h.ihr Image als Serviceeinrichtung der Informationsgesellschaft verbessern. AlsDienstleistungsunternehmen muß sie sich schließlich aber intensiv um ihre Mit-arbeiter kümmern, denn die sind ihr imagebildendes Kapital.“13In ihrem Statement zum Thema …Schafft moderne Informationsvermittlung Benut-zernähe?“14 kritisiert Schulz an der Situation in den Bibliotheken vor allem die Be-schränkung auf Informationstechnologie und die Benutzerferne von Bibliothekaren. Als Wege zur benutzernahen Informationsvermittlung nennt sie: Analyse von Ziel-gruppen und Erstellung zielgruppenspezifischer Angebote zur Vermittlung von In-formationskompetenz, Bewusstmachen von Informationsdienstleistungen für Noch-Nicht-Nutzer, Mitarbeit bei der Entwicklung benutzerfreundlicher Informations-technologien, all das vor dem Hintergrund, …dass die öffentlichen Gelder, die in Bib-liotheken gesteckt werden, für mehr Bürger eine spürbare Wirkung haben.“Durch das verstärkte Anbieten von Zugangsmöglichkeiten zu elektronischen Infor-mationen in den Bibliotheken kommt es auch im deutschsprachigen Raum allmählich zum Übergang von einem bestandszentrierten Aufgabenverständnis zu dem aus dem anglo-amerikanischen Bibliothekswesen stammenden nutzerorientierten Ansatz, der bereits in den 1970er Jahren die wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken erfasst hatte. Da-mals war er allerdings auf Literaturvermittlung aus dem eigenen Bestand orientiert, während in Zukunft der Nachweis und die Beschaffung weltweit verstreuter Infor-mationen im Mittelpunkt stehen wird.15Hermann Leskien16 fasst den Wandel, der sich mit dem Einzug elektronischer Me-dien in Bibliotheken abzeichnet, folgendermaßen zusammen:…In der Vergangenheit gründete das Ansehen einer Bibliothek wesentlich aufUmfang und Qualität der Buchbestände. Diese Maßstäbe prägten die bibliothe-karische Denkweise entscheidend. Bei den elektronisch gespeicherten Informa-tionen dominiert dagegen die Antwort auf die Frage, ob ein Benutzer die vonihm gewünschte Information auf komfortable, effiziente und kostengünstigeWeise erhält. Dabei spielt es keine Rolle, in wessen Eigentum sie sich befindetund auf welche Weise der Zugriff erfolgte.“Die Aufhebung der Ortsgebundenheit von Bibliotheksdienstleistungen zeigt sich zur Zeit hauptsächlich im Zugriff auf Informationsressourcen einer Bibliothek (Katalog, digitalisierte Objekte,..) von außerhalb. Wurden auch die Dienstleistungen im Bereich Informationsvermittlung den neuen Möglichkeiten angepasst?…Allein die Integration neuer Medien in die alten Geschäftsgänge und Dienst-leistungsprofile reicht nicht. Neue Medien erfordern auch neue Aufbereitungs-formen und neue Dienstleistungen.“17Bereits 1980 stellte Wersig klar, dass die Zugriffsmöglichkeit auf eine Information längst noch nicht die Lösung des Informationsproblems bedeutet.18 Die Aufberei-tung und benutzerfreundliche Zurverfügungstellung des Zugangs zu Informationen stellt eine wesentliche Aufgabe der Informationsvermittlung dar.…Wenn die Bibliotheken auf diese Herausforderung nicht reagieren, werden die-se Aufgaben von anderen Einrichtungen oder Anbietern übernommen und dieBibliotheken könnten innerhalb weniger Jahrzehnte zu Buchmuseen degenerie-ren.“19Im folgenden wird eine Auswahl der wichtigsten Phänomene in Zusammenhang mit dem Einzug elektronischer Medien in Bibliotheken auf ihre Auswirkungen auf den Bereich Informationsvermittlung hin untersucht: der Anstieg des End-User-Searchings und die gestiegenen Erwartungen der Benutzer in einem elektronischen Umfeld, der Wandel der Einstellung von Studenten zur Bibliothek, die dramatischen Veränderungen der Publikationskette sowie die Ausweitung des Publikums durch Digitalisierungprojekte.2.2.1…End-User-Euphorie“Der Aufstieg des End-User-SearchingsUnter dem Begriff …End-User-Searching“ versteht man, dass Benutzer direkt – ohne Vermittlung durch einen Bibliothekar - in elektronischen Datenbanken recherchie-ren.In den 1970er Jahren kamen die ersten Online-Datenbanken auf, in denen jedoch nur Spezialisten oder Informationsvermittler recherchierten. Das lag einerseits an finanziellen Aspekten (die Kosten wurden nach Verbindungszeit und/oder Zahl der angezeigten Ergebnisse berechnet, daher waren schnelle und präzise Recherchen erforderlich), andererseits war auch die Kenntnis der jeweiligen Retrievalsprache notwendig. Ab Mitte der 1980er Jahre verbreiteten sich Datenbanken auf CD-ROMs und damit gab es auch mehr Möglichkeiten für End-User, selbst zu recherchieren. Die Benutzerfreundlichkeit bestand darin, dass die Benutzer in der Regel keine Da-tenbankkosten mehr zahlen mussten (es fielen nun jährliche Subskriptionskosten, unabhängig von der Recherchedauer, an, die von der Bibliothek getragen wurden), und dass bereits grafische Benutzeroberflächen verwendet wurden, sodass die Benut-zer vor der eigentlichen Recherche nicht mehr verschiedene Retrievalsprachen erler-nen mussten. Der große Nachteil der CD-ROM-Datenbanken liegt allerdings in der mangelnden Aktualität der Daten.20Mit dem Aufschwung des Internet in den 1990er Jahren erlebte auch das End-User-searching eine ungeheure Verbreitung. Der direkte Zugang zu weltweiten Informati-onsressourcen (…A world of information at your fingertips“) öffnet dem Benutzer ungeahnte Möglichkeiten. Die Vorteile der selbständigen Informationssuche durch den Benutzer liegen darin, dass er seinen Informationsbedarf selbst am besten kennt, die Relevanz besser beurteilen kann sowie die Suche zu jeder Zeit durchführen und die Ergebnisse gleich weiterverarbeiten kann.21 Die technische Möglichkeit des Zu-gangs zu Informationen allein bedeutet aber nicht, dass er auch findet, was er sucht. Viele End-User stehen vor dem Problem, wie sie mit den vielen neuen Informations-ressourcen umgehen sollen. Sie sind von der Fülle an Informationen im Internet überfordert, beschränken sich zunehmend auf kostenlose Informationsquellen und ziehen kostenpflichtige Literaturdatenbanken gar nicht erst in Betracht. Bowman weist aber darauf hin, dass …der Zugang zu den meisten der weltweit publizierten Forschungsergebnisse auch in absehbarer Zukunft nur über die professionell erstell-ten (...) Literatur- und Faktendatenbanken geboten wird“.22Informationsvermittlung nicht mehr gefragt?Eine Konsequenz des Anstiegs des End-User-Searchings war der Rückgang der Nachfrage in den Informationsvermittlungsstellen. Diese waren in den 1970er Jahren durch das Aufkommen von Online-Datenbanken gegründet worden und entwickel-ten sich zu Online-Recherchezentren. Als sich Ende der 1980er/Anfang der 1990er Jahre allmählich durchsetzte, dass die Benutzer selbst in CD-ROM-Datenbanken bzw. im Internet recherchieren, verloren die Informationsvermittlungsstellen ihre Bedeutung und mussten sich repositionieren, z. B. durch das Anbieten von Schulun-gen und weiteren Serviceleistungen.Häufig treten bei Endnutzerrecherchen Probleme auf wie Tippfehler, fehlende oder falsche Verwendung von bool’schen Operatoren, Klammern und Trunkierung, sowie zu breite oder zu spezifische Suchbegriffe, die bei der Suche keinen oder zu viele Treffer ergeben. Eingabefehler können von vielen Suchsystemen bereits korrigiert werden, und auch die automatische Trunkierung ist meistens als Standardeinstellung vorhanden. Für die Formulierung von Suchbegriffen könnten verstärkt Thesauri herangezogen werden, allerdings werden diese, wenn vorhanden, oft nicht genutzt. Die Datenbank MEDLINE hat z.B. die Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) als fixen Bestandteil der Suche eingebaut.Unterschiedliche Oberflächen der einzelnen Kataloge und Datenbanken erschweren die Suche. Die Tendenz geht in Richtung eines einheitlichen Interfaces für mehrere Datenbanken, z.B. OCLC’s First Search oder Webspirs von Silverplatter.Während man vielen der oben genannten Probleme durch Verbesserungen der Such-systeme teilweise beikommen kann, bleiben Fehler bei der Formulierung der Such-strategie und der Auswahl der richtigen Informationsquellen oft unerkannt, wenn der Benutzer nicht einen Bibliothekar zu Rate zieht.23 Viele Benutzer beginnen ihre Su-che im Internet und in Datenbanken und wenden sich erst an einen Bibliothekar, wenn sie nichts mehr zu ihrem Thema finden. Daher sollte sich die Bibliothek zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt in den Rechercheprozess einschalten, z.B. durch Schulun-gen.24 Diese müssen nicht an feste Orte bzw. Zeiten gebunden sein, so beobachten Tenopir und Ennis einen Wandel des Orts, an dem Schulung stattfindet: Bibliotheka-re verbringen weniger Zeit am Informationsschalter, sondern …wandern“ durch denOPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue)-Bereich und fragen Benutzer, ob sie helfen können. Ein positiver Aspekt dabei ist, dass damit vielleicht bei manchen Benutzern Schwellenängste abgebaut werden und Fragen beantwortet werden, die möglicher-weise sonst nie gestellt worden wären. Weiters kann der Bibliothekar später nachfra-gen, ob die Suche erfolgreich war oder ob weitere Hilfe notwendig ist. 25Ein weiteres und wichtiges Betätigungsfeld für Informationsvermittler stellt die Mit-arbeit bei der Verbesserung der Schnittstelle Mensch-Maschine dar, da die Informa-tionsvermittler wie niemand sonst die Möglichkeit haben, das Informationsverhalten von Endbenutzern zu erforschen.26 Mit ihrem Wissen, wo die Probleme der Benutzer bei der Nutzung elektronischer Informationssysteme liegen, könnten sie bei allen Bereichen, die sich mit der Erstellung von Benutzerschnittstellen beschäftigen, wert-vollen Input liefern, z.B. bei der Erstellung der Homepage, Katalog- u. Datenbank-oberflächen, etc. 272.2.2 …Internet statt Bibliotheksbesuch?“Im Jahr 1997 veröffentlichte der amerikanische Philosophieprofessor David Rothen-berg einen Aufsatz mit dem Titel …How the Web Destroys the Quality of Students’ Research Papers,“28 und führt als Gründe für die abnehmende Qualität studentischer Arbeiten folgende an: Es werden kaum Bücher zitiert, Bilder und Grafiken eingebaut, die mit dem Thema eigentlich nichts zu tun haben und Informationen verwendet, die mittels Suchmaschine leicht zu finden und oft veraltet sind.Damit weist Rothenberg auf ein Problem hin, mit dem Schulen und Universitäten in den letzten Jahren immer häufiger konfrontiert sind: viele Schüler und Studenten ersetzen bei der Erstellung von Referaten, Hausarbeiten, etc.. die Recherche in einer Bibliothek mit der Suche im Internet. Eine einfache Suche im Web führt zu hunder-ten Treffern, mittels …cut & paste“ werden Textstellen von verschiedenen Seiten zu einem neuen Text zusammenkopiert, oder ganze Arbeiten von einer der vielen soge-nannten …term paper mills“ geholt, das sind Plattformen, wo kostenlos oder gegen Entgelt ganze Arbeiten, vom Referat bis zur Diplomarbeit, heruntergeladen werden können. Als Reaktion auf diese Tendenz gibt es in den USA bereits Services zum。

SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法

SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法

SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法要写好摘要,需要建立一个适合自己需要的句型库(选择的词汇来源于SCI高被引用论文)引言部分(1)回顾研究背景,常用词汇有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等(2)说明写作目的,常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim等,另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的壮语老表达(3)介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围,常用词汇有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等方法部分(1)介绍研究或试验过程,常用词汇有test study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等(2)说明研究或试验方法,常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等(3)介绍应用、用途,常用词汇有use, apply, application等结果部分(1)展示研究结果,常用词汇有show, result, present等(2)介绍结论,常用词汇有summary, introduce,conclude等讨论部分(1)陈述论文的论点和作者的观点,常用词汇有suggest, repot, present, expect, describe 等(2)说明论证,常用词汇有support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等(3)推荐和建议,常用词汇有suggest,suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose,necessity,necessary,expect等。

摘要引言部分案例词汇review•Author(s): ROBINSON, TE; BERRIDGE, KC•Title:THE NEURAL BASIS OF DRUG CRA VING - AN INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY OF ADDICTION•Source: BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS, 18 (3): 247-291 SEP-DEC 1993 《脑研究评论》荷兰SCI被引用1774We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.回顾研究背景SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇summarizeAuthor(s): Barnett, RM; Carone, CD; 被引用1571Title: Particles and field .1. Review of particle physicsSource: PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 54 (1): 1-+ Part 1 JUL 1 1996:《物理学评论,D辑》美国引言部分回顾研究背景常用词汇summarizeAbstract: This biennial review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1900 new measurements from 700 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measuredproperties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review.SCI摘要引言部分案例attentionSCI摘要方法部分案例considerSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇outline轮廓概要•Author(s): TIERNEY, L SCI引用728次•Title:MARKOV-CHAINS FOR EXPLORING POSTERIOR DISTRIBUTIONS 引言部分回顾研究背景,常用词汇outline•Source: ANNALS OF STATISTICS, 22 (4): 1701-1728 DEC 1994•《统计学纪事》美国•Abstract: Several Markov chain methods are available for sampling from a posterior distribution. Two important examples are the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis algorithm.In addition, several strategies are available for constructing hybrid algorithms. This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. On the theoretical side, results from the theory of general state space Markov chains can be used to obtain convergence rates, laws of large numbers and central limit theorems for estimates obtained from Markov chain methods. These theoretical results can be used to guide the construction of more efficient algorithms. For the practical use of Markov chain methods, standard simulation methodology provides several Variance reduction techniques and also gives guidance on the choice of sample size and allocation.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例回顾研究背景presentAuthor(s): L YNCH, M; MILLIGAN, BG SC I被引用661Title: ANAL YSIS OF POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE WITH RAPD MARKERS Source: MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 3 (2): 91-99 APR 1994《分子生态学》英国Abstract: Recent advances in the application of the polymerase chain reaction make it possible to score individuals at a large number of loci. The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method is one such technique that has attracted widespread interest.The analysis of population structure with RAPD data is hampered by the lack of complete genotypic information resulting from dominance, since this enhances the sampling variance associated with single loci as well as induces bias in parameter estimation. We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances. Although completely unbiased estimators do not appear to be possible with RAPDs, several steps are suggested that will insure that the bias in parameter estimates is negligible. To achieve the same degree of statistical power, on the order of 2 to 10 times more individuals need to be sampled per locus when dominant markers are relied upon, as compared to codominant (RFLP, isozyme) markers. Moreover, to avoid bias in parameter estimation, the marker alleles for most of these loci should be in relatively low frequency. Due to the need for pruning loci with low-frequency null alleles, more loci also need to be sampled with RAPDs than with more conventional markers, and sole problems of bias cannot be completely eliminated.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇describe•Author(s): CLONINGER, CR; SVRAKIC, DM; PRZYBECK, TR•Title: A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER•Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 50 (12): 975-990 DEC 1993《普通精神病学纪要》美国•引言部分回顾研究背景,常用词汇describe 被引用926•Abstract: In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are independently heritable, manifest early in life, and involve preconceptual biases in perceptual memory and habit formation. For the first time, we describe three dimensions of character that mature in adulthood and influence personal and social effectiveness by insight learning about self-concepts.Self-concepts vary according to the extent to which a person identifies the self as (1) an autonomous individual, (2) an integral part of humanity, and (3) an integral part of the universe as a whole. Each aspect of self-concept corresponds to one of three character dimensions called self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, respectively. We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory. Data on 300 individuals from the general population support the reliability and structure of these seven personality dimensions. We discuss the implications for studies of information processing, inheritance, development, diagnosis, and treatment.摘要引言部分案例•(2)说明写作目的,常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aimSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例attempt说明写作目的•Author(s): Donoho, DL; Johnstone, IM•Title: Adapting to unknown smoothness via wavelet shrinkage•Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, 90 (432): 1200-1224 DEC 1995 《美国统计学会志》被引用429次•Abstract: We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients. The thresholding is adaptive: A threshold level is assigned to each dyadic resolution level by the principle of minimizing the Stein unbiased estimate of risk (Sure) for threshold estimates. The computational effort of the overall procedure is order N.log(N) as a function of the sample size N. SureShrink is smoothness adaptive: If the unknown function contains jumps, then the reconstruction (essentially) does also; if the unknown function has a smooth piece, then the reconstruction is (essentially) as smooth as the mother wavelet will allow. The procedure is in a sense optimally smoothness adaptive: It is near minimax simultaneously over a whole interval of the Besov scale; the size of this interval depends on the choice of mother wavelet. We know from a previous paper by the authors that traditional smoothing methods-kernels, splines, and orthogonal series estimates-even with optimal choices of the smoothing parameter, would be unable to perform in a near-minimax way over many spaces in the Besov scale.Examples of SureShrink are given. The advantages of the method are particularly evident when the underlying function has jump discontinuities on a smooth backgroundSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例To investigate说明写作目的•Author(s): OLTV AI, ZN; MILLIMAN, CL; KORSMEYER, SJ•Title: BCL-2 HETERODIMERIZES IN-VIVO WITH A CONSERVED HOMOLOG, BAX, THAT ACCELERATES PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH•Source: CELL, 74 (4): 609-619 AUG 27 1993 被引用3233•Abstract: Bcl-2 protein is able to repress a number of apoptotic death programs. To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. We identified an associated 21 kd protein partner, Bax, that has extensive amino acid homology with Bcl-2, focused within highly conserved domains I and II. Bax is encoded by six exons and demonstrates a complex pattern of alternative RNA splicing that predicts a 21 kd membrane (alpha) and two forms of cytosolic protein (beta and gamma). Bax homodimerizes and forms heterodimers with Bcl-2 in vivo. Overexpressed Bax accelerates apoptotic death induced by cytokine deprivation in an IL-3-dependent cell line. Overexpressed Bax also counters the death repressor activity of Bcl-2. These data suggest a model in which the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax determines survival or death following an apoptotic stimulus.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例purposes说明写作目的•Author(s): ROGERS, FJ; IGLESIAS, CA•Title: RADIATIVE ATOMIC ROSSELAND MEAN OPACITY TABLES•Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 79 (2): 507-568 APR 1992 《天体物理学杂志增刊》美国SCI被引用512•Abstract: For more than two decades the astrophysics community has depended on opacity tables produced at Los Alamos. In the present work we offer new radiative Rosseland mean opacity tables calculated with the OPAL code developed independently at LLNL. We give extensive results for the recent Anders-Grevesse mixture which allow accurate interpolation in temperature, density, hydrogen mass fraction, as well as metal mass fraction. The tables are organized differently from previous work. Instead of rows and columns of constant temperature and density, we use temperature and follow tracks of constant R, where R = density/(temperature)3. The range of R and temperature are such as to cover typical stellar conditions from the interior through the envelope and the hotter atmospheres. Cool atmospheres are not considered since photoabsorption by molecules is neglected. Only radiative processes are taken into account so that electron conduction is not included. For comparison purposes we present some opacity tables for the Ross-Aller and Cox-Tabor metal abundances. Although in many regions the OPAL opacities are similar to previous work, large differences are reported.For example, factors of 2-3 opacity enhancements are found in stellar envelop conditions.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例aim说明写作目的•Author(s):EDV ARDSSON, B; ANDERSEN, J; GUSTAFSSON, B; LAMBERT, DL;NISSEN, PE; TOMKIN, J•Title:THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK .1. ANALYSISAND RESULTS•Source: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 275 (1): 101-152 AUG 1993 《天文学与天体物理学》被引用934•Abstract:With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived abundances of 0, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Y, Zr, Ba and Nd, as well as individual photometric ages, for 189 nearby field F and G disk dwarfs.The galactic orbital properties of all stars have been derived from accurate kinematic data, enabling estimates to be made of the distances from the galactic center of the star s‘ birthplaces. 结构式摘要•Our extensive high resolution, high S/N, spectroscopic observations of carefully selected northern and southern stars provide accurate equivalent widths of up to 86 unblended absorption lines per star between 5000 and 9000 angstrom. The abundance analysis was made with greatly improved theoretical LTE model atmospheres. Through the inclusion of a great number of iron-peak element absorption lines the model fluxes reproduce the observed UV and visual fluxes with good accuracy. A new theoretical calibration of T(eff) as a function of Stromgren b - y for solar-type dwarfs has been established. The new models and T(eff) scale are shown to yield good agreement between photometric and spectroscopic measurements of effective temperatures and surface gravities, but the photometrically derived very high overall metallicities for the most metal rich stars are not supported by the spectroscopic analysis of weak spectral lines.•Author(s): PAYNE, MC; TETER, MP; ALLAN, DC; ARIAS, TA; JOANNOPOULOS, JD•Title:ITERA TIVE MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR ABINITIO TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS - MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS AND CONJUGA TE GRADIENTS•Source: REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, 64 (4): 1045-1097 OCT 1992 《现代物理学评论》美国American Physical Society SCI被引用2654 •Abstract: This article describes recent technical developments that have made the total-energy pseudopotential the most powerful ab initio quantum-mechanical modeling method presently available. In addition to presenting technical details of the pseudopotential method, the article aims to heighten awareness of the capabilities of the method in order to stimulate its application to as wide a range of problems in as many scientific disciplines as possible.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例includes介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围•Author(s):MARCHESINI, G; WEBBER, BR; ABBIENDI, G; KNOWLES, IG;SEYMOUR, MH; STANCO, L•Title: HERWIG 5.1 - A MONTE-CARLO EVENT GENERA TOR FOR SIMULATING HADRON EMISSION REACTIONS WITH INTERFERING GLUONS SCI被引用955次•Source: COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS, 67 (3): 465-508 JAN 1992:《计算机物理学通讯》荷兰Elsevier•Abstract: HERWIG is a general-purpose particle-physics event generator, which includes the simulation of hard lepton-lepton, lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron scattering and soft hadron-hadron collisions in one package. It uses the parton-shower approach for initial-state and final-state QCD radiation, including colour coherence effects and azimuthal correlations both within and between jets. This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself. This includes details of the input and control parameters used by the program, and the output data provided by it. Sample output from a typical simulation is given and annotated.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例presents介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围•Author(s): IDSO, KE; IDSO, SB•Title: PLANT-RESPONSES TO ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT IN THE FACE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS - A REVIEW OF THE PAST 10 YEARS RESEARCH•Source: AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, 69 (3-4): 153-203 JUL 1994 《农业和林业气象学》荷兰Elsevier 被引用225•Abstract:This paper presents a detailed analysis of several hundred plant carbon exchange rate (CER) and dry weight (DW) responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment determined over the past 10 years. It demonstrates that the percentage increase in plant growth produced by raising the air's CO2 content is generally not reduced by less than optimal levels of light, water or soil nutrients, nor by high temperatures, salinity or gaseous air pollution. More often than not, in fact, the data show the relative growth-enhancing effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment to be greatest when resource limitations and environmental stresses are most severe.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasizing •Author(s): BESAG, J; GREEN, P; HIGDON, D; MENGERSEN, K•Title: BAYESIAN COMPUTATION AND STOCHASTIC-SYSTEMS•Source: STATISTICAL SCIENCE, 10 (1): 3-41 FEB 1995《统计科学》美国•SCI被引用296次•Abstract: Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have been used extensively in statistical physics over the last 40 years, in spatial statistics for the past 20 and in Bayesian image analysis over the last decade. In the last five years, MCMC has been introduced into significance testing, general Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation. This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the Bayesian paradigm, conditional probability and the intimate relationship with Markov random fields in spatial statistics.Hastings algorithms are discussed, including Gibbs, Metropolis and some other variations. Pairwise difference priors are described and are used subsequently in three Bayesian applications, in each of which there is a pronounced spatial or temporal aspect to the modeling. The examples involve logistic regression in the presence of unobserved covariates and ordinal factors; the analysis of agricultural field experiments, with adjustment for fertility gradients; and processing oflow-resolution medical images obtained by a gamma camera. Additional methodological issues arise in each of these applications and in the Appendices. The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of posterior probabilities and concurs with others in its view that MCMC facilitates a fundamental breakthrough in applied Bayesian modeling.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focuses •Author(s): HUNT, KJ; SBARBARO, D; ZBIKOWSKI, R; GAWTHROP, PJ•Title: NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CONTROL-SYSTEMS - A SURVEY•Source: AUTOMA TICA, 28 (6): 1083-1112 NOV 1992《自动学》荷兰Elsevier•SCI被引用427次•Abstract:This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks in the realm of modelling, identification and control of nonlinear systems. The basic ideas and techniques of artificial neural networks are presented in language and notation familiar to control engineers. Applications of a variety of neural network architectures in control are surveyed. We explore the links between the fields of control science and neural networks in a unified presentation and identify key areas for future research.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focus•Author(s): Stuiver, M; Reimer, PJ; Bard, E; Beck, JW;•Title: INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP•Source: RADIOCARBON, 40 (3): 1041-1083 1998《放射性碳》美国SCI被引用2131次•Abstract: The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages for the interval 24,000-0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and varve-counted marine sediment. The C-14 age-cal age information, produced by many laboratories, is converted to Delta(14)C profiles and calibration curves, for the atmosphere as well as the oceans. We discuss offsets in measured C-14 ages and the errors therein, regional C-14 age differences, tree-coral C-14 age comparisons and the time dependence of marine reservoir ages, and evaluate decadal vs. single-year C-14 results. Changes in oceanic deepwater circulation, especially for the 16,000-11,000 cal sp interval, are reflected in the Delta(14)C values of INTCAL98.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasis •Author(s): LEBRETON, JD; BURNHAM, KP; CLOBERT, J; ANDERSON, DR•Title: MODELING SURVIV AL AND TESTING BIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES USING MARKED ANIMALS - A UNIFIED APPROACH WITH CASE-STUDIES •Source: ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS, 62 (1): 67-118 MAR 1992•《生态学论丛》美国•Abstract: The understanding of the dynamics of animal populations and of related ecological and evolutionary issues frequently depends on a direct analysis of life history parameters. For instance, examination of trade-offs between reproduction and survival usually rely on individually marked animals, for which the exact time of death is most often unknown, because marked individuals cannot be followed closely through time.Thus, the quantitative analysis of survival studies and experiments must be based oncapture-recapture (or resighting) models which consider, besides the parameters of primary interest, recapture or resighting rates that are nuisance parameters. 结构式摘要•T his paper synthesizes, using a common framework, these recent developments together with new ones, with an emphasis on flexibility in modeling, model selection, and the analysis of multiple data sets. The effects on survival and capture rates of time, age, and categorical variables characterizing the individuals (e.g., sex) can be considered, as well as interactions between such effects. This "analysis of variance" philosophy emphasizes the structure of the survival and capture process rather than the technical characteristics of any particular model. The flexible array of models encompassed in this synthesis uses a common notation. As a result of the great level of flexibility and relevance achieved, the focus is changed from fitting a particular model to model building and model selection.SCI摘要方法部分案例•方法部分•(1)介绍研究或试验过程,常用词汇有test,study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等•(2)说明研究或试验方法,常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等•(3)介绍应用、用途,常用词汇有use, apply, application等SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例discusses介绍研究或试验过程•Author(s): LIANG, KY; ZEGER, SL; QAQISH, B•Title: MULTIV ARIATE REGRESSION-ANAL YSES FOR CATEGORICAL-DATA •Source:JOURNAL OF THE ROY AL STA TISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-METHODOLOGICAL, 54 (1): 3-40 1992《皇家统计学会志,B辑:统计方法论》•SCI被引用298•Abstract: It is common to observe a vector of discrete and/or continuous responses in scientific problems where the objective is to characterize the dependence of each response on explanatory variables and to account for the association between the outcomes. The response vector can comprise repeated observations on one variable, as in longitudinal studies or genetic studies of families, or can include observations for different variables.This paper discusses a class of models for the marginal expectations of each response and for pairwise associations. The marginal models are contrasted with log-linear models.Two generalized estimating equation approaches are compared for parameter estimation.The first focuses on the regression parameters; the second simultaneously estimates the regression and association parameters. The robustness and efficiency of each is discussed.The methods are illustrated with analyses of two data sets from public health research SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例介绍研究或试验过程examines•Author(s): Huo, QS; Margolese, DI; Stucky, GD•Title: Surfactant control of phases in the synthesis of mesoporous silica-based materials •Source: CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, 8 (5): 1147-1160 MAY 1996•SCI被引用643次《材料的化学性质》美国•Abstract: The low-temperature formation of liquid-crystal-like arrays made up of molecular complexes formed between molecular inorganic species and amphiphilic organic molecules is a convenient approach for the synthesis of mesostructure materials.This paper examines how the molecular shapes of covalent organosilanes, quaternary ammonium surfactants, and mixed surfactants in various reaction conditions can be used to synthesize silica-based mesophase configurations, MCM-41 (2d hexagonal, p6m), MCM-48 (cubic Ia3d), MCM-50 (lamellar), SBA-1 (cubic Pm3n), SBA-2 (3d hexagonal P6(3)/mmc), and SBA-3(hexagonal p6m from acidic synthesis media). The structural function of surfactants in mesophase formation can to a first approximation be related to that of classical surfactants in water or other solvents with parallel roles for organic additives. The effective surfactant ion pair packing parameter, g = V/alpha(0)l, remains a useful molecular structure-directing index to characterize the geometry of the mesophase products, and phase transitions may be viewed as a variation of g in the liquid-crystal-Like solid phase. Solvent and cosolvent structure direction can be effectively used by varying polarity, hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties and functionalizing the surfactant molecule, for example with hydroxy group or variable charge. Surfactants and synthesis conditions can be chosen and controlled to obtain predicted silica-based mesophase products. A room-temperature synthesis of the bicontinuous cubic phase, MCM-48, is presented. A low-temperature (100 degrees C) and low-pH (7-10) treatment approach that can be used to give MCM-41 with high-quality, large pores (up to 60 Angstrom), and pore volumes as large as 1.6 cm(3)/g is described.Estimates 介绍研究或试验过程SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例•Author(s): KESSLER, RC; MCGONAGLE, KA; ZHAO, SY; NELSON, CB; HUGHES, M; ESHLEMAN, S; WITTCHEN, HU; KENDLER, KS•Title:LIFETIME AND 12-MONTH PREV ALENCE OF DSM-III-R PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS IN THE UNITED-STA TES - RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL-COMORBIDITY-SURVEY•Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 51 (1): 8-19 JAN 1994•《普通精神病学纪要》美国SCI被引用4350次•Abstract: Background: This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, the first survey to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a national probability sample in the United States.Methods: The DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among persons aged 15 to 54 years in the noninstitutionalized civilian population of the United States were assessed with data collected by lay interviewers using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Nearly 50% of respondents reported at least one lifetime disorder, and close to 30% reported at least one 12-month disorder. The most common disorders were major depressive episode, alcohol dependence, social phobia, and simple phobia. More than half of all lifetime disorders occurred in the 14% of the population who had a history of three or more comorbid disorders. These highly comorbid people also included the vast majority of people with severe disorders.Less than 40% of those with a lifetime disorder had ever received professional treatment,and less than 20% of those with a recent disorder had been in treatment during the past 12 months. Consistent with previous risk factor research, it was found that women had elevated rates of affective disorders and anxiety disorders, that men had elevated rates of substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder, and that most disorders declined with age and with higher socioeconomic status. Conclusions: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders is greater than previously thought to be the case. Furthermore, this morbidity is more highly concentrated than previously recognized in roughly one sixth of the population who have a history of three or more comorbid disorders. This suggests that the causes and consequences of high comorbidity should be the focus of research attention. The majority of people with psychiatric disorders fail to obtain professional treatment. Even among people with a lifetime history of three or more comorbid disorders, the proportion who ever obtain specialty sector mental health treatment is less than 50%.These results argue for the importance of more outreach and more research on barriers to professional help-seekingSCI高被引摘要方法部分案例说明研究或试验方法measure•Author(s): Schlegel, DJ; Finkbeiner, DP; Davis, M•Title:Maps of dust infrared emission for use in estimation of reddening and cosmic microwave background radiation foregrounds•Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 500 (2): 525-553 Part 1 JUN 20 1998 SCI 被引用2972 次《天体物理学杂志》美国•The primary use of these maps is likely to be as a new estimator of Galactic extinction. To calibrate our maps, we assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 mu m emission. We find consistent calibration using the B-R color distribution of a sample of the 106 brightest cluster ellipticals, as well as a sample of 384 ellipticals with B-V and Mg line strength measurements. For the latter sample, we use the correlation of intrinsic B-V versus Mg, index to tighten the power of the test greatly. We demonstrate that the new maps are twice as accurate as the older Burstein-Heiles reddening estimates in regions of low and moderate reddening. The maps are expected to be significantly more accurate in regions of high reddening. These dust maps will also be useful for estimating millimeter emission that contaminates cosmic microwave background radiation experiments and for estimating soft X-ray absorption. We describe how to access our maps readily for general use.SCI高被引摘要结果部分案例application介绍应用、用途•Author(s): MALLAT, S; ZHONG, S•Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF SIGNALS FROM MULTISCALE EDGES•Source: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, 14 (7): 710-732 JUL 1992•SCI被引用508次《IEEE模式分析与机器智能汇刊》美国•Abstract: A multiscale Canny edge detection is equivalent to finding the local maxima ofa wavelet transform. We study the properties of multiscale edges through the wavelet。

检索文献常用网站及搜索方法

检索文献常用网站及搜索方法

分享1、/这个不多讲了.2、/后起之秀,科研人员的良好助手,上此网站的90%是从事科研的学生与老师。

其词典搜索集成了目前市面上最好的在线英汉写作及科研词典,用此搜索引擎写作英文论文相当方便;其文献搜索集成了目前最优秀的数据库。

3、Scirus是目前互联网上最全面、综合性最强的科技文献搜索引擎之一,由Elsevier科学出版社开发,用于搜索期刊和专利,效果很不错!Scirus覆盖的学科范围包括:农业与生物学,天文学,生物科学,化学与化工,计算机科学,地球与行星科学,经济、金融与管理科学,工程、能源与技术,环境科学,语言学,法学,生命科学,材料科学,数学,医学,神经系统科学,药理学,物理学,心理学,社会与行为科学,社会学等。

4、/BASE是德国比勒费尔德(Bielefeld)大学图书馆开发的一个多学科的学术搜索引擎,提供对全球异构学术资源的集成检索服务。

它整合了德国比勒费尔德大学图书馆的图书馆目录和大约160 个开放资源(超过200 万个文档)的数据。

5、http://www.vascoda.de/Vascoda是一个交叉学科门户网站的原型,它注重特定主题的聚合,集成了图书馆的收藏、文献数据库和附加的学术内容。

6、/与google比较了一下发现,能搜索到一些google搜索不到的好东东。

它界面简洁,功能强大,速度快,YAHOO、网易都采用了它的搜索技术。

各位可以一试。

7、 Google在同一水平的搜索引擎。

是推出的,Web result部分是基于Google 的,所以保证和Google在同一水平,另外增加了Amazon的在书本内搜索的功能和个性化功能:主要是可以记录你的搜索历史。

现在还是Beta,不过试用后感觉很好,向大家推荐一试,不过缺憾是现在书本内搜索没有中文内容。

8、严格意义上讲不是搜索引擎,是连接搜索引擎和网络用户的信息立交桥。

新一代的搜索引擎应运而生,Ixquick meta-search正是目前最具光芒的新星。

Archaeologys Search for a Legendary Emperor

Archaeologys Search for a Legendary Emperor

Archaeologys Search for a LegendaryEmperorArchaeology's search for a legendary emperor has captured the imagination of historians, researchers, and enthusiasts for centuries. The quest to uncover the truth behind the existence of such a figure has led to numerous expeditions, excavations, and studies in various parts of the world. The allure of discovering a legendary emperor who may have left a lasting impact on history has fueled the passion and dedication of those involved in this pursuit. One of the most intriguing aspects of the search for a legendary emperor is the mystery and uncertainty that shrouds the entire endeavor. The lack of concrete evidence and historical records has made it challenging to pinpoint the existence of such a figure. However, this has not deterred archaeologists and historians from embarking on ambitious quests to unearth clues and artifacts that couldpotentially lead to the discovery of a legendary emperor. The search for a legendary emperor has also sparked intense debates and discussions within the academic and archaeological communities. While some scholars remain skeptical about the existence of a legendary emperor, others firmly believe in thepossibility of uncovering evidence that could validate the existence of such a figure. This divergence of opinions has led to a diverse range of approaches and methodologies in the pursuit of this elusive historical enigma. The quest to find a legendary emperor has also evoked a sense of wonder and fascination among the general public. The idea of unearthing the legacy of a powerful and influential ruler from the annals of history has captured the imagination of people from all walks of life. The prospect of unraveling the mysteries surrounding a legendary emperor has given rise to a sense of anticipation and excitement, as individuals eagerly await any breakthroughs or revelations that may emerge from ongoing archaeological endeavors. Despite the challenges and uncertainties that accompany the search for a legendary emperor, the resilience and determination of archaeologists and historians remain unwavering. The commitment to uncovering the truth behind the existence of such a figure serves as a testament to the enduring allure of historical exploration and discovery. The pursuit of a legendary emperorrepresents a profound quest for knowledge and understanding, as well as a testament to the enduring fascination with the enigmatic figures that have left an indelible mark on the tapestry of human history. In conclusion, the search for a legendary emperor represents a captivating and enduring quest that continues to captivate the hearts and minds of individuals across the globe. The allure of uncovering the legacy of a powerful and influential ruler from the depths of history has fueled the passion and dedication of archaeologists, historians, and enthusiasts alike. Despite the challenges and uncertainties that accompany this pursuit, the unwavering commitment to unraveling the mysteries surrounding a legendary emperor stands as a testament to the enduring allure of historical exploration and discovery. As the quest for a legendary emperor continues to unfold, it serves as a poignant reminder of the timeless appeal of delving into the enigmatic realms of the past in search of truth and understanding.。

Electron-Positron colliders

Electron-Positron colliders

a r X i v :h e p -e x /0111070v 1 22 N o v 2001ELECTRON-POSITRON-COLLIDERSR.-D.HEUERInstitut f¨u r Experimentalphysik,Universit¨a t Hamburg,Luruper Chaussee 149,22761Hamburg GermanyE-mail:rolf-dieter.heuer@desy.deAn electron-positron linear collider in the energy range between 500and 1000GeV is of crucial importance to precisely test the Standard Model and to explore the physics beyond it.The physics program is complementary to that of the Large Hadron Collider.Some of the main physics goals and the expected accuracies of the anticipated measurements at such a linear collider are discussed.A short review of the different collider designs presently under study is given including possible upgrade paths to the multi-TeV region.Finally a framework is presented within which the realisation of such a project could be achieved as a global international project.1IntroductionA coherent picture of matter and forces has emerged in the past decades through in-tensive theoretical and experimental studies.It is adequately described by the Standard Model of particle physics.In the last few years many aspects of the model have been stringently tested,some to the per-mille level,with e +e −,ep and p ¯p machines making com-plementary contributions,especially to the determination of the electroweak bining the results with neutrino scatter-ing data and low energy measurements,the experimental analysis is in excellent concor-dance with the electroweak part of the Stan-dard Model.Also the predictions of QCD have been thoroughly tested,examples being precise measurements of the strong coupling αs and probing the proton structure to the shortest possible distances.Despite these great successes there are many gaps in our understanding.The clearest one is the present lack of any direct evidence for the dynamics of electroweak symmetry breaking and the generation of the masses of gauge bosons and fermions.The Higgs mechanism which generates the masses of the fundamental particles in the Standard Model,has not been experimentally estab-lished though the indirect evidence from pre-cision measurements is very strong.Even ifsuccessfully completed,the Standard Model does not provide a comprehensive theory of matter.There is no explanation for the wide range of masses of the fermions,the grand unification between the two gauge theories,electroweak and QCD,is not realised and gravity is not incorporated at the quantum level.Several alternative scenarios have been de-veloped for the physics which may emerge beyond the Standard Model as energies are increased.The Supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model provides a stable bridge from the presently explored energy scales up to the grand unification scale.Alternatively,new strong interactions give rise to strong forces between W bosons at high energies.Quite general arguments suggest that such new phenomena must appear below a scale of approximately 3TeV.Extra space dimen-sions which alter the high energy behaviour in such a way that the energy scale of gravity is in the same order as the electroweak scale are another proposed alternative.There are two ways of exploring the new scales,through attaining the highest possible energy in a hadron collider and through high precision measurements at the energy fron-tier of lepton colliders.This article is based on the results ofmany workshops on physics and detector studies for linear colliders.Much more can be found in the respective publications1,2,3,4 and on the different Web sites5,6,7,8.Many people have contributed to these studies and the references to their work can be found in the documents quoted above.2Complementarity of Lepton and Hadron MachinesIt is easier to accelerate protons to very high energies than leptons,but the detailed colli-sion process cannot be well controlled or se-lected.Electron-positron colliders offer a well√defined initial state.The collision energying generation of colliders.The physics case for such a machine will depend on the results from the LHC and the linear collider in the sub-TeV range.3Selected Physics TopicsIn this chapter,some of the main physics top-ics to be studied at a linear collider will bediscussed.Emphasis is given to the study of the Higgs mechanism in the Standard Model,the measurements of properties of su-persymmetric particles,and precision tests of the electroweak theory.More details about these topics as well as information about the numerous topics not presented here can be found in the physics books published in the studies of the physicspotential offuture lin-ear colliders 1,2,3,4.3.1Standard Model Higgs BosonThe main task of a linear electron-positron collider will be to establish experimentally the Higgs mechanism as the mechanism for generating the masses of fundamental parti-cles:•The Higgs boson must be discovered.•The couplings of the Higgs boson to gauge bosons and to fermions must be proven to increase with their masses.•The Higgs potential which generates the non-zero field in the vacuum must be reconstructed by determining the Higgs self-coupling.•The quantum numbers (J P C =0++)must be confirmed.The main production mechanisms for Higgs bosons in e +e −collisions are Higgs-strahlung e +e −→HZ and WW-fusion e +e −→νe ¯νe H ,and the corresponding cross-sections as a function of M H are depicted in figure 2for three different centre of mass en-ergies.With an integrated luminosity of 500Figure 2.The Higgs-strahlung and WW fusion pro-duction cross-sections as a function of M H for differ-ent√sof about 800GeV;for 1000fb −1an accuracyof 6%can be expected.The Higgs boson quantum numbers can be determined through the rise of the cross sec-tion close to the production threshold and through the angular distributions of the H and Z bosons in the continuum.Recoil Mass [GeV ]N u m b e r o f E v e n t s / 1.5 G e VFigure 3.The µ+µ−recoil mass distribution in theprocess e +e −→HZ →µ+µ−for M H =120GeV,500fb −1at√2of the self potential of the Higgs field V =λ(φ2−14λH4.The trilinearHiggs coupling λHHH =6λv can be mea-sured directly in the double Higgs-strahlung process e +e −→HHZ →q ¯q b ¯bb ¯b .The fi-nal state contains six partons resulting in a rather complicated experimental signature with six jets,a challenging task calling for ex-cellent granularity of the tracking device and the calorimeter 9.Despite the low cross sec-tion of the order of 0.2fb for M H =120GeV at√s =500GeV with an integrated luminosity of 1ab −1as shown in figure 6.Measurements of Higgs boson properties and their anticipated accuracies are sum-marised in table 1.In summary,the Higgs mechanism can be established in an unambiguous way at a high luminosity electron-positron collider with a centre-of-mass energy up to around one TeV as the mechanism responsible for the sponta-neous symmetry breaking of the electroweak interactions.3.2Supersymmetric ParticlesSupersymmetry (SUSY)is considered the most attractive extension of the Standardg c /g c (SM)g b /g b (S M )0.80.850.90.9511.051.11.151.2Figure 5.Higgs coupling determination:The con-tours for g b vs.g c for a 120GeV Higgs boson normalised to their Standard Model expectations as measured with 500fb −1.Model,which cannot be the ultimate the-ory for many reasons.The most impor-tant feature of SUSY is that it can explain the hierarchy between the electroweak scale of ≈100GeV,responsible for the W and Z masses,and the Planck scale M P l ≃1019GeV.When embedded in a grand-unified the-ory,it makes a very precise prediction of the electroweak mixing angle sin 2θW in excellent concordance with the precision electroweak measurement.In the following,only the min-imal supersymmetric extension to the Stan-dard Model (MSSM)will be considered and measurements of the properties of the super-symmetric particles will be discussed.Stud-ies of the supersymmetric Higgs sector can be found elsewhere 1,2,3,4.In addition to the particles of the Stan-dard Model,the MSSM contains their su-persymmetric partners:sleptons ˜l ±,˜νl (l =e,µ,τ),squarks ˜q ,and gauginos ˜g ,˜χ±,˜χ0.In the MSSM the multiplicative quantum num-ber R-parity is conserved,R p =+1for par-10012014016018000.20.10.3M H [GeV ]SM Double Higgs-strahlung: e + e - → ZHH σ [fb ]√s = 800 GeV√s = 500 GeVFigure 6.The cross-section for doubleHiggs-strahlung in the Standard Model at√120GeVmass 0.05%spin yes CPyes6%g HZZ 1%g HW W 2%g Hbb 2%g Hcc 10%g Hττ5%g Htt 6%λHHH∼30%ticles and R p =−1for sparticles.Spar-ticles are therefore produced in pairs and they eventually decay into the lightest spar-ticle which has to be stable.As an example,smuons are produced and decay through theprocess e +e −→˜µ+˜µ−→µ+µ−χ01χ01with χ01as the lightest sparticle being stable and,therefore,escaping detection.The mass scale of sparticles is only vaguely known.In most scenarios some spar-ticles,in particular charginos and neutrali-nos,are expected to lie in the energy region accessible by the next generation of e +e −200400600800Figure 7.Examples of mass spectra in mSUGRA,GMSB and AMSB models.colliders alsosupported bythe recentmea-surement of (g −2)µ10.Examples of massspectra for three SUSY breaking mechanisms (mSUGRA,GMSB,AMSB)are given in fig-ure 7.The most fundamental problem of super-symmetric theories is how SUSY is broken and in which way this breaking is communi-cated to the particles.Several scenarios have been proposed in which the mass spectra are generally quite different as illustrated in fig-ure 7.High precision measurements of the particle properties are therefore expected to distinguish between some of these scenarios.The study and exploration of Supersymmetry will proceed in the following steps:•Reconstruction of the kinematically ac-cessible spectrum of sparticles and the measurement of their properties,masses and quantum numbers•Extraction of the basic low-energy pa-rameters such as mass parameters,cou-plings,and mixings•Analysis of the breaking mechanism and reconstruction of the underlying theory.While it is unlikely that the complete spectrum of sparticles will be accessible at acollider with√Figure 9.Cross section near threshold for the processe +e −→˜χ+1˜χ−1,10fb−1per point.approach,the measured electroweak scaleSUSY parameters are extrapolated to high energies using these RGE’s.Due to the high precision of the measured input variables,only possible at the linear collider,an accurate test can be performed at which energy scale certain parameters be-come equal.Most interesting,the assump-tion of grand unification of forces requires the gaugino mass parameters M 1,M 2,M 3to meet at the GUT scale (figure 10(left)).Different SUSY breaking mechanisms predict different unification patterns of the sfermion mass parameters at high energy.With the high accuracy of the linear collider measure-ments these models can be distinguished as shown in figure 10for the case of mSUGRA (middle)and GMSB (right).In summary,the high precision studies of supersymmetric particles and their properties can open a window to energy scales far above the scales reachable with future accelerators,possibly towards the Planck scale where grav-ity becomes important.3.3Precision MeasurementsThe primary goal of precision measurements of gauge boson properties is to establish the non-abelian nature of electroweak interac-tions.The gauge symmetries of the Stan-dard Model determine the form and the strength of the self-interactions of the elec-troweak bosons,the triple couplings W W γand W W Z and the quartic couplings.Devi-ations from the Standard Model expectations for these couplings could be expected in sev-eral scenarios,for example in models where there exists no light Higgs boson and where the W and Z bosons are generated dynam-ically and interact strongly at high scales.Also for the extrapolation of couplings to high scales to test theories of grand unifi-cation such high precision measurements are mandatory.For the study of the couplings between gauge bosons the best precision is reached at the highest possible centre of mass energies.These couplings are especially sen-sitive to models of strong electroweak sym-metry breaking.W bosons are produced either in pairs,e +e −→W +W −or singly,e +e −→W eνwith both processes being sensitive to the triple gauge couplings.In general the total errors estimated on the anomalous couplings are in the range of few ×10−4.Figure 11com-pares the precision obtainable for ∆κγand ∆λγat different machines.The measurements at a linear collider are sensitive to strong symmetry breaking be-yond Λof the order of 5TeV,to be com-pared with the electroweak symmetry break-ing scale ΛEW SB =4πv ≈3TeV.One of the most sensitive quantities to loop corrections from the Higgs boson is the effective weak mixing angle in Z boson de-cays.By operating the collider at ener-gies close to the Z -pole with high luminos-ity (GigaZ)to collect at least 109Z bosons in particular the accuracy of the measure-Figure 10.Extrapolation of SUSY parameters measured at the electroweak scale to high energies.10-410-310-2∆κγLEP TEV LHCTESLA TESLA 50080010-410-310-2∆λγLEP TEV LHCTESLA TESLA500800Figure parison of constraints on the anomalous couplings ∆κγand ∆λγat different machinesment of sin 2θleff can be improved by one or-der of magnitude wrt.the precision obtained today 11.With both electron and positronbeams longitudinally polarised,sin 2θleff can be determined most accurately by measur-ing the left-right asymmetry A LR =A e =2v e a e /(v 2e +a 2e )with v e (a e )being the vec-tor (axialvector)couplings of the Z boson tothe electron and v e /a e =1-4sin 2θleff for pure Z exchange.Particularly demanding is the precision of 2×10−4with which the po-larisation needs to be known to match the statistical accuracy.An error in the weakmixing angle of ∆sin 2θleff =0.000013can be expected.Together with an improved de-termination of the mass of the W boson toa precision of some 6MeV through a scan of the W W production threshold and with the measurements obtained at high energy run-ning of the collider this will allow many high precision tests of the Standard Model at the loop level.As an example,figure 12shows the variation of the fit χ2to the electroweak measurements as a function of M H for the present data and for the data expected at a linear collider.The mass of the Higgs bo-son can indirectly be constraint at a level of 5%.Comparing this prediction with the di-rect measurement of M H consistency tests of the Standard Model can be performed at the quantum level or to measure free parameters in extensions of the Standard Model.This is5101520101032000LCm hχ2Figure 12.∆χ2as a function of the Higgs boson mass for the electroweak precision data today (2000)and after GigaZ running (LC).of particular importance if M H >200GeV in contradiction to the current electroweak mea-surements.In summary,there is strong evidence for new phenomena at the TeV energy scale.Only the precision exploration at the linear collider will allow,together with the results obtained at the Large Hadron Collider,the understanding of the underlying physics and will open a new window beyond the centre-of-mass energies reachable.Whatever sce-nario is realized in nature,the linear collider will add crucial information beyond the LHC.There is global consensus in the high energy physics community that the next accelera-tor based project needs to be an electron-positron linear collider with a centre-of-mass energy of at least 500GeV.4Electron-Positron Linear CollidersThe feasibility of a linear collider has been successfully demonstrated by the operationof the SLAC Linear Collider,SLC.How-ever,aiming at centre-of-mass energies at the TeV scale with luminosities of the order of 1034cm −2s −1requires at least two orders of magnitude higher beam power and two orders of magnitude smaller beam sizes at the inter-action point.Over the past decade,several groups worldwide have been pursuing differ-ent linear collider designs for the centre-of-mass energy range up to around one TeV as well as for the multi-TeV range.Excel-lent progress has been achieved at various test facilities worldwide in international col-laborations on crucial aspects of the collider designs.At the Accelerator Test Facility at KEK 12,emittances within a factor two of the damping ring design have been achieved.At the Final Focus Test Beam at SLAC 13de-magnification of the beams has been proven;the measured spot sizes are well in agreement with the theoretically expected values.The commissioning and operation of the TESLA Test Facility at DESY 14has demonstrated the feasibility of the TESLA technology.In the following,a short review of the different approaches is given.4.1TeV rangeThree design studies are presently pursued:JLC 15,NLC 16and TESLA 17,centred around KEK,SLAC and DESY,respectively.Details about the design,the status of de-velopment and the individual test facilities can be found in the above quoted references as well as in the status reports presented at LCWS200018,19,20.A comprehensive sum-mary of the present status can be found in the Snowmass Accelerator R&D Report 21,here only a short discussion of the main features and differences of the three approaches will be given with emphasis on luminosity and en-ergy reach.One key parameter for performing the physics program at a collider is the centre-of-mass energy achievable.The energy reachof a collider with a given linac length and a certain cavityfilling factor is determined by the gradient achievable with the cavity tech-nology chosen.For normalconducting cavi-ties the maximum achievable gradient scales roughly proportional to the RF frequency used,for superconducting Niobium cavities, the fundamental limit today is around55 MV/m.The second key parameter for the physicsprogram is the luminosity L,given byL=n b N2e f rep(σ∗x+σ∗y)2.Choos-ing aflat beam size(σ∗x≫σ∗y)at the inter-action point,δE becomes independent of the vertical beam size and the luminosity can be increased by reducingσ∗y as much as possi-ble.Sinceσ∗y∝sn b N e f rep=ηP AC is obtained from themains power P AC with an efficiency η.Equation(1)can then be rewritten asL∝ηP AC s ǫy(2)High luminosity therefore requires high ef-ficiencyηand high beam quality with low emittanceǫy and low emittance dilution ∆ǫ/ǫ∝f6RF,which is largely determined by the RF frequency f RF of the chosen technol-ogy.The fundamental difference between the three designs is the choice of technology for the accelerating structures.The design of NLC is based on normalconducting cavities using f RF of11.4GHz(X-band),for JLC two options,X-band or C-band(5.7GHz)are pursued.The TESLA concept,developed by the TESLA collaboration,is using supercon-ducting cavities(1.3GHz).As an example for a linear collider facility,figure13shows the schematic layout of TESLA.Figure13.Schematic layout of TESLATable2compares some key parameters for the different technologies at√Figure 14.Evolution of superconducting cavity per-formance.The average gradient achieved with TESLA 9-cell cavities produced in industry (first test,no additional processing)is shown as dots.with N b bunches,the time ∆T b between bunches within a train which allows head on crossing of the bunches for TESLA but requires a crossing angle for the other de-signs.The design luminosity L ,beam power P beam and the required mains power P AC il-lustrate that for a given mains power the su-perconducting technology delivers higher lu-minosity.On the other hand the lower gradi-ent G acc requires a longer linac for the samecentre-of-massenergy reach.As can be seen from table 2the X-band machines call for a beam loaded (unloaded)gradient of some 50(70)MV/m for√s =500GeV,a gradient which is mean-while routinely achieved for cavities fabri-cated in industry as illustrated in figure 14.Table 2also contains the presently planned length of the facilities 17,16,22,23.AnFigure 15.Excitation curves of three electropolished single-cell cavities.Gradients well above 35MV/m are reached.upgrade in energy up to around one TeV seems possible for all designs.In the NLC case,more cavities would be installed within the existing tunnel,in the JLC case,the tunnel length would have to be increased to house more cavities.In the TESLA case,a gradient of around 35MV/m is neededto reach√Table parison of some crucial parameters at 500GeV for the different technologies under study,see text for details.NLCJLC-C51502820190337 1.4head on angle 20.7σ∗x/y [nm ]245/2.7318/4.3δE [%]4.73.93.42.64P beam [MW ]13.212.6P AC (linacs )[MW ]13222023.550.23316s of 3TeV,usinghigh frequency (30GHz)normalcon-ducting structures operating at very high ac-celerating fields (150MV/m).The present design calls for bunch separations of .67ns,a vertical spotsize of 1nm and beamstrahlung δE of 30%.For this promising concept a new test facility is under construction at CERN which should allow tests with full gradient starting in 2005.5RealisationThe new generation of high energy colliders most likely exceeds the resources of a coun-try or even a region.There is general consen-sus that the realisation has to be done in an international,interregional framework.One such framework,the so called Global Accel-erator Network (GAN),has been proposed to ICFA in March 2000.A short discussion of the principle considerations will be presented here,more details can be found in ref.25.The GAN is a global collaboration of lab-oratories and institutes in order to design,construct,commission,operate and main-tain a large accelerator facility.The model is based on the experience of large experi-mental collaborations,particularly in particle physics.Some key elements are listed below:•it is not an international permanent in-stitution,but an international project of limited duration;•the facility would be the common prop-erty of the participating countries;•there are well defined roles and obliga-tions of all partners;•partners contribute through components or subsystems;•design,construction and testing of com-ponents is done in participating institu-tions;•maintenance and running of the accel-erator would be done to a large extent from the participating institutions.The GAN would make best use of world-wide competence,ideas and resources,create a visible presence of activities in all partici-pating countries and would,hopefully,make the site selection less controversial.study general considerations of implementing a GAN and to study the technical considera-tions and influence on the design and cost of the accelerator.The reports of these working groups can be found on the web26.Their overall conclusion is that a GAN can be a fea-sible way to build and operate a new global accelerator,although many details still need to be clarified.6SummaryThere is global consensus about the next ac-celerator based project in particle physics.It has to be an electron-positron linear collider with an initial energy reach of some500GeV with the potential of an upgrade in centre-of-mass energy.The physics case is excellent, only a few highlights could be presented here. There is also global consensus that concur-rent operation with LHC is needed and fruit-ful.Therefore,a timely realisation is manda-tory.The technical realisation of a linear col-lider is now feasible,several technologies are either ripe or will be ripe soon.A fast consen-sus in the community about the technology is as a global project with the highest possible luminosity and a clear upgrade potential be-yond500GeV.AcknowledgmentsThe author would like to express his grati-tude to all people who have contributed to the studies of future electron-positron linear colliders from the machine design to physics and detector studies.Special thanks go to the organisers and their team for a very well or-ganised,inspiring conference as well as for the competent technical help in preparing this presentation.References1.J.A.Aguilar-Saavedra et al,TESLATechnical Design Report,Part III,Physics at an e+e−Linear Collider,DESY2001-011,ECFA2001-209,hep-ph/0106315.2.T.Abe et al,Linear Collider Physics Re-source Book for Snowmass2001,BNL-52627,CLNS01/1729,FERMILAB-Pub-01/058-E,LBNL-47813,SLAC-R-570,UCRL-ID-143810-DR,LC-REV-2001-074-US,hep-ex/0106055-583.K.Abe et al,Particle Physics Exper-iments at JLC,KEK-Report2001-11, hep-ph/0109166.4.Proceedings of LCWS,Physics and Ex-periments with Future Linear Colliders, eds A.Para,H.E.Fisk,(AIP Conf.Proc.,Vol578,2001).5.Worldwide Study of the Physics and De-tectors for Future e+e−Colliders/lc/6.ACFA Joint Linear Collider Physics andDetector Working Grouphttp://acfahep.kek.jp/7.2nd Joint ECFA/DESY Studyon Physics and Detectors for a Linear Electron-Positron Colliderhttp://www.desy.de/conferences/ecfa-desy-lc98.html8.A Study of the Physics and Detectors forFuture Linear e+e−Colliders:American Activities/lc/ameri-ca.html9.G.Alexander et al,TESLA TechnicalDesign Report,Part IV,A Detector for TESLA,DESY2001-011,ECFA2001-209.10.H.N.Brown et al.[Muon g-2Collabo-ration],Phys.Rev.Lett.86(2001)222711.J.Drees,these proceedings12.E.Hinode et al,eds.,KEK Internal95-4,1995,eds J.Urakawa and M.Yoshioka, Proceedings of the SLAC/KEK Linear Collider Workshop on Damping Ring, KEK92-6,199213.The FFTB Collaboration:BINP(Novosibirsk/Protvino),DESY, FNAL,KEK,LAL(Orsay),MPI Mu-nich,Rochester,and SLAC14.Proposal for a TESLA Test Facility,DESY TESLA-93-01,199215.KEK-Report97-1,1997.16.Zeroth Order Design Report for theNext Linear Collider,SLAC Report474,1996.2001Report on the Next Linear Collider,Fermilab-Conf-01-075-E,LBNL-47935,SLAC-R-571,UCRL-ID-14407717.J.Andruszkow et al,TESLA TechnicalDesign Report,Part II,The Accelerator, DESY2001-011,ECFA2001-20918.O.Napoly,TESLA Linear Collider:Sta-tus Report,in ref419.T.O.Raubenheimer,Progress in theNext Linear Collider Design,in ref4 20.Y.H.Chin et al Status of JLC Accelera-tor Development,in ref421.A.Chao et al,2001Snowmass Accelera-tor R&D Report,http://www.hep.anl.gov/pvs/dpb/Snowmass.pdf22.Y.H.Chin,private communication23.H.Matsumoto,T.Shintake,private com-munication24.I.Wilson,A Multi-TeV Compact e+e−Linear Collider,in ref425.F.Richard et al,TESLA Technical De-sign Report,Part I,Executive Summary, DESY2001-011,ECFA2001-209,hep-ph/0106314.26./directorate/icfa/icfa reports.html。

EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH

EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH

(Submitted to E. Phys. J. C)
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P.Abreu21 , W.Adam50 , T.Adye36 , P.Adzic11 , Z.Albrecht17 , T.Alderweireld2 , G.D.Alekseev16 , R.Alemany49 , T.Allmendinger17 , P.P.Allport22 , S.Almehed24 , U.Amaldi9 , N.Amapane45 , S.Amato47 , E.G.Anassontzis3 , P.Andersson44 , A.Andreazza9 , S.Andringa21 , P.Antilogus25 , W-D.Apel17 , Y.Arnoud9 , B.Asman44 , J-E.Augustin25 , A.Augustinus9 , P.Baillon9 , P.Bambade19 , F.Barao21 , G.Barbiellini46 , R.Barbier25 , D.Y.Bardin16 , G.Barker17 , A.Baroncelli38 , M.Battaglia15 , M.Baubillier23 , K-H.Becks52 , M.Begalli6 , A.Behrmann52 , P.Beilliere8 , Yu.Belokopytov9;53 , K.Belous42 , N.C.Benekos31 , A.C.Benvenuti5 , C.Berat14 , M.Berggren25 , D.Bertini25 , D.Bertrand2 , M.Besancon39 , F.Bianchi45 , M.Bigi45 , M.S.Bilenky16 , ouard19 , D.Bloch10 , H.M.Blom30 , M

全新版大学英语第四单元课文翻译 In Search of Davos寻找达沃斯人

全新版大学英语第四单元课文翻译 In Search of Davos寻找达沃斯人

第四单元课文AIn Search of DavosMan Peter GumbelGlobalization is sweeping aside national borders and changing relations between nations. What impact does this have on national identities and loyalties? Are they strengthened or weakened? The author investigates.全球化正在扫除国界、改变国与国之间的关系。

这对国家的认同和对国家的忠诚会带来什么影响呢?它们会得到加强还是削弱?作者对这些问题进行了探讨。

In Search of Davos ManPeter Gumbel1. William Browder was born in Princeton, New Jersey, grew up in Chicago, and studied at Stanford University in California. But don't call him an American. For the past 16 of his 40 years he has lived outside the U.S., first in London and then, from 1996, in Moscow, where he runs his own investment firm. Browder now manages $1.6 billion in assets. In 1998 he gave up his American passport to become a British citizen, since his life is now centered in Europe. "National identity makes no difference for me," he says. "I feel completely international. If you have four good friends and you like what you are doing, it doesn't matter where you are. That's globalization."寻找达沃斯人彼得·甘贝尔威廉·布劳德出生于新泽西州的普林斯顿,在芝加哥长大,就读于加利福尼亚州的斯坦福大学。

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE List of Textbook for 2010-2011 FORM 1

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE List of Textbook for 2010-2011 FORM 1

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGEList of Textbook for 2010-2011FORM 1ENGLISH LANGUAGE:AUTHORS PUBLISHERS PRICE1.Junior Thematic Anthology 1 (Set B)Oxford88.002.Performance Plus - Task-based Listening Level 1Dianna Esser Pilot115.00(2nd Ed.)(with Data File & CD)3.Developing Skills Freeway Grammar and Usage 1 (1st Ed.) C.Harris Aristo106.004.Theme-based Vocabulary 1Neeraja Sharma Witman124.00(with answer book and CD-ROM)(2003 Ed.)5.Stories Without Endings: Pushing the Limits (1996 Ed.)Lynn W. Kloss Pearson Learning 141.00(Globe Fearon)(Ten chapters will be used in F.2)Group6.Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese A.S.Hornby Oxford366.00Dictionary (7th Ed.)(Paperback)(For reference only)CHINESE LANGUAGE:7.y (¤W B U)K U j B L165.00/(ÀH W U e y)165.00 8.m n q n ¤ (²G)q s g90.00(ª)e9.m n q n i ¤ (²G)q s g30.00e10.s (2008¥s) (°) ° °96.00 CHINESE HISTORY:11.v(ÄW) ÃNv N q a ³MATHEMATICS:12.Mathematics in Action Book 1A (2nd Ed.)Man, Yeung , Yeung Longman169.00(with Learning CD-ROM 1A, Revision Handbook 1A & Kwok, CheungBridge Programme P6 to S1)13.Mathematics in Action Book 1B (2nd Ed.)Man, Yeung , Yeung Longman169.00(with Learning CD-ROM 1B & Revision Handbook 1B) Kwok, CheungINTEGRATED HUMANITIES:14.Longman Junior Liberal Studies: Project Learning Chiu Lee Yuen Yee,Longman110.00(with Project Learning Portfolio)Lai Wai YeeINTEGRATED SCIENCE:15.Interactive Science 1A (2nd )Tong Shiu Sing, Longman158.00Ip Hing Wah, Lam Wai LinWong Tong Pak16.Interactive Science 1B (2nd Ed.)Tong Shiu Sing, Longman158.00Ip Hing Wah, Lam Wai LinWong Tong Pak17.Interactive Science Workbook 1A & 1B Ip Hing Wah,Longman51.00/(2nd Edition)Lam Wai Lin,51.00Yeung Man TakINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY:Materials will be providedTECHNOLOGY & LIVING:18.New Home Economics (4th Ed.) 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Mind Bombs: Searching for Truth in the Great Debate Between Einstein and Bohr

Mind Bombs: Searching for Truth in the Great Debate Between Einstein and Bohr

Mind Bombs: Searching for Truth in the Great Debate Between Einstein and Bohr作者:Timothy McGettigan来源:《Studies in Sociology of Science》2013年第03期[a]Ph.D, Full Professor, Department of Sociology, Colorado State University - Pueblo,United States.Corresponding author.Received 16 June 2013; accepted 20 SeptemberAbstractAlbert Einstein is regarded by many as perhaps the greatest scientist of the 20th century. Yet,one of his most enduring legacies is the monumental debate that he lost over the issue of quantum mechanics. Time and again, Einstein focused every bit of his extraordinary intellect on numerous efforts to undermine quantum mechanics only to fail on each and every occasion. While Einstein’s reputation among his fellow physicists may have suffered as a result, his efforts, nonetheless, did much to advance the field of physics—and also, I argue, to sustain a commitment to good science.Key words: Einstein; Bohr; Quantum mechanicsTimothy McGettigan (2013). Mind Bombs: Searching for Truth in the Great Debate Between Einstein and Bohr. Studies in Sociology of Science, 4(3), -0. Available from:URL: http:///index.php/sss/article/view/j.sss.1923018420130403.2796DOI: http:///10.3968/j.sss.1923018420130403.2796INTRODUCTIONFor many, it might come as a surprise that Albert Einstein, a name that is synonymous with genius, formulated many of his greatest scientific breakthroughs while employed as a patent clerk (Isaacson, 2007). During his lifetime,Einstein became the world’s most recognizable academic, but his fabled career got off to a rocky start. As an undergraduate, perhaps due to an unshakeable confidence in his own intellect, Einstein failed to display the type of deference that his professors expected from their students. As a result, keen as he was to embark on an academic career,none of Einstein’s professors were willing to support his bid for graduate studies. Beingdenied his foremost career preference, Einstein was forced to pursue other options (Ohanian,2008).Following an extended job search, Einstein landed a position as a patent clerk. So bleak had his employment prospects become that Einstein received news of the clerkship with great enthusiasm. Though the Swiss patent office was less illustrious than his academic aspirations, Einstein found patent work to be a pleasant diversion. Also,Einstein’s modest workload left the greater part of his mental energies untaxed. As a result, even while fulfilling his duties as a patent clerk, Einstein could embark on extended contemplations of the most puzzling issues in theoretical physics.So it was that Einstein labored in anonymity until 1905,Einstein’s annus mirabilis, or his miracle year (Kaku, 2004). With the publication of four major papers during 1905, Einstein revolutionized scientific conceptions of the physical universe. In the first miracle year paper,Einstein argued that rather than flowing in unbroken streams, light energy was split into minuscule packets, called quanta. In the next paper, Einstein argued that the inexplicable Brownian motion of dust motes in fluids was due to the impact of particles that were so minute (i.e., atoms) few scholars had been willing to believe such infinitesimals could exist. In his third miracle year paper,Einstein introduced his theory of special relativity: a theory postulating that space and time are relative. And in the fourth paper, Einstein revealed the scientific equation that has come to immortalize his stunning theoretical achievements, E=mc2. With this equation, Einstein established the fundamental equivalency of matter and energy and,what’s more, he drew attention to the awesome and terrifying energy locked within atomic particles (Rhodes, 1986).Though academic physicists might have been inclined to sneer, Einstein was fortunate that Max Planck was among the first readers of his revolutionary manuscripts. Max Planck, a renowned physicist and the Associate Editor of the Annalen der Physik, immediately recognized the genius in Einstein’s theoretical inspirations. In part,because Einstein drew upon Planck’s groundbreaking work in the realm of quantum physics, but also because of the sheer brilliance that Einstein exhibited in his articles,Planck dutifully published Einstein’s submissions and, as a result, the physical universe has never looked the same since.Prior to Einstein, Newtonian mechanics had dominated scientific conceptions of the physical universe (Hawking, 1988). In Newton’s mechanical universe, time and space were fixed and believed to be measurable from an absolute perspective. In addition,until Einstein’s miracle year,physicists had searched in vain for ether, the essential substrate of the cosmos. Ether was presumed to exist because, since light was understood to behave like a wave, Newtonian conceptions of matter and energy asserted that waves could only be propagated through a medium. Thus, for distant starlight to reach earth, space must be filled with ether. The problem was, try as they might,scientists were unable to locate the existence of ether. Though unthinkable, it almost seemed as if in the deep, dark void of space there was no ether.In Einstein’s universe, ether was not only non-existent, but it was unnecessary. Einstein dispensed with this key feature of the Newtonian universe by asserting that light exhibited properties of both waves and particles. In addition,Einstein repudiated Newton’s conviction that time and space were fixed by envisioning an entirely new convergence of matter and energy. Einstein argued that, though the speed of light was always constant, space and time could be warped depending upon one’s relative velocity. Consequently, all that had once been certain in N ewton’s mechanical universe had suddenly become relative. Einstein had literally redefined the fabric of reality.1. PARADIGM CRISIS: FROM NEWTONIAN ABSOLUTISM TO EINSTEINIAN RELATIVISMJust as many great thinkers had done before, Einstein encountered an inescapable dissonance between his observations of the empirical universe and established scientific theories—in this case,Newtonian mechanics. Faced with this dilemma, Einstein drew upon his exceptional creativity to construct new theories that would render previously inscrutable phenomena intelligible. So, like other great thinkers, Einstein stretched the theoretical boundaries of his discipline in order to bring scientific knowledge into closer accord with the parameters of the known universe. In so doing, one could argue that Einstein developed a more truthful lens through which to view the physical universe.On the other hand,in sweeping aside Newton’s mechanical universe, one could also argue that Einstein illustrated that science is a fundamentally relativistic endeavor (Ladyman, 2002). In other words, for over two hundred years,Newton’s mechanical paradigm had represented The Truth about the physical universe. Yet, in the short span of his Miracle Year, Einstein undermined ma ny of Newton’s key presuppositions. After 1905, there was a new standard for determining truth in the cosmos. Newton was old news. Essential as such a paradigm shift may have been,nevertheless,the transition from Newton’s to Einstein’s ideas cast a troub ling light on the role of truth in science. Essentially, one had to ask, was there anything especially truthful about scientific truths? In other words, if universal truths are only valid relative to particular scientific paradigms and, in turn, if paradigms are fleeting and disposable, then do scientific truths represent anything more than intellectual fads?Perhaps the simplest definition of truth is “knowledge that unbiased, undistorted,or pristine” (McGettigan, 2006). Thus, truth can be understood as knowledge that describes an unvarying quality of the empirical universe. For example,Einstein’s 1905 discourse on the photoelectric effect asserts that the most elemental unit of luminous energy is a particle-like quantum known as a photon. The importance of this or any other statement of truth is that, first of all, the statement reveals something useful, intelligible and demonstrable about the universe: light travels in, and can be measured in photons. Another crucial feature of scientific truth is that it must represent knowledge that remains valid across time and space. Whether on earth, Mars, or in the Andromeda galaxy,light must travel in quantum-sized photons. Therefore, regardless of the time or place, truth must be universal and unvarying.Getting back to the transition from Newtonian mechanics to Einstein’s relativity, one must wonder: if science is, first and foremost, an endeavor concerned with the pursuit of truth, then how can scientific paradigms be disposable? That is, many of the truths touted by Newtonian mechanics (e.g., time and space are fixed) are, according to the relativity paradigm,demonstrably false. Consequently, if the knowledge contained in any particular scientific paradigm is demonstrably false, then what guarantee is there that the truths touted by any paradigm,including Einstein’s relativity perspective, are any more reliable? Indeed, critics of science have argued that, given the limitations of human cognition and the imperfections in the knowledge systems that we create, it is simply impossible for science to capture universal, unvarying truths (Denzin and Lincoln, 1994; Foucault, 1980). No matter how earnest scientists may be in their pursuit of truth, the limitations on the human ability to conceive and represent Ultimate Truth makes it impossible to generate knowledge that approximates what is really, finally, universally true. Indeed, critics of science have pointed to the common occurrence of paradigm shifts as an illustration of this problem: the most fundamental truths endorsed by one paradigm (e.g., time and space are fixed, or the void of space is filled with ether, or the earth is the center of the universe, etc.) are often viewed as examples of rustic ignorance by succeeding paradigms. As such, critics of science have argued that far from representing timeless, transcendent knowledge,any truths that science may proclaim are strictly relative to, and delimited by, the dominant paradigms of the day (Lemert, 1991).2. REALISM, TRUTH, AND REDEFINED REALITIESIt is indisputable that the scientific truths of one era often tend to be the butt of jokes in the next. From the perspective of the 21st century, it seems laughable that anyone could ever have believed that the earth was flat (Garwood, 2008), or that it lay at the center of the universe. Yet, in spite of the relative impermanency of scientific truths, I argue that it is possible to identify at least a grain of truth in even in the most antiquated scientific paradigms. For example, the ancient Greeks believed that the universe was constituted of four basic elements: earth, air, fire and water (Bakalis, 2005). Of course, contemporary periodic tables illustrate that there are far more elemental substances than the ancient Greeks could ever have imagined. Nevertheless, were the Greeks completely deluded to think that there were only four basic elements? In fact, I would argue that the ancient Greek paradigm was relatively truthful in that each of the four elements manifested demonstrable pro perties of “creation,” e.g., a mixture of water and earth brought forth life in farmers’ fields, volcanic fire routinely created new land masses, and air was indisputably essential to sustain life. Certainly, in the 21st century, we know a great deal more about the elemental forces that shape the universe, but I think it is still fair to say that the Greeks were not delusional when they asserted that the universe was constituted of four basic elements. Rather, they were merely operating within a paradigm that was designed to make sense of the available evidence at the time.That scientific paradigms are imperfect is not a matter of dispute. No matter how cherished, no matter how seemingly flawless, no matter how groundbreaking, the simple fact is that every scientific paradigm that humans have ever invented—or, I would hazard, that humans ever will invent—is flawed. This is the case, quite simply, because no matter how exacting scientific research may be, the human capacity to observe and conceptualize truths is limited. The universe is boundless and full of surprises, whereas the minds that seek to compass that selfsame infinitude are limited and flawed. Thus,scientific paradigms can never incorporate the “entire truth.” There will always be more to know. If scientists do their work properly, scientific paradigms will always be short lived.That said, I disagree with those who argue that science is an utterly relativistic endeavor. In contrast with Einstein’s relativity paradigm, relativism is a perspective which asserts that all knowledge is equally (in) valid. Relativists assert that there is no such thing as truth (Seidman,1991; Richardson, 1998; Clough, 1994). Such an assertion is patently false. First of all, it must be understood that there is a distinction between truth and its subsequent perception and representation by humans. Though solipsists would insist otherwise, it is important to acknowledge that there is a reality “out there” (Lyng and Franks, 2002; Popper, 1983). Just try to deny it the next time you bump your head on a tree branch. In brief, Karl Popper has noted that such intellectual discord is rooted in the fundamental dissonance between realist and idealist philosophy. Popper (1983) asserts that realist philosophers accept that empirical reality exists independently of the perceptions of individual observers. In other words, realists believe that there is a real world out there. By contrast, idealists argue that reality is only accessible via subjective perceptions. As a result, it is impossible to demonstrate that anything real, substantive or empirical exists outside an observer’s subjective perceptions. In the most extreme version of such an idealist perspective, the universe is presumed to be nothing more than a figment of the imagination of individual observers (Clegg, 2009). Interestingly,Einstein’s negative reaction to such a perspective in the field of physics led to one of the greatest scientific debates in the twentieth century.3. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENTBy building upon Max Planck’s discoveries, Einstein pointed the way toward an entirely new intellectual frontier in the realm of sub-atomic physics. While Einstein devoted the bulk of his attention to developing his theory of general relativity, a generation of trailblazing young physicists surged into the bizarre landscape of quantum physics. Chief among this new breed of physicists was Niels Bohr, who established an institute at the University of Copenhagen that was entirely devoted to the advancement of quantum physics. As Bohr and his institute attracted many of the greatest physicists of his age, their collaborations ultimately produced what has come to be known as the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. Once established, the Copenhagen interpretation became the dominant paradigm in the field of quantum physics, but as the details of this new theoretical perspective came to light they were greeted with deep skepticism by a towering figure in physics, none other than Albert Einstein.Essentially, the Copenhagen interpretation endeavored to account for the puzzling duality, or what Bohr would later identify as the complementarity, of phenomena at the sub-atomic level. Again, Einstein was among the first to recognize such elemental dualities. For example, though it seemed to defy reason, Einstein postulated that light exhibited qualities of being both a wave and a particle. Up to the time of Einstein’s astounding discovery, classical physicists were convinced that physical phenomena had well-defined, distinct and consistent properties. Thus, there had previously been a clear separation between matter and energy, electricity and magnetism, time and space, particles and waves, etc. However,many of Einstein’s breakthroughs revealed that e achof these phenomena, distinct as they may have seemed, were nevertheless, integrally related. Willing as Einstein may have been to acknowledge such mind-bending dualisms in his own work, he was nonetheless discomfited by the conclusions drawn by Bohr and his collaborators about quantum phenomena. Early on, the most objectionable elements of the Copenhagen interpretation for Einstein derived from Heisenberg’s (1930) uncertainty principle.Heisenberg argued that, from the perspective of classical physics (meaning physics before Einstein), every object in the universe was presumed to have a precise mass and momentum. These facts could easily be established through observation: mass and momentum could be specified by using straightforward measurement procedures. Furthermore, classical physics asserted that objects, such as billiard balls, would maintain their mass and momentum regardless of whether they were subject to direct observation or not. For example, if someone were to fire a cannon,though observers might not be able to examine the projectile in flight, it would still be possible to infer the cannon ball’s trajectory by taking issues such as mass, acceleration and gravity into account. The final proof of the projectile’s flight could be establi shed by traveling to the impact site and recovering the cannon ball. Although Heisenberg was willing to concede that the above statements were generally true for conventionally observable phenomena, Heisenberg asserted that everything changed at the level of the quantum.To begin with, quantum phenomena are not observable in the conventional sense. Although we can observe billiard balls with our eyes, quantum particles are so minute that they defy optical observation. Thus, the only way to observe quantum particles is to employ measurement techniques that interfere with the particles. As a result, Heisenberg argued that precise measures of a quantum particle’s position tend to interfere with a particle’s momentum, whereas measures of momentum tend to modify position. Though the idea initially made him squeamish, Heisenberg (1930)concluded that the exactitude of classical physics must yield to uncertainty in the quantum realm: it is impossible to determine both the precise momentum and position of quantum particles. In turn, as Bohr expanded upon Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, the Copenhagen interpretation opened a chasmic philosophical divide in the physics community.At the 1927 Solvay Conference, Bohr unveiled his full-blown theory of quantum mechanics. Bohr introduced this radical new perspective by making the relatively banal assertion that the onlyway to establish a quantum object’s characteristics (e.g., position vs. momentum, or wave vs. particle) was to make observations. However,according to Bohr’s (1928) quantum postulate,in every case, the act of observation modified the dualistic characteristics of the quantum phenomenon in question. Put somewhat differently, Bohr argued that there was no clear separation between observers and the phenomena that they observed. As such, Bohr added that there was no longer any way to assert the unequivocal existence of objective reality,“ . . . an independent reality in the ordinary physical sense can neither be ascribed to the phenomenon nor to the agencies of observation” (Bohr, 1928, p.54). Thus, Bohr asserted that studies which were designed to search for the wave-like features of quantum particles generally produced results which indicated that quantum particles were wave-like. The same was true for studies designed to focus on the particle-like qualities of quantum phenomena. As a result,Bohr reformulated Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle to make the more outlandish assertion that it was the observation process itself that modified quantum phenomena. It was almost as if quantum particles somehow “knew” that observers were intent upon witnessing a particular type of quantum activity and then modified their behavior accordingly. As if that weren’t enough, Bohr still had one more nail to hamm er into the coffin of realism. Bohr’s coup de grace was to argue that, because quantum states are dependent upon and vary in relation to observation, if a particle is not subject to observation then one should not assume that it has either position or momentum. Even more,Bohr’s newly codified Copenhagen interpretation adopted the anti-classical position that,“An unobserved electron does not exist” (Kumar, 2008, p.262).For Einstein,Bohr’s final lurch into solipsism was too much to bear. Einstein was convinced that the physical universe was more objective, solid and precise than the Copenhagen interpretation proposed. Further, Einstein believed that the singular purpose of science was to unlock the secrets of the physical universe. Years later, Einstein affirmed this conviction in a letter to Max Born,“You believe in a God who plays dice, and I in complete law and order in a world which objectively exists” (Kumar, 2008, p.331). In short, Einstein was a realist and he insisted that an objective universe must exist independently of the cognition of individual observers. For example, even though Einstein had not witnessed the eclipse that Arthur Eddington used to test his theory of relativity, Einstein was convinced that the eclipse had actually taken place: the eclipse was a real phenomenon in an objective universe that was governed by universal physical laws. From Einstein’s perspective, even though quantum particles might be substantially smaller than the earth, sun,and moon, nevertheless, quantum particles were every bit as real as larger physical objects. Therefore, if the earth, sun and moon had identifiable properties of position and momentum,then the same also had to be true of quantum phenomena. Consequently, Einstein was convinced that, if Bohr and his collaborators were not able to determine both the position and momentum of quantum particles, then quantum mechanics could not be a complete theory. Further, when objectively-minded physicists decided to develop a complete theory of quantum mechanics, Einstein insisted, all that was fuzzy in the empirical universe would become crystal clear.For their part, Bohr, Heisenberg and other supporters of the Copenhagen interpretation argued that quantum mechanics was a complete theory. In other words, due to the essential dualismsthat were intrinsic to quantum reality, supporters of the Copenhagen interpretation argued that quantum mechanics offered as final and thorough a statement on the quantum realm as it was possible to articulate. Unsatisfied with that response, Einstein drew upon his vast intellect to design one fiendishly clever thought experiment after another. Each of the thought experiments was intended to emphasize the incompleteness of the Copenhagen interpretation. Einstein was convinced that a more complete theory would surely re-introduce sanity into the conceptual morass that was quantum physics.In spite of Einstein’s insistence upon a realistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, his primary antagonist, Neils Bohr, succ essfully deflected each of Einstein’s conceptual assaults on the Copenhagen interpretation. Strangely, the more insistently that Einstein defended his realistic principles, the more Einstein came to be viewed as a stodgy old has-been. After settling in at Princeton University, Einstein confided to Max Born that, among his new colleagues, he was “considered an old fool” (Born, 2005, p.128)4. THE THOUGHT EXPERIMENT FROM HELLStill, Einstein stuck to his guns. Making one last titanic effort, and working with two collaborators, Einstein designed a thought experiment that even Bohr was never able to fully debunk (Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen, 1935). As noted above, Einstein objected to the quantum-mechanical notion that, in the absence of measurement, particles had neither position nor momentum. Thus, in his EPR collaboration, Einstein set out to demonstrate that it was possible to determine, whether subject to observation or not, particles possessed real physical properties,such as position and momentum. Importantly, the EPR argument accepted the quantum-mechanical contention that it was not possible to specify position and momentum simultaneously. Instead, the EPR argument simply endeavored to affirm that position and momentum were real properties of real particles in an objective reality. If the EPR paper could establish that particles were imbued with real, identifiable properties for which quantum-mechanics could not account, then Einstein would finally be able to prove that quantum-mechanics was an incomplete theory.Thus, the EPR thought experiment involved two particles, or systems that interacted for a period of time and then flew off in different directions. Once the particles were separated, it would arguably be possible to obtain precise measures of particle I without interfering with particle II. Einstein insisted that this was the case because of a phenomenon that he referred to as locality. In other words, Einstein believed that for particles to interact, they needed to be in the same vicinity. According to Einstein’s concept of locality, once particles have separated, they no longer have any direct influence upon each other: after separation, modifications to the position or momentum of particle I would have no influence on particle II. To suggest that separated particles might continue to interact would imply that particles were somehow endowed with the “spooky” ability to communicate instantaneously over great distances. Not only would such bizarre interaction defy common sense,but it would also require faster than light communication,which would violate Einstein’s theory ofrelativity. Ergo, EPR concluded that instantaneous action-at-a-distance was not a reasonable feature of reality.Proceeding from Einstein’s assum ptions about locality, after particles I and II have become separated, any measurement of particle I would presumably have zero impact on particle II. Therefore, EPR asserted that, equipped with knowledge about the original particle interaction, it would b e possible to measure particle I’s position and then make precise inferences regarding particle II’s position. The same would also be true for measures of momentum. Certainly, EPR conceded,it would not be possible to make precise simultaneous measurements of particle I’s position and momentum. Nevertheless, EPR asserted that, because quantum mechanics asserted that it was possible to establish either the precise position or momentum of particle I, then it must also be possible to establish that particle II possessed those same attributes. As a result, EPR drew the conclusion that, even though particle II was unobserved (and therefore undisturbed), its position, momentum and its very existence were confirmed elements of objective reality. Since quantum mechanics denied that unobserved particles existed in an objective reality, and therefore could not account for such phenomena, EPR concluded that quantum mechanics was an incomplete theory.Upon publication of the EPR paper, Einstein once again succeeded in sending shock waves throughout the physics community. Although Einstein was perceived by many physicists as a tiresome curmudgeon (Folsing, 1997, p.699),Bohr approached Einstein’s EPR critique as a mind-bending but essential test of quantum mechanics. In the end, Bohr replied to Einstein in much the same way that Hamlet addressed his naive compadre, Horatio:“There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio,Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.” While Bohr was willing to concede that spatially-distant particles might not be able to disturb each other mechanically, nevertheless,Bohr insisted that the process of observing the position or momentum of one particle had what he referred to as an “influence on the very conditions which define the possib le types of predictions regarding the further behavior of the system” (Bohr, 1935, p.700, italics in original). That is, Bohr believed that particles, such as those Einstein described in his EPR thought experiment,that interacted at one point in time would remain entangled in a single system, and, thus, would exert a mysterious but nonetheless instantaneous influence on each other even when the particles became distantly separated. Again, Bohr linked this type of quantum entanglement to observation;arguing, that humans modify reality—often in the most puzzling and unexpected ways—in the process of observing reality. Thus, Bohr rejected the EPR argument on the basis of his quantum postulate: for humans, reality does not exist until we find a way to observe it, and in the process of observing reality, humans invariably modify it.To say the least, Einstein was not impressed. He and Bohr were clearly at an impasse. More than once,Einstein spoke disparagingly of Bohr’s suggestion that separated particl es could somehow influence each other,referring to such quantum entanglement as “spooky action at a distance” (Born, 2005). For Einstein, the universe was neither the product of individual。

H--ggg(gqqbar) at Two Loops in the Large-M_t Limit

H--ggg(gqqbar) at Two Loops in the Large-M_t Limit

a r X i v :h e p -p h /9707448v 1 24 J u l 1997MSUHEP-70723July 1997hep-ph/9707448H →ggg (gq ¯q )at Two Loops in the Large-M t LimitCarl R.SchmidtDepartment of Physics and AstronomyMichigan State University East Lansing,MI 48824,USAAbstractWe present a calculation of the two-loop helicity amplitudes for the processes H →ggg and H →gq ¯q in the large-M t limit.In this limit the calculation can be performed in terms of one-loop diagrams containing an effective Hgg operator.These amplitudes are required for the next-to-leading order (NLO)corrections to the Higgs transverse momentum distribution and the next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO)corrections to the Higgs production cross section via the gluon fusion mechanism.1IntroductionThe Higgs Boson H is the only particle of the Standard Model remaining to be discovered.Its role is to provide a simple mechanism to break the electroweak gauge symmetry and to give mass to the weak gauge bosons and the fermions. Of course,it is possible that nature uses more than a single scalar boson for this purpose,but still the Standard Model and its supersymmetric extension are the primary examples of the class of symmetry-breaking models which interact weakly. Therefore,the search for the Higgs boson is of the highest priority for the Large Hadron Collider(LHC)at CERN.The detection of the Higgs Boson above background at the LHC will be a chal-lenging task.In particular,if the mass of the Higgs is below∼140GeV,near the threshold for decay into W boson pairs,the detection of the Higgs is quite sub-tle.Although the largest production mechanism by far is gluon-gluon fusion,the equally large backgrounds require the use of the H→γγdecay channel,which has a branching ratio of O(10−3).To prepare for the search,we need the best theoret-ical predictions possible,and this means the inclusion of quantum chromodynamic (QCD)corrections to Higgs production and decay.Recent relevant reviews are given in reference[1].The Higgs production via gluon-gluon fusion proceeds at lowest order(LO) through a quark loop.This loop is dominated by the top quark,because the Higgs coupling is proportional to the quark mass.The two-loop next-to-leading order (NLO)QCD corrections have also been calculated[2],and they are quite large:1∼50−100%.An interesting feature of this NLO calculation is that it becomes much simpler in the limit of large top quark mass(M t→∞).In this limit,one can integrate out the heavy top quark loop,leaving behind an effective gauge-invariant Hgg coupling.Thus,the number of loops at each order is reduced byone.It has been shown that the NLO corrections in this large-M t limit give agood approximation to the complete two-loop result over a large range of Higgsmasses[3].The large NLO correction suggests that even higher orders still maybe important.A soft-gluon resummation in the large-M t limit has recently beenperformed,which gives an estimate of the next-to-next-to-leading order(NNLO)corrections[4].Meanwhile,other groups have considered less inclusive quantities,such as thetransverse momentum spectrum of the Higgs boson.This observable has beenconsidered at the one-loop Born level,both in the large-top-mass limit and withfull M t dependence[5].In addition,the effects of soft gluons have also been studied,which modify the spectrum at small Higgs p⊥[6].However,a NLO calculation hasnot been done.The realfive-point H→gggg amplitudes which are needed havebeen calculated by Dawson and Kauffman[7]in the large-M t limit,and recentlyKauffman et al.[8]have calculated thefive-point amplitudes with light externalquarks.In this paper we present the virtual corrections to the four-point H→ggg(gq¯q)amplitudes in the large-M t limit,which completes the set of amplitudes neededto study the Higgs p⊥spectrum at NLO.In this limit,the two-loop results canbe computed from effective one-loop diagrams.The large-M t approximation to2the Higgs p⊥spectrum will be good for some range of M H and Higgs p⊥,and furthermore this calculation offers a check of the complete M t-dependent result, when it should become available.Moreover,these amplitudes are necessary for a full NNLO calculation of the cross section in the large-M t limit[9].In addition to using the effective Higgs-gluon operator in the large-M t limit,we have also used several other techniques that have been found convenient in QCD loop calculations[10].These include the use of helicity spinors,color ordering,and background-field gauge.In section2we discuss the details of the calculation,while in section3we present the amplitudes and discuss various cross-checks.In section 4we summarize our conclusions.2Calculational DetailsIn the large-M t limit the top quark can be removed from the full theory,leaving a residual Higgs-gluon coupling term in the lagrangian of the effective theory:L eff=−13πH.(2)4πFollowing Mangano and Parke[11],we use the unconventional normalization for√the SU(3)generator matrices Tr(T a T b)=δab and[T a,T b]=i2from the helicity amplitudes below.3As suggested by string theory methods [10],we use the background-field gauge to calculate the one-particle irreducible parts of the Feynman diagrams.The gluon field G µis split into a background component B µand a quantum component Q µ,i.e,G µ=B µ+Q µ.Two reasonable choices for the gauge-fixing term areL (1)gf=−121−αsv(1+∆)(D B µQ µ)2(3)whereD B µQµ=∂µQ µ−(ig/√3πvg sbe written[12].(5)ǫ±(p)µ=± p±|γµ|q±2 q∓|p±The arbitrary reference vector q satisfies q2=0and q·p=0.A change in the reference vector just shiftsǫ(p)µby a term proportional to pµ,which drops out of the gauge-invariant helicity amplitude.There are two independent Hggg helicity subamplitudes,which at tree level arem0(1+,2+,3+)=−M4H.(6)[12][23][31]Here we have used the notation ij = p i−|p j+ and[ij]= p i+|p j− .These spinor products are antisymmetric and satisfy ij [ji]=2p i·p j≡S ij.All other subamplitudes can be obtained by invariance under cyclic permutations,charge conjugation,and parity.We also consider the process0→Hgq¯q with p H+p+q+¯q=0.The amplitude for a gluon and quarks with helicitiesλ,h,¯h and colors a,i,¯ıcan be writtenM=−αs2T a i¯ım(p,λ;q,h;¯q,¯h).(7)At tree level we have[p¯q]2m0(g+,q−,¯q+)=3The Helicity AmplitudesFigures 1and 2show representative box diagrams for the Hggg and Hgq ¯q ampli-tudes,respectively.The Feynman diagrams have been evaluated with the aid of the symbolic manipulation program MAPLE using the straightforward Passarino-Veltman reduction.For the sake of generality,we have regularized the loop in-tegrals by continuing the loop momenta to (4−2ǫ)dimensions,while taking the number of helicity states of the internal gluons to be (4−2δR ǫ).Thus,δR =1corresponds to the t’Hooft-Veltman scheme [13]and δR =0corresponds to the four-dimensional-helicity scheme [14].For the Hggg amplitudes we obtain m 1(1+,2+,3+)=m 0(1+,2+,3+)αs −M 2HǫN c U+1M 4Hm 1(1−,2+,3+)=m 0(1−,2+,3+)αs −M 2HǫN c U(9)+1S 223,where the prefactor isr Γ=Γ(1+ǫ)Γ2(1−ǫ)ǫ2−−M 2H−S 23ǫ−−M 2H2−ln−S 12−M 2H−ln−S 12−M 2H−ln−S 23−M 2H6−2Li2 1−S12M2H −2Li2 1−S314πrΓ 4πµ2N c V2+n f V3 ,(12) withV1=1−S gqǫ− −M2H6ǫ −M2H−M2Hln −S q¯q−M2Hln −S q¯qM2H −Li21−S gq M2H (13) +836+π22S q¯qǫ2+3−S q¯qǫ+ln −S gq−M2H+Li2 1−S gq M2H (14) +72−π22S q¯q3ǫ −M2H9.(15)In these expressions,N c=3is the number of colors,n f is the number of light fermions,and Li2is the dilogarithm function.The amplitudes are written for S ij<0and M2H<0,but they can be analytically continued to the physical region by letting−S ij=−S ij−iηand−M2H=−M2H−iηforη→0+.Note that these amplitudes are ultraviolet-unrenormalized amplitudes.Including the7renormalization gives the modificationm1→m1+(∆+3δg)m0,(16) where∆is thefinite renormalization of the effective Hgg operator,given in eq.(2) andδg is the gauge-coupling ing theǫαs6−n fcalculation of the Higgs p⊥spectrum in the large-M t limit,which is currently in progress[18].In addition,they are part of the set needed for a complete NNLO calculation of the total cross-section in this limit.AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank Vittorio Del Duca,Lance Dixon,Chris Glosser,and Jim Amundson for useful discussions.References[1]M.Spira,preprint CERN-TH/97-68,hep-ph/9705337(1997);Z.Kunszt,S.Moretti,and W.J.Stirling,Z.Phys.C74,479(1997);S.Dawson,preprint BNL-HET-SD-97-004,hep-ph/9703387(1997).[2]D.Graudenz,M.Spira,and P.Zerwas,Phys.Rev.Lett.70,1372(1993);M.Spira,A.Djouadi,D.Graudenz,and P.Zerwas,Nucl.Phys.B453,17 (1995).[3]S.Dawson,Nucl.Phys.B359,283(1991);A.Djouadi,M.Spira,and P.Zerwas,Phys.Lett.B264,440(1991).[4]M.Kr¨a mer, enen,and M.Spira,preprint CERN-TH/96-231,hep-ph/9611272(1997).9[5]R.K.Ellis,I.Hinchliffe,M.Soldate,and J.J.Van Der Bij,Nucl.Phys.B297,221(1988);U.Baur and E.Glover,Nucl.Phys.B339,38(1990).[6]I.Hinchliffe and S.Novaes,Phys.Rev.D38,3475(1988);R.Kauffman,Phys.Rev.D44,1415(1991);Phys.Rev.D45,1512(1992);C.-P.Yuan,Phys.Lett.B283,395(1992).[7]S.Dawson and R.Kauffman,Phys.Rev.Lett.68,2273(1992).[8]R.Kauffman,S.Desai,and D.Risal,Phys.Rev.D55,4005(1997).[9]A recent NNLO calculation in the large-M t limit of the crossed process,H→gg,has been done by K.Chetyrkin,B.Kniehl,and M.Steinhauser, Phys.Rev.Lett.79,353(1997).[10]For a review,see Z.Bern,L.Dixon,and D.Kosower,Ann.Rev.Nucl.Part.Sci.46,109(1996).[11]M.Mangano and S.Parke,Phys.Rep.200,301(1991).[12]Z.Xu,D.Zhang,and L.Chang,Nucl.Phys.B291,392(1987);R.Kleiss and W.Stirling,Nucl.Phys.B262,235(1985).[13]G.t’Hooft and M.Veltman,Nucl.Phys.B63,277(1973).[14]Z.Bern and D.Kosower,Phys.Rev.Lett.66,1669(1991);Z.Bern and D.Kosower,Nucl.Phys.B379,451(1992).10[15]S.Catani and M.Seymour,Nucl.Phys.B485,291(1997).[16]Z.Kunszt,A.Signer,and Z.Tr´o cs´a nyi,Nucl.Phys.B411,397(1994);S.Catani,M.Seymour,and Z.Tr´o cs´a nyi,Phys.Rev.D55,6819(1997).[17]Z.Bern,L.Dixon,D.Dunbar,and D.Kosower,Nucl.Phys.B425,217(1994).[18]C.Glosser and C.Schmidt,(to be published).11Fig.1:Box diagram for the Hggg amplitude.The dot represents the effective Hgg vertex in the large-M t limit.Fig.2:Box diagrams for the Hgq¯q amplitude.The dot represents the effective Hgg vertex in the large-M t limit.12。

Particle Codes(粒子的编码)

Particle Codes(粒子的编码)
next up previous contents Next: The Event Record Up: The Event Record Previous: The Event Record Contents
Particle Codes
The Particle Data Group particle code [PDG88,PDG92,PDG00] is used consistently throughout the program. Almost all known discrepancies between earlier versions of the PDG standard and the PYTHIA usage have now been resolved. The one known exception is the (very uncertain) classification of , with also affected as a consequence. There is also a possible point of confusion in the technicolor sector between and . The latter is retained for historical reasons, whereas the
37. Gauge bosons and other fundamental bosons, Table [*] . This group includes all the gauge and Higgs bosons of the Standard Model, as well as some of the bosons appearing in various extensions of it. They correspond to one extra U(1) and one extra SU(2) group, a further Higgs doublet, a graviton, a horizontal gauge boson (coupling between

作为溯因推理研究方法的因果过程追踪及其在公共政策研究中的应用

作为溯因推理研究方法的因果过程追踪及其在公共政策研究中的应用
与演绎和归纳不同的是,因果过程追踪方法以溯因推论( abductive reasoning) 为 逻辑路径,研究者从其他案例环境中借鉴观测结果、研究结论及已有文献,同时深入 考察具体事件( Schwartz-Shea and Yanow,2012) ,研究过程经过循环往复“多次迭代” ( in a feedback loop) ,在经验观察和抽象理论之间灵活移动,开展更具扩展性的事件 追踪( Schwartz-Shea and Yanow,2012; Beach and Pedersen,2019) 。这个方法在对特 定案例进行观察分析时,一般不对事实进行过度筛选,而注重将案例事实与特定时 间和空间情境进行联系,从而在研究设计中纳入多个因果解释的可能性,通过梳理 结构性变量之间的相互作用以及多变量时序变化引起的非线性效应,从而在同一解 释框架内解释复杂的政策现象( Kay and Baker,2015) 。该方法更为关注因果过程展 开的社会情境、因果机制的时空范围条件及其基础理论,其目标是通过对单个或少 数案例的深度质性分析来观察因果过程,理清不同结构性因素对结果产生影响的过 程,揭示政 策 现 象 和 政 策 结 果 之 间 的 因 果 机 制 ( Mahoney,2004; Gerring,2007; Falleti and Lynch,2009; Goertz and Mahoney,2012; Trampusch and Palier,2016) 。
与量化研究相 比,质 性 研 究 显 然 更 擅 长 于 发 掘 和 描 述 政 策 变 化 过 程 的 因 果 机 制①( 朱天飚,2017) 。“一个完整的解释,必须规定一种机制来描述一个变量影响另 一个变量的过程,换句话说,X 是如何产生 Y 的”( Kiser and Hechter,1991) 。质性方 法论体系利用个案分析方法研究社会现实案例,是国内外公共管理以及公共政策研 究的重要载体( Sigelman and Gadbois,1983; 马骏,2012) 。个案分析方法通过对公共 政策过程的全景式描述,多角度地把握研究对象的特征,可以探索揭示公共政策实 施过 程 的 因 果 机 制,但 其 方 法 论 瓶 颈 在 于 从 个 别 到 一 般 的 因 果 推 论 解 释 力 弱 ( Eisenhardt,1989; Yin,1994; Goodin,2009) 。为提高因果推论能力,公共政策的质 性研究方法论 体 系 需 要 进 一 步 突 破。近 年 来 兴 起 的 因 果 过 程 追 踪 方 法 ( Causal Process Tracing) 具有识别并纠正虚假因果关联以及遗漏变量偏误等内生性问题的方 法论优势( Falleti,2016; 张长东,2018) ,成为公共政策学者可以使用的重要方法论 工具。

粒子列表

粒子列表

粒子列表维基百科,自由的百科全书这是一份粒子物理学的粒子清单,包括已知的和假设的基本粒子,以及由它们合成的复合粒子。

关于根据发现年代顺序排列的亚原子粒子清单,请参见粒子发现年表。

目录[隐藏]∙ 1 基本粒子o 1.1 标准模型▪ 1.1.1 费米子(具有半整数自旋)▪ 1.1.2 玻色子(具有整数自旋)o 1.2 假想的粒子∙ 2 复合粒子o 2.1 强子▪ 2.1.1 重子(费米子)▪ 2.1.2 介子(玻色子)▪ 2.1.3 非常规强子态o 2.2 原子核o 2.3 原子o 2.4 里德伯原子∙∙∙∙∙∙[编辑]基本粒子基本粒子是没有可测量的内在结构的粒子,就是说,它不是其他粒子的复合。

它们是量子场论的基本物质。

基本粒子可以根据它们的自旋分类,费米子有半整数自旋而玻色子有整数自旋。

[编辑]标准模型主条目:标准模型标准模型“标准模型”所呈现的是我们目前对于基本粒子物理的了解,人们已观测到所有标准模型中的粒子。

[编辑]费米子(具有半整数自旋)主条目:费米子费米子具有半整数自旋,每个费米子都有对应的反粒子。

费米子是所有物质的基本组成成份。

费米子有两种形式,一种是夸克另一种是轻子,它们最大的不同是前者有色荷交互作用而后者没有。

∙夸克具有三种色荷(colour)的特性,分别是红(R)、绿(G)、蓝(B),反夸克具有三种补色,分别是R、G、B。

世代同位旋特点名称/味道符号电荷e质量(MeV/c2)反粒子符号电荷e11/2 I z=-1/2 下夸克−1/3 4.8+0.7-0.3反下夸克+1/31/2 I z=+1/2 上夸克+2/3 2.3+0.7-0.5反上夸克−2/320 S=-1 奇夸克−1/3 95±5反奇夸克+1/30 C=1 魅夸克+2/3 1275±25反魅夸克−2/330 B=-1 底夸克−1/3 4180±30反底夸克+1/30 T=1 顶夸克+2/3 173.5 ± 0.6 ± 0.8 GeV反顶夸克−2/3[编辑]玻色子(具有整数自旋)主条目:玻色子玻色子有整数自旋,基本交互作用是由规范玻色子传递,则希格斯玻色子是把质量赋予规范传播子和费米子。

剑桥雅思阅读9(test1)原文答案解析

剑桥雅思阅读9(test1)原文答案解析

剑桥雅思阅读9(test1)原文答案解析雅思阅读部分的真题资料,同学们需要进行一些细致的总结,比如说解析其实就是很重要的内容,接下来就是店铺给同学们带来的关于剑桥雅思阅读9原文解析(test1)的内容,一起来详细的分析一下吧,希望对你们的备考有所帮助。

剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test1)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.William Henry PerkinThe man who invented synthetic dyesWilliam Henry Perkin was born on March 12, 1838, in London, England. As a boy, Perkin’s curiosity prompted early intere sts in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grandfather’s home that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm for chemistry.As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young chemist’s enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin’s scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention and, within two years, he becameHofmann’s youngest assistant. Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the challenge.During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on th e top floor of his family’s house. He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin’s scientific training and nature prompted him to investigate the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a deep purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘chance favours only the prepared mind’, Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so costly in society at the time only the rich could afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop that Perkin’sdiscovery was made.Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world’s first synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. But perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin’s reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities.Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it later became commonly known as mauve (from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet). He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e. would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry.With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited byproduct of London’s gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world’s first synthetically dyed material in 1857. The company received a commercial boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon, mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies in that country. Not to be outdone, England’s Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more. Perkin went back to the drawing board.Although Perkin’s fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued his research. Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline red (1859)and aniline black (1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin’s green. It is important to note that Perkin’s synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical research in many ways. For instance, they were used to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria.Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Michael Faraday was the first person to recognise Perkin’s ability as a student of chemistry.2 Michael Faraday suggested Perkin should enrol in the Royal College of Chemistry.3 Perkin employed August Wilhelm Hofmann as his assistant.4 Perkin was still young when he made the discovery that made him rich and famous.5 The trees from which quinine is derived grow only in South America.6 Perkin hoped to manufacture a drug from a coal tar waste product.7 Perkin was inspired by the discoveries of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur.Questions 8-13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.8 Before Perkin’s discovery, with what group in society was the colour purple associated?9 What potential did Perkin immediately understand that his new dye had?10 What was the name finally used to refer to the first colour Perkin invented?11 What was the name of the person Perkin consulted before setting up his own dye works?12 In what country did Perkin’s newly invented colour first become fashionable?13 According to the passage, which disease is now being targeted by researchers using synthetic dyes?READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has five paragraphs, A-E.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Seeking the transmission of radio signals from planetsii Appropriate responses to signals from other civilisations iii Vast distances to Earth’s closest neighboursiv Assumptions underlying the search for extra-terrestrial intelligencev Reasons for the search for extra-terrestrial intelligencevi Knowledge of extra-terrestrial life formsvii Likelihood of life on other planetsExample AnswerParagraph A v14 Paragraph B15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 Paragraph EIS THERE ANYBODY OUT THERE?The Search for Extra-terrestrial IntelligenceThe question of whether we are alone in the Universe has haunted humanity for centuries, but we may now stand poised on the brink of the answer to that question, as we search for radio signals from other intelligent civilisations. This search, often known by the acronym SETI (search for extra-terrestrial intelligence), is a difficult one. Although groups around the world have been searching intermittently for three decades, it is only now that we have reached the level of technology where we can make a determined attempt to search all nearby stars for any sign of life.AThe primary reason for the search is basic curiosity hethe same curiosity about the natural world that drives all pure science. We want to know whether we are alone in the Universe. We want to know whether life evolves naturally if given the right conditions, or whether there is something very special about the Earth to have fostered the variety of life forms that, we seearound us on the planet. The simple detection of a radio signal will be sufficient to answer this most basic of all questions. In this sense, SETI is another cog in the machinery of pure science which is continually pushing out the horizon of our knowledge. However, there are other reasons for being interested in whether life exists elsewhere. For example, we have had civilisation on Earth for perhaps only a few thousand years, and the threats of nuclear war and pollution over the last few decades have told us that our survival may be tenuous. Will we last another two thousand years or will we wipe ourselves out? Since the lifetime of a planet like ours is several billion years, we can expect that, if other civilisations do survive in our galaxy, their ages will range from zero to several billion years. Thus any other civilisation that we hear from is likely to be far older, on average, than ourselves. The mere existence of such a civilisation will tell us that long-term survival is possible, and gives us some cause for optimism. It is even possible that the older civilisation may pass on the benefits of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats that we haven’t yet discovered.BIn discussing whether we are alone, most SETI scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored since most scientists don’t consider the evidence for them to be strong enough to bear serious consideration (although it is also important to keep an open mind in case any really convincing evidence emerges in the future). Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form,quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. In other words, the life form we are looking for may well have two green heads and seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in that it should communicate with its fellows, be interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a star like our Sun, and perhaps most restrictively, have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water.CEven when we make these assumptions, our understanding of other life forms is still severely limited. We do not even know, for example, how many stars have planets, and we certainly do not know how likely it is that life will arise naturally, given the right conditions. However, when we look at the 100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and 100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe, it seems inconceivable that at least one of these planets does not have a life form on it; in fact, the best educated guess we can make, using the little that we do know about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet orbiting it. That means that our nearest neighbours are perhaps 100 light years away, which is almost next door in astronomical terms.DAn alien civilistation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy, but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz travel the greatest distance, and so all searches to date have concentrated on looking forradio waves in this frequency range. So far there have been a number of searches by various groups around the world, including Australian searches using the radio telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now there have not been any detections from the few hundred stars which have been searched. The scale of the searches has been increased dramatically since 1992, when the US Congress voted NASA $10 million per year for ten years to conduct, a thorough search for extra-terrestrial life. Much of the money in this project is being spent on developing the special hardware needed to search many frequencies at once. The project has two parts. One part is a targeted search using the world’s largest radio telescopes, the American-operated telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French telescope in Nancy in France. This part of the project is searching the nearest 1000 likely stars with high sensitivity for signals in the frequency rang 1000 to 3000 MHz. The other part of the project is an undirected search which is monitoring all of space with a lower sensitivity, using the smaller antennas of NASA’s Deep Space Network.EThere is considerable debate over how we should react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation. Everybody agrees that we should not reply immediately. Quite apart from the impracticality of sending a reply over such large distances at short notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would have to be addressed by the global community before any reply could be sent. Would the human race face the culture shock if faced with a superior and much older civilisation? Luckily, there is no urgency about this. The stars being searched are hundreds of light years away, so it takes hundreds of years for their signal toreach us, and a further few hundred years for our reply to reach them. It’s not important, then, if there’s a delay of a few years, or decades, while the human race debates the question of whether to reply, and perhaps carefully drafts a reply.Questions 18-20Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 18-20 on your answer sheet.18 What is the life expectancy of Earth?19 What kind of signals from other intelligent civilisations are SETI scientists searching for?20 How many stars are the world’s most powerful radio telescopes searching?Questions 21-26Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this21 Alien civilisations may be able to help the human race to overcome serious problems.22 SETI scientists are trying to find a life form that resembles humans in many ways.23 The Americans and Australians have co-operated on joint research projects.24 So far SETI scientists have picked up radio signals from several stars.25 The NASA project attracted criticism from some members of Congress.26 If a signal from outer space is received, it will be important to respond promptly.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The history of the tortoiseIf you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustn’t forget the pla nts, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened.Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thorough going land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They don’t even come ashoreto breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches.There is evidence that all modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Plaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modern turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it’s obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs.Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water.You might think, therefore, that modern land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family three of all modern turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Today’s land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modern land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then reemerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times.Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.Questions 27-30Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 What had to transfer from sea to land before any animals could migrate?28 Which TWO processes are mentioned as those in which animals had to make big changes as they moved onto lands?29 Which physical feature, possessed by their ancestors, do whales lack?30 which animals might ichthyosaurs have resembled?Questions 31-33Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this31 Turtles were among the first group of animals to migrate back to the sea.32 It is always difficult to determine where an animal lived when its fossilised remains are incomplete.33 The habitat of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearance of their fossilised remains.Questions 34-39Complete the flow-chart below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.Method of determining where the ancestors of turtles and tortoises come fromStep 171 species of living turtles and tortoises were examined anda total of 34 ……………………. were taken from the bones of theirforelimbs.Step 2The data was recorded on a 35 ……………….. (necessary for comparing the information).Outcome: Land tortoises were represented by a dense 36 …………………………… of points towards the top.Sea turtles were grouped together in the bottom part.Step 3The same data was collected from some living 37 ………………. species and added to the other results.Outcome: The points for these species turned out to be positioned about 38 ……………… up the triangle between the land tortoises and the sea turtles.Step 4Bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis were examined in a similar way and the results added.Outcome: The position of the points indicated that both these ancient creatures were 39…………..Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.According to the writer, the most significant thing about tortoises is thatA they are able to adapt to life in extremely dry environments.B their original life form was a kind of primeval bacteria.C they have so much in common with sea turtles.D they have made the transition from sea to land more than once.剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test1)PASSAGE 1参考译文:William Henry Perkin 合成染料的发明者Wiliam Henry Perkin于1838年3月12日出生于英国伦敦。

The Search for Truth

The Search for Truth

The search for truth has been a fundamental pursuit of humanity throughout history. From the ancient philosophers of Greece to the modern scientists of today, the quest for understanding and knowledge has driven individuals and societies to seek out the truth in all aspects of life.In the realm of philosophy, thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle sought to uncover the fundamental truths about existence, morality, and the nature of reality. They engaged in deep contemplation and dialogue to challenge assumptions and arrive at a clearer understanding of the world around them.Religions and spiritual traditions have also placed great emphasis on the search for truth. Followers seek to understand the nature of the divine, the purpose of human existence, and the principles that govern ethical behavior. Through prayer, meditation, and study, individuals strive to uncover the ultimate truths that guide their beliefs and actions.In the realm of science, the search for truth takes on a more empirical and evidence-based approach. Scientists conduct experiments, analyze data, and formulate theories to explain the natural world and its phenomena. The pursuit of truth in science is characterized by skepticism, peer review, and a commitment to revising beliefs in light of new evidence.In the modern era, the search for truth has extended into the realms of politics, journalism, and social activism. People seek to uncover the truth behind government policies, corporate practices, and societal injustices. Investigative journalists and whistleblowers play a crucial role in bringing hidden truths to light, holding powerful institutions accountable, and fostering transparency in public discourse.The search for truth is not without its challenges and obstacles. Biases, preconceptions, and vested interests can cloud our judgment and hinder our ability to see the truth clearly. Misinformation, propaganda, and manipulation can distort our understanding ofreality and lead us astray.Despite these challenges, the search for truth remains an essential and noble endeavor. It requires intellectual honesty, open-mindedness, and a willingness to question assumptions. It demands a commitment to rigorous inquiry, critical thinking, and a respect for evidence. The pursuit of truth also calls for humility, recognizing that our understanding is always provisional and subject to revision in light of new discoveries.Ultimately, the search for truth is a deeply human endeavor, driven by our innate curiosity and our desire to make sense of the world.It is a journey that requires courage, resilience, and a willingness to confront uncomfortable realities. As we continue to seek truth in all its forms, we contribute to the collective wisdom of humanity and move closer to a more enlightened and informed society.。

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新农科背景下桑蚕人才培养体系构建——河池学院微辅修专业实例分析

新农科背景下桑蚕人才培养体系构建——河池学院微辅修专业实例分析

第58卷 第3期 广 东 蚕 业 V ol.58,No.03 2024年3月GUANGDONG CANYE Mar . 2024·11·DOI :10.3969/j .issn .2095-1205.2024.03.04新农科背景下桑蚕人才培养体系构建——河池学院微辅修专业实例分析赵海红1,2,3,4 覃 玥1,2,3,4 刘吉平1,2,3,4 李晓东1,2,3,4 高丽霞1,2,3,4 王士强1,2,3,4 张世浩1,2,3,4(1.广西蚕桑生态学与智能化技术应用重点实验室 广西河池 546300;2.广西现代蚕桑丝绸协同创新中心 广西河池 546300;3.微生物及植物资源开发利用广西高校重点实验室 广西河池 546300;4.河池学院化学与生物工程学院 广西河池 546300)摘 要 蚕桑产业是广西的支柱和特色优势产业,为现代农业发展作出了重要贡献,但目前仍然存在产业人才紧缺、地方高校人才培养没有真正落实到位等问题。

文章通过分析河池学院前期桑蚕人才培养存在的问题及原因,阐述了桑蚕实用型人才培养新模式——现代桑蚕关键技术微辅修专业的具体做法及成效,对新农科背景下培养地方产业紧缺人才、解决毕业生就业压力等问题具有极为重要的意义,也为兄弟院校培养地方产业紧缺人才提供借鉴和指导。

关键词 新农科;蚕桑产业;人才培养;微辅修专业;体系构建 中图分类号:C964.2文献标识码:B文章编号:2095-1205(2024)03-11-04Research on the Cultivation of Sericulture Talents in theContext of New Agricultural Science——Case Analysis of Micro-Minor Major in Hechi UniversityZhao Haihong 1,2,3,4 Qin Yue 1,2,3,4 Liu Jiping 1,2,3,4 Li Xiaodong 1,2,3,4 Gao Lixia 1,2,3,4Wang Shiqiang 1,2,3,4 Zhang Shihao 1,2,3,4(1.Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, Hechi, Guagnxi, 546300;2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Sericulture and Silk, Hechi, Guagnxi, 546300;3. Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Micro bialand Botanical Resources, Hechi, Guagnxi, 546300;4. School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, HechiUniversity, Hechi, Guagnxi, 546300)Abstract :Sericulture has become the pillar and characteristic advantageous industry in Guangxi, which has made significant contributions to modern agriculture. However, there are still some issues, such as the shortage of talents and insufficient talent training in local colleges and universities. In view of this, the thesis aims to examine the issues and their causes in the cultivation of sericulture talents in the early stage of Hechi University, explores the specific practice and effectiveness of the new mode of practical talents cultivation----the micro-minor major of key technology of modern sericulture, aiming to cultivate more talents for local industries and ease the employment pressure of graduates, and also provides reference and guidance for relevant colleges and universities.Key words :New agricultural science; Sericulture talent cultivation; Sericulture industry; Micro-minor major基金项目:2022年广西自治区级新农科研究与实践项目“新农科背景下地方高校培养桑蚕紧缺应用型人才的探索与实践”(XNK2022012);河池学院2023年高层次人才科研启动项目“间作大豆提高桑树生产力的机理研究”(2023GCC021);河池学院横向科研项目——桑、玉米、牧草饲用高产优质栽培技术研究(RH2300001851)作者简介:赵海红(1981— ),女,汉族,黑龙江五常人,博士研究生,副研究员,研究方向为桑树栽培及病虫害。

The Higgs Particle希格斯粒子

The Higgs Particle希格斯粒子

1961 – 1968 Glashow, Weinberg and Salam (GWS) developed a theory that unifies the electromagnetic and weak forces into one electroweak force.
Electromagnetic Force – mediator: photon (mass = 0) felt by electrically charged particles
August 22, 2002
UCI Quarknet
Higgs Mechanism
Goldstone’s Theorem - The spontaneous breaking of a continuous global symmetry is always accompanied by the appearance of massless scalar particles called Goldstone bosons.
W’s
August 22, 2002
UCI Quarknet
W+
W-
Z0
The Higgs Field and Higgs Boson
The neutral Higgs field permeates space and all particles acquire mass via their interactions with this field.
August 22, 2002
UCI Quarknet
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
This is a phenomenon that can occur when the symmetries of the equations of motion of a system do not hold for the ground state of the system.

英-德对译 词汇表

英-德对译 词汇表

[ə dres] [b ] [ b təri] [ bri fkeis] [bai] [ k lkjəleitə] [ k mərə] [ k təl ] [tʃeind ] [tʃu z] [ kredit kɑ d] [ k stəmə] [ di teilz] [ daiəri] [ dikʃənəri] [həυm] [ infə meiʃən] [i niʃəl] [ l pt p] [ lisən] [ stυk] [ məυbail fəυn] [ nəυtbυk] [naυn] [ n mbə] [pen] [ p fikt] [ p sənəl] [ plυərəl] [ pəυstkəυd] [ prezənt] [ kwestʃən] [rəυl] [stres] [ s neim] [ teibəl] [ w lət] [w tʃ] [w k]
address bag battery briefcase buy(v) calculator camera catalogue change(v) choose(v) credit card customer details diary dictionary home information initial laptop listen(v) mistake mobile phone notebook noun number pen perfect personal plural postcode present question role stress surname table wallet watch worfast cards Carnival celebrate(v) celebration come(v) cook(v) correct(v) dance(v) day describe(v) dish drink(v) eat(v) everyone family fish fourth

EmboTrap设备使用说明书

EmboTrap设备使用说明书

Introduction EXCELLENT(NCT03685578)is a prospective, single-arm,multicenter,real-world international registry of mechanical thrombectomy(MT)for stroke with the EmboTrap device as first line treatment.The study entails thrombus anal-ysis of specimens collected with each MT pass.Aim of the Study T o compare rates of mRS0–2at90days and clot characteristics in subjects with and without first pass effect(FPE).Methods FPE was defined as mTICI2c/3after one pass and non-FPE as mTICI2c/3after>1pass as adjudicated by an independent core lab.Clot analysis was performed by inde-pendent central labs blinded to clinical data.mRS at90days was scored by investigators blinded to procedural data. Results Overall mTICI2c/3rates were63.7%(326/512).FPE was achieved in37.1%(190/512)and non-FPE in26.6% (136/512)subjects.90day mRS0–2or equal to pre-stroke was achieved in47.2%(75/159)with FPE and in42.1%(51/ 121)non-FPE patients.All-cause90-day mortality was19.1% (34/178)in subjects with FPE and26.4%(34/129)in subjects with non-FPE.Major thrombus components(mean%±SD) were as follows:RBC:FPE45.88±20.54,non-FPE39.08±18.23,and first pass mTICI<2c/340.96±18.84;Fibrin:FPE 24.72±13.82,non-FPE29.09±15.76first pass mTICI<2c/3 29.20±14.58.Conclusions The high rate of‘real-world’FPE observed in EXCELLENT was associated with improved clinical outcomes. Clots retrieved with FPE had higher RBC and lower fibrin content compared to non FPE and to first pass mTICI<2c/3 e.These preliminary findings await confirmation from analysis of the full dataset.Disclosure EXCELLENT is sponsored by Cerenovus.Dr.Jovin is a consultant for Neuravi,Codman Neurovascular,Stryker (PI DAWN;unpaid),Fundacio Ictus(PI REVASCAT;unpaid), and holds stock in Anaconda,Silk Road,and Blockade Medical.EP47*INVESTIGATION OF CURRENT AND NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR ICA AND MCA OCCLUSIONS IN AN IN-VITRO THROMBECTOMY MODEL1RG Nogueira,2J Thornton,3L Mullins,4S Fitzgerald.1Neurology,Grady Memorial Hospital and Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA;2Radiology,Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons Ireland,Dublin;3Perfuze Ltd;4Physiology,National University of Ireland Galway,Galway,Ireland10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-ESMINT.46Introduction Various mechanical thrombectomy devices and techniques including Stentrievers and Aspiration Catheters are used in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.1Balloon Guide Catheters(BGC)are commonly used to achieve flow control.A new generation of‘Super-bore’088’’catheters are currently being tested clinically.23Objective/Aim We evaluated the in-vitro revascularization per-formance of current and novel thrombectomy approaches. Methods National University of Ireland Galway Research Ethics Committee approved the study.Clot analogues from human blood were used to create ICA(20mm)and MCA (10mm)occlusions in an In-vitro thrombectomy model. Thrombectomy setups tested were;ADAPT:Millipede088, SOFIA,SOFIA+BGC and Combination;Millipede088+Soli-itaire,SOFIA+BGC+Solitaire,SOFIA+Solitaire.10replicates of each test were performed.Endpoints were First Pass Effect (FPE),Second and Third-pass success and procedural-related distal emboli from50–1000m m.Results The Millipede088catheter achieved the highest rate of FPE in both ICA(60%)and MCA(100%)occlusions and had the lowest number of procedural-related emboli compared to all other device setups,followed by the Millipede088 +Solitaire technique.Of the currently used techniques,the use of a Solitaire in combination with a SOFIA lead to a higher rate of FPE in ICA occlusions(40%vs20%,SOFIA +BGC+Solitaire vs SOFIA+BGC),but a lower rate of FPE in MCA occlusions(50%vs60%,SOFIA+BGC+Solitaire vs SOFIA+BGC).Conclusions The novel0.088’’aspiration catheter achieves the best FPE rates in both ICA and MCA occlusions.In terms of existing techniques,ADAPT is more effective in the MCA, while the stentrievers provide a benefit in the ICA. REFERENCES1.Hafeez MU,Kan P,Srivatsan A,Moore S,Jafari M,DeLaGarza C,et pari-son of first-pass efficacy among four mechanical thrombectomy techniques:a sin-gle-center experience.World Neurosurgery2020;144:e533–e40.2.Gershon BS,Bageac DV,Shigematsu T,Majidi S,De Leacy R.Republished:firstclinical report of aspiration through a novel0.088-inch catheter positioned in the M1middle cerebral artery for ELVO thrombectomy.Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery2021;13(4):e4–e.3.Nogueira RG,Mohammaden MH,Al-Bayati AR,Frankel MR,Haussen DC.Prelimi-nary experience with088large bore intracranial catheters during stroke thrombec-tomy.Interventional Neuroradiology2020:1591019920982219.Disclosure Seán Fitzgerald received research funding from Enterprise Ireland that is co-funded by Perfuze Ltd.Liam Mullins declares the following competing interest;Perfuze (stock options).John Thornton declares the following compet-ing interests;Perfuze(Physician Advisory Board,stock options);Consultancy fees:Microvention,Johnson and John-sons.Raul G.Nogueira declares the following competing interests:consulting fees for advisory roles with Anaconda, Biogen,Cerenovus,Genentech,Imperative Care,Medtronic, Phenox,Prolong Pharmaceuticals,Stryker Neurovascular and stock options for advisory roles with Astrocyte,Brainomix, Cerebrotech,Ceretrieve,Corindus Vascular Robotics,Vesalio, Viz-AI,and Perfuze.EP48*SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF MECHANICALTHROMBECTOMY FOR PRIMARY ISOLATED DISTALVESSEL OCCLUSIONS:A MONOCENTRIC RETROSPECTIVECOMPARATIVE STUDY1,2M Elhorany,3C Rosso,4E Shotar,3F Baronnet-Chauvet,4K Premat,4S Lenck,3S Crozier, 4C Corcy,5L Bottin,6O Yassin Mansour,7E-S Ali Tag El-din,7W Ahmed Fadel,4N Antoine Sourour,5S Alamowitch,3Y Samson,4F Clarençon.1Department of Neuroradiology.Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital,Paris,France;2Department of Neurology.Faculty of Medicine,Tanta University,Tanta,Egypt;3AP-HP,Urgences Cérébro-Vasculaires,Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neuroscience,75013;4Department of Neuroradiology,Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; 5Department of Vascular Neurology,Saint-Antoine Hospital,Paris,France;6Department of Neurology,Faculty of Medicine,Alexandria University,Alexandria;7Department of Neurology,Faculty of Medicine,Tanta University,Tanta,Egypt10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-ESMINT.47Background Distal vessel occlusions represent about25–40% of acute ischemic stroke(AIS),either as primary occlusion or secondary occlusion complicating mechanical thrombectomy (MT)for large vessel occlusion.Objective Our aim was to evaluate safety and effectiveness of MT associated with the best medical treatment(BMT)in theJ NeuroIntervent Surg2021;13(Suppl2):A1–A29A19copyright. on December 24, 2023 by guest. Protected by / J NeuroIntervent Surg: first published as 10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-ESMINT.46 on 24 August 2021. Downloaded from。

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a r X i v :h e p -e x /9908016v 2 24 A u g 1999
P R E L I M I N A R Y
4August 1999
Search for neutral Higgs bosons
in e +e −collisions at

1Summary of preliminary results
The analyses designed for the189GeV data,described in detail in[1],have been applied without any modifications to the data collected by ALEPH up to July27,1999.The data
√s=195.6GeV. sample comprises29.0pb−1at
The expected numbers of background events,the expected signal for a Higgs boson with m h=100GeV/c2and the numbers of selected candidates are listed in Table1for the hZ analyses and in Table2for the hA analyses.The reconstructed mass of the candidates selected by the NN-and cut-based hZ searches are displayed in Fig.1(a)and(b).No departure from the Standard Model expectations is observed.This leads to improved 95%confidence level limits when the latest data are combined with those collected by ALEPH at lower energies.The confidence levels for the data in the background only hypothesis or the background and signal hypothesis are shown in Fig.2(a)and(b).The limit obtained for the Standard Model Higgs boson is m h≥98.8GeV/c2,with an expected limit of99.9GeV/c2.The limit is calculated as described in[1],with the proper treatment of the overlap between the hZ and hA four jet andτ+τ−selections.The stand-alone hZ observed limit from the cut-based set of analyses is97.6GeV/c2,with98.7GeV/c2for the expected limit.For the CP-even boson h of the MSSM,the limit is85.2GeV/c2,for all values of tanβabove1,with86.1GeV/c2expected.Fig.3shows the excluded domain in the m h–tanβplane.
N bkg N obs
q(NN/cut) 4.6/3.9
ν(NN/cut) 1.8/1.4
10.47
hττ+ττq 2.52
32.3/30.327/26
Channel N sig
b b 2.3
bττ0.4
Total 2.7
Table2:Number of background events expected,expected signal for m h≈m A= 85GeV/c2and observed candidates in the1999ALEPH data with the hA selections.
1
reconstructed Higgs mass (GeV/c 2
)
e v e n t s /3 G e V /c 2
reconstructed Higgs mass (GeV/c 2
)
e v e n t s /3 G e V /c
2
Figure 1:Distribution of the reconstructed Higgs boson mass of the selected events (dots)in the hZ searches by the NN-based (a)and cut-based (b)sets of selections.The histograms show the Standard Model expectations.
Higgs mass (GeV/c 2
)
c b
188.6+191.6+195.6191.6+195.6 GeV sin 2
(β-α)=1
ALEPH
PRELIMINARY
0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9186
88
90
92
94
96
98100102104
Higgs mass (GeV/c 2)
c s
expected observed sin 2(β-α)=1
ALEPH
PRELIMINARY
10
-10
10-9
10-810
-710-610-510-410-310-210-1186
88
90
92
94
9698100102104
(a)(b)
Figure 2:(a)Background-only confidence level curves (c b )as a function of the Higgs mass hypothesis for the 191.6and 195.6GeV data alone (dashed)and combined with the lower energy ALEPH data (solid)for sin 2(β−α)=1.(b)Expected (dashed)and observed (solid)confidence level curves for the Standard Model signal hypothesis using all ALEPH data up to 195.6GeV.
2
t a n β
Figure 3:Expected (dashed)and observed (solid)95%confidence level curves in the [m h ,tan β]plane of the MSSM.The dark regions are not allowed theoretically.The com-bined experimentally excluded region is essentially identical in the case of no stop mixing,for which the theoretically forbidden region is also indicated (dashed-dotted curve).
3
References
[1]aleph Collaboration,“Search for the Neutral Higgs Bosons of the Standard Model

and the MSSM in e+e−Collisions at。

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