《英语》

考试科目名称：英语第1页共25页注意：答案必须写在专用答题纸上Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. There are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1. The _____________ from childhood to adulthood is always a critical time for everybody.A. conversionB. transitionC. turnoverD. transformation2. It is hard to tell whether we are going to have a boom in the economy or a __________.A. concessionB. recessionC. submissionD. transmission3. His use of color, light and form quickly departed from the conventional style ofhis ________ as he developed his own technique.A. descendantsB. predecessorsC. successorsD. ancestors4. Failure in a required subject may result in the ______________ of a diploma.A. refusalB. betrayalC. denialD. burial5. To help students understand how we see, teachers often draw an_____________ between an eye and a camera.A. imageB. analogyC. imitationD. axis6. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that ______________ girls in school wasprobably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.A. assigningB. admittingC. involvingD. enrolling7. The author of the report is well ______________ with the problems in thehospital because he has been working there for many years.A. acquaintedB. informedC. accustomedD. known8. When the farmers visited the city for the first time, they were_________________ by its complicated traffic system.A. evokedB. bewilderedC. divertedD. undermined9. If Japan ________________ its relation with that country it will have to findanother supplier of raw materials.A. precludesB. terminatesC. partitionsD. expires10. They were ________________ in their scientific research, not knowing whathappened just outside their lab.A. submergedB. drownedC. immersedD. dipped11. Nobody knew how he came up with this__________idea about the trip.A. wearyB. twilightC. unanimousD. weird12. The flower under the sun would__________quickly without any protection.A. winkB. withholdC. witherD. widower13. The__________of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next weekaccording to their academic performance.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscription14. He__________himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A. repealedB. resentedC. relayedD. reproached15. Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a __________event.A. cholesterolB. charcoalC. catastrophicD. chronic16. He cut the string and held up the two__________to tie the box.A. segmentsB. sedimentsC. seizuresD. secretes17. All the musical instruments in the orchestra will be__________before it starts.A. civilizedB. chatteredC. chamberedD. chorded18. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to be__________.A. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated19. She made two copies of this poem and posted them__________to differentpublishers.A. sensationallyB. simultaneouslyC. strenuouslyD. simply20. If you want this painkiller, you’ll have to ask the doctor for a ______________.A. transactionB. permitC. settlementD. prescriptionPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Public image refers to how a company is viewed by its customers, suppliers, and stockholders, by the financial community, by the communities where it operates, and by federal and local governments. Public image is controllable 21 considerable extent, just as the product, price, place, and promotional efforts 22.A firm’s public image plays a vital role in the 23 of the firm and its products to employees, customers, and to such outsiders 24 stockholders, suppliers, creditors, government officials, as well as 25 special groups. With some things it is impossible to 26 all the diverse publics: for example, a new highly automated plant may meet the approval of creditors and stockholders, 27 it will undoubtedly find 28 from employees who see their jobs 29. On the other hand, high and service standards should bring almost complete approval, 30 low and false claims would be widely looked down upon.A firm’s public image, if it is good, should be 31 and protected. It is a valuable32 that usually is built up over a long and satisfying relationship of a firm with publics. If a firm has learned a quality image, this is not easily 33 or imitated bycompetitors. Such an image may enable a firm to 34 higher prices, to win the best distributors and dealers, to attract the best employees, to expect the most 35 creditor relationships and lowest borrowing costs. It sh ould also allow the firm’s stock to command higher price-earnings ratio than other firms in the same industry with such a good reputation and public image.21. A. in B. within C. on D. to22. A. do B. are C. is D. does23. A. attraction B. attachment C. affection D. generalization24. A. and B. with C. as D. for25. A. converse B. diverse C. reverse D. universe26. A. satisfy B. treat C. amuse D. entertain27. A. so B. then C. thus D. but28. A. support B. identification C. compliment D. resistance29. A. ensured B. promoted C. threatened D. unemployed30. A. because B. while C. though D. when31. A. proclaimed B. postponed C. treasured D. measured32. A. fortune B. asset C. procession D. property33. A. countered B. defeated C. repelled D. compelled34. A. pay B. get C. order D. charge35. A. favorite B. favorable C. prosperous D. prospectivePart III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1The first way we can approach language is as a phenomenon of the individual person. It is concerned with describing and explaining language as a matter of human behavior. People speak and write; they also evidently read and understand what they hear. They are not born doing so; they have to acquire these skills. Not everybody seems to develop them to the same degree. People may suffer accidentsor diseases, which impair their performance. Language is thus seen as part of human psychology, a particular sort of behavior, the behavior, which has as its principal, function that of communication.The trouble with the term “behavior” is that it is often taken to refer only to more or less overt, and describable, physical movements and acts. Yet part of language behavior-that of understanding spoken or written language, for example-has little or no physically observable signs. It is true we can sometimes infer that understanding has taken place by the changes that take place in the other person’s behavior. When som eone has been prohibited from doing something, we may infer that he has understood the prohibition by observing that thereafter he never behaves in that way. We cannot, of course, be absolutely sure that his subsequent behavior is a result of his understanding; it might be due to a loss of interest or inclination. So behavior must be taken to include unobservable activity, often only to be inferred from other observable behavior.Once we admit that the study of language behavior involves describing and explaining the unobservable, the situation becomes much more complicated, because we have to postulate some set of processes, some internal mechanism, which operates when we speak and understand. We have to postulate something we can call a mind. The study of language from this point of view can then be seen as a study of the specific properties, processes and states of the mind whose outward manifestations are observable behavior; what we have to know in order to perform linguistically. This approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual, is thus principally concerned with explaining how we acquire language, and its relation to general human cognitive systems, and with the psychological mechanisms underlying the comprehension and production of speech; much less with the problem of what language is for, that is, its function as communication, since this necessarily involves more than a single individual.36.What is the best title for this passage?A. Language as Means of Communication.B. Language and Psychology.C. Language and the Individual.D. Language as a Social Phenomenon.37.According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Language is often regarded as part of human psychology.B. People develop language skills of different degrees as a result of differentpersonal experiences.C. Language is a special kind of psychological behavior that is born with an individual.D. People learn to speak and write through imitation and training.38.What does the term “behavior” in the second paragraph especially refer to in this passage?A. It refers to observable and physical movements and acts.B. It refers to the part of language behavior that involves understanding or interpretation.C. It refers to both the overt and the unobservable language behaviors in communicating.D. It refers to acts of speaking and writing.39.What does “internal mechanism”(Line 3, Para. 3) mean?A. Secret machine.B. Mental processes.C. Overt system.D. Mechanic operation.40.What can you infer from the passage?A. Its individualistic approach to language is meant to study the psychological processes of language acquisition.B. The individualistic approach to language is mainly concerned with how language functions in society.C. The study of language is sure to involve more than a single individual.D. Psychological approach to language is concerned with the comprehension and production of speech.Passage 2In Japan’s capital city of Tokyo, earthquake danger limits the height of buildings. The city has spread out far and the traffic has become so heavy that it is very difficult to get from one place to another. The price of land, too, has skyrocketed. All this explains why a group of Japanese land developers came to the conclusion that there was nowhere to go but down. So far they have dug out space underground for fifteen major shopping centers, and the underground construction has only begun.What are some of the advantages of shopping and eating underground? Clean, filtered air is one of them. The city of Tokyo has one of the most serious smog problems in the world. Another advantage is that you escape the ever-present threat of traffic acci dents on the city’s busy streets. Still another is the convenience ofgetting around: You’re usually right next to, or even in, a subway station. And you can even spend the night underground if you like. The Kyobashi Station, for example, in downtown Tokyo, has a hotel with a bar, restaurant, and barbershop. All sorts of surprises can be found in the underground world. At the enormous Shinjuku Subway Station you drive down a winding road lined with water fountains to arrive at a scarce item in Tokyo—a parking lot—and you find stores and shops a few steps away. In the second basement of the Toshiba is a “Fisherman’s Wharf” crowded with pleasant little seafood places. A tunnel that connects the Hibiya and Sanshin Buildings has a number of art galleries, as well as medical and dental clinics. In between are little coffee shops where you can relax and get refreshments.Probably the most versatile of the underground wonders, and certainly the most complicated to build, is the Yaesu Subcenter at the heart of the city, where four subway lines link up. Its shopping promenade, which is the size of three football fields, contains 350 stores. In Yaesu you can eat in a different place every day for three months. You can draw money out of a bank and invest it at a stockbroker’s office. There are tailors, watch repairers, furriers, florists, and book sellers. You can meditate in the Plaza of Water while gazing at eight tanks of rare fish. And you can even get arrested by a police officer from the Yaesu subterranean police station! Under all the commercial activity is a parking lot for 520 cars. And under that is a control center where TV monitors watch the devices that watch the air-its temperature, moisture, and purity. There is no alarm for earthquakes, which are common in Tokyo, but the experts feel that there would be fewer problems underground than on the surface in case of tremors. Yaesu also has emergency generators for power and a chemical system for fighting fire.Underground construction can be complex and expensive. At times, the Yaesu crews could work only three hours a day because their activities interfered with the running of the subway. Then there was the problem caused by finding unidentified water and gas pips. Since many of the municipal blueprints of pipe systems were destroyed during World War II, strange pipes kept turning up; and work had to be stopped while they were identified and taken care of by detour or replacement. There was also some resistance from the people above ground. A good many neighborhood shopkeepers began to picket the project crying, “underground is for moles.” They reasoned that they would lose a lot of their business to the underground competition. The Yaesu people countered by offering them a chanceto buy stock in the project. There were a lot of takers, and this had the effect of quieting the complainers. The Yaesu builders wanted to go deeper, but after they had spent 31 million dollars, they ran out of money. Still, there seems to be little doubt that there will be further development down under. In a city like Tokyo, almost the only space left is underground.41. If you want to have your hair cut, you can go to the____.A. Hibiya and Sanshin BuildingsB. Kyobashi StationC. Plaza of WaterD. Second basement of the Toshiba42. It will take____to eat in a different place every day in Yaesu.A. 350 dollarsB. 520 carsC. o ne quarterD. two hours43.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. You can buy furs, flowers and books underground.B. The air is purified underground.C. You can eat fresh seafood underground.D. The Yaesu crew work day after night to finish the project.44.Why underground pipes are difficult to be identified?A. Water and gas pipes are not taken care by construction workers.B. Underground pipe systems were destroyed during World War II.C. Many city planning blueprints can be found nowhere.D. Pipes were buried too deep underground.45.What can be inferred from the passage that?A. Tokyo is a city rich in land resources.B. Underground projects will develop further in the future.C. Underground projects are constructed for moles.D. When there is an earthquake, it’s safer to stay on the surface.Passage 3Throughout the history of life, species of living creatures have made use of chemical energy by the slow combination of certain chemicals with oxygen within their cells. The process is analogous to combustion, but is slower and much more delicately controlled. Sometimes use is made of energy available in the bodies of stronger species as when a remora hitches a ride on a shark or a human beinghitches an ox to a plough.Inanimate sources of energy are sometimes used when species allow themselves to be carried or moved by wind or by water currents. In those cases, though, the inanimate source of energy must be accepted at the place and time that it happens to be and in the amount that happens to exist.The human use of fire involved an inanimate source of energy that was portable and could be used wherever desired. It could be ignited or extinguished at will and could be used when desired. It could be kept small or fed till it was large, and could be used in the quantities desired.The use of fire made it possible for human beings, evolutionarily equipped for mild weather only, to penetrate the temperate zones. It made it possible for them to survive cold nights and long winters, to achieve security against fire-avoiding predators, and to roast meat and grain, thus broadening their diet and limiting the danger of bacterial and parasitic infestation.Human beings multiplied in number and that meant there were more brains to plan future advances. With fire, life was not quite so hand-to-mouth; and there was more time to put those brains to work on something other than immediate emergencies.In short, the use of fire put into motion an accelerating series of technological advances.About 10 000 years ago, in the Middle East, a series of crucial advances were made. These included the development of agriculture, herding, cities, pottery, metallurgy, and writing. The final step, that of writing, took place in the Middle East about 5 000 yea years ago.This complex of changes stretching over a period of 5 000 years introduced what we call civilization, the name we give to a settled life, to a complex society in which human beings are specialized for various tasks.To be sure other animals can build complex societies and can be composed of different types of individuals specialized for different tasks. This is most marked in such social insects as bees, ants, and termites, where individuals are in some cases physiologically specialized to the point where they cannot eat, but must be fed by others. Some species of ants practice agriculture and grow small mushroom gardens, while others herd aphids; still others war on and enslave smaller species of ants. And, of course, the beehive and the ant or termite colony have many points of analogy with the human city.The most complex nonhuman societies those of the insects, are, however, the result of instinctive behaviour, the guidelines of which are built into the genes and nervous systems of the individuals at birth. Nor does as any nonhuman society make use of fire. With insignificant exceptions, insect societies are run by the energy produced by the insect body.It is fair, then, to consider human societies as basically different from other societies and to attribute what we call civilization to human societies only.46. Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?A. The process of species' making chemical energy is similar to the process ofcombustion.B. The process of species' making chemical energy is less complicated than theprocess of combustion.C. Fire is a portable, inanimate source of energy.D. Man sometimes makes use of energy available in the bodies of strongerspecies.47. From the passage we know ___.A. fire made human beings free from bacterial and parasitic infestationB. fire enabled human beings to deal with immediate emergencies moreefficientlyC. fire made some animals frightenedD. fire helped human beings change their eating habits completely48. Judging from the context, the phrase "hand-to-mouth" (Para 5) most probablymeans____.A. adventurousB. unhappyC. wanderingD. unstable49. The point of similarity between a complex, human society and a complex beesociety is ___.A. the division of laborB. the use of fireC. the development of industryD. the development of a written language50. According to the passage, insect societies ___.A. are governed by the instincts of insectsB. are not fundamentally different from human societiesC. are composed of individuals of the same typeD. are as not warlike as human beingsPassage 4Modem technology may not have improved the world all that much, but it certainly has made life noisier. Unmuffled motorcycles, blaring car alarms, and roving boom boxes come first, second, and third on my list of most obnoxious noise offenders, but everyone could come up with his own version of aural hell—if he could just find a quiet spot to ponder the matter.Yet what technology has done, other technology is now starting to undo, using computer power, to zap those ear-splitting noises into silence. Previously silence-seekers had little recourse except to stay inside, close the windows, and plug their ears. Remedies like these are quaintly termed "passive" systems, because they place physical barriers against the unwanted sound. Now computer technology is producing a far more effective "active" system, which doesn't just contain, deflect, or mask the noise but annihilates it electronically.The system works by countering the offending noise with -"anti-noise", a somewhat sinister-sounding term that calls to mind antimatter, black holes, and other Popular Science mindbenders but, that actually refers to something quite simple. Just as a wave on a pond is flattened when it merges with a trough that is its exact opposite (or mirror image), so can a sound wave be negated by meeting its opposite.This general theory of sound cancellation has been around since the 1930s. In the fifties and sixties it made for a kind of magic trick among laboratory acousticians playing around with the first clunky mainframe computers. The advent of low-cost, high-power microprocessors has made active noise-cancellation systems a commercial possibility, and a handful of small electronics firms in the United States and abroad are bringing the first ones onto the silence market.Silence buffs might be hoping that the noise-canceling apparatus will take the shape of the 44 Magnum wielded by Dirty Harry, but in fact active sound control is not quite that active. The system might more properly be described as reactive, in that it responds to sound waves already headed toward human ears. In the configuration that is usual for such systems microphones detect the noise signal and send it to the system's microprocessor, which almost instantly models it and creates its inverse for loudspeakers to fire at the original. Because the two sounds occupy the same range of frequencies and tones, the inverse sounds exactly like the noise it is meant to eliminate: the anti-noise canceling Beethoven's Fifth Symphony is heard as Beethoven's Fifth. The only difference is that every positive pressureproduced on the air by the orchestra is matched by a negative pressure produced by the computer, and every negative pressure is matched by a positive, thereby silencing the sound. The system is most effective as a kind of muffler, in which microphones, microprocessor, and loudspeaker are all in a unit encasing the device that produces the sound, stifling it at its source. But it can work as a headset, too, negating the sound at the last moment before it disturbs one's peace of mind.51.The writer holds that ___.A. modem technology has disturbed the quiet life of the peopleB. modem technology has made people indifferent to noise pollutionC. modem technology has made the present world quieter than beforeD. modem technology has failed to solve the problem of noise pollution52. According to the passage, an active noise-cancellation system ___.A. contains noise rather than negates itB. eliminates noise rather than muffles itC. deflects noise rather than baffles itD. holds noise back rather than stifles it53. In Paragraph 5 the word " buffs" means _____.A. settlersB. enthusiastsC. buyersD. manufacturers54. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. In the past, people sometimes plugged their ears to fight against theoffending noise.B. An active noise-cancellation system follows the principle of a wave beingflattened by meeting its exact opposite.C. The first active noise-cancellation system was made in the 1930s.D. Active noise-cancellation systems are no w- available on the market.55. Active noise-cancellation systems require ___.A. microphonesB. microprocessorsC. loudspeakersD. all of the aboveSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer each question in English with no more than 15 words. Write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fueloil, and lubricating oils, come from one source----crude oil found below the earth’s surface, as well as under large bodes of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as de ep as 25,000 feet into the earth’s interior. Sometime crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in 42-gallon barrels.Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin or thick, transparent or opaque, but their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joinings of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining process rearranges the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.56. Name at least 6 petroleum products.57. Why is it possible that the chemical composition of various petroleum productsis made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen?58. Why are trace elements disregarded when the chemical composition ofpetroleum products is concerned?59. What is the difference between light oil and heavy oil?60. What processes of refining petroleum products are mentioned in the article? Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled A, B, C and D. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark out your choice on the Answer Sheet. Then, withoutaltering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the Answer Sheet.If indeed silence is golden, it is also becoming as rare as gold. It seems that the progresses of man includes a rising volume of noise. (61) In every home a stereo or television will fill the rooms sound, between (62) sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant source of voice from cars, buses, and trucks(63). You can pass any factory or construction area and the roar of their machinery will (64)make your ears ringing. Music is played in every supermarket(65), most restaurants, and many offices, big cities of the world are well-known by their noisiness. (66)Noise pollution is the new side effect of our technological age. Day or night, the sound of the work fills the air. It seems (67) that the smoothing effects of silence are nowhere to be found.Even the quiet of our careful protected wilderness areas can be (68) invaded at any moment by a passed jet. (69)We are learning, finally, that silence is a natural resource and must be protected by law. It appears that we all find company in sound, if we all demand a little quiet from time to time. (70)Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions: Translate the five underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.Since the first brain scanner was constructed several years ago, computed tomography or computed medical imagery has become fairly widely used. Its rapid acceptance is due to the fact that it has overcome several of the drawbacks of conventional X-ray technology. (71)To begin with, conventional two-dimensional X-ray pictures cannot show all of the information contained in a three-dimensional object. Things at different depths are super imposed, causing confusion to the viewer. Computed tomography can give three-dimensional information. The computer is able to reconstruct pictures of the body's interior by measuring the varying intensities of X-ray beams passing through sections of the body from hundreds of different angles. (72)Such。