Absolute Structure
6.absolute structure
独立主格结构独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。
它在语法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子而是个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构。
一独立结构的构成：(一) 只有当分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，我们才能用独立结构。
独立结构只用做状语，多用于书面语言。
常见的独立结构有以下几种：名词/代词+分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）：1 The boy ran quickly, his father following. (表示伴随情况)2 He lay on his back, his hands acrossed under his head. (表示伴随情况)（二）名词/代词+形容词：1They started home, their minds full of plans for increasing production. (表示伴随情况)2 He was silent for a moment, his lips tight. (表示伴随情况)（三）名词/代词+不定式：1 Here are the first two volumns, the third one to come out next month. (表示补充说明)2 14 jet fighters are scheduled for delivery this month, the remainder to be sent at a later date. (表示补充说明)（四）名词/代词+副词：1 He put on his socks, wrong side out. (表示补充说明)2 The war over, all the Chinese people’s volunteers came back to China. (表示补充说明)(五) 名词/代词+介词（短语）1 She came in, a baby in her arms. (表示伴随情况)2 He went off, gun in hand. (表示伴随情况)此外，还有几种特殊情况：1 独立结构中的分词还有完成式，被动式，完成被动式Spring having come, trees beg in to grow. （完成式）Their resolution being taken, they set out the next day. (被动式)The city having been taken, the inhabitants fled. (完成被动式)2 有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句中没有逻辑主语。
物探专业术语中英文对照
lunar tide 太阴潮solar tide 太阳潮turbulence 湍流spectrum of turbulence 湍流谱turbulent diffusion 湍流扩散turbulent dissipation 湍流耗散turbulent exchange 湍流交换turbulent mixing 湍流混合twilight 曙暮光wind shear 风切变yield function 产额函数zonal circulation 纬向环流zonal wind 纬向风airglow 气辉MST radar MST雷达，对流层、平流层、中层大气探测雷达.aeronomy 高空大气学deviative absorption 偏移吸收non—deviative absorption 非偏移吸收after-effect of [magnetic］ storm 磁暴后效Chapman layer 查普曼层Appleton anomaly 阿普尔顿异常equatorial anomaly 赤道异常winter anomaly 冬季异常magneto-ionic theory 磁离子理论buoyancy frequency 浮力频率D — region Ｄ区E — region Ｅ区F — region Ｆ区F1 layer Ｆ1层F1 ledge Ｆ1缘F2 layer Ｆ2层Chapman production function 查普曼生成函数Cowling conductivity 柯林电导率Pedersen conductivity 彼得森电导率Hall conductivity 霍尔电导率direct conductivity 直接电导率cosmic radio noise 宇宙射电噪声riometer 宇宙噪声吸收仪critical frequency 临界频率dissociative recombination 离解性复合dynamo region 发电机区evanescent wave 消散波fade 衰落fadeout， blackout [短波通讯］中断ordinary wave 寻常波extraordinary wave 非寻常波Faraday rotation 法拉第旋转field-aligned irregularity 场向不规则结构Harang discontinuity 哈朗间断impedance probe 阻抗探针incoherent scattering radar 非相干散射雷达ionospheric storm 电离层暴ionosonde 电离层测高仪virtual height 虚高true height 真高digisonde 数字式测高仪ionogram 电离图polar cap absorption， PCA 极盖吸收sudden ionospheric disturbance， SID 突发电离层骚扰spread F 扩展 Fsporadic E 散见 E 层top-side sounder 顶视探测仪bottom—side sounder 底视探测仪travelling ionospheric disturbance， TID 电离层行扰short wave fadeout， SWF 短波突然衰落sudden frequency deviation， SFD ［短波]频率急偏sudden phase anomaly， SPA 突发相位异常characteristic wave 特征波cross-modulation 交叉调制total electron content， TEC 电子总含量ambipolar diffusion 双极扩散eclipse effect [日]食效应skip distance 跳距outer space 外层空间interplanetary space 行星际空间interstellar space ［恒]星际空间deep space 深空solar-terrestrial space 日地空间solar-terrestrial physics 日地物理学one-hop propagation 一跳传播quasi-transverse propagation 准横传播quasi-longitudinal propagation 准纵传播maximum usable frequency, MUF 最大可用频率geomagnetism 地磁［学］main field 主磁场inclination， dip angle 磁倾角declination 磁偏角agonic line 零偏线aclinic line 零倾线magnetic isoclinic line 等磁倾线magnetic chart 磁图isomagnetic chart 等磁图isomagnetic line 等磁强线isoporic line, isopore 等年变线magnetic isoanomalous line 等磁异常线geomagnetic pole 地磁极dip pole 磁倾极magnetic local time 磁地方时magnetic dipole time 磁偶极时central dipole 中心偶极子dipole coordinate 偶极子坐标corrected geomagnetic coordinate 修正地磁坐标north magnetic pole 磁北极south magnetic pole 磁南极invariant latitude 不变纬度dip equator 倾角赤道eccentric dipole 偏心偶极子magnetogram 磁照图magnetically quiet day, q 磁静日magnetically disturbed day， d 磁扰日secular variation 长期变化solar daily variation， S 太阳日变化disturbed daily variation, Sd 扰日日变化storm—time variation， Dst 暴时变化magnetic disturbance 磁扰magnetic bay 磁湾扰magnetic crochet 磁钩扰magnetic storm 磁暴gradual commencement ［magnetic] storm 缓始磁暴sudden commencement [magnetic] storm 急始磁暴sudden commencement 急始initial phase 初相main phase 主相recovery phase 恢复相magnetic substorm 磁亚暴expansive phase 膨胀相equivalent current system 等效电流系internal field 内源场external field 外源场aurora 极光aurora australis 南极光aurora borealis 北极光auroral oval 极光卵形环auroral belt 极光带subauroral zone 亚极光带Alfvēen layer 阿尔文层cleft, cusp 极隙pseudo-trapped particle 假捕获粒子radiation belt, Van Allen belt 辐射带又称“范艾伦带”。
独立主格结构(Independent
名词/主格代词 现在分词 名词 主格代词+现在分词 主格代词
• • • 名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。 如： The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着 他，他不知道说什么好。 • Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们 明天去郊游。
• • 如： The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 • Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着， 背对着门。
• with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密 • 形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. + 介词短语 • each引导的强调型独立主格:强调句尾的复 数名词 • 形式为:句子 + 复数名词结尾 , each + 介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/ed形式
• 表示原因 • There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有 出租车，我们只好步行。 • He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他 把她裹得严严实实的。 • 表示伴随情况 • Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是 良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
独立主格结构Absolute Structure
独立主格结构Absolute Structure一、独立主格结构的定义独立主格结构（absolute structure）是由名词或代词（人称代词、不定代词等）作逻辑主语加上一个分词、不定式、介词短语、形容词或者副词构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
二、独立主格结构用法独立主格结构的作用相当于一个状语从句（也有说可以当做“背景性”结构），常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
独立主格结构在语法上是一个独立的短语，而不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。
它的位置比较灵活，可以放于句首、句中、句末，通常与句子之间用逗号隔开。
独立主格结构可与状语从句转换，当句中的状语从句与主句主语独立主格看起来很复杂，其实只要把它看成是一个从句的省略就容易了。
Because he is ill, he will not go to school.=Being ill, he will not go to school.Because his mother is ill, he weill not go to school.=His mother being ill, he will not go to school.注意：第一句主从句的主语相同，省略主语后，不会产生混乱。
第二句主从句主语不同，因此应保留从句的主语，只将is变为being，这就是独立主格结构的意义所在。
Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.=The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.The dark clouds had disappeared and the sun shone again.=The dark clouds having disappeared, the sun shone again.三、含独立主格结构的例句要点：独立主格结构可与状语从句转换，当句中的状语从句与主句主语不一致的时候，可以去掉连词，用独立主格结构。
absolute construction
独立结构”在句中可表示多种含义。 例如： 1) 表示时间： His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. =After his homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play. 家庭作业完成之后，杰姆决定 去看戏。 The meal over, we began to work again. =When the meal was over, we began to work again. 吃完饭，我们又开始干活。
there be句型和it也能引出分词独立结构，作状语修 饰主句，there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。 There being nothing else to do, we went home.
There having been no rain, the plants withered. It being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them another two days.
（二） 独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立 存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式， 介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
（完整版）独立主格结构完整讲解
（完整版）独立主格结构完整讲解独立主格结构的用法一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词例句：The storm drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．The storm drawing near在句中作：原因状语＝Since the storm was drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。
（call it a day 今天到此为止）例句：Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.Winter coming在句中作：伴随状语= The winter comes, and it gets colder and colder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。
Time permitting, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语=改写：If time permits, I will go with you.造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。
The girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say.独立主格作：时间状语=改写：As the girl stared at him, he didn’t know what to say.2. 名词(代词)+过去分词例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
Deep Structure and Surface Structure
• Definition: • In transformational grammar, the outward form of a sentence. In contrast to deep structure (an abstract representation of a sentence), surface structure corresponds to the version of a sentence that can be spoken and heard. • In transformational grammar, deep structures are generated by phrase-structure rules, and surface structures are derived from deep structures by a series of transformations.
The distinction between ‘deep structure’ and ‘surface structure’ permits us to explain ambiguous sentences such as ‘I have seen eating a rabbit’ that can have two interpretations . • 1) I have seen someone eating a rabbit • 2) I have seen a rabbit eating something.
• Examples: Boy loves Girl (deep structure). The boy kissed the girl (surface structure). The boy was kissing the girl. The girl was kissed by the boy. (surface and deep structure).
你是真正的天才英语作文
A true genius in the realm of English composition possesses a unique blend of linguistic prowess,creative thinking,and a deep understanding of the intricacies of the language.Here are some key characteristics that define a genuine genius in English essay writing:1.Mastery of Vocabulary:A genius in English composition has an extensive vocabulary at their disposal,enabling them to express complex ideas with precision and nuance.2.Eloquent Expression:They can articulate thoughts eloquently,choosing the right words to convey emotions,arguments,or descriptions that resonate with readers.3.Cohesive Structure:A wellstructured essay is a hallmark of a genius writer.They understand the importance of a clear introduction,body paragraphs that develop the argument logically,and a conclusion that ties everything together.4.Innovative Ideas:Genius writers often bring fresh perspectives to their essays, challenging conventional wisdom and offering innovative insights.5.Critical Thinking:They engage in critical thinking,analyzing information from multiple angles,and presenting a balanced view that considers various viewpoints.6.Effective Use of Rhetorical Devices:Adept use of metaphors,similes,analogies,and other rhetorical devices enriches the text,making it more persuasive and engaging.7.Adherence to Grammar and Syntax:A true genius has a strong command of English grammar and syntax,ensuring that their writing is free from errors and flows smoothly.8.Captivating Opening:They understand the importance of a captivating opening that hooks the reader and sets the tone for the rest of the essay.9.Conciseness and Clarity:While being thorough,a genius writer avoids verbosity and maintains clarity,ensuring that every sentence contributes to the overall message.10.Ethical Considerations:They are aware of the ethical implications of their writing, avoiding plagiarism and ensuring that all sources are properly cited.11.Audience Awareness:A genius writer tailors their language and style to the intended audience,making the essay accessible and appealing to the readers.12.Revision and Perfection:They understand that the first draft is rarely perfect and arecommitted to revising and refining their work until it meets their high standards.13.Cultural Sensitivity:A true genius is sensitive to cultural nuances and avoids stereotypes or offensive language that could alienate readers.14.Adaptability:They can adapt their writing style to different genres,from persuasive essays to narrative pieces,demonstrating versatility in their craft.15.Passion for Learning:A genuine genius in English composition is always eager to learn and improve,seeking feedback and embracing constructive criticism as a means to grow as a writer.By embodying these qualities,a writer can truly be considered a genius in the art of English essay writing,producing work that is not only academically sound but also a pleasure to read.。
新视野大学英语第三册unit 2教案
deprive: take away from剥削，夺deprive sb./sth. of sth.
3.Student-oriented communicative teaching
1.Exercise (P36-45);
2.Exercise (P53-55).
教学内容
1.Warm-up activities
Talk and discuss the topic—Exercise
II. Understanding the text A
If yes, can you name them?
②an additional section included in or soldwith a magazine or newspaper, especiallyan additional section that appears regularly
我们的大多数航班容许每位旅客免费带20公斤行李。
②something, such as money, given at regular intervals or for a specific purpose
The manager traveled on business with an allowance that covered hotel and restaurant
He is one of those people who can derive pleasure from helping others
有些人从帮助他人中得到快乐，他便是其中之一。
②tocome frБайду номын сангаасm
The town derives its name from the river on which it was built.
coordinate structure语言学 -回复
coordinate structure语言学-回复coordinate structure是语言学中关于句子结构的研究领域，该领域探讨如何对句子中的成分进行组合和串联，以实现语言的表达和理解。
本文将一步一步回答coordinate structure相关问题，帮助读者了解这一语言学范畴。
一、什么是coordinate structure？coordinate structure是指复合句中由并列连词（如and、or）连接的两个或更多的成分。
在coordinate structure中，各个成分具有相同的重要性和地位，相互之间并无从属关系，而是平等连接的。
二、coordinate structure的特征是什么？1. 平行性：coordinate structure中的各个成分在句法和语义上是平等的，没有从属关系。
2. 选择性：各个成分之间的连接通常使用并列连词，如and、or、but 等。
3. 可铰链性：coordinate structure中的成分可以灵活组合、拆分或重排，而不会改变句子的基本意义。
这种特征使得复合句的表达具有更多的灵活性和变化性。
三、coordinate structure主要有哪些类型？1. 平行结构：各个并列成分相同或相似的句法结构，如主语并列、宾语并列、谓语并列等。
例如：“David reads books and plays basketball.”2. 不对称结构：并列成分之间在句法结构或语义上存在差异，但仍然保持并列关系。
例如：“She likes swimming but doesn't like running.”3. 多元结构：一个并列连接词连接三个或更多成分，构成复杂的coordinate structure。
例如：“He is tall, handsome, and intelligent.”四、coordinate structure的句法分析方法是什么？在句法分析中，coordinate structure可以使用结构分析法或标记法进行分析。
公司的组织结构(英语)
Types of Organizational Structures
要点一
Flat Structure
要点二
Network Structure
A flat organization has few levels of management between the top executives and front line employees This structure emphasizes empowerment, teamwork, and quick decision making, empowering employees to take ownership of their work and collaborate directly with colleagues
Limited cross functional collaboration: The siloed nature of functional departments can hide collaboration and innovation
Potential for conflict: Competition for resources and power struggles between departments can create internal conflict
May create interdivisional periodic and competition
for resources
Can result in a lake of overall strategic direction
and coordination
Examples
A large consumer goods company with multiple product lines, such as personal care, home care, and food products, may organize its business into separate divisions for each product category
地质构造专业词汇及英文对照
第2章地质构造地质构造Geological Structure 地质年代Geological time 相对年代Relative age 绝对年代Absolute age 地层层序Stratigraphic Sequence 岩性对比Lithology contrast 地层接触关系Stratigraphic contact relationship 岩层产状strata occurrences 走向线strike line 倾向Dip direction 倾角Dip angle 水平构造Horizontal structure 单斜构造Tilt structure 背斜anticline 向斜syncline 褶皱fold 对称symmetrical fold 直立褶皱vertical fold 非对称褶皱Asymmetrical fold 倾斜褶皱inclined fold 倒转褶皱Overturned fold 平卧褶皱recumbent fold 非倾伏褶皱non-plunging 水平褶皱： upright fold), 平轴褶皱/水平褶皱：倾伏褶皱：plunging fold 穹隆 dome 穹隆盆地 basin 盆地断裂构造：Fracture 断层：faults 节理、裂隙：joints/fissure 构造裂隙：tectonic joints/fissure: 非构造裂隙：non-tectonic joints/fissure: 剪裂隙：s h e a r f i s s u r e张裂隙：tension fissure正断层：normal faults 逆断层：reverse faults 走滑断层,平推断层：strike-slip fault 断层崖 Fault scarp 断层崖地层缺失或重复：Strata missing or repeated 擦痕、摩擦镜面：Slickensides 阶步：step 水文地质：hydrogeological 地层： strata 地层：岩性：lithology 平面图：plan 剖面图：profile 柱状图：histogram 整合接触：conformity 行不整合接触：parallel unconformity 角度不整合接触：Angle unconformity contact 。
独立主格结构(AbsoluteStructure)知识点.
3.独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开.
1.独立主格的构成和特点
独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；
名词（代词）+形容词；
名词（代词）+副词；
名词（代词）+不定式；
名词（代词）+介词短语构成。
独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)知识点
‖独立主格概述‖
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如：
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。
2. with的复合结构作独立主格
表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/
1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobody could make outwhat the dark mass was from adistance.
(黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。)
2)He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.
Absolute structure独立主格结构
Absolute Structure独立主格结构“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。
这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。
如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
1) 表示时间e.g. The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
=the meeting being over相当于when the meeting was overe.g. Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
=her work done相当于when her work was done2）表示条件e.g. The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
=If the condition is favorable3）表示原因e.g. There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
=Since there was no taxis,e.g. He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
=as the night was dark and frosty4）表示伴随情况e.g. Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
蛋白质一级、二级、三级、四级结构
Quaternary structure refers to the spatial arrangement of a protein when it contains more than one polypeptide chain.
• Helical structures:Protein helical structures are formed when the φandψ angles of consecutive amino acid residues are twisted to a same set of values.In
3.Tertiary structure
• Tertiary structure refers to the spatial arrangement attained when a linear protein chain with secondary structure segments folds further into a compact three-dimensional form.
protein's primary,secondary, tertiary,and quaternary structures
刘世强
1.Primary structure
• The primary structure of a pratein refers to the linear sequence in which the constituent amino acids are covalently linked through amide bonds,
2.Secondtructure refers to the periodic spatial arrangement of amino acid residues at certain segments of the polypeptide chain.The periodic structures arise when consecutive amino acid residues in a segment assume the same set of φandψ torsion angles.
T.S.Eliot The Waste Land 艾略特《荒原》赏析
T . S . Eliot
Brief introduction
The Waste Land is a 434-line modernist poem by T. S. Eliot published in 1922. It has been called "one of the most important poems of the 20th century.“ Despite the poem's obscurity—its shifts between satire and prophecy, its abrupt and unannounced changes of speaker, location and time, its elegiac but intimidating summoning up of a vast and dissonant range of cultures and literatures—the poem has become a familiar touchstone of modern literature.
---Allusions and quotations
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The style of the poem overall is marked by the hundreds of allusions and quotations from other texts (classic and obscure; "high-brow" and "low-brow") that Eliot peppered throughout the poem. In addition to the many "high-brow" references and/or quotes from poets like Baudelaire, Shakespeare, Ovid, and Homer, Eliot also included a couple of references to "low-brow" genres. A good example of this is Eliot's quote from the 1912 popular song "The Shakespearian Rag" by lyricists Herman Ruby and Gene Buck. There were also a number of low-brow references in the opening section of Eliot's original manuscript (when the poem was entitled "He Do The Police in Different Voices"), but they were removed from the final draft after Eliot cut this original opening section.
小升初英语完形填空与阅读理解高级技巧与策略深化训练单选题80题
小升初英语完形填空与阅读理解高级技巧与策略深化训练单选题80题1. In my school, we often have a reading ____ in the library.A. meetingB. partyC. classD. activity答案：D。
解析：首先看选项A，“meeting”通常指比较正式的会议，在图书馆进行阅读会议不太符合实际校园生活语境；选项B，“party”是聚会，阅读聚会这种说法不太常见于校园图书馆场景；选项C，“class”更多强调课堂教学，这里说在图书馆里进行阅读课不太合理；而选项D“activity”表示活动，阅读活动在图书馆是比较合理的，它涵盖了多种形式的阅读相关的事情，所以选D。
2. My family went to the park last Sunday. We had a great time ____ the flowers.A. seeingB. lookingC. watchingD. observing答案：A。
解析：选项B“looking”通常是不及物动词，后面要加at才能接宾语，这里不合适；选项C“watching”更多用于观看动态的事物，比如看电视、看比赛等，看花不太适合用watch；选项D“observing”有观察、观测的意思，比较正式和专业，在家庭在公园看花这个语境下不太合适；而选项A“seeing”就是单纯的看见、看到，比较符合语境，所以选A。
3. There are many ____ in the forest.A. treesB. woodsC. bushesD. forests答案：A。
解析：选项B“woods”表示树林，本身就有很多树的一片区域，和句中的“in the forest”语义重复；选项C“bushes”是灌木丛，森林里虽然可能有灌木丛，但这里强调的是森林里有很多树；选项D“forests”森林，句子已经说在森林里了，不能再说有很多森林；选项A“trees”树，在森林里有很多树是合理的，所以选A。
英语(二)语法-独立主格
英语(二)语法-独立主格英语二语法独立主格(Absolute Structure)Page 1Absolute Structure◆ 两个例句的对比Eg: Seeing from the hill, we find our village more beautiful. Eg: Weather permitting, we will go to picnic tomorrow. 两个例句的改造还原: Eg: When we see from the hill, we find our village more beautiful. Eg: If weather permits, we will go to picnic tomorrow. 两句相似处：两句相似处：都是分词做状语，句1是分词做时间状语，句2是分词做条件状语两句不同处：两句不同处：句1中的从句主语和主句主语一致，但句2中的分词本身自带逻辑主语，其逻辑主语与主句的主语不同,它独立存在Page 2Absolute Structure◆ 独立主格的构成与特点(1) 名词或代词名词或代词，作为逻辑主语，加上形容词，副词，现在分词，过去分词，不定式，介词短语形容词，形容词副词，现在分词，过去分词，不定式，介词短语等作为逻辑谓语，构成主谓关系。
独立主格在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件和方式、伴随。
原因状语从句：原因状语从句：Eg: 今天是星期天，你不必去上学。
Because it is Sunday, you needn’t go to school. 独立主格：It being Sunday, you needn’t go to school. (作原因状语) 时间状语从句：时间状语从句：Eg: 官员们到齐后，会议开始了。
After all the officials had arrived, the meeting began. 独立主格：The officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open. 。
独立主格
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5.答案：A)
【译文】早在1647年Ohio就作出决定：在每个 有50户以上居民的城镇中必须建立免费的、由 财政支持的学校。 【解析】分词可以用来代替一个定语从句作定 语。例如： Do you know the m an standing(＝who stands)over there?你认识站在那边的那个人吗？ Homework done(＝that is done)can lead to better grades.按时完成作业有助于成绩的提 高。
22
12._______ in this way,the situation doesn't seem so disappointing A)To look at B)Looking at C)Looked at D)To be looked at
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12.答案：C)
【译文】这么看来，形势似乎不是那么令人失 望。 【解析】分词作状语。Look和主句主语 situation是被动关系，所以用过去分词形式。 该分词结构相当于If it is looked at in this way。 例如： Accused of neglecting our study,my father sent my sister and me to a summer school.由于忽 略了我们的学习而受到谴责，我父亲把我和姐 姐送到了一所暑期学校。
4
3.答案：C)
【译文】阿拉伯国家赢得独立后，十分重视发 展教育，男孩和女孩都被鼓励去上学。 该句being encouraged中"being"可以省略。例如： Her room was on the third floor,with windows looking into the street.她的房间在3楼， 窗前正对着大街。 They drove to the seaside for relaxation,with the job completed.工作完毕，他们驱车去海边 放松。
生物化学重点难点解析
• 下列关于蛋白质结构的叙述，哪一项是错误的？ A．氨基酸的疏水侧链很少埋在分子的中心部位 B．电荷的氨基酸侧链常在分子的外侧，面向水相 C．白质的一级结构在决定高级结构方面是重要因素之一 D．白质的空间结构主要靠次级键维持
• 一级结构指蛋白质多肽链中氨基酸的排列顺序。肽键 是蛋白质中氨基酸之间的主要连接方式，即由一个氨 基酸的α-氨基和另一个氨基酸的α-之间脱去一分子水 相互连接。肽键具有部分双键的性质，所以整个肽单 位是一个刚性的平面结构。在多肽链的含有游离氨基 的一端称为肽链的氨基端或N端，而另一端含有一个 游离羧基的一端称为肽链的羧基端或C端。
• 蛋白质的二级结构最基本的有两种类型，它们是 _____________和______________。 • α-螺旋结构是由同一肽链的_______和 ________间的___ 键维持的，螺距为______,每圈螺旋含_______个氨基酸残 基，每个氨基酸残基沿轴上升高度为_________。天然蛋白 质分子中的α-螺旋大都属于___手螺旋。 • 在蛋白质的α-螺旋结构中，在环状氨基酸________存在处局 部螺旋结构中断。 • 球状蛋白质中有_____侧链的氨基酸残基常位于分子表面而 与水结合，而有_______侧链的氨基酸位于分子的内部。 • 天然蛋白质中的α—螺旋结构，其主链上所有的羰基氧与亚 氨基氢都参与了链内_____键的形成，因此构象相当稳定。
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with + n./pron. + 现在分词/过去分 词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语
with +名词（代词）+ 现在分词（过 去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、 介词短语）
这种结构在句子中做状语，通常表 示伴随状况或附加说明，有时还可 表示时间、条件、原因等含义。
with +名词（代词）+ 副词
他在街上漫无目的地到处游荡，脚上没 有穿鞋和袜子。 He wandered aimlessly around the streets with no shoes and socks on.
with +名词（代词）+ 介词短语
他站在我后面，手插在兜里。 He stood behind me, with his hands in his pockets.
with +名词（代词）+ 现在分词
玛丽离开后，约翰感到很痛苦 With Mary being away, John felt miserable.
树长高了，我们的园子有了更多的树荫 With the trees growing tall, we get more shade the garden.
With+名次/代词+过去分词
这个问题解决后，我们把谈话转到另一 个话题。 With the problem solved we turned our talk to another topic.
with +名词（代词）+ 不定式
因为有很多邮件要回复，所以我今天晚 上没有时间出去。 With so many emails to return, I won’t have time to go out tonight.
男孩出去了，胳膊夹着一本书。 The boy went out with a book under his arm.
with +名词（代词）+ 形容词
他们窗户开着，离开了房间。 They left the room with the door open.
她爱开着窗户睡觉。 She likes/prefers to sleep (likes/prefers sleeping) with the windows open.