从汉英语言中的饮食元素看中西文化_思维与价值取向差异_刘国伟

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从英汉谚语看中西文化差异

从英汉谚语看中西文化差异1?币?言谚语是特殊的、具有完整意义的固定句式。

它不仅是语言的一部分，也是文化的一部分。

由于各个民族在政治，经济，历史，地理等方面的差异，通过谚语所反映出来的文化也显示出了差异。

因为英语和汉语属于不同的语言体系，所以它们的谚语反映出了文化的不同。

目前，在英汉交往中我们注重较多的是对基本语言技能的培养和训练，而对文化差异却不够重视。

随着经济全球化的发展，英汉之间的交往将成为全球化的主流趋势之一。

因此，中西文化差异必须引起我们足够的重视。

谚语作为语言的组成部分与文化有着密切的关系。

通过对英汉谚语进行比较和分析，我们能够归纳出中西文化的差异。

探讨汉语谚语和英语谚语之间存在的文化差异，我们可以从中得到一些有益的启示，可为英汉语言教学和跨文化交际提供一定的借鉴意义。

这篇文章从自然环境、宗教信仰、生活方式、文化传统、思维方式与文化心理、人文思想和时间取向等方面说明和讨论了英汉谚语所体现的中西文化差异，并且能从中得到一些英汉教学和跨文化交际方面的启示。

2.英汉谚语反映出的中西文化差异文化对语言特点有非常重要的影响。

由于中西文化在自然环境、宗教信仰、生活方式、文化传统、思维方式与文化心理、人文思想和时间取向等方面的不同，因此英汉谚语的不同是显而易见的。

2.1自然环境有些谚语与当地的地理环境和自然风景有紧密的联系，因此英汉谚语在这一方面有很多不同之处。

例如，中国有很多的山河，于是有了以下的谚语：有眼不识泰山。

长江后浪推前浪，一代新人换旧人。

但是，西方的许多国家都临近海洋，人们的生活与海洋息息相关。

例如：It is hard sailing where there is no wind. 无风难使帆。

A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. 平静的大海练不出好水手。

上面的谚语反映了不同国家的不同自然环境，一个国家的文化背景与其自然环境有着密切的联系。

The analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures 论中西饮食文化差异

The analysis of the differences between Chinese andwestern dietary cultures论中西饮食文化差异AbstractDiet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development. Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature. We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west. Taiwan Professor Zhang Qijun said, “The old saying, 'Eat, drink, man, woman who wishes greatly'. For such a standard fair, western culture (in particular, modern American culture) can be said to be male and female culture. But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture. "As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women, but because of the narrow gender relations, Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants. Thus the diet is rich in culture. Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet. By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west. And we can also improve and create the culture of China.Key Wordsdietary culture; cultural tradition; differences摘要饮食是人类生活、生存与发展的必需，可是由于中西方文化传统的差异，导致了中西方饮食文化在观念、对象、方式、归属与性质方面产生了差异，研究这些差异，找出可以融会贯通的地方，促进中西文化交流。

The difference between Chinese and Western diet culture中西饮食文化差异

煎煮炸炖
salt soy source vinegar Cooking wine sugar starch vitamin
盐酱油醋料酒糖淀粉维生素矿物质纤维素脂肪
Medicinal cuisine herb Chinese medicine food tonic medicine tonic unique flavor herbal juice regimen balance nutrition Nutritional components
The Diet Idea 饮食观念
Western--Since the westerners believe in separation of the universe and human in their cultural spirit and thinking model, emphasize the form and structure and value the clearness, they form a special idea about the food science.
桑拿虾
石锅田螺
桑拿鱼
桑拿酒香雁肉
煎封
煎封，是粤菜煎法中的一种，又叫煎碰。多用于烹制肉厚的鱼类，所用汁液用上汤、喼汁、盐、白糖、酱油等拌成，称为煎封汁。其要点是将鱼煎至金黄色，加料头和汁液，上盖焖熟、勾芡。实为一种煎为主，焖为辅的方法。成品既有煎的芳香，也有焖的浓醇。滑软可口，风味别致。
the order of dishes
。
In the west
1 appetizer: salad, compote, seafood 2 soup: corn soup ,onion soup 3 main course :meat (fish,chicken,steak) 4 dessert: sandwich, macaroni [,mækə‘rəuni] 通心粉， biscuit，pudding 5 coffee

中西饮食文化差异的英语作文

中西饮食文化差异的英语作文In the vast tapestry of global cultures, the culinary arts offer a rich and diverse array of flavors, traditions, and practices. The Chinese and Western food cultures, in particular, stand out for their distinctive characteristics, reflecting the unique histories, philosophies, and social structures of their respective societies. This essay aims to explore the key differences between these two culinary traditions.Philosophical Approach to FoodIn Chinese culture, food is not just a means of sustenance but also a medium for harmony and balance. The concept of'Yin and Yang' is deeply ingrained in Chinese culinary philosophy, emphasizing the balance of flavors and the use of food to maintain health. On the other hand, Western food culture tends to focus more on the sensory experience of eating, with an emphasis on variety and the individual components of a dish.Dining Style and EtiquetteOne of the most noticeable differences lies in the dining style. Chinese meals are often served in a shared style, where dishes are placed in the middle of the table for everyone to share, promoting a sense of community and togetherness. In contrast, Western dining is typicallyindividualistic, with each person having their own plate and portion, reflecting a more personal approach to eating.Etiquette also varies significantly. In Chinese dining, it is common to have a host who orders for the group, and it is considered polite to leave a small amount of food on yourplate as a sign of appreciation. In Western dining, guests usually order their own meals, and finishing everything onyour plate is seen as a compliment to the chef.Cooking Techniques and IngredientsChinese cuisine is renowned for its complex cooking techniques, such as stir-frying, steaming, and braising,which are designed to bring out the natural flavors of the ingredients. The use of spices and condiments is also nuanced, often tailored to enhance rather than overpower the dish. Western cooking, while diverse, often involves baking, roasting, and frying, with a broader use of dairy productsand a more straightforward approach to seasoning.Meal StructureThe structure of a meal is another point of divergence. A traditional Chinese meal is likely to include a soup, avariety of dishes with rice or noodles, and possibly a dessert, with a focus on maintaining a balance of flavors and textures. Western meals, particularly in the United Statesand Europe, typically consist of an appetizer, a main course with sides, and a dessert, with a clear progression fromlighter to heavier courses.Attitude Towards New FoodsChinese food culture has a long history of experimentation and innovation, often incorporating new ingredients and techniques from other cultures. This is evident in the regional variations within China itself. Western food culture also shows a willingness to adapt and try new cuisines, as seen in the popularity of international restaurants and fusion dishes. However, there is a strong adherence to traditional recipes and cooking methods in both cultures, reflecting a deep respect for culinary heritage.In conclusion, the differences between Chinese and Western food cultures are as diverse as the dishes they produce. Each offers a unique perspective on the role of food in society and a different approach to the culinary arts. Understanding these differences not only enriches our global dining experience but also fosters a deeper appreciation for the cultural nuances that shape our world.。

浅议中西文化在思维方式上的差异及其对汉英语言的影响

浅议中西文化在思维方式上的差异及其对汉英语言的影响摘要：中国传统文化产生与发展的经济基础是“以农立国”的农业经济。

这种经济具有浓厚的封闭性和内向性，追求天人合一、顺应自然。

而西方文化源于欧洲，源于其地理位置、商品经济比较发达。

这样，建立在商品经济基础之上的西方文化也就具有了开放性和外向性的特点。

中国文化与西方文化是世界文化中两个根本不同的体系，具有很大的差异。

了解中西文化思维方式上的差异及其对汉英两种语言的影响，可以帮助我们更好地从宏观上理解语言的特点，微观上提高语言的运用能力及处理能力。

关键词：中国文化；西方文化；思维方式；差异；语言思维方式主要由知识、观念、方法、智力、情感、意志、语言、习惯等八大要素组成(陈新夏等，1988)。

这些要素相互联系、相互作用，形成一个有机复杂的系统。

而且，它们各自的特征及其结构规定着思维方式的性质、类型和特征，产生思维方式的差异。

思维方式是沟通文化与语言的桥梁，是人类文化的重要组成部分，也是人类文化的承担者。

也就是说，思维方式是人类文化现象的深层本质，属于文化现象背后的、对人类文化行为起支配作用的稳固因素。

(张忠利、宗文举，2OO2)因此，研究中西文化在思维方式上的差异，对提高人类思维能力，推动人类文化发展有着重要意义。

一、主要差异左飚曾指出，在思维方式上，西方文化如同直线切划，细分明析，注重抽象推理；中国文化犹如圆环内封，综合观察，寻求知觉顿悟。

(左飚，2001)对此，笔者认为，主要可以从以下几方面来探讨中西文化在思维方式上的差异。

1，内向性与外向性中国半封闭的大陆型地理环境与自给自足的小农经济，使中国人很难与外界取得联系，所以，中国人大都具有求稳的心理和好静的性格。

关于这一点，梁启超也曾指出，中国“国境西界葱岭以与中亚及欧洲之文化隔绝，南界喜马拉耶以与印度文化隔绝，缺乏机缘以与他系文化相摩历相资长，故其文化为孤立的、单调的、保守的。

”(任天成，1987)老子的《道德经》称道虚静，倡导平心静气，不可争名夺利。

从汉英语言中的饮食元素看中西文化、思维与价值取向差异

递＿有关中西文化的不同信息。透过表层的语言ｒ载体，入剖析深层的文化、维、值取向不难深思价
言载体上，中最为直接的，是语言中的饮食元其便
素。汉语中的饮食元素极其丰富，到朋友见向小
接思维以及注重实用性的价值取向。以汉英语言
信息弥漫在人们日常生活的每个角落，穿在生、贯长、、、壮老已的每个阶段，为人们生活中不可或成
缺的重要内容。而英语中虽然也不乏饮食元素，但无论从数量上还是重要性上，相对逊色一些，都其所传递的信息，也相对简单。
汉语中的名句 “ 民以食为天 ” 《书・（汉郦食其
基金项目：山东省社会科学规划研究项目金课题（编号：９ＳＪ８。０ＣＨ０）
收稿日期：０１— ４—１２１０８
作者简介：国伟（９８）女，东潍坊人，师，学博士；清华（９４）女，刘１７一，山讲医赵１６一，山东诸城人，授。教
中的饮食元素为切入点，以探寻中西饮食文化可
的差异，入了解、深准确把握中西不同的文化与价值取向，而在中西文化交流时避开障碍，行互进进补和兼容，到合作共赢。达
一
店共进午餐 ’ 许多中国人见到报道后大为不。

从饮食习俗看中西方语言文化差异

文化研究
从饮食习俗看中西方语言文化差异
从饮食习俗看中西方语言文化差异
何萌何江胜
２０１）１０６
（京航空航天大学江苏南京南
【摘
要Ｉ本文分析了中西方饮食习俗的不同，为是中西方文化差异的外在表现。语言是文化的载体，认语言的差异充分体现了饮食与
取更多财富。指受损失，某方面条件不利。就连人从字面上看也是可吃的，生在 “ （）２意境与直白。中餐的意境效果主要表现在菜名上，很多菜名包人” “ 、熟人” 中的 “ ” “ ” 指未经过烹饪和经过烹饪。而在英语生、熟原含人们的充分想象力，霸王别姬” “ 就是一例，这道菜是由鸡和甲鱼为原中，ｅｔ虽然也有少量引申义，总体没有脱离原意的方向， “ ａ” 但例如 “ａｅｔ料，姬同“ 因音鸡”，霸王” “ “ 似王八 ” 即甲鱼的别称，此菜如此命名，在“ ａｓｍｅｉｇａａ” ｅｔｏｔｎｗｙ中引申义为腐蚀，蚀，ｈ侵与原意消耗食物方向相把人带回到西楚霸王在四面楚歌的情形下离别虞姬的记忆中。这种艺术理念正是中国人追求意境美感，间接表达的独特思维方式。中国人往往寻找自己不足之处来回应别人的夸赞，以显示自己的谦卑，就是这
活工作所需。
士优先” 的原则指导座位安排。主座的位置永远是留给女主人的，不论
是家宴还是社交宴会。进餐时，女士身边必须有一位男士相伴，以方便省了厨师和消费者的时间，又能够提供足够的热量和营养维持人们生照顾。（杜学增，９９：０）１９２３

论中西方饮食文化差异 On The Cultural Differences Between Chinese And Western Food

论中西饮食文化差异ON THE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHINESE ANDWESTERN FOOD内容摘要摘要饮食是人类生活生存与发展的必需可是由于中西方文化传统的差异导致了中西方饮食文化在观念对象方式归属与性质方面产生了差异研究这些差异找出可以融会贯通的地方促进中西文化交流台湾张起钧教授说过古语说饮食男女人之大欲存焉由此赋予饮食以丰富的文化内涵虽然饮食文化在西方不够发达但这种不发达本身也是一种文化发展的结果所以对中西饮食文化的比较仍有意义通过对中西饮食文化差异的分析我们可以了解中西方各自的文化传统同时能对中国文化进行改善与创新关键词饮食文化文化传统差异Abstract Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind and even in the existence or development Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept target pattern attribution and nature We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west Taiwan Professor Zhang Qijun said The old saying Eat drink man woman who wishes greatly Thus the diet is rich in culture Food culture in the west is not developed enough but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet By the analysis of the differences between Chinese andwestern dietary cultures we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west And we can also improve and create the culture of China Key Words dietary culturecultural tradition differencesContentsPartI Introduction 5Part II The differences in concepts521 Cultural differences622 Comparing with the Chinesediet western diet tastesStereotyped6Part III Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet731 This dish is "delicious" 732 Differences in targets all diet cannot be done withoutvegetables 8Part IV Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit 841 There are more meat dishes in western lives 8PartV The cultural behaviors 1051 The difference cultural behaviors in western and Chinese1052 Difference in Diet Attribution There are differences betweenChinese And western diet attribution1253 Differences in Dietary Patterns13PartVI Conclusion14References15On The Cultural Differences Between Chinese And Western Food Part I IntroductionOnce there is a saying that "Food is eating well-deserved for human life so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings There are two desires in life one is feasting them to survive and another is the lust of men and women which can help the mankind to carry on the family line Facing the two desires China pays more attention to the former while the west tends to the latter Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives but why we call it culture That is because the diet has special status in the Chinese culture and it also has a great distinction between China and the west As one of the world ancient nations Chinas diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization But in western countries ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did and there is even not aware of it to the "heaven" degree Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristicPart II The differences in conceptsTargets patterns attribution and naturead reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristicsuch characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture21 cultural differencesWe can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject It may be a great help to thecommunication of the Chinese and western cultures I Differences in Concepts First the Chinese and western diet have the differences that cannot be ignored in concepts Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept regardless of the color of food incense flavor and shape but nutrition must be assured It cares about the intake of calories vitamins protein and so on during a day22 Comparing with the Chinese diet western diet tastes stereotypedAs simple as chewing the candle but the sense tells them We must eat them all because of the nutrition And then they put it bluntly just like refueling machine The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture so the natural sciences psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development In some other aspects such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle such as the dietary culture which is the inevitable thing to drop behind and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere In celebration it stresses tableware stresses the staple stresses the servings and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials But no matter how luxurious the grade is from Los Angeles to New York only one taste of steak it is no art to speak of And as dishes the chicken is chicken steak is steak even in groups which are also conducted in a shallow dish In a dish of "French Muttonchops" one side is potato mud and muttonchops sits next to it another side is allocation of cooking beans and plus a few tablets of tomato Color is on clear but the tastes of the various materials are separated not to reconcile and the entire flavor is also simple and clearPart III Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet31 This dish is "delicious"When people sample dishes they often say this dish is "delicious" and that dish is "not delicious"But if you ask what is meant by "delicious" why "tasty" and what are the aspects of "delicious" I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the mood that is difficult for one to say anything Even using the "color flavor shape and implement "which people often said to make the" realm "reification I am afraid it is still difficult to crown allIt contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of thechefs32 Difference in targets all diet cannot be done without vegetablesThe word "dish" is for the sound in China and it always has something to do with the plants According to a survey of western plants scholar there are 600 varieties of vegetables six times more than in the west In fact the Chinese dishes vegetable dish is usual food Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards so since ancient times and there was a saying of "fresh vegetables" Mandarin language "Common people eat fresh vegetables fish only offered in the worship" It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general only being able to eat meat only in worship Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish it hasinextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists They deem animals as "people" and plants have "no soul" So they advocate vegetarianismPart IV Westerners do not seem to have such a good habitThey up hold a cultural origin of nomadic seafaring nation Living mainly by fishing and hunting collection and planting are just the complement There are more meat dishes in their lives41 There are more meat dishes in western livesFeeding clothing and using are taken from the animals and even Western medicine is derived from animals When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China The food industry is more developed such as cans fast food although the taste is monotonous but it saves time and it also has good nutrition Therefore in their countries people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles but Chinese people look short their shoulders narrow and legs thin their skin yellow and their body weak The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified Mr Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon he concludes "Chinese ordinary people drink green tea and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienistTherefore the remote people in china whose diet are far from meat and wine always live a long life Also China has a big population and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease but they never try the non-diet He added" The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants as it has the nutrition that meat has It is the meat without toxic materials So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine eat meat and fish So there was science promotion before and a severe law later such as the United States Prohibition And the transfer will not carry out in a short time"Mr Suns words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets the Chinese character is called the plant character while the Westerners is animal characterPart V the cultural behaviors51 The difference cultural behaviors in western and ChineseWesterners love adventure exploration conflict but the Chinese people only like to live banallyAccording to American expert on folklore Ruths opinions on the "cultural pattern" theory Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners is similar to the modern world Faust-type Indeed the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west they put the whole family on the truck and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies The Chinese people are always thinking about "home" and "roots" despite thepromotion that young people should take the world as home But after a few decades the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the human folk full of energy Differences in Dietary Patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different and these differences affect the national character In China a celebration no matter what there will be only one form as sitting together sharing one feast Banquet uses round table which has created a unity of form which is courtesy comity atmosphere People toast each other and share the vegetables which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things also show the virtues of comity Although from the health point of view this approach has obvious deficiencies but it is in our national "happy" mentality it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of "and" impact for future generations It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reformThe western-style banquets although the food and wine are very important but in fact they are just foil The core of Banquet is friendship by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance and the western banquet is like men and women dancing This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious The more obvious differences between Chinese and westerndietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West This method is to display all food and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat They walk freely This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals they never need to put every word on the table This also shows a western personality and self-respect However all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food but I think it is not feasible Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason "First buffet is not like drinking tea it it is cold yet Chinese cuisine will serve hot if cold nothing to eat Secondly buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes Then you can access for large plots And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts such as the tender and lighter dishes are not in this show Third the buffet can do stewing pot it means a big pot in terms of food Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people So it will not be delicious never talking of the tasteUnder such circumstances it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts "The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity but the buffet has broken such pattern52 diffrence in Diet Attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attributionWestern diet tends to be scientific and rational but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental During the underdevelopment era of diet these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry53 Differences in Dietary PatternsThe Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different and these differences affect the national character In China a celebration no matter what there will be only one form as sitting together sharing one feast Banquet uses round table which has created a unity of form which is courtesy comity atmosphere It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste and it is also an intermediate of communication Although from the health point of view this approach has obvious deficiencies but it is in our national "happy" mentality it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of "and" impact for future generations It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform The western-style banquets although the food and wine are very important but in fact they are just foil The core of Banquet is friendship by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West This method is to display all food and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat They walk freely This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals they never need to put every word on the table This also shows a western personality and self-respectPartVI ConclusionHowever all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people People want to put the buffet in the Chinese food but I think it is not feasible Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason "First buffet is not like drinking tea In the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures Moreover now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World Chinas reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries to develop and create Chinas new cultureReferences1 安静解读美国[M] 北京中国旅游出版社20072 陈洁得心应手---西餐礼仪[M]北京世界知识出版社20053 金炳镐民族理论通论[M]北京中央民族大学出版社1994 4 刘枋吃的艺术[M]山东山东画报出版社20035 刘玫君陈加真出国点菜不求人---别人不会告诉你的旅行智慧[M]北京中国旅游出版社20056 马文哈里斯美好吃食物与文化之迷[M]山东山东画报出版社20017 com巴黎一席浮动的豪宴[M]北京com书店20048 唐鲁孙天下味[M]桂林广西师范大学出版社20049 王晓昕李学友传统文化与道德建设[M]贵阳贵州民族出版社2004 10 萧家成升华的魅力---中华民族酒文化[M]北京华龄出版社2007 11 徐先玲李祖状西方饮食文化[M]北京中国戏剧出版社200512 向世陵中国哲学智慧[M]北京中国人民大学出版社200013 殷珍泉礼仪有学问[M]北京北京台海出版社2002 14 张茗阳食物改变你的一生[M]上海学林出版社2003 15 张志伟欧阳谦西方哲学智慧[M]北京中国人民大学出版社2000 16 张起钧烹饪原理[M]北京中国轻工业出版社2000。

(完整版)中西方饮食文化对比研究_英语专业毕业设计

湖北省高等教育自学考试英语专业毕业论文研究中西方饮食文化的差异考生姓名：刘羽笛指导老师：刘世平2013年3月武汉大学外语学院制A Study of Differences between Chinese and WesternFoodLiu YudiSupervisor：Liu ShipingMarch 2013论文摘要本文主要探讨了中西方饮食文化的差异。

在这个复杂的世界文化，饮食文化在世界文化中起着十分重要的作用。

中西方文化的差异带来了中西饮食文化的差异，不同的国家有自己不同的饮食文化特点。

中国是一种农耕文化的陆地文化，而传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化的海洋文化，两种不同的文化反映出人们生活方式的差异，其中饮食文化更是具有代表性的一个方面。

在不同的文化背景下，无论是在饮食观念、饮食对象、厨具、餐具还是餐桌礼仪等各个方面这些饮食文化的差异都是显而易见的。

但是，随着国际之间的交流与融合，中西饮食文化业将会在交流中共同发展，这对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到促进的作用。

关键词: 差异；文化；饮食文化AbstractThis thesis explores the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture. In the complex world culture, the dietary culture plays an extremely important role in the world culture. The differences between Chinese and Western culture created the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture. Different countries have their own dietary cultural. Traditional Chinese culture is agricultural culture and land culture, while traditional western culture is animal husbandry culture and ocean culture. These two kinds of cultures reflect diverse life styles in which food is the most representative aspect. In variously cultural contexts, whether it is in concept, objects, kitchen ware, table ware, or table manners these differences are obvious. But as development of the communication and integration of the international, Chinese and western dietary culture will be developed in common communication. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the worldKey words: differences; culture; food dietetic cultureContentsIntroduction (1)Chapter One Dietary Concept (2)1.1 Chinese dietary concept (2)1.2 Western dietary concept (3)Chapter Two Food and Drink (4)2.1 The main of materials (4)2.2 Condiment (6)2.3 Side dish (7)2.4Wine (8)Chapter Three Table Manners (9)3.1 The Differences between Chinese and Western Table Manners (9)3.2 The characteristic of Table Manners (10)3.2.1 The characteristic of Table Manners inChina (10)3.2.2 The characteristic of Table Manners in the West (11)Chapter Four Kitchen ware and table ware (12)4.1 Kitchenware (12)4.1.1 Chinese kitchen ware (12)4.1.2 Western kitchen ware (14)4.2 Tableware (15)4.2.1 Chinese Table ware (16)4.2.2 Western Table ware (17)Conclusion (19)Works cited (21)A Study of Differences between Chinese and WesternFoodIntroductionDiet is not only the premise of social development, but also the paramount material base for human to survive with good health condition. In the early stage of barbarism, like other animals, looking for food to survive is just the instinct for human beings. But when man began to use fire to cook food and they entered the age of civilization, especially the time of cooking with the pottery, the food became the creation made by the human own wisdom and their technology. Then there is the essential difference in diet between human beings and animals that the diet has its cultural nature. Thus the history of human diet is to be this kind of history that human adapt to nature, conquer and reform nature to survive and develop in the nature, and the human dietary culture gradually comes into being in the course of this progress. As an important part of human culture, the dietary culture has a generalized meaning and a narrowed meaning. This thesis discuss the dietary culture in this narrow sense which is the total of material wealth and spirit wealth created and accumulated in the long-term progress of food consumption, and it is the knowledge about what to eat, how to eat and why to eat, including dietary object, dietary tableware and so on.China has profound cultural heritage of dietary culture and diet play a foremost role in people’s daily life so that dietary culture take a huge proportion in Chinese culture. Facing the dietary culture from othercountries, we should accept or reject them based on ourselves condition. We can’t onl y chase for enjoyment in taste, because it is harmful to our physical health if we eat too much foreign food which is belong to the high calories food. However, it is obvious that we shouldn’t aimlessly reject all the new objects. Under the influence of entering the WTO and globalization, the international connection has become closer and closer so that the collision and fusion in the dietary culture always happen between Chinese and westerners. Granted, it takes a long time for two different cultures to merge and coexist and there must be an aspect that both sides can’t adapt to each other. If this phenomenon occurs, we should try our best to understand, respect and tolerate another culture in right manner.The difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners will arouse culture misunderstanding in certain extent. For example, many Chinese think that Hamburger, KFC and McDonald’s are the typical food in American. But it is not the fact. The fact is American food is very complex.Therefore, in this thesis, we discuss the difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners from dietary concept, dietary object, cooking utensil, dietary tableware and table manners. Through the study, it is beneficial for both sides to strengthen the communication in culture, and more able to eliminate the obstacles and misunderstanding when two nations are communicating, so that people can have in-depth understanding about the dietary culture from China and western countries. To study both parties’ dietary cu lture difference from various aspects, it can not only help us to strengthen the awareness and adaption in theculture communication, but also can enhance our understanding, tolerate and accept the foreign culture. Then this makes Chinese and western dietary culture can mutually develop and fuse in communication, which it plays a remarkable role in boosting the development of culture in the whole world (赵, 2006:1).Chapter One Dietary Concept1.1 Chinese dietary conceptIn Chinese dietary culture, people play more attention to pursuing the taste than to emphasizing the nutrition. They consider that the nutrition is less important if the food is delicious and good-looking enough. The reason why there is a unique dietary culture that eating is on top of the list in Chinese nation is that productivity has been always under the average level for thousands of years and people have not enough food to eat. People often say the taste is the most important in the whole of color, aroma and taste. In addition, the key of special charm in Chinese diet is nothing but its taste. Chinese think a lot of art and sensibility, so the pursuit of delicious taste is always the highest meaning in dietary. However, a part of the nutrition may lack in pursuing the deliciousness in Chinese diet. The shape of the food is the external thing while the taste is the internal thing. Emphasizing the inner and not decorating painstakingly the external, or emphasizing the taste rather than showing off the form of the dishes, is the paramount expression in Chinese dietary concept. But it does not take any count of the collocation of nutrition. The medicated food appeared in the Tang dynasty and now there is a formulation that “diet therapy is better than medicaltreatments”, which all reflect th at Chinese pay attention to the collocation in dietary nutrition since ancient times. However, the traditional nutrition theory only has a vague concept without specific data analysis as westerners to figure out what kind of food is good for health with nutrition. Chinese people are thinking highly of eat. Bread is the staff of life, this old adage explained that we see eating as important as days. Because our national for thousands of years are in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so they would have a unique food culture that eating is very important. I think this is probably from a survival to needs. Li Xiaohong pointed out: If a culture put ate as primary, so it will appear two phenomena: on one hand will put the food function to acme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain healthy, this is also the culture basis that ―diet cures more than the doctors. On the other hand, the excessive attention to eat, it can make the person praise highly of delicious pursuit(李, 2010: 33).1.2 Western dietary conceptIn western dietary culture, eating like a biological machine add fuel, especially about the food's nutrition composition, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic element content (党, 2010:10), people play more attention to pursuing the nutrition than to emphasizing the color, aroma and taste. The western diet is a kind of rational diet so that they devote particular care to the nutrition and collocation. They treat dietary as a science with a realistic attitude to lay stress on dietary nutrition and as a result, the pursuit of nutrition becomes the highest meaning in diet. The core standard in evaluating food inwesterners is whether it is reasonable in dietary nutrition and whether it accord with the scientific demand. Westerners often think that food is just a means of survival so that they pay more attention to dietary nutrition and supply condition of energy and they seldom connect dietary with spiritual enjoyment, which reflects a strong practicability and utilitarian. For westerners, the only thing they care is not what the food color, aroma, taste and shape is, is the nutrition must be guaranteed. Then they spend time on paying attention to how many calorie, vitamin, protein, etc. should be absorbed a day with neglect of color, aroma and taste. Even if the taste may be the same, even compared with Chinese food, or as dull as cardboard, but the sense push them to eat because it is nutritive. For another word, it just like refuels the machine. As to westerners, the taste is the secondary. If heating up the food will cause the loss of nutrition, they prefer to eat the half-baked, even raw food. Therefore, the western dietary can be summarized with convenience and practicability. There is a case in point that a nutritive breakfast can be simply made of a combination of some bread, jam, cheese, butter and fresh vegetables.Chapter Two Food and Drink2.1 The main of materialsThe Chinese dietary culture mainly originates from farming culture, which decides the Chinese dietary structure that takes crops as the principal thing and meat as the auxiliary thing. What’s more, there is a plenty of production and a lot of species in grain crop because of the vast fields, fertile soil and superior technology in planting. On the contrary, animal breeding is rare in China so much so that it is very common forpeople to eat the grain. Chinese dietary structure is based on vegetable food, including grain, bean, greens, fruit as well as cereal. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are the most common food; only in holidays or at the higher living standards do they have the meat. It is a very distinct line between main food and subsidiary food. The main food is the five cereal and the subsidiary food is vegetable with a little meat. Therefore, when Chinese prepare the diet, you can see most dishes are vegetables and a few are meat. What’s more, rice and noodles are the principle food; tea and wine are the main drinking in their life.China is known for vast fields and various geographical environments with a long history and an abundant production as well as species of plants and animals, which offer the sufficient resources of products to the formation of Chinese dietary culture. Chinese staple food is based on rice and wheat. On the side, millet, corn, buckwheat, potato and sweet potato are also the main food people usual eat so they take a tiny place in the dietary culture. Except for the rice noodles, there are still kinds of food can be supplied for people to make their life more colorful, including the other kinds of pasta, steamed bun, deep-fired dough sticks, various porridge, cookie and ever-changing snacks. In the Chinese long history, the distribution of “south rice and north wheat” has formed th is situation that the main raw materials are rice and wheat in Chinese staple food. Most Chinese people prefer to take vegetarian diet as the principle thing. According to a study of western botanist, there are more than 600 species of vegetables in China. It is six times more than the west. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are considered as the common food, andonly in holidays or at the higher living standards, the meat can be a part of the usual diet.The western dietary culture mainly originates from rear livestock culture, which decides the western dietary structure that takes meat and dairy products as the principal things and vegetarian dishes as the auxiliary thing. According to the weather, it is not suitable for western countries to plant the crop so that they give priority to animal husbandry and give second place to agriculture. In addition, another factor to give first place to animal is that the technology is quite high in the animal cultivation. As a result, there are a lot of kinds of animals and a huge production of meat in western countries. The main agriculture products are wheat, corn, and grape and so on. In the western dietary structure, the meat also takes up the excessive place in the dishes. They are mainly beef, chicken, pork, mutton as well as fish. It is obvious that what they usually eat is provided with a “three-high” characteristic that is high protein, high fat and high calorie. Therefore, meat has occupied and will always occupy the remarkable high proportion in western dietary. Although the proportion of planting has increased in recent years, the proportion of meat in dietary structure is always higher in the western than in Chinese. Therefore, when westerners prepare the diet, you can see most dishes are meat and a few are vegetables. What’s more, bread and meat are the principle food; coffee, wine and milk are the main drinking in their life.In the western-style food, there is no doubt that meat is the representative in raw material. Since the ancient age, the westerners have given the first place to meat as the dish. They devote particular care to thetaste of different kinds of meat and the characteristic of diverse parts of meat. That is to say, no matter what method can be able to be used to process, they always hope that they can bring the aroma into full play from every kind of meat. Any variety of cheese that is worshiped by westerners is the necessary thing should be appeared on the table. On the contrary, for most customers in China, they do not think that they can take in because the peculiar smell is too strange to get used to.2.2 CondimentThe condiment is also different between the Chinese and westerners in cooking dishes. In China, the taste plays a part as the soul in the dish so that there are seven main kinds of taste in the Chinese diet, including sour, sweet, bitter, salt, peppery, fresh and obscure. The purpose of condiment is to exert a positive effect on reaching the excellent fusion from some seasoning, which has the ability to add aroma without weird smell as well as the smell from fresh meat or fish. What’s more, it can ameliorate the color of the dishes which can draw their attention to have a try. They usually choose the ginger, scallion, garlic, soy sauce, vinegar and monosodium glutamate to be their condiments in common use. But sometimes, they will use grain wine to season.The western-style food is almost the meat, which is always processed into a piece of massive one. Thus there is a big problem in the condiment that it is difficult to saturate the massive piece with condiment used in China. In order to solve this problem, they make up with two methods that they adopt to cook sauce without anything and they have the entree with sauce. Since then, they have formed a special way in condiment inwestern-style dish. Based on the five used foundation of sweet, sour, bitter, salt and peppery in the west, they prefer to such effect that can make them feel a deep delicious with appetite. They usually choose the cream, butter, sauce, lemon, onion, celery and bay leaves to be their condiments in common use. In addition, spice and wine are the two important factors in cooking. Because both vanilla and spice have the special smell, they exert an indispensable effect on the aroma of their dishes. For instance, when they cook the vegetable soup、spaghetti and sauce、stuffed、salad, they always used a kind of mixed spice, which are used to mix together with the marjoram and oregano. In addition, thyme is also the main spice for them to add into the soup, venison and barbecue while sage is mainly used in the dishes made with pork in their daily life(哈里斯, 2001:177).2.3 Side dishThe side dish also plays a significant part in the Chinese dietary structure. The side dish indicates that they are the combination for raw material in one dish, including cold dish and hot dish, or the combination for all the dishes showed up on the table. The latter one develops based on the former one and there is no denying that the highest form is belonging to the latter one. Now we take side dish of hot dish as an example to make a compare. The side dish of hot dish is required with the quality of dish in China. It should coordinate appropriately with one or several kinds of raw materials which have been processed to the shape they need. Then a complete dish comes into being. As a chef for side dish, he must not only be proficient in the skill of cutting up, but also be familiar with the shape of the finished product. Besides, it is awfully essential for the chef to beacquainted with the cooking method for the reason that the raw material will have some changes during the cooking. In addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish, such as, the collocation of color, the collocation of shape, the collocation of aroma, the collocation of taste and the collocation of nutrition and so on. And all of these collocations prefer to concentrate on reflecting the collocation of meat and vegetables. In other words, it is the collocation of animal material and vegetarian material. The Chinese make plant as the main dish, and has a lot of contact with the advocacy of Buddhism. Their think the animal is "the life", but plants the laws of nature "not to work", therefore, advocates the vegetarianism (杨, 1993:4).For the westerners, the side dish is also the indispensable part in hot dishes. As usual, after finishing the main food that they have already put on a dish, a small amount of vegetables, rice or noodles processed should be put on the edge of the dish or on another dish by side. Thus a complete piece of dish completes. It is said that the food have a collocation with the main food is called side dish. A case in point is that French fries and vegetarian salad are the side dish of fried chicken or other kinds of hamburger in the KFC or McDonald’s. Thus it can be seen that there is a certain difference between Chinese diet and western diet in the form of side dish. However, the effect they exert is the same. They both own the function to complement the nutrition, to balance the dietary, to enhance the beauty and to give the aroma. In addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish. For example, all kinds of side dish are most made with different color vegetables. What is more, the side dish is askedfor being processed to the definite shape under meticulous requirement, such as strip、olive shape、globular、chess shape、waist drum shape and so on. Most of the deep-frying meat and roasting meat are deserved with three side dishes which are potato and two different color vegetables. They are considered to be a set of side dish. There are a lot of cases we can illustrate. For example, it is a set of side dish that French fries is arranged with boiling pea and carrot in olive shape as well as roasting potato arranged with cauliflower with butter and tomato in piece. However, the characteristic dishes usually choose one kind of side dish made with potato to keep the special aroma, such as the fish. On the side, the dishes with much soup are used to provide with the rice or noodles. Whereas it is rare in Italian dish, such as curry chicken with butter rice and Italian beef with macaroni.2.4 WineIn Chinese diet, there are a few kinds of wine used in cooking and they are only used with a little in the diet. The Shaoxing wine is the common people always use in their daily life. When it comes to the topic of wine, the most characteristic and the most distinguished wine is a kind of wine which is used to be named grain wine that takes grain as the material to make Shaoxing wine and white spirit. There is a piece of vast field in China, most of which are endowed with good farmland and fertile soil. It is very suitable for grain to grow up under the temperate weather so that China has become the leading power in agriculture by and by for his increasingly fast development in agriculture. Furthermore, it not only has a great deal of production, but also cultivates tremendous diversities in the five cerealsso that people use a lot of grain to make the Shaoxing wine and white spirit, which are endowed with Chinese characteristic.It is another outstanding characteristic in western dish that they put different wine in diverse dishes. Owing to the characteristic of different kinds of wine they own, such as the mellow, aroma, sweet taste、strong fragrant、cool、refreshing and so on, different wine should be compatible with distinct dishes. After they were put in the dish, the wine will mix with original taste, spice and aroma to make the special characteristic come out from the dish. As to the side dish, there are still some definite rules in cooking with wine. There is a case in point. In the famous French diet, clear soup is with sherry or white wine to bring up the taste; and seafood or aquatic product is with brandy or white wine to season. As is known to all, when it comes to the topic of wine, the most characteristic and the most distinguished wine is a kind of wine which is used to be named grape that takes grape as the material to make wine and brandy. As we know, the western countries mostly give first place to rear livestock or business and give second place to agriculture. It is not suitable for most grain to grow up because of the weather and soil. On the contrary, it is extraordinarily moderate for grape to grow up under that weather. In addition, the quality and production of grape are the first of all in the world. As a result, people can make a considerable quantity of wine with excellent quality (萧, 2007:230).Chapter Three Table Manners3.1 The Differences between Chinese and Western Table MannersOf course, the main difference on the Chinese dinner table ischopsticks instead of knife and fork, but that's only superficial. Besides, in decent restaurants, you can always ask for a pair of knife and fork, if you find the chopsticks not helpful enough.The real difference is that in the West, you have your own plate of food, while in China the dishes are placed on the table and everyone shares. If you are being treated to a formal dinner and particularly if the host thinks you're in the country for the first time, he will do the best to give you a taste of many different types of dishes.The meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes. Soup then will be served (unless in Guangdong style restaurants) to be followed by staple food ranging from rice, noodles to dumplings.If you wish to have your rice to go with other dishes, you should say so in good time, for most of the Chinese choose to have the staple food at last or have none of them at all.Perhaps one of the things that surprise a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food into the plates of their guests. In formal dinners, there are always "public" chopsticks and spoons for this purpose, but some hosts may use their own chopsticks. This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness. It is always polite to eat the food. If you do not eat it, just leave the food in the plate.People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed. When you have had enough, just say so. Or you will always overeat!3.2 The characteristic of Table Manners3.2.1 The characteristic of Table Manners in ChinaChinese table manners of families have no intrinsic quality even there are different region and position. No matter three meals a day or guest’s arrival, always bowls with chopsticks, food with soup. There is no rule for how to put the tableware. What people care about more is not the gorgeous tableware but the sumptuous food? People’s dining position reflects the most obvious etiquette of Chinese table manners. In ancient society, men are supreme, and women are not allowed to sit with men on the same table. Although this is modern society, this kind of ancient etiquette still remains. Today in China, the phenomenon that men sit on the table before women can be found everywhere. The master of a family usually sits on the first-class seat. The first-class seat is usually near the interior of a room facing to the door. Once there is a guest, the master will offer the first-class seat to the guest politely. If it is an ordinary meal of family, families should start after the elder. If there is a guest, the master offer the food to the guest is essential from the beginning to the end. And the tradition of urging others to drink is also a special phenomenon.Even there is no official “table manners” in china, while there is “eating behavior”. Once there is “eating behavior”, there must be some eating manners up to standard. Here are some characteristics on Chinese eating:A. Keep your eyes on the meal, especially at the beginning of the meal.B. When eating, keep your bodies forward, and face to your food.C. It is allowed to spit the bone on the tables.D. When chewing, it is allowed to make some rhythmical noisy ofchewing.E. Traditional Chinese meal doesn’t need the public chopsticks.F. Traditional Chinese meal doesn’t have the sweet snacks after meal.3.2.2 The characteristic of Table Manners in the WestThe biggest difference in table manners between Chinese and western is the details of table manners can be as clear as the specifications what can exactly give people correct manners to refer to. Here are several typical manners what can illustrate the rigor of Western-style food：A. The western-style food official drinks the soup posture request to enter in advanced the soup with the ladle to oneself far that one side, then to leaves the direction which oneself goes far away to delimit lightly abundantly.B. When dines in the process, if you need to put down the knife, the edge faces oneself assumes in the plate as 10 o’clock shape. The tool bit is the hand of a clock, the hilt is the minute hand); the jaw buckles in the edge of a sword, the jaw direction 2 o’clock. The knife an d fork assumes but actually V glyph. But V glyph knife and fork places the tray lower part (to depend on your direction).C. The knife with forks parallel places in the plate 5 o'clock positions when dines finished. Approximately the knife or forks the total length 1/3 handle department dew in tray edge exterior. The fork downward buckle on the plate, the knife’s edge faces to you.D. When eats the bread, must tear down the bread may by an entrance scrap. The butter should in before you put in the mouth. Do not wipe beforehand the entire bread the full butter.。

中西方饮食文化的差异高中生英语作文

中西方饮食文化的差异高中生英语作文（中英文实用版）Title: The Differences between Chinese and Western Dietary Cultures Dietary cultures vary immensely across different regions and civilizations.Amongst these, the disparities between Chinese and Western culinary traditions are particularly intriguing.From the choice of ingredients to cooking methods and table manners, both cultures exhibit distinctive characteristics that reflect their unique historical and social backgrounds.In terms of ingredients, Chinese cuisine is renowned for its vast array of options.vegetables, meats, seafood, and various types of grains form the staple of Chinese diets.Spices such as chili, Sichuan peppercorn, and garlic are commonly used to add flavors.On the other hand, Western cuisine often emphasizes the freshness of ingredients and simpler flavors.Grilled meats, vegetables roasted in olive oil, and cheese are typical components of Western dishes.Cooking techniques also differ significantly.Chinese cooking is characterized by its diverse methods, including stir-frying, steaming, roasting, and boiling.These techniques help to preserve the nutritional value of the food while infusing it with vibrant flavors.Western cooking, on the other hand, tends to focus on baking, roasting, and grilling.These methods often result in richer, more indulgent dishes.Table manners are another area where Chinese and Western cultures differ.In the West, there is a strong emphasis on using utensils correctly and maintaining a quiet demeanor during meals.Conversely, Chinese table manners place a greater emphasis on shared eating and displaying enthusiasm for the food.For instance, it is common for Chinese people to use their hands to pick up food from a shared plate, while Westerners typically use knives and forks.Moreover, the cultural significance of food also varies between the two regions.In China, food is often seen as a symbol of hospitality and respect.Hosts often go to great lengths to prepare elaborate meals for their guests, showcasing their wealth and generosity.In contrast, Western cultures tend to prioritize convenience and speed when it comes to food.This is evident in the rise of fast food restaurants and the popularity of ready-to-eat meals.In conclusion, the differences between Chinese and Western dietary cultures are a reflection of their unique historical, social, and geographical backgrounds.From the choice of ingredients to cooking methods and table manners, both cultures offer valuable insights into their respective worldviews and values.As we become more interconnected globally, it is exciting to witness the exchange and融合of these diverse culinary traditions.。

中西饮食文化差异英语作文

中西饮食文化差异英语作文In the vast landscape of global culinary traditions, the Chinese and Western food cultures stand as two distinct pillars, each with its own unique characteristics and practices. This essay aims to explore the differences between these two culinary worlds, from their dining etiquette totheir approach to flavors and ingredients.Dining EtiquetteOne of the most noticeable differences lies in the dining etiquette. In Western culture, meals are often served individually, and it is common practice to use a knife and fork, with the fork always held in the left hand and theknife in the right. In contrast, Chinese dining is typicallya communal affair, with dishes shared in the middle of the table. Chopsticks are the primary eating utensils, and it is customary to serve food to others as a sign of respect.Approach to FlavorsThe approach to flavors is another area where the twocultures diverge. Western cuisine tends to emphasize abalance of flavors, with a focus on individual ingredientsand their distinct tastes. Chinese cuisine, on the other hand, is known for its complex flavor profiles, often combining sweet, sour, bitter, and spicy elements in a single dish to create a harmonious blend.Use of IngredientsThe use of ingredients also varies significantly. Western cooking often relies on a variety of dairy products, meats, and vegetables, with a preference for simplicity and minimalism in the number of ingredients used in a dish. Chinese cooking, however, is characterized by a vast array of ingredients, including a wide range of spices and condiments that are used to enhance the flavors of the food.Cooking TechniquesWhen it comes to cooking techniques, Western cuisine often involves methods such as baking, frying, and roasting, with an emphasis on achieving a certain level of doneness in the meat or vegetables. Chinese cooking techniques are diverse and include stir-frying, steaming, and deep-frying, with a focus on preserving the natural flavors and nutritional value of the ingredients.Meal StructureThe structure of meals is different as well. A typical Western meal consists of an appetizer, a main course, and a dessert, often accompanied by a beverage such as wine or water. Chinese meals are more likely to be a collection of dishes served simultaneously, with rice or noodles as a staple, and soup is a common accompaniment.ConclusionIn conclusion, the differences between Chinese and Westernfood cultures are as rich and varied as the dishes themselves. From the communal dining experience in China to the individualistic approach in the West, from the complexflavors of Chinese cuisine to the simpler, more balanced flavors of Western dishes, each culture offers a unique perspective on the art of cooking and the joy of eating. Understanding these differences not only enriches ourculinary experiences but also promotes cultural appreciation and understanding.。

从饮食文化角度浅析中西思维方式的差异

从饮食文化角度浅析中西思维方式的差异 [摘要]中西饮食文化差异明显，各有长处。

本文试通过对中西饮食文化的比较，揭示出中西方思维方式的差异。

[关键词]中国西方饮食文化思维方式差异一、从饮食观念方面看中西思维方式的差异中国人比较感性，在饮食方面追求色、香、味、形、器俱全，讲究调和之美，强调味感，很少考虑饭菜的营养性，对饮食的美性追求压倒了理性，是一种美性饮食观。

在中国，民间有句俗话、“民以食为天，食以味为先”。

“味”是中国饮食文化的核心。

这种味是由饮食的滋味和饮食的意味共同组成的复合味，其中，饮食的滋味是指食物的内在之味（味觉审美），即饮食的口味感觉好不好吃；饮食的意味是指食物的味外之味（心理审美），即饮食的艺术性好不好看。

这两种“味”就是中国饮食的色、香、味、形、器俱全的核心之意。

但无论是那种“味”，都是内心的一种情感体验。

也就是说中国人多从味觉、视觉、触觉等方而直观地把握饮食。

饮食的目的，除了果腹充饥之外，更注重食物的“味”所能带来的精神享受，强调感性和艺术性，追求一种难以言传的“意境”。

而不论饮食的营养是过度，还是不足，也不论食物的各种营养成份是否搭配得当，只要口味好，便乐意享受这口福。

这充分体现了中国人比较感性，侧重于直觉和内心体验的思维方式。

与中国人不同，深受理性思维方式影响的西方人，崇尚逻辑推理论证。

在饮食观念上，强调饮食的营养价值和科学分析，是一种理性饮食观。

他们认为，饮食仅是生存的手段，用以果腹充饥而已，只不过它采用了一种更科学、规范和合理的方式。

所以相对于美味，他们更加注重食物所含蛋白质、脂肪、热量和维生素的多少，特别讲究食物的营养成分含量是否搭配合宜，卡路里的供给是否恰到好处，以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，有无其他副作用，尽量保持食物的原汁和天然营养，而不追求食物的色、香、味、形的完美。

即便是口味千篇一律，甚至味同嚼蜡，他们也会将它吃下去，因为理智告诉他们、这样吃才有营养。

从饮食文化中看中西文化差异

从饮食文化中看中西文化差异中西饮食文化之间存在着许多差异，这些差异不仅体现在食物的选择和口味上，更反映了中西方在饮食观念、用餐方式、饮食习惯、饮食礼仪等方面的不同。

首先，中西饮食文化的差异体现在食物的选择和口味上。

中国饮食注重五味调和，强调色、香、味俱佳的美食。

中餐的主食以米饭、面条为主，荤素搭配，讲究食物的搭配搭，追求食物的质地口感和鲜美味道。

而西餐则以面包、面食为主，荤素搭配，多以肉类为原料，用烹调技法将其煎、炸、烤等制作，追求食物的原汁原味和口感丰富。

此外，中餐中有许多传统的食物，例如烤鸭、酸辣粉等，而西餐则有许多独特的美食，例如披萨、汉堡等。

这些差异体现了中西方对食物的不同追求和口味偏好。

其次，中西饮食文化的差异还体现在饮食观念上。

中国饮食文化强调“饮食有节”，以养生保健为目的，强调食物的药用价值和功能，例如中草药的应用，以及四季饮食的调理等。

中餐追求食物的均衡和养生，讲究滋阴补阳、防病延年。

而西餐则相对注重享受和满足味蕾的感受，其饮食观念更多地强调营养均衡和食物味道的浓郁。

这种差异源于不同的文化背景与历史沿革，反映了中西方在饮食观念上的差异。

此外，中西饮食文化的差异还体现在用餐方式和饮食习惯上。

中国餐桌上常常有大家围坐在一起，共享一盘菜，主食和配菜分开食用。

在中餐饮食文化中，更注重的是人与人之间的互动和交流，食物作为文化的载体扮演着重要的角色。

而西餐则更强调个体的独立性，每个人都有自己的盘子和餐具，注重个人的用餐体验和独立性。

西方人饮食习惯中也有许多特殊之处，例如吃饭时用刀叉来切割食物，而不像中国人习惯使用筷子。

最后，中西饮食文化的差异还体现在饮食礼仪上。

中国餐桌上有许多独特的饮食礼仪，例如夹菜时应尽量避免碰到别人的筷子，喝汤要发出声音等。

中国传统餐桌礼仪强调各种禁忌和规矩，也包括用餐时的言谈举止。

而西方国家的饮食礼仪相对简单，强调的是举止得体和尊重他人。

综上所述，中西饮食文化之间存在着许多差异，它们体现在食物的选择和口味、饮食观念、用餐方式、饮食习惯和饮食礼仪等方面。

中西方饮食文化差异英语作文六年级

中西方饮食文化差异英语作文六年级Differences in Chinese and Western Food CultureFood is a significant aspect of every culture, reflecting its history, geography, climate, and even its values and beliefs. Chinese and Western food cultures are marked by their unique flavors, cooking styles, and traditions that have evolved over centuries. In this essay, we will explore some of the key differences between Chinese and Western food cultures.One of the most prominent differences between Chinese and Western food cultures is the way meals are structured. In China, meals typically consist of rice or noodles served with a variety of meat and vegetable dishes. These dishes are meant to be shared family-style, with everyone at the table taking a little bit of each dish. On special occasions, such as festivals or birthdays, a larger feast may be prepared with multiple courses served in a specific order.In contrast, Western meals are usually more individualized, with each person ordering their own dish from a menu. Western meals typically consist of a main course, which might be a meat or fish dish, served with side dishes like vegetables or potatoes.Dessert is often served at the end of the meal, and coffee or tea is offered as a drink.Another key difference between Chinese and Western food cultures is the use of ingredients and flavors. Chinese cuisine often features a wide variety of vegetables, herbs, and spices, resulting in bold and complex flavors. Garlic, ginger, soy sauce, and rice vinegar are commonly used to add depth and umami to dishes. Western cuisine, on the other hand, tends to focus on simpler flavors with less reliance on spices and condiments. Butter, cream, and cheese are common ingredients in Western cooking, adding richness and creaminess to dishes.Cooking methods also vary between Chinese and Western food cultures. Chinese cuisine often involves stir-frying, steaming, and braising, which require a high level of skill and precision to achieve the right texture and flavor. Western cuisine, on the other hand, includes techniques like roasting, baking, and grilling, which impart a different set of flavors and textures to dishes.Dining etiquette is another area where Chinese and Western food cultures differ. In China, it is customary to use chopsticks to eat, and slurping noodles or soup is seen as a sign of enjoyment. Sharing dishes is encouraged, and the host will often offer atoast to show hospitality. In the West, using a knife and fork is the norm, and it is considered polite to keep your elbows off the table and to chew with your mouth closed.Despite these differences, both Chinese and Western food cultures place a strong emphasis on the importance of food in bringing people together and fostering relationships. Whether it is a family gathering, a holiday celebration, or a formal banquet, sharing a meal is a way to show hospitality, respect, and appreciation for one another.In conclusion, the differences between Chinese and Western food cultures are a reflection of the diverse histories, geographies, and traditions of these two regions. Both cuisines have their own unique charms and flavors that have captivated people around the world. By understanding and appreciating the cultural nuances of each cuisine, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the role that food plays in our lives.。

思维、文化差异与中英语言差异浅析-最新文档

思维、文化差异与中英语言差异浅析语言作为人类交流以及文化传播的重要载体，对于不同语言的研究与理解非常的重要。

不同的国家，不同的区域会存在不同的思想与文化，有些国家幅员辽阔，甚至会出现一个国家内有好多种不同的语言，思维方式的不同，文化的不同都会导致语言的差异，这种差异在国与国之间表现的更加明显。

中英语言作为当今社会影响力最大的两门语言受到了中西方许多学者的重视，通过对一个国家思维、文化差异的研究，对中英文语言的学习更加有利，反之对于中英语言差异的分析也能够在一定程度上了解语言使用国不同的思维与文化。

1.思维、文化和语言的关系思维、文化和语言三者相互联系、相互影响。

一个国家或地区在历史发展的过程中会形成不同的思维方式、文化特点从而慢慢的产生出属于自身的语言文化，思维方式的不同造成了文化的各种要素在不同方面的发展，这也是出现文化差异的重要原因之一，思维、文化的差异则推动着不同的语言的形成，而通过不同的语言，体现着各地区的思维与文化的精髓。

2.中英思维、文化差异对其语言差异产生的影响2.1思维差异与中英语言差异2.1.1思维差异在中英语言差异上的体现通过一定的语言研究发现，中国的思维方式在语言中趋向于曲线式，在很多场合中说话表达并不直接，而对于国外的思维方式在语言中恰好相反，偏向于直线式，很多想法直接通过语句表达出来。

同时在语句之间的衔接以及逻辑表达上，中文偏向于意合，即要表达的意义通过一定语句或分句蕴含的意义来表达，而不是用一定的语言形式手段来连接这些词汇或者句子，英文则刚好相反，偏向于形合，这些直接造成了中英文在连贯以及通篇文章的表达存在显著的差异。

2.1.2思维差异对中英?Z言差异的影响思维差异对中英语言差异的影响主要体现在感性与理性思维、综合和分析思维、形象和抽象思维三个方面。

在感性与理性思维上，中文在感性思维的体现上特别明显，古诗词的抒情达意，文章能分为抒情文，记叙文等都是很好的证明，强调了将五官感受通过语言文字等形式表达出来。

中西方思维方式差异对饮食文化的影响分析

中西方思维方式差异对饮食文化的影响分析一、本文概述随着全球化的进程不断加速，饮食文化作为人类文明的重要组成部分，日益受到人们的关注。

中西方饮食文化，各自承载着独特的文化内涵和思维方式，表现出鲜明的差异性。

这些差异不仅体现在食材选择、烹饪技艺、餐桌礼仪等方面，更深层次的，是中西方思维方式的差异对饮食文化产生的深远影响。

本文旨在探讨中西方思维方式的差异如何塑造和影响了各自的饮食文化，以及这些影响在现代社会中的具体表现。

我们将对中西方思维方式的差异进行概述，包括整体思维与个体思维、直觉思维与分析思维、天人合一与征服自然等方面的对比。

接着，我们将分析这些思维方式的差异如何影响了中西方饮食文化的形成和发展，包括食材选择、烹饪技艺、餐桌礼仪、饮食观念等方面的具体表现。

我们将对中西饮食文化在现代社会中的交流与融合进行探讨，以期对未来的饮食文化发展趋势进行预测和展望。

通过本文的研究，我们希望能够更深入地理解中西方饮食文化的内涵和特色，以及它们背后的思维方式差异。

我们也期望能够通过对这些差异的分析和比较，为跨文化交流和全球化进程中的文化融合提供有益的启示和思考。

二、中西方思维方式的差异中西方思维方式的差异在深层次上源于各自的文化传统、地理环境、历史发展等多种因素。

总体来说，中国思维方式倾向于整体性、直觉性、象征性，而西方思维方式则更注重分析性、逻辑性和实证性。

中国思维方式强调天人合一，注重整体和谐。

在对待问题时，中国人倾向于从整体出发，寻求事物之间的相互联系和内在规律。

这种思维方式在饮食文化中表现为对食材的全面利用和烹饪手法的细腻处理，追求食物的味道、营养和美观的和谐统一。

例如，中餐烹饪中常用的炖、煮、蒸等烹饪方式，旨在保持食物的原汁原味，同时注重食物的搭配和色彩的搭配，以达到色、香、味、形、皿的和谐统一。

相比之下，西方思维方式更强调分析性，注重个体和局部的精确描述。

在对待问题时，西方人倾向于将整体分解为各个部分，逐一进行研究和分析。

【精品】中英饮食文化差异中英双语

【关键字】精品Cultural differences between Chinese and Western food中西方饮食文化的差异The ancients say: In the development of human society, the national diet also gradually formed its own unique culture. Different regions, different eating habits in different diet contributed to the different diet culture. The differences between Chinese culture and western diet culture created the difference, the difference between different from the way of thinking and philosophy. "Nature and humanity" to the Chinese and western "people-oriented". From the following five aspects are here to talk about the western diet culture differences..古人云：民以食为天。

在人类社会的发展中，各国的饮食也逐渐形成了自己独特的文化。

不同的地区有着不同的饮食习惯，不同的饮食习惯造就了不同的饮食文化。

中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。

中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。

这里简要从下面五个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。

A, Chinese and western culture中西饮食文化(a) the Chinese diet culture中国的饮食文化China has a history of more than 5000 years, formed the canBad rich and profound Chinese culture. Chinese noteHeavy "unity". The Chinese diet with food, with things. IdeographicFeeling. The Chinese diet culture surprising, rewardHeart pleasing to the eye. This is pleasing to the eye, refers to the activities of the Chinese dietThe content and means to perfect and unified, caused by peopleThe aesthetic pleasure and mental enjoyment.中国有着五千多年的历史，形成了灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化。

浅析与饮食相关的中英习语及其文化对比分析

浅析与饮食相关的中英习语及其文化对比分析一门系统的语言一般都会拥有大量的习语，而习语是一门语言的精粹，是一个民族智慧的结晶，它们寓意深刻，带有浓厚的地方和民族色彩。

习语源自生活，是人们在劳动过程中根据自己的亲身经历或是经验逐渐创造出来的，它们蕴含着大量的文化信息，对一个民族或是一门语言来讲有非常重要的意义。

而衣、食、住、行是千百年来任何人都必须进行的最基本的生存活动，天长日久，日积月累，由此衍生出与之相关的习语不可胜数。

不同种族和不同地域的人由于生活习惯，宗教信仰等的差异，这些习语的意义和用法可说是千差万别。

作为语言学习者，掌握这些习语的相关文化背景和他们的实际用途对完全深入理解一门语言来说是非常重要的。

这里，我们就从中英习语中与衣食住行中食相关的习语入手，从它们反映出的中英截然不同的民族特性、生活习惯以及思维方式的差异，来探讨一下中英相关的历史文化背景。

1 与饮食相关的汉语习语说到吃，很多人都会觉得很有兴致，一份精致的小菜能让一个人顿时口舌生津、精神愉悦。

而中国是一个讲究美食的国家，烹饪技术自古以来就有很高的水准。

长期以来，通过劳动人民的创造，帝王贵胄的倡导，文人墨客的歌颂，我国饮食文化的发展不仅表现在物质上烹出了千味百肴，在精神上也结出了璀璨绚丽的硕果。

在汉语中，与饮食相关的习语相当丰富，有许多表达方式都和吃有很紧密的联系。

在此，笔者略举几个，并加以分析和探讨，比如：1）炒鱿鱼：本是一道菜肴的名称，炒鱿鱼丝，而我们现在都把它用作解雇、开除讲。

在《汉语大词典》中，炒鱿鱼被定义为：“比喻被解雇，卷起铺盖离开。

”怎么被开除了会和鱿鱼有关系呢？原来在旧社会，老板开除员工后，员工就会拿上自带的被褥等行李离开，人们偶然从“炒鱿鱼”这道菜中发现，在烹炒鱿鱼时，一块块平直的鱿鱼片遇热会慢慢卷起来成为圆筒状，这和被解雇后卷起的铺盖外形差不多，而且卷的过程也很相像，再加上“开除”这类词语太为刺耳，所以被解雇就逐渐被人们叫做“炒鱿鱼”了。

Differences Between Chinese and Western Food Culture 浅析中西饮食文化的差异

毕业论文题目浅析中西饮食文化的差异英文题目Differences Between Chinese and Western Food Culture院系专业姓名年级指导教师二零零七年六月AbstractFood plays an irreplaceable role in the development of society and the progress of human civilization. It is an essential prerequisite for human existence. However, different nations have different food and food habits. That is because they have different culture, especially food culture. Only within the context of each individual culture can food and food habits be best understood. This thesis expounds the important function of food culture between different countries’ cultural communication by analyzing Chinese and Western food culture. By examining these differences, we can improve our ability in cultural communication.Food culture is a special cultural phenomenon. B y the process of people’s studies, people know food culture from one side to the study of different culture backgrounds, customs and historical environments. This thesis endeavors to analyze the cultural differences and their root causes in Chinese and Western food cultures from the perspective of concept, etiquette and content, and points out that with the development of cross-cultural communication, more communication and interaction will arise between Chinese and western food cultures and they will develop together.Key words: value conception; feature; etiquette; Chinese food culture; western food culture摘要饮食作为人类生存的必要前提在人类社会的发展和文明进步中起着无可替代的作用。

The Differences between Chinese and Western Food Cultures 中西饮食文化差异

毕业设计（论文）开题报告助学点：外语系专业：英语（外贸英语方向）IIIIII毕业设计（论文）中期报告IVThe Differences between Chinese andWestern Food Cultures中西饮食文化差异摘要饮食文化是人类文化的重要组成部分，它直接关系到人类的身心健康。

中西文化之间的差异导致了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西不同的价值观、思维方式和处世方式。

本文对饮食观念、饮食结构和餐桌礼仪三方面的饮食文化内涵进行了研究,并分析了中西饮食文化的对立统一性,以及二者相互融合的趋势。

了解中西饮食文化, 可以提高我们的跨文化交际意识和能力，可以避免跨文化交际过程中由于不同的饮食文化和观念而产生的矛盾和冲突,增进双方的了解和沟通。

关键词：跨文化交际，文化价值，饮食文化，对立统一VThe Differences between Chinese and Western Food CulturesABSTRACTFood culture is the key part of the human culture, which is directly related to human beings’ physical and mental health. Cultural differences between China and western countries create the differences of food cultures, which come from the different cultural values, ways of thinking and philosophy. By comparing the different cultural values between China and western countries, the paper mainly makes a research on the differences of Western and Chinese food cultures from the aspects of food conception, structure and table manners. It also states the food cultures opposites in unity between these two kinds of countries and inevitability of their blending together. Understanding their differences and rectifying the attitudes towards the individual culture will enhance our communicative awareness and competence and avoid the contradictions and conflicts brought forth by different food cultures and values, and thus promoting culture exchange and development.Keywords:cross-cultural communication; cultural value; food cultures; opposites in unityVIAcknowledgementsWith the completeness of my thesis, I feel very excited. My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Ms , my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the writing of this thesis. Without her constant and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not reach its present form.I am greatly indebted to authors and writers for their allowing me to have access to their books pertinent to this dissertation.I also thank those who help me in course of the writing and whose names I can’t list here one by one.VIICONTENTS摘要 (V)ABSTRACT (V)I1 Introduction (1)2 Main Differences between Chinese and Western Food Culrures (2)2.1 Conceptual Differences (2)2.2 Different Manners (4)2.3 Different Characteristics (7)2.3.1 Different Dinner Service (7)2.3.2 Different Cookbooks and Reasons (8)3 The Unity of Food Cultures as Two Opposites (10)4 Conclusion (13)References (14)VIII1 IntroductionCulture has a long history, and it still is being studied nowadays. Culture is something that originated with the emergence of man. Sir Edward, the British anthropologist, says that culture is that complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, and moral, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. (Harris, 1987, 2) Different regions, different races and different countries all form their own culture. Different regions and different living environments make them have different backgrounds. Different backgrounds affect different appearance of cultures. Food culture is the basic culture for a nation. Food cultures can show differences and characteristics of different nations or countries.As an important aspect of culture，Food culture can be defined as the sum of material and spiritual phenomena in the catering activities. With the emphasis on a healthy food, many Chinese and foreign scholars are studying the nutritional food in order to find a more reasonable food. Differences of food cultures in different countries are a phenomenon of cross-cultural communication. Studying these differences can train people’adaptability in cross-cultural communication. Cross-cultural communication in the situation of globalization makes the different food cultures complementary and integrated.12 Main Differences between Chinese and Western Food Culrures 2.1 Conceptual DifferencesDifferences between American and Chinese food culture reflects two different food concepts and values. Chinese people are always upholding “People regard food as their heave, taste is the essence of food” .the eight major cuisines of china reflect the rich connotations of Chinese food culture. From this, we can know that the food is in a very important position in minds of Chinese people. Chinese food culture concerns the meaning of material and has a trend of achieving a mental need. Chinese food cult ure’s great sentiment is well established, so it has the very high prestige in the world. The Chinese people think that it is reasonable to eat three meals a day. Eating can relieve thirst and appease hunger, but it has some meanings. For example, when a child comes into the world, the relatives often eat the red-painted eggs. These kinds of eggs contain their wishes and their expectations. Life can be continued and the great expectations can be passed down from generation to generation. When a child is one year old, their family will hold a party to celebrate it and to eat many kinds of food. When people want to have a marriage, they also want to have a lively banquet to celebrate it. Seen from the surface, these kinds of eating are only satisfy physical needs. In fact, they have ulterior motivations. They want to take advantage of this kind of form to express one kind of psychological connotation. Eating has a very profound and significant position in the society.Through the Chinese and the Western association, our food culture has merged into some new characteristics. Besides the quality, fragrance and flavor, food should concern the nutrition. This is a progressive expression of the Chinese food. The basic connotation and inspection of the Chinese food culture not only can be helpful to deepen the food cultural theory, but can occupy the world market. It can make the Chinese food culture have the profound and positive sense. It may have four characteristics: refinement, beauty, feeling, courtesy. The four characters have reflected the food activities, and have processed the food quality, the esthetic experience, the emotional activity, the social function and so on. They also contain unique cultural implication. They reflect close relation between the food culture and the outstanding traditional culture.2Chinese food culture attacks great importance to the food’s fine beauty and making devices.First, “refinement” can be used to summarize the intrinsic quality. Confucius said that the good food can be shown from the beautiful appearance, and we consider the minced meat to be good because of its thin. This reflects that the ancients have begun to concern high-quality food. Certainly this is possibly limited to certain aristocrat. But this kind of high-quality food can show one kind of cultural spirit. More and more cultural spirit has permeated the entire food activity. Choosing the material, the cooking, and the food atmosphere all manifest this characteristic of refinement.Second, “beauty” manifests the food culture’s esthetical characteristic. One important reason why Chinese food can conquer the world lies in its beauty. This kind of beauty refers to the Chinese food can unite the form of action and the perfect content. People can enjoy this kind of happy spirit. The first reason for making people to taste the food is the beauty of the food, anther criterion for judging food is the technique of cooking which can make people have an esthetical feeling.Third, “feeling” can be used to summarize the function o f satisfying psychological need of Chinese food culture. Eating and drinking cannot simply reflect it. In fact, feeling is a medium that can make people exchange the emotion. It is one kind of entirely new social activity. At the same time, while eating a meal, people also can chat with each other. They may do business, exchange information and have the interview. The friends’ meeting and parting and seeing off the departing people are the sentimental disturbance.Fourth, the Chinese food can show the court esy of Chinese people. The “refinement”, “beauty”, “feeling” and “courtesy”, can be used to summarize the basic conations of Chinese food culture. In the other words, these four aspects are the organic constitution of Chinese food culture. The refinement and beauty stress on the food image and the quality. The feeling and courtesy can lay emphasis on the view of food. These four characteristics can show the prevailing customs. They are the special characteristics and can make the Chinese food culture be different from Western food culture.Western food cannot have these characteristics like Chinese food. It concerns more nutrition of food rather than other aspects. The Western people have a very scientific view3of food, but they may have less attention to the flavor of food. The Western people justconsider the food as a fuel of bodies. They just want to live by eating the food, and eating the food is to live and to keep healthy.2.2 Different MannersFirst, there are different arrangements of seats.Chinese and western all concern the arrangement of seats at a formal banquet.In China, etiquette on food has a very long history. It is recorded that in Chou Dynasty, had formed a set of perfect systems. Especially, since Confucius praised the etiquette, the etiquette has become an important part for every dynasty to show its mightiness, kindness and civilization. As a traditional etiquette, it has its process. Traditionally, Chinese people often use the old fashioned square table or round table for eight people. The host invites people to have the dinner. When some guests come, the host often let them have a rest in the drawing room and drink some tea. The host could let all the guests take their seats in the dining room when all the guests arrive. The left place is the respectful and is considered the first place. Then the seat near to the first seat is the second. They usually let the guest who is in the high rank take the left seat and then arrange the others’ seats one by one. After the guests all took their seats, the host should toast and let the guests eat more foods. In China, it is a good and polite way for the host to treat the guests in this way. The host should let the guests feel at ease. Sometimes he or she can pick up the food and put in to the g uests’ plates. However, this action cannot be done excessively, and it will let the guests feel embarrassed. The reason is that sometimes it is very hard for the guests to deal with their excessive foods. Until Qing Dynasty, the Western food was brought in to China. Some Western countries’ etiquette also went into our country. Some changes have taken place in our traditional etiquettes. Nowadays, etiquette on Chinese food has developed on the basis of keeping traditions and consulting Western countries’ etiq uettes. The order of seat is that the right is considered as the first place and respectful position. The main host takes the seat facing to the door. The first and second important guest should sit on both sides of the host. The second guest also can seat near the first important guest.When the Western people have the dinner, they often use the long and square table. Thehost and hostess take both sides of the table, and then arrange the guests of honor.4Second, table manners differ greatly from country to country. Traditionally, at the Chinese dining table, everyone has his or her own bowl of stable food, while the dishes are placed in the middle of the table to be shared by all. This age-old custom is one manifestation of the importance of food in Chinese civilization. It is the cooked dishes, rather than flowers, that serve as center pieces on a Chinese table; food is frequently the main topic of dinner time and food is the medium of communicating the host’s good wishes and the joy of the celebration. Enjoyment of the food offered is much more important than conversation.When we have a dinner, we cannot think only of ourselves. If we have a meal with others, we must examine whether our hands are clean. Do not put the left food to the pot, and do not hold the food by yourself. In the dinner, the drink is the necessary thing. It plays an important role at banquets. It can make people feel excited and make the atmosphere high. At the same time, in order to express the respect for others, they often drink the bear one cup by one cup. The host takes the first piece of the most valued food and put it on their guest of honor’s plate after leading the first drink. This will signify the beginning of the eating and is considered as a friendly gesture. At the banquet, some things need to be considered. Some seeds and bones of the food should be placed on the table or in a reserved dish. Do not place these in your bowl. If you want to break the dinner for a while, you can vertically put chopstick on the dishes. If you put chopsticks horizontally on the dishes or place your chopsticks on the table, it shows that you are full and do not eat anymore. Do not place your chopsticks parallel on the top of your bowl. It is believed to bring bad luck. Do not stick your chopsticks straight up in your rice bowl. Do not put the end of the chopsticks in your mouth. Sometimes, try not to drop your chopsticks on some formal occasions. This is also considered a sign of bad luck. After finishing the dinner, guests should help hosts clear away bowls and chopsticks and give them to the hosts. The hosts should rise and let the guests not work and sit down. These customs are also necessary in the modern times.At the banquet of the Western countries, they should sit bolt upright, and they think it is impolite to stoop down and to lower their heads. At the same time, they should keep a distance between their bodies and the table. It is appropriate for people to be able to use forks, knives and spoons. It is not allowed to put their arms on the table or to stretch out5their arms to stand in others’ way. They also should use the table napkin. The napkin only can be used to clean mouth and hands. Do not use it to clean utensils and even sweat. When finishing the dinner, you should put the napkin on the right of the dish. It is considered bad manners to make any noise while eating soup in Western countries, while it is not considered impolite to drink soup noisily in Asian countries. If the soup is hot, we can drink it when it becomes a bit cold. Do not blow it to make it cold. When drinking the soup, people should use soup spoons from the inner to outer. After the soup is finished, they should leave the spoon in the bowl. Do not make the knife fork and spoon make a sound when you are eating the meal. If you do not use them, you just put them on the right places and do not play with them. In Western society, anyone who lifts their plate or bowl from the table is criticized. There are also correct and incorrect ways of using your cutlery at the dining table. Good etiquettes require a person to put food on the back of their fork; that is, not to use their forks as spoons. However, most people do sometimes use their fork as a spoon when they eat some food, like rice, it is an impolite way to wave knives and forks when you are speaking. There is a different way to show finishing the dinner in the Western countries. At a Western banquet, if you want to have a break during the dinner, you should put the knife and fork in the middle of plate by the splay shape. If you put the knife and fork outside of the plate, it will be not safe and also it cannot have a good looking. In the Western countries, the hostess often is the master of the whole party. The guests often need to behave properly, and they begin to eat the food when the hostess begins to eat. When finishing the dinner, it is common that the hostess leaves the table first and then the guests begin to leave. At this point, we can see that at the dinner, the ladies are in the important places. It can show their kindness of the gentlemen. “Lady first” often can be said by them and the gentlemen often can show their polite actions to the ladies. This is a good action for people and we should learn it. In the formal feast, there are many things that should be known and considered. Especially at Western countries’ feast, people should know about those manners and customs. If not, people will make many mistakes, what is worse; their impolite ways can disturb and influence others. Sometimes, the action of people will be a joke for people to absorb into the big environment and to communicate with others well. As for foreigners, if they can learn about them well, it can make them adapt to the life of others.6Third, there are also differences in the order of dishes. In China, the first dish is soup, and then the main food, such as rice. The last of the dinner is fruit that is used to expedite the assimilation. In the Western countries, the order is vegetable, soup, fruit, drink and rice. The sweetmeat and coffee often are the last.Fourth, we have different requests for dressing. In China, people can be informally dressed, even T-shirts and jeans when they are in the restaurant. Only when they attend some formal feast, they will be grandly dressed. In the Western countries, if people go to the deluxe restaurant, the men should wear the clean coat and leather shoes, and the ladies should wear skirts and shoes with heels. If they are asked to wear the formal clothes, the men need to wear ties. They cannot be dressed in casual wear to go to the restaurant to have the dinner. If they just do so, they will be considered to be impolite by others. If we have the chance to have formal dinners, we should remember to wear formal clothes. It can show your kindness and courtesy.2.3 Different CharacteristicsFood culture is not only related to eating, It is the culture that includes beliefs, views, philosophies, regions, art and other things that are related to food, and many new things have swarmed into our countries. Among them, there is the food culture. Many people desire to try different foods from different countries. However, there are a few people who can really learn about these differences. The food culture of one country or one place can be the epitome of its culture. In order to increase communications between different nations, we should learn about these characteristics.2.3.1 Different Dinner Service“The difference between the Eastern and Western civilization is primarily different in the tools used. The difference between the Western and the Chinese culture is primarily different in the dinner service.” (胡适，2001:25)In China, chopsticks are the tool used for eating. Chopsticks can be dated from Chou Dynasty. In the West, people often use knife and fork in the dinner. Knife and fork’s appearance is later than chopstick.Professor You Xiuling who is in Zhejiang University thinks that the West and the East7turn up dinner services’ differences that are related to the environment. Chopstick should be invented in the place where there were bamboos. In the ancient period, our forefathers mainly used their hands to grasp and eat food. Later because people were fond of roasting food, but they could not directly use their hands to operate, they must depend on the branch to turn over the food. As time passed, intelligent forefathers gradually learned to use bamboo slip to take food.Knife and forks originated from ancient nomadic Europeans. After they gradually settled down, livestock husbandry gave first place in Europe. Because of it, their principal food was meat. They must use knife to cut meat and send it to mouth. In order to improve the gesture of eating, European people used the fork in the 15th century. Until they settled down in the city, knife and fork were not in the kitchen. There was a history of four hundred or five hundred years for them to use knife and fork together.Knife and fork and chopsticks not only bring diversities of eating’s habits, but also influence the Western and Chinese people’s views of life. Knife and fork bring the style of separating food, and chopsticks are suitable for having a meal with family members. (游修龄，2003：1) The Western feature is derived that Western people are particular about independence, but the style of eating using chopstick make Chinese people have the firm family views. Chopsticks are a symbol of cultural traditions. Its characteristic is that exchangeability adapts to changeability. This is still what Chinese people are proud of and it is an advanced symbol. The famous physicist PhD Li Zhengdao has perfect discussion for chopsticks’ advantages. He thinks that Chopsticks used the principl e of lever and what hands can do.2.3.2 Different Cookbooks and ReasonsChinese traditional agriculture kept many habits of hunting, and there are many cookbooks and lots of cooking devices.In China, although there is no agreement on the precise number of Chinese regional cuisines, those concerned with such matters agrees that the four principal culinary regions are Shandong, Sichuan, Canton and Yangzhou, with Fujian-Taiwan most commonly listed as a fifth. At the same time, these designations are not hard and fast geographical boundaries.8The cuisine of entire densely populated Yangtze River delta area, including Wuxi, Suzhou, Shanghai and Hangzhou dishes, falls under the category of Yangzhou cuisine. All over China, there are numerous local delicacies and foods unique to various ethnic groups are middle and low levels of food attract lots of consumers. Their food is also Chinese food’s main stream.In Chinese cooking, frying, deep-frying, stewing and other ways of cooking are made of various cooking devices.Western traditional agriculture is animal husbandry, and plant products industry has a little wheat. Its cookbooks and cooking devices are fewer and simpler than China. As we all know, Western people like the bread, cake, cheese and other foods that often contain sugar. Another favorite food is the beefsteak with blood.The fast food is also very popular in Western countries. You can find a fast food chain, like McDonald’s, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut or Taco Bell. You also can get a hero or submarine sandwich “to stay” or “to go” from sandwich shop or deli. It is related to the fast step of life.Now in Western countries, many ethnic restaurants are commonplace. Many Western countries are developed countries, and they become countries of immigrants. So there is an immense variety in its catering culture. In America, any large American city is filled with restaurants serving international cooking. Many cities even have ethnic sections: Chinatown, Little Italy, or Germantown. With this vast ethnic choice, we can enjoy food from all over the world. From this, we can feel that many food cultures are merging into other different food culture. Now some Chinese foods have been directly absorbed into English form of Latin alphabets. Such as chow mien (炒面), Tofu pulp (豆浆), won ton (馄饨) and so on. At the same time, many foreign sweets and cakes are favorably received by Chinese people.93 The Unity of Food Cultures as Two OppositesNowadays, technology develops so fast, and it needs every nation and every country to communicate with each other. It can make the world go on developing. Cultures in different countries are continuously advancing, changing and developing. In this situation, every country will have the chance to absorb other cul tures’ advantages. Cultural communication will clad to one manifestation-cultural assimilation. This is one kind of direction of cultural development. As communication is continuously deep-going, we all realize that we should learn about the characteristics of other cultures because we need to communicate with each other and we need to develop. If we do not know about these, it will be very hard to communicate with each other. Now the economy is developing, and every country also wants to develop. If one country wants to develop, it cannot only communicate with itself. It needs to communicate with other countries, and it needs to learn about developments of other countries and the world. One country cannot develop itself if it does not communicate with others. This kind of communication makes us know more about other countries, including their cultures. Among these cultures, food culture is one kind of important culture. It can play an important role in the business. In the business, the etiquettes of the food culture must be considered. It can be helpful for us to learn more about these etiquettes. It lets us adjust to these ones and let us become more easily to communicate with other people. We will have more topics to talk about. “Nowadays, all kinds of culture really enter an era of reciprocal link, reciprocal influence. So does the food culture.” (张从益，2004:96) that is, people’s curiosity and each other’s adaptation. As China opens her door to the world, many new things rush into her. Among them, is food? Fast food restaurants like KFC and McDonald’s are distinct American brands. Deep-rooted in the Chinese consciousness is the traditional culture of food and drink that features color, fragrance, flavor and variety. Fast food simply does not compare. Now that curiosity had faded, people returned to their own more extensive cuisine. Under such circumstances, the only way out was to combine the two different cultures. Fast food restaurants have been learning to absorb elements of Chinese culture. Since the summer of 2001, KFC has introduced many Chinese items onto their menus. Consumers felt their traditions were being10respected when they could taste Chinese cuisine at a foreign restaurant. The soup proved a success, and Mushroom Rice, tomato and Egg Soup, and Traditional Peking Chicken Roll were soon added to the menu. KFC also serves packets of Happy French Fry Shakes that contain beef, orange and Augur barbecue spices KFC and McDonald’s have absorbed the Chinese cultural elements of showing respect, recognition, understanding, assimilation and amalgamation, while maintaining the substance of the Western culture of efficiency, freedom, democracy, equality and humanity. This inter-cultural management mode, with American business culture at the core, supplemented by Chinese traditional culture, provides reference for international enterprises which need to adjust, enrich and reconstruct their corporate culture to enhance local market flexibility. On the objective side, there must be similarities in environment in order for the two cultures to connect and synchronize. KFC and McDonald’s embody an accommodation of the f ast tempo of modern life: a product of development and a market economy. China’s rapid economic development offered the environmental conditions corresponding to fast food culture. Services offered by fast food chains express their full respect for freedom, an American value, as well as the psychological statement of Chinese open-mindedness that desires to understand and experience the Western lifestyle.As China’s integration into the world economy accelerates, Western food has grown from a small novelty into an emerging industry and an essential part of Chinese food culture. Western food has become more diversified and has increasingly provided Chinese consumers with unconventional enjoyment, a complete turn from traditional Chinese food culture. China now has Western-style cuisine of various nationalities and special characteristics. French, German, and Italian restaurants are the most popular.In the Western countries, there are also many kinds of Chinese foods. Chinese foods are also very popular. The Chinese restaurants in the Western countries have grown in popularity among the Western people. Even the Chinese basketball superstar Yao Ming has managed a Chinese restaurant in America. It is obvious that Chinese food has already been into Western countries. All kinds of foods become popular in the world, and many people begin to learn about the etiquettes of them. People have become familiar with these etiquettes. These etiquettes have a large scale for the world. In order to enter other11。

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第26卷第5期2011年10月齐鲁师范学院学报Journal of Qilu Normal University Vol．26No．5Oct．2011基金项目：山东省社会科学规划研究项目基金课题（编号：09CSHJ08）。

收稿日期：2011－04－18作者简介：刘国伟（1978—），女，山东潍坊人，讲师，医学博士；赵清华（1964—），女，山东诸城人，教授。

从汉英语言中的饮食元素看中西文化、思维与价值取向差异*刘国伟赵清华（山东中医药大学外国语学院，山东济南250355）摘要：汉英语言饮食元素的差异，体现了中西饮食文化的不同，折射了中西文化的差异与价值取向的不同。

汉语中饮食元素丰富多彩，体现了中国饮食的精细与中国人的哲学思维与注重礼仪的价值取向；而英语中简单的饮食元素则反映了西方人饮食的简约与直接的思维以及注重实用性的价值取向。

以汉英语言中的饮食元素为切入点，可以探寻中西饮食文化的差异，深入了解、准确把握中西不同的文化与价值取向，进而在中西文化交流时避开障碍，进行互补和兼容，达到合作共赢。

关键词：饮食元素；文化、思维与价值取向；差异中图分类号：G04文献标识码：A文章编号：1008－2816（2011）05－0082－042010年6月，世界各国舆论都在关注美俄“汉堡外交”：美国总统奥巴马邀请到访的俄罗斯总统梅德韦杰夫，在会谈后到华盛顿市郊的雷氏汉堡店共进午餐［1］。

许多中国人见到报道后大为不解：两个大国的最高领导人聚餐，竟然只吃简单至极的汉堡，这与想象中的国宴也相差太远了吧？其实，除了“汉堡外交”之外，生活中有许多现象都有饮食元素的影子，如国人称被夹在双方之间的人为“夹心饼干”，西方人称镇定自若为“as cool as a cucumber ”。

这些饮食元素作为载体，传递了有关中西文化的不同信息。

透过表层的语言载体，深入剖析深层的文化、思维、价值取向不难发现：汉英语言饮食元素的差异，体现了中西文化、思维的差异与价值取向的不同。

汉语饮食元素丰富多彩，体现了中国饮食的精细与中国人的哲学思维与注重礼仪、和合的价值取向；而英语中简单的饮食元素则反映了西方人饮食的简约与直接思维以及注重实用性的价值取向。

一、汉英语言中的饮食元素对比语言是文化的载体，是反映文化的一面镜子，汉语、英语如实地折射了中西方文化各自的特色。

在中西方人日常生活中，文化差异明显体现在语言载体上，其中最为直接的，便是语言中的饮食元素。

汉语中的饮食元素极其丰富，小到朋友见面时简单的问候“吃了吗？”，大到治国方略“治大国，如烹小鲜。

”（《老子·六十章》），饮食元素传递的信息弥漫在人们日常生活的每个角落，贯穿在生、长、壮、老、已的每个阶段，成为人们生活中不可或缺的重要内容。

而英语中虽然也不乏饮食元素，但无论从数量上还是重要性上，都相对逊色一些，其所传递的信息，也相对简单。

汉语中的名句“民以食为天”（《汉书·郦食其总第147期齐鲁师范学院学报传》）最直接点明了饮食对于中国人的重要性。

丰富的饮食元素传递了与生活息息相关的信息：人们找到一份有稳定收入的工作，便可以说是捧上了“铁饭碗”（茅盾，《如是我见我闻》），但一般仍会自谦地说是“混口饭吃”；如鱼得水叫做“吃得开”，甚至可以“大嘴吃四方”、“吃香的、喝辣的”；捉襟见肘了，可说成“巧妇难为无米之炊”；走投无路可以说是“吃不消”；更有甚者，还要“吃不了兜着”；有所质疑时感叹“廉颇老矣，尚能饭否？”（司马迁，《史记·廉颇蔺相如列传》）；穷困潦倒，甚至可以“喝西北风”……相比较而言，英语中的饮食元素远不如汉语中的丰富，而且集中在一些常见词汇上。

如中国人熟知的“the carrot and（the）stick（approach）”（“胡萝卜加大棒”，威逼利诱的意思）和“not have a bean”（一文不名的意思），“carrot”和“bean”都是英美饮食中的常客，故而在习语中也经常出现。

例如“full of beans”（精力充沛），“a hill of beans”（没有多少价值的东西），“pill the beans”（泄露秘密）等等。

此外还有诸如“banana republic”（指香蕉共和国；政府无能、依靠外资的贫穷小国），“a bite at/of the cherry”（指做某事的机会）等，也说明了“banana”和“cherry”两种水果在西方的普遍性。

而“as American as apple pie”（典型美国式的）更是一针见血地表明了苹果派在美国的地位。

由上可见，汉英饮食元素作为传递信息的载体，有着明显的差异。

汉语中，孟子曾说：“食，色，性也。

”（《孟子·告子上》），直接表明了饮食是人类两大基本需求之一，从人生哲学的角度肯定其重要性。

雅、俗、文、白形形色色的饮食元素也提示了生活的丰富多彩。

英语习语中也包含了不少的饮食元素，尽管有“You are what you eat．”的说法，但是相对简单，其传递的信息也相对集中。

如此悬殊的差异，从历史上看，是由于两国人民对饥饿的不同体会、认识带来的文化和思维上的差异造成的。

纵观中国历史，饥荒是导致各个朝代社会不安、农民起义、乃至政权颠覆的重要原因，粮食的匮乏使得中国人更加重视饮食，饮食元素的丰富恰恰证明了汉文化对人类基本需求的重视。

可以说，时至今日，中国政府仍然重视以粮食为主的三农问题是有历史渊源的。

而西方社会受粮食困扰相对较少，其对应的饮食元素自然也就简单。

二、汉英语言中饮食元素的文化渊源汉语中丰富的饮食元素与中国独特的饮食文化密切关联，饮食在中国被上升到了艺术的高度，饮食元素的丰富反映了饮食文化的精进。

近代著名画家张大千曾说过：“吃是人生最高艺术”，钱钟书说：“烹饪是文化在日常生活里最亲切的表现，西洋各国的语文里‘文艺鉴赏力’与‘口味’是同一个字（taste），并非偶然”。

同时，汉语中有“美食家”的称谓，表达了人们对会吃、懂吃者的极大尊重。

而在西方文化中，“吃”虽然重要，但也只是停留在简单的交际层面上，并没有像在中国那样被赋予更多、更为重要的“使命”，更谈不上是“众礼之源”。

汉语中形形色色的饮食元素说明了中国饮食的精致及其与传统文化的高度密合，二者精密化发展并形成了一个独立的系统与文化———饮食文化。

早在清代，著名学者袁枚就曾结合古代烹饪文学和他所听到的厨师关于烹饪技术的谈论系统地总结、整理了《随园食单》。

中国饮食文化追求精致，也体现在饮食元素上：首先是食材语言多样化上———花鸟鱼虫、飞禽走兽，皆可作为盘中之物；其次是烹调语言复杂化———煎、炒、炖、煮、蒸、爆、煨、煸、炸、焖、烧、烤；此外还有菜系语言的丰富化，如著名的八大菜系———川、鲁、粤、苏、闽、浙、湘、徽。

相比而言，西方饮食文化就相对简约，饮食元素也就相应简单。

首先是食材元素简单：西方国家的早餐多以面包、奶酪、黄油等为主，一般人以三明治或者汉堡当午餐，最丰富的晚餐无非是沙拉、烤土豆之类。

当然，也会有“大餐”，也大多是牛排、羊排之类，而且不管怎么豪华高档，从伦敦到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言；此外，作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥、羊排，另一放煮青豆，加几片番茄便成；同时，西方人吃的蔬菜种类大多集中在黄瓜、番茄、圆葱等，远不如中国人选择多，据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。

其次是西方饮食的烹调元素极其简约：一般家庭都配有烤箱，“烤”便成了最为常见的烹饪词汇，从超市买来土豆、加工过的薯条、鸡·38·刘国伟等：从汉英语言中的饮食元素看中西文化、思维与价值取向差异2011年第5期翅之类，放入烤箱，调好时间之后便只等出炉了，味道自然也是千篇一律；蔬菜类的，西方人大多洗净后加入沙拉酱，稍微一拌即可；偶尔煎羊排，便是复杂的工序了。

即使是相同的烹调词汇，如煮，也与国人精工细作，讲究火候、时间、配料等不同，西方人多是将菜、豆之类加入水中白煮，毫无滋味可言。

这也是为什么中国人到国外，对各种所谓的“美食”都觉得“水土不服”的原因。

中西饮食元素的差异，有着文化上的历史根源：中国是个有着五千年文明史的古国，两千年的封建社会历史凸显了农业的重要性，农业的发达自然带来了饮食的丰富多样性，体现在语言上，饮食元素层出不穷也就不足为奇了；而西方的封建社会影响不如中国的深厚，加上近代资本主义的迅速发展，使得农业发展远不如工业崛起来的卓著，因此英语中体现农业、粮食与饮食的元素就相对稀少。

同时，中西地域上的不同，也影响着汉英语言中的饮食元素：中国地大物博，物产丰沃，又有悠久的饮食文化传统，使得汉语中的饮食元素如同滚雪球般，越积越多；西方国家，由于气候、疆域等原因，所产作物有限，自然也就限制了其饮食元素的发展。

三、汉英语言中的饮食元素与中西思维、价值取向的差异1．汉英语言中的饮食元素与中西思维差异汉语中饮食元素的丰富与饮食文化的精致，折射了中国人独特的哲学思维，也就是曲折委婉。

饮食在果腹之外，承载了中国人的思维特色，传达了人们不便于直接用语言表达的含义。

因此饮食元素也就具有了曲折性和委婉性的特色，如让人们望而却步的“鸿门宴”（司马迁，《史记·项羽本纪》）；让不速之客败兴而归的“闭门羹”；让赴宴者忐忑不安的“醉翁之意不在酒”（欧阳修，《醉翁亭记》）都说明了中国人思维的曲折性和表达的婉转性。

西方人简约的饮食文化和简单的饮食元素折射了其简单、理性的思维方式。

换言之，这一饮食观念同西方形而上学的整个哲学体系是相适应的。

例如西方的菜谱多精确，计量均以"克"计算，烹调的整个过程也要严格按照科学规范行事。

笔者在赴英访学期间，经常看到拿着菜谱去买菜、制作菜肴的英国人，起初大为感叹老外的精细，但后来发现其做法非常机械，在复杂的具体情况面前往往是无能为力的。

同时，由于西方菜肴制作的规范化，使得烹调成为一种机械性的工作，毫无创造性。

牛排、炸鸡、色拉，翻来覆去总是那么几个花样。

举世闻名的KFC、Macdonald不仅严格规定了配方配料、油的温度，炸鸡的时间，而且料的准备、调料的添加都精确到克，烹调时间也都精确到秒，所以全世界的肯德基、麦当劳味道都一样也就不足为奇了。

2．汉英语言中的饮食元素与中西价值取向差异中国的饮食文化之所以发展成为传统文化的一朵奇葩，是因为它在满足人们生存需求的同时，被赋予了独特的文化价值。

“衣食足则知荣辱”（《管子·牧民篇》）就是明证。