新人教选修六Unit5Thepowerofnature-Reading[阅读课件]
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人教版英语选修六Unit5 the power of nature(Reading：An excit
As a r_e_s_u_l_t_, _i_t_ was
difficult for them to
walk.
4.Why did the scientists have to get close to the volcano after eTrhuepstcioienn?tists
needed to collect some samples of lava for later study.
with the disasters, humans are weak.
When a volcano _e_r_u_p_t_s_(爆发), hot lava _f_o_u_n_t_a_i_n_s(喷出) hundreds of meters into
the air. When the lava comes to the town,
Part3(para5) What does the writer find impressive about volcanoes even after studying them for 20 years?
beauty
&
potential
Homework:
role play--- talking about a volcanologist’s work according to the text.
3.When did he first see an eruption?
He first saw an eruption in the second weห้องสมุดไป่ตู้k after he arrived in Hawaii.
4.What did he do after the eruption?
Unit 5 The Power of Nature Reading 课件-高中英语人教新课标选修六
D. He saved people who were covered with lava .
3. Which of the following description of an eruption is NOT correct ?
A. It causes great damage near the top of Mount Kilauea .
B.The places where the lava flows are usually seriously damaged .
C. It can be seen from a distance , even in a house garden .
D. The lava can fountain hundreds of metres .
• Mount Kilauea has produced lava more than fifty times in the last one hundred years.Sometimes the lava moves slowly.At other times it pours out very fast as a huge amount of pressure forces it from the volcano.During these times, it moves almost as quickly as water moving down the side of mountain.Sometimes Mount Kilauea produces a large amount of lava that seems like rivers of fire.When the lava from Mount Kilauea reaches the ocean, its fierce heat produces a great amount of steam that rises into the air.The lava is so hot that it continues to burn underwater for some time.The lava from Mount Kilauea continues to add
3. Which of the following description of an eruption is NOT correct ?
A. It causes great damage near the top of Mount Kilauea .
B.The places where the lava flows are usually seriously damaged .
C. It can be seen from a distance , even in a house garden .
D. The lava can fountain hundreds of metres .
• Mount Kilauea has produced lava more than fifty times in the last one hundred years.Sometimes the lava moves slowly.At other times it pours out very fast as a huge amount of pressure forces it from the volcano.During these times, it moves almost as quickly as water moving down the side of mountain.Sometimes Mount Kilauea produces a large amount of lava that seems like rivers of fire.When the lava from Mount Kilauea reaches the ocean, its fierce heat produces a great amount of steam that rises into the air.The lava is so hot that it continues to burn underwater for some time.The lava from Mount Kilauea continues to add
人教版高中英语选修六Unit 5 The power of nature
高中英语学习材料madeofjingetiejiUnit 5The power of nature单项选择题1.【原创】I was about to the airport my manager called me to hurry to his office.A thatB whenC whileD before【解析】be about to .....when.... 正要做某事，突然。
【答案】B【教材原句】I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day.2. 【原创】When you are in a foreign country, it is very important to understand the culture because it from one country to another.A．vary B．increase C．divide D．Range【解析】vary from...to...从……到……变化。
【答案】A【教材原句】The height of the land varies from 700 metres above sea level to over 2,000 metres and is home to a great diversity of rare plants and animals.3. 【2012·苏州模拟】We must ________ a new manager at once to the sales department. A．ask B．appointC．find D．need【解析】句意：我们必须立刻任命一位新经理到销售部。
appoint sb.to...派某人任……。
ask 要求；find发现；need需要，三者均不符合句意，故选B。
人教高中选修六 Unit5 The power of nature Reading an excti
An Exciting Job
This passage is a __f_ir_s_t_-person account of a
volcanologist’s experience.
1. What is the writer? What does he usually do? (Para 2)
2. When did he get first sight of an eruption there? What did he catch sight of? (Para 3)
• Part 3: (Paras. 5)
The reasons for his ee_n_th_u__si_a_m__about his job.
•Part 2:The writer’s experience of watching the
volcano eruption. Q4 (P35): Why is the lava that flows on Mount Kilauea more dangerous than the actual eruption?
Reading
M6U5 An exciting job
Ash cloud
Crater
Lava flows
Valcano火山
Magma chamber
volcanologist
Mount Kilauea It is Hawaii's youngest and yet most a_a_c_ti_v_e_ volcano. It first er_u_p_t_e_d_ in January 1983 and has been active ever since. Mt. Kilauea is a shield volcano(盾状火山)--the largest types of volcanoes in the world and have fluid l_l_a_v_a and are basically, just broad slopes(斜面).
Unit 5 The power of nature-reading[新人教版选修6]
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2. Guess: what kind of things a volcanologist might do. Please work with partners and write your guess down.
Skimming
• Read the passage and answer: • Why is the author's job important?
My bed began shaking
A strange sound
My bed room became as bright as day
Red hot lava was fountaining hundreds of metres into the air
An absolutely fantastic sight
Unit 5
reading
Can you imagine climbing into a live volcano in order to measure the temperature of the boiling rock inside? Can you imagine doing such dangerous work as part of your job? Do you think you would enjoy studying volcanoes as a job? Answer "yes" or "no" to these questions to find out if you would be suitable for this work.
Looked down into the red, boiling centre
高中英语 unit 5《The Power of Nature》课件-reading writing 新人教版选修6
海拔高 度 稀有动 物
varies from 700 m to 2,000 m
cranes, black bears, leopards and Siberian tigers 游客为 to study the plants and animals ; 何而来 walk in the mountains; see the waterfalls ; bathe in the hot water pools 最吸引 Tianchi, the Lake of Heaven
6) What’s the most popular attraction of Changbaishan?
Tianchi, or Lake of Heaven
2. Read the second paragraph and answer the following questions.
1) How high and how deep is Tianchi? Tianchi is 2,194 metres above sea level and more than 200 metres deep. 2) What kind of sights can you see in Tianchi?
人之处
总结句
1.Changbaishan is in Jilin Province, Northeast China. 2.It is China’s largest nature reserve and is kept in its natural state for people to enjoy. 3.The height of the land varies from 700metres above sea level to more than 2000 metres. 4.In this place, we can see some rare animals such as cranes, black bears, leopards and Siberian tigers. 5. Some visitors come here to study these unique animals and plants and others come to see the mountains , the spectacular waterfalls or to bathe in the hot pools. 6. But the most attractive place is the Lake of Heaven, it is the most popular place for people to visit. 总结句7.How beautiful they are!
varies from 700 m to 2,000 m
cranes, black bears, leopards and Siberian tigers 游客为 to study the plants and animals ; 何而来 walk in the mountains; see the waterfalls ; bathe in the hot water pools 最吸引 Tianchi, the Lake of Heaven
6) What’s the most popular attraction of Changbaishan?
Tianchi, or Lake of Heaven
2. Read the second paragraph and answer the following questions.
1) How high and how deep is Tianchi? Tianchi is 2,194 metres above sea level and more than 200 metres deep. 2) What kind of sights can you see in Tianchi?
人之处
总结句
1.Changbaishan is in Jilin Province, Northeast China. 2.It is China’s largest nature reserve and is kept in its natural state for people to enjoy. 3.The height of the land varies from 700metres above sea level to more than 2000 metres. 4.In this place, we can see some rare animals such as cranes, black bears, leopards and Siberian tigers. 5. Some visitors come here to study these unique animals and plants and others come to see the mountains , the spectacular waterfalls or to bathe in the hot pools. 6. But the most attractive place is the Lake of Heaven, it is the most popular place for people to visit. 总结句7.How beautiful they are!
新人教选修六 Unit 5 The power of nature-Reading[阅读课件]
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esn’t mind the occasional danger of his job because ________.
A. He travels to unusual places and meets interesting people from all over the world B. He likes the different ways of working C. He thinks his job the most important D. He is excited about dangers and feels alive
6. What does the word “alive” mean in the sentence “... danger excites me and makes me feel alive”? A.Living or not dead. B. Active or lively. C. Continuing. D. Healthy.
7.What does the writer find impressive about volcanoes even after studying them for many years? The writer finds their beauty and their potential to cause great damage very impressive.
Homework
Spend some time researching one disaster. You can use books, magazines, newspapers or the Internet. Collect pictures or diagrams and look for information about:
A. He travels to unusual places and meets interesting people from all over the world B. He likes the different ways of working C. He thinks his job the most important D. He is excited about dangers and feels alive
6. What does the word “alive” mean in the sentence “... danger excites me and makes me feel alive”? A.Living or not dead. B. Active or lively. C. Continuing. D. Healthy.
7.What does the writer find impressive about volcanoes even after studying them for many years? The writer finds their beauty and their potential to cause great damage very impressive.
Homework
Spend some time researching one disaster. You can use books, magazines, newspapers or the Internet. Collect pictures or diagrams and look for information about:
高中英语Unit5 The power of nature文章 火山类型人教版选修六
火山类型火山是多种多样的，根据它们的活动情况可以分为死火山、休眠火山和活火山三大类。
死火山，指史前曾发生过喷发，但有史以来一直未活动过的火山。
此类火山已丧失了活动能力。
有的火山仍保持着完整的火山形态，有的那么已遭受风化侵蚀，只剩下残缺不全的火山遗迹、我国某某某某火山群在方圆约50平方公里的X 围内，分布着2个孤立的火山锥，其中狼窝山火山锥高将近120米。
休眠火山，指有史以来曾经喷发过．但长期以来处于相对静止状态的火山。
此类火山都保存有完好的火山形态，仍具有火山活动能力，或尚不能断定其已丧失火山活动能力。
如我国白头山天池，曾于1597年和1792年两度喷发，在此之前还有多次活动。
目前虽然没有喷发活动，但从山坡上一些深不可测的喷气孔中不断喷出高温气体，可见该火山目前正处于休眠状态。
活火山，指现代尚在活动或周期性发生喷发活动的火山。
这类火山正处于活动的旺盛时期。
如爪吐岛上的梅拉皮火山，本世纪以来，平均间隔两二年就要持续喷发一个时期、我国近期火山活动以某某岛大屯火山群的主峰七星山最为有名。
大陆上，仅95年在某某昆仑某某段于田的卡尔达西火山群有过火山喷发记录。
火山喷发形成了一个平顶火山锥，锥顶海拔4900米，锥高145米，锥体底直径642米，锥顶直径175米，火山口深56米。
应该说明的是，这三种类型的火山之间没有严格的界限。
休眠火山可以复苏，死火山也可以“复活〞相互间并不是一成不变的。
过去一直认为意大利的维苏威火山是一个死火山，在火山脚下，人们建筑起许多的城镇，在火山坡上开辟了葡萄园，但在公元79年维苏威火山突然爆发，高温的火山喷发物袭占了毫无防备的庞贝和赫拉古农姆两座古城，两座城市及居民全部毁灭和丧生。
火山喷发时，气体、岩浆、固体等物质向外排出的出口叫做火山口。
一般来说，中心喷发每次只有一个火山口，但绝大多数火山都是多次喷发。
以后的喷发有些是从原来的火山口喷出，但更多的是在其侧喷发，从而形成新的火山口，被称做寄生火山口。
英语：Unit 5 The Power of Nature(Reading)课件(新人教选修6)
3. What can people enjoy on the top of the mountain?
They can enjoy the crystal clear water and the other sixteen mountain peaks.
The Lake of Heaven in its four seasons
Mount Tatihe
Mount Huashan
West Lake
Jiu Zhai Gou
MUounnitt C5hUansginbgaisLhaannguage
The Lake of Heaven
What do you know about it?
Prereading
If you’re writing an introduction to Tianchi, what do you want to talk about?
of the mountain?
1. What is Tianchi?
It is a deep lake forming in the crater of a dead volcano.
2. What’s the height and depth of the lake?
The height is 2,194 metres and the depth is more than 200 metres.
awussitunpumtrmeimnrnger
Para 3 Please complete the story
Three young women from heaven
bathing
A bird
The father of the Manchu people
They can enjoy the crystal clear water and the other sixteen mountain peaks.
The Lake of Heaven in its four seasons
Mount Tatihe
Mount Huashan
West Lake
Jiu Zhai Gou
MUounnitt C5hUansginbgaisLhaannguage
The Lake of Heaven
What do you know about it?
Prereading
If you’re writing an introduction to Tianchi, what do you want to talk about?
of the mountain?
1. What is Tianchi?
It is a deep lake forming in the crater of a dead volcano.
2. What’s the height and depth of the lake?
The height is 2,194 metres and the depth is more than 200 metres.
awussitunpumtrmeimnrnger
Para 3 Please complete the story
Three young women from heaven
bathing
A bird
The father of the Manchu people
新人教选修六 Unit 5 The power of nature-Reading[课件]
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5 Do you like adventure in your life?
6 Are you interested in studying rocks and other things that make up the surface of the earth?
I would like/ wouldn’t like to be a volcanologist because...
Ash cloud/volcanic ash Crater
volcanoeruption
Boiling rock erupts from the crater; the lava flows slowly down the mountain.
Lava
Magma chamber
More about the volcano
1. What is the writer?
He is a volcanologist working for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. He mainly collects information about Mount Kilauea.
2. When did he first see an eruption? How did it look like?
3. What was he wearing when getting close to the crater? And what was the result?
He was wearing white protective suits that covered his whole body, helmets, big boots and special gloves, just like a spaceman. As a result, it made him difficult to walk.
6 Are you interested in studying rocks and other things that make up the surface of the earth?
I would like/ wouldn’t like to be a volcanologist because...
Ash cloud/volcanic ash Crater
volcanoeruption
Boiling rock erupts from the crater; the lava flows slowly down the mountain.
Lava
Magma chamber
More about the volcano
1. What is the writer?
He is a volcanologist working for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. He mainly collects information about Mount Kilauea.
2. When did he first see an eruption? How did it look like?
3. What was he wearing when getting close to the crater? And what was the result?
He was wearing white protective suits that covered his whole body, helmets, big boots and special gloves, just like a spaceman. As a result, it made him difficult to walk.
Unit5Thepowerofnature-Reading课件(人教选修6)
Skimming
Skim the text and answer the following questions.
1. What is the writer?
He is a volcanologist working for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. He mainly collects information about Mount Kilauea.
Detailed reading
Read the text more carefully and answer the following questions.
1. What made the author realize that
an eruption occurred ?
●my bed began shaking ●a strange sound ●My bedroom became as bright as day ●an absolutely fantastic sight ●red hot lava was fountaining hundreds of meters into the air
3. What was he wearing when getting close to the crater? And what was the result?
He was wearing white protective suits that covered his whole body, helmets, big boots and special gloves, just like a spaceman. As a result, it made him difficult to walk.
高中英语(人教版)选修六Unit 5 The power of nature-reading课件(共17张PPT)
3. What is the most popular tourist attraction in the reserve?
The answer: Tianchi or the Lake of Heaven.
4. What does Tianchi meanding
㈠Glance through these questions. Then skim this
passage about a tourist attraction in China and answer the questions. 1. In what province is Changbaishan? 2. What is a nature reserve? Why is Changbaishan a famous nature reserve? 3. What is the most popular tourist attraction in the reserve? 4. What does Tianchi mean? How was Tianchi formed? 5. What is the connection between the Manchu people and Tianchi?
Don’t forget to make a _w__is_h__ to g__u_a_ra__n_te_e_ your love will be as deep and l_a_s_t_in_g_ as the lake itself.
Ⅲ. Performance
★Perform the story about the father of the Manchu Role A: the first young woman Role B: the second young woman Role C: the youngest girl Role D: a bird Rold E: a handsome boy(the father of the Manchu people)
高中英语Unit5ThepowerofnatureReading1课件新人教版选修6
Unit 5 The power of nature
Reading
Pre-reading volcano
What does a volcanologist’s work look like?
An Exciting Job
I. First reading
Scan and skim the whole text and then finish the multiple-choices.
C. the eruption causes less damage D. the eruption may be prevented
breaking out
4.Why did the volcanologist's run out of the house into the back garden?
1.What’s the main idea of para.3 ?
A. Boiling rock which erupts from the volcano and crashes back to earth causes less damage.
B. The lava that flows slowly down the mountain causes far more damage.
5. What does the writer mean by using “lucky” in the sentence “ I was lucky enough to have a much closer look at it. ” ?
A. He left much safer on the top while the other two scientists climbed down into the crater.
Reading
Pre-reading volcano
What does a volcanologist’s work look like?
An Exciting Job
I. First reading
Scan and skim the whole text and then finish the multiple-choices.
C. the eruption causes less damage D. the eruption may be prevented
breaking out
4.Why did the volcanologist's run out of the house into the back garden?
1.What’s the main idea of para.3 ?
A. Boiling rock which erupts from the volcano and crashes back to earth causes less damage.
B. The lava that flows slowly down the mountain causes far more damage.
5. What does the writer mean by using “lucky” in the sentence “ I was lucky enough to have a much closer look at it. ” ?
A. He left much safer on the top while the other two scientists climbed down into the crater.
Unit5The power of nature(附详细解析)新人教版选修6
选修6 Unit 5 The power of nature基础操练Ⅰ. 单词拼写1. The story (使兴奋)the little boy very much.2. On hot days we often go (洗澡) in the river.3. I can’t (评价) his ability without seeing his work.4. I got into a (惊慌) when I found the door was locked.5. They studied the German market to find the (可能性) there for investment.6. It was a cold, wet day and the children were b .7. It’s many years since Mount Vesuvius e .8. He drew f animals with two heads and large wings.9. I’m a to get home to open my presents.10. They had to c tomorrow’s football match because of the bad weather. Ⅱ. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空1. (compare) with other methods, this one is relatively more effective.2. I could easily imagine her (regard) him as a man of fine quality.3. His habit is (listen) to some news in the morning.4. (not receive) her letter for a long time, I phoned her to see what was wrong.5. (accept) as a member of the company, he took over the job of the former secretary.Ⅲ. 翻译句子1. 你的训练将使得你能够胜任将来的工作。
Unit 5 The Power of Nature Reading 课件 人教新课标选修六
Scanning
5. Does he feel bored about his job now? No, he is just as enthusiastic about his job as the day he first started.
Careful Reading(Part2:Para3-Para4)
An extinct volcano（死火山） A dormant volcano （休眠火山）
An active volcano
Facing the powerful nature, the people are so _____?
weak, fear/ frightened, panic, scared to death
volcano eruption
Boiling rock erupts from the crater; the lava flows slowly down the mountain.
Crater Lava
Magma chamber (岩浆库)
What types of volcanoes do you know?
CAB D
Careful Reading(Part2:Para3-Para4)
Para4
List the four things that the scientists did after the eruption.
1. Put on … 2. Made the way ... 3. Looked down ... 4. Climbed down ...
Scanning
Scan this passage and prepare for the following questions.
人教高中英语选修六：Unit5Thepowerofnaturewarmingupandreading
I am still ____9____(amaze) at volcanoes' beauty as well
____10____their potential to cause great damage. 1．____________ 2.____________ 3.____________ 4．____________ 5.____________ 6.____________ 7．____________ 8.____________ 9.____________ 10．____________ [答案] 1.bored 2.evaluted 3.predict 4.way 5．burned 6.fountaining 7.absolutely 8.made 9．amazed 10.as
当滚烫的岩石从火山喷发出来并撞回地面时，它所造成 的损失比想象的要小些，这是因为在岩石下落的基拉韦厄火 山顶附近无人居住。而像波浪一样顺着山坡慢慢下流的火山 熔岩所造成的损失却大得多，这是因为火山岩浆所流经的地 方，一切东西都被掩埋在熔岩下面了。然而火山喷发本身的 确是很壮观的，我永远也忘不了我第一次看见火山喷发时的 情景。那是在我到达夏威夷后的第二个星期。那天我辛辛苦 苦地干了一整天，很早就上床睡觉了。
就在这次火山喷发的第二天，我有幸作了一次近距离的 观察。我和另外两位科学家驱车上山，到最靠近这次火山喷 口的地方才下车。早先从观测站出发时就带了一些特别的安 全服，于是我们穿上安全服再走近火山口。我们三个人看上 去就像宇航员一样，我们都穿着白色的防护服遮住全身，戴 上了头盔和特别的手套，还穿了一双大靴子。穿着这些衣服 走起路来实在不容易，但我们还是缓缓往火山口的边缘走 去，并且向下看到了红红的沸腾的中央。另外两人攀下火山 口去收集供日后研究用的岩浆，我是第一次经历这样的事， 所以留在山顶上观察他们。
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C. the eruption causes less damage D. the eruption may be prevented
breaking out
4.Why did the volcanologist's run out of the house into the back garden?
2. Where is Mount Kilauea? Mount Kilauea is in Hawaii.
3. Why is the lava that flows on Mount Kilauea more dangerous than the actual eruption ?
The lava flows down the mountain and can cover up or burn villages in its path. The rocks that erupt from the volcano usually don’t damage anything because no one lives near the crater.
information about the eruption.
5. What does the writer mean by using “lucky” in the sentence “ I was lucky enough to have a much closer look at it. ” ?
A. Because his bed began shaking. B. Because his bedroom suddenly became
as bright as day. C. Because he thought there was an
earthquake in Hawaii. D. Because he wanted to collect
alive
3.As a result of the glaciologist's work, _________.
A. other scientists predict the progress of lava from the volcano
B. many people have been warned to leave their homes
A. He left much safer on the top while the other two scientists climbed down into the crater.
B. It was his first sight of an eruption. C. It was the first time for him to watch
the crater. D. both B and C.
6. What does the word “alive” mean in the sentence “... danger excites me and makes me feel alive”? A.Living or not dead. B. Active or lively. C. Continuing. D. Healthy.
人教课Pre-reading volcano
What does a volcanologist’s work look like?
An Exciting Job
I. First reading
Scan and skim the whole text and then finish the multiple-choices.
II. Second reading (intensive reading) Before reading, glance through Exercise 1 on Page 35.
1. Why is a Volcanologist's job important?
Volcanologists study volcanoes so that they can warn people when the volcano is going to erupt and so save many lives.
7. Why did the writer put on special clothes to look at the crater? A.Because he wanted to take some special photos. B. Because he was concerned about his safety. C. Because the other two scientists asked him to. D. Because he wanted to climb down into the crater.
A. He travels to unusual places and meets interesting people from all over the world
B. He likes the different ways of working C. He thinks his job the most important D. He is excited about dangers and feels
C. The eruption is much more exciting to watch.
D. There had been an eruption in the side of the mountain.
2. The writer doesn’t mind the occasional danger of his job because ________.
1.What’s the main idea of para.3 ?
A. Boiling rock which erupts from the volcano and crashes back to earth causes less damage.
B. The lava that flows slowly down the mountain causes far more damage.
breaking out
4.Why did the volcanologist's run out of the house into the back garden?
2. Where is Mount Kilauea? Mount Kilauea is in Hawaii.
3. Why is the lava that flows on Mount Kilauea more dangerous than the actual eruption ?
The lava flows down the mountain and can cover up or burn villages in its path. The rocks that erupt from the volcano usually don’t damage anything because no one lives near the crater.
information about the eruption.
5. What does the writer mean by using “lucky” in the sentence “ I was lucky enough to have a much closer look at it. ” ?
A. Because his bed began shaking. B. Because his bedroom suddenly became
as bright as day. C. Because he thought there was an
earthquake in Hawaii. D. Because he wanted to collect
alive
3.As a result of the glaciologist's work, _________.
A. other scientists predict the progress of lava from the volcano
B. many people have been warned to leave their homes
A. He left much safer on the top while the other two scientists climbed down into the crater.
B. It was his first sight of an eruption. C. It was the first time for him to watch
the crater. D. both B and C.
6. What does the word “alive” mean in the sentence “... danger excites me and makes me feel alive”? A.Living or not dead. B. Active or lively. C. Continuing. D. Healthy.
人教课Pre-reading volcano
What does a volcanologist’s work look like?
An Exciting Job
I. First reading
Scan and skim the whole text and then finish the multiple-choices.
II. Second reading (intensive reading) Before reading, glance through Exercise 1 on Page 35.
1. Why is a Volcanologist's job important?
Volcanologists study volcanoes so that they can warn people when the volcano is going to erupt and so save many lives.
7. Why did the writer put on special clothes to look at the crater? A.Because he wanted to take some special photos. B. Because he was concerned about his safety. C. Because the other two scientists asked him to. D. Because he wanted to climb down into the crater.
A. He travels to unusual places and meets interesting people from all over the world
B. He likes the different ways of working C. He thinks his job the most important D. He is excited about dangers and feels
C. The eruption is much more exciting to watch.
D. There had been an eruption in the side of the mountain.
2. The writer doesn’t mind the occasional danger of his job because ________.
1.What’s the main idea of para.3 ?
A. Boiling rock which erupts from the volcano and crashes back to earth causes less damage.
B. The lava that flows slowly down the mountain causes far more damage.