2018语言学习题
(完整版)语言学练习题及答案
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ə ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ]15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English wordA. [r∧b ]B. [ læ b ]C. [məsta:∫]D. [lmæp]18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 178820. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. Sound1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]” , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics. T6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. F8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’ is unaspirated phonetically[ p=]. T9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. F10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme. T.语义学练习1._______ is not included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech’s seven typ es of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _____. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ____. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of __ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words “same” and “different” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB.converse oppositesC. hyponymsD.contradictory6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, - male, +human, - adultD. +animate, - male, +human, +adult8. ______is the implied meaning, similar to “implication” and “implicature”. E.g. When we mention about “women”, we’ll think of her soft warm manner.A. DenotationB. Affective meaningC. Reflected meaningD. Connotation9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is_ __A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in ___A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are ___A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/young17. The name of “Morning Star”, “Evening Star” and “Venus” is one of the example that different words or name may refer to the same ____A. denotation B. connotation C. reference D. sense18. When we analyze the words “thrifty, economical, stingy”they are synonyms but they have different______A. stylistic meaningB. denotative meaningC. affective meaningD. collocational meaning20. “Seeing those pictures reminds him of his childhood.” The und erlined part in the sentence is_A. agent caseB. object caseC. instrument caseD. benefactive case1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? T2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? F3. Can different expressions have the same referent? T4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? F1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T6. A: He married a blonde heiress. B: He married a blondeThe relation between these two sentences is entailment. F?7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between connotation and denotation. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. ‘bus’. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. FVI. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky’s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammarMost language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9)6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar--the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky’s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.词汇练习1. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. SynonymsD. co-hyponyms2. The semantic components of the word “woman” can be expressed as ______.A. +animate, +human, +male, -adultB. +animate, +human, -male, -adultC. +animate, +human, +male, +adultD. +animate, +human, -male, +adult3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “desk and furniture”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy4. The words “dog” and “read” are called ______because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. bound morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. free morphemes?9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats”“mouse→mice”,which are called_____.A. bound morphemeB. allomorphC. free morphemeD. minimal morpheme10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are also called _____.A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots12. The word “bookish” contains two _____.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have tobe combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix14. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the partof speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SufficesC. RootsD. Affixes15. The words “make, bus” are called ______.A. derived morphemesB. inflected morph.C. bound morphD. free morpheme16. Which is variable word?A. fromB. untilC. workD. and17. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “国务院”experienced?A. BlendingB. AbbreviationC. BorrowingD. Back-formation18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?A. adB. editC. AIDSD. Bobo19. The word “math” is formed through ___.A. back formationB. clippingC. BlendingD. derivation20. ______ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Affix B. Inflection C. Allomorph D. Morphologysyntax练习1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with “was”. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.A. Syntactic relationsB. paradigmatic relationsC. Linear relationsD. Government2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?A. Inferential ConnectiveB. Inflectional ComponentC. Immediate ConstituentD. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut?Draw a tree diagram of this sentence.A. between stone and yesterdayB. between she and brokeC. between broke and the windowD. between window and with5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).A. Phonology B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.A. ConcordB. Immediate constituentC. Syntagmatic relationsD. Government8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Sussure9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric constructionC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settingsB. tells people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for ‘the universal grammar’11. What is the full form of LAD? B. Language acquisition device12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called _____.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing 14．F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist .C. Swiss15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. “You sit down” is transformed into “Sit down”. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist.C. American18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book “Syntactic Structure”.B.195719. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion20.The phrase “the man about whom I’ve been talking.” belong to the ______Construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T2. “I’m a teacher.” “He studies English.” describe the form of gov ernment.3. “Langue” is much more stable than “parole”. T4. When we mentioned about the usage of a “树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation.F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. Wh en we mention about “phonetic”and “lexicon components”, they belong to deep structure category. F14. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed by deep structure. T15. Systemic – functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.16.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F17. The open-class words include prepositions. F18. “The boy smiled” has an exocen tric structure. T19. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”. T20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.21. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F6语用练习1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____ studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters of a listener.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the Speech Act TheoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “I’ll declare Mr. Williams election tomorrow.”B. “Good morning!”C. “could you open the window?”D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”6. A: Let’s get something to kids. B: Okey , but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.In the conversation B violets the _____.A: Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relevance Maxim D. Clarity Maxim 7. A: I really like the dinner. B: I’m vegetarian. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity8. A: How are you? B: I’m dead. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity9. A: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.B: Well, m mm uh it’s not that we don’t drink. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity10. A: Are you going to Steve’s barbecue?B: A barbecue is an outdoor party.There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity11. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context12. To analyze the following sentences ______ is Performative.A. You congratulate me.B. I envy you.C. I command you to put out that cigarette.D. I warned you not to go.13. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act14. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity15. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _____.A. qualityB. quantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity16. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A. This bag is heavy.B. I don’t want to carry it away.C. Could you help me with this bag?D. I’m very happy about it.17. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn’t it? B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity18. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century. A. John Austin19. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. John Austin20. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice21. According to Austin’s Speech Act theory, the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning is called ___ A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech. 22. A(n )”_____” means that some sentences, in the utterance and the seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance23. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theory.C. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence24. According to Austin, Speech Acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. twoC. threeD. five25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contentC. formD. context27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Of the three acts, Pragmatists are more interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above30. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly31. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above32. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in use33. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in the fact that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ that which is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above34. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes ______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance35. The part of the response to the speech acted by the hearer is _____.A. LocutionB. IllocutionC. PerlocutionD. Direct action36. _____ may perform an act but lay stress on describing the action.A. Speech Act TheoryB. PerlocutionC. PerformativeD. Constative37. A: Good luck to you! B: Thank you. What politeness principle does speaker A observe?A. Generosity maximB. Tact maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim38. “What a marvelous dinner you cooked!”What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?A. Sympathy maximB. Approbation maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim39. “I swear I have never seen the man before.” This sentence is a ____.A. performativeB. ConstativeC. indirect speechD. procedure40. Conversational Implicature can be___.A. CalculabilityB. CancellabilityC. Non-ConventionalityD. all of above1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T3. “We can do things with words” ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T4. “I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T6. “Locution” means the speaker’s intention. F7. “Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the hearer. T8. “Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. T10. “Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11. “In Semantics” the sentence meaning should be studied. T12.“ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T15. “What’s that?” that is a location deixis. FPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. PragmaticsIf semantics is the study of __1D__that comes from ‘purely linguistic knowledge’ pragmatics concerns all the ‘__2A__of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and __3_C_world’. So pragmatics is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in__4_B_.a) aspects b) semantics c) social d) meaningSemantics and __1_C_are complementary to__2A__ —hence ‘complementarism’. According to Morris’s trichotomy , __3__ is the study of ‘the formal relation of signs to one another’, __4__ is the study of ‘the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable ’,and pragmatics is the study of ‘the relation of signs to__D5__’.a) Each other b) Pragmatics c) semantics d) interpreters e) syntax。
语言学练习题（1）
语言学练习题（1）第一章语言与语言学1.The study of ___________ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. syntaxB. pragmaticsC. morphologyD. sociolinguistics2. If the study of meaning is conducted in the context of language use, a branch of linguistic study called __________ comes into being.A. syntax B semantics C. pragmatics D. sociolinguistics3. Which of the following statements is not the concern of psycholinguistics?A. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind workd when we use language.B. It focuses on the way of processing the information we receive in the course of communication.C. It pays more attention to the study of language acquistion in children.D. It relates the social norms that determine the type of language to be used in a certain occasion.4. Which of the following word is the entire arbitrary one?A. Crash.B. BookC. Newspaper.D. Beautiful.5. Which of the following items is not a design feature of human language?A. CompetenceB. ArbitrarinessC. DisplacementD. Productivity.6. The differences between Traditional Grammar and Modern Linguitistics are all of the following EXCEPT ____________.A. descriptive vs. prescriptiveB. spoken vs. writtenC. non-Latin-based framework vs. Latin-based frameworkD. competence vs. performance7. The term__________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative8. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. Careful.B.CrackC. HandbagD. Table.9. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called ___________.A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. Computational linguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. _________ is regarded as the “father of modern linguistics”?A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf11. Competence refers to ___________.A. Knowledge of meaning of words and sentence.B. the actual realization of the language user’s knowledge of the rules in utterances.C. the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.D. what speakers can actually do with language.12. The subject area on the borders of linguistics and literature has become known as___________.A. linguistics stylisticsB. anthropological linguisticsC. neurolinguisticsD. mathematical linguistics13. The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between.A. prescriptive and descriptiveB. synchronic and diachronicC. speech and writingD. langue and parole14. _________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Applied linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Anthropological linguistics15. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that _________.A. language is basically vocalB. language is arbitraryC. language is used for communicationD. language is productive16. ___________ means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.A. AmbiguityB. AbstractnessC. ArbitrarinessD. Fuzziness17. Which of the following statement about language is NOT true?A. Language means the system of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.B. Language means a particular type or style of language used for a particular purpose.C. Language refers to the common features of all human language.D. Language includes animal and artificial features of language.18. All human languages are organized on two levels: the sound level --- meaningless, the grammatical level --- meaningful. This means language has the design feature of _________.A. creativeB. changeableC. arbitraryD. duality19. ________ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. Morphology and semanticsB. Morphology and syntaxC. Semantics and syntaxD. Morphology and phonology20.__________ dictionary established a uniform standard for English spelling and word use.A. Johnson’sB. Lowth’sC. John’sD. Firth’s21. Langue & parole are a pair of important distinctions put forward by _________.A. SaussueB. ChomskyC. Lyons Halliday22. Language has the feature of ________ in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. interchangeability23.Linguistics gives priority to the spoken language instead of the written language because __________.A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systems.B. speech precedes writing everywhere in the world.C. we have recording devices to study speech.D. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European24. Who made the distinction between competences and performance?A. Noam Chomsky.B. F. de. SaussureC. M. A. K. Halliday.D. L. Bloomfield25. N. Chomsky is a great ___________ linguist.A. SwissB. FrenchC. CanadianD. American。
2018年厦门大学861语言学考研真题
2018厦门大学861语言学考研真题厦门大学的考研真题自15年开始已经不对外公布了，所以真题只有回忆版的，以下是芙蓉厦大考研网整理收集的2018厦门大学861语言学考研真题。
考生可以专业课资料栏目找到该科目的考研资料，如果考生有其他疑问，可以联系芙蓉厦大考研网的咨询老师。
一、名词解释（共5小题，每小题5分，共计25分）1.国际音标；2.义素；3.会意字；4.官话方言；5.偏误。
二、问答题（共4小题，每小题10分，共计40分）1.语言符号的特点。
2.分析词义的民族性。
3.量词的语法特征。
4.甲骨文与金文的区别与联系。
三、分析题（共3小题，每小题15分，共计45分）1.从词语和短语的区别，说说“洗澡”，“理发”，“毕业”，“结婚”这类词的特点2.分析“喜欢的是你”这个歧义句并说说产生歧义的原因。
3.从语义特征，句法特征，语音重读分析下面句子的区别。
a.他为什么辞职了？b.他怎么辞职了？四、古文标注释词题（共1小题，每小题20分，共计20分）国人皆（咎）公。
公曰：“君子不（重伤），不（禽）二毛。
古之为军也，不以（阻隘）也。
寡人虽亡国之余，不鼓不成列。
”子鱼曰：“君未知战。
勍敌之人，隘而不列，天（赞）我也。
阻而鼓之，不亦可乎？犹有惧焉！且今之勍者，皆我敌也。
虽及（胡耇），获则取之，何有于（二毛）！明耻教战，求杀敌也。
伤未及死，如何勿重？若（爱）重伤，则如勿伤；爱其二毛，则如服焉。
三军以利用也，金鼓以声（气）也。
利而用之，阻隘可也；声盛致志，鼓儳可也。
”（括号内的词要求解释）五、论述题（共1小题，每小题20分，共计20分）语言接触对方言演变的影响。
初试指定教材：王力：《古代汉语》，中华书局，2000年。
（非计算语言学专业书目）黄伯荣、廖序东：《现代汉语》，高等教育出版社，2000年。
（共用）叶宝奎：《语言学概论》（修订本），厦门大学出版社，2002年。
叶宝奎、陈明娥：《语言学概论学习参考》，厦门大学出版社，2005年。
2018考研吉林大学汉语言文字学的语言学理论615真题
一、名词解释24分
1、组合关系
塞擦音
焦点
情态
社会方言
音系学
形态变化
二、简答36分
1、人类语言和动物语言的区别
2、词义的派生类别
3、忘记了
三、分析50
1、他比我还高替换为他比我更高，将所有比的句子中的“还”换成“高”可以吗？为什么？
2、对立原则和互补原则的运用
例子ttstf三个因素是否可以出现在同一个语音环境吗？
3、香港记者在报纸里写文章受到英语的影响，
有4个例子，比如说我对人民有承担?
4、语境分析“我去上课了”
四、论述40
举例说明语言的线条性
区别性特征功能及意义
苏州大学中国语言文学
儒学经典和学说对中国诗歌的影响，结合诗人和诗歌说明。
2、歌德《浮士德》中靡菲斯特形象的社会意义和文学意义。
3、以鲁迅作品为例分析五四启蒙文学的特点。
4、艺术境界如何达到对人类心灵的描写和实景上升到虚境的统一。
18年南昌大学语言学文字学古代汉语真题
18年古代汉语真题（高清回忆版）
一、簡體寫繁體字（10分）
千山鳥飛絕萬徑人蹤滅
二、六書分析（10分）
莫、胡、亦、刃、術、謀、題、穎、驕、叔
三、解釋加點的字（1個2分20分）
課內課外都有
四、名詞解釋（一題5分）
三十六字母、判斷句、讀若、駢體文
五、簡答（一題10分）
1.什麼是詞類活用，使動和意動的區別
2.者作為指示代詞的用法
3.謂和謂之的區別
4.什麼是隸變，對漢字文字發展有什麼影響
六、文言文
齊侯游于姑棼遂田于貝丘見大豕從者曰公子彭生也公怒曰彭生敢見射之豕人立而啼公俱隊于車傷足喪屨反誅屨于徒人費弗得鞭之見血走出遇賊於門劫而束之費曰我奚禦哉袒而示之背信之費請先入伏公而出鬥死于門中石之紛如死於階下遂入殺孟陽於床曰非君也不類見公之足於戶下遂弑之而立無知
1.加標點翻譯（20分）
2.出自哪篇（4分）
3.找出名詞用狀語的詞（8分）
七、分析一首詩的平仄，找拗救（6分）
文言文寫作，中國文化與國民精神的內在關係，不少於100字以上（12分）
1。
2018年中国人民大学823语言学基础专业真题回忆
一、概念解释（4题20分）
蕴含和预设
音质音位和非音质音位
派生词缀和屈折词缀
外来词和意译词
二、简答题（30分)
1.现代汉语谓语的特点（给出3句话为例）
2.什么是音位变体？条件变体和自由变体的不同
三、语言现象分析题（45分)
1.给了三句句古话，然后让分析“矣”字的分布的异同点，还有意义，还有共时关系和可能的历时关系
2.［t］［th］两个音素在下面8个英文中的分布？和在北京话中的作比较分析异同
3.中国境内混合语的词汇和语法特点
4.类推和结构重新分析的不同
四、论述题（2题55分）
1.说说为什么语言学具有跨学科的特点，并说说语言学在二十一世纪的应用价值（25分）
2.语言结构的类型，然后结合汉语说说这样分的局限（30分）
1。
2018年天津商业大学考研真题-语言学及翻译(A)
天津商业大学2018年研究生入学考试试题专业：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称：语言学及翻译（804）共8页第1页说明：答案标明题号写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上的无效。
Part I Linguistics(100marks)I.Studying linguistics,we have come across a lot of technical terms,some of which are listed below.Please write out the most acceptable definitions for each of them.(10%)a)language;b)linguistics;c)morphology:d)duality;e)intercultural communication:f)sociolect;g)syntax;h)synonyms;i)pragmatics;j)speech communityII.Studying linguistics we have been acquainted with many linguists,five of whom are listed below.Write out a phrase that may best represent their contributions to linguistics.（10%）a)Edward Sapir;b)Noam Chomsky;c)M.A.K.Hallidayb)d)H.P.Grice;e)Leonard Bloomfield专业：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称：语言学及翻译（804）共8页第2页III.Linguistics as a specified discipline has its own technical ways of operation.Try to fill the blanks to demonstrate your technical sense of linguistics.(15%)1.Please give the corresponding sound segments according to thedescriptions:voiceless labiodental fricative:a)________;voiced alveolar stop:b)_________front,close,short:c)__________2.Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types oflinguistic study.If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,it is said to bed)____________;if the linguistic study aims to lay down rulesfor“correct and standard”behavior in using language,i.e.to tell people what they should say and what they should not say,it is said to be e)_________.Modern linguistics is mostlyf)__________.3.What functions does language perform?Three main functions are often recognized of language.The g)___________function,also referred to differently as the cognitive,or referential,or propositional function,is assumed to be the primary function of language.The h)______________function,also called the专业：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称：语言学及翻译（804）共8页第3页emotive or attitudinal function,supplies information about the user’s feelings,preferences,prejudices,and values.And the i)____________function,also referred to as the interpersonal function,serves to establish and maintain social relations between people.4.There are4maxims in Cooperative Principle,namely,the maxim of j)__________,the maxim of k)_________,the maxim of l)__________and the maxim of manner.5.Over the time many words remain in use,but their meanings have changed.There are three processes of semantic change,namely semantic m)______________,(when the meaning of a word becomes broader,for example,the word holiday,which originally meant“holy day”or“a day of religious significance”,but now it signifies any day on which people don’t have to work);semantic n)_________________(when the semantic change has narrowed the meaning of some words which are still used in Modern English,for example,girl,once meaning“young person of either sex”,now refers to“young person of the female sex”)and semantic o) ____________(when a word undergoes a change in meaning,for example,the word inn refers to a small hotel or pub,usually an old one,but now a well-known nice hotel may use inn as its name).专业：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称：语言学及翻译（804）共8页第4页IV.To be a student of linguistics,it is important to develop a sense of critical thinking.Please answer the following questions to demonstrate your critical potentials.(35%)nguage exists in time and changes through time.Thedescription of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study;the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.Which approach enjoys priority in modern linguistics?And why?2.The distinction between langue and parole was made in the early20th century.Why was this distinction made?3.The classic semantic triangle was suggested by Ogden andRichards to explain the relationship between words and things.What is the shortcoming of this triangle?4.First consider the following sentence:Tom is rich but he is not greedy.Then answer the question:what conventional implicature can you get about rich people from this utterance?And which word(or words)helps you get such an implicature?专业：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称：语言学及翻译（804）共8页第5页5.First read the following passage:Tianjin to start winter heating early as cold front continues Xinhua|Updated:2017-10-3015:5TIANJIN--North China's city of Tianjin turn on its central heating Wednesday,15days earlier than in previous years,to combat a cold front affecting the region.The city government made the announcement Monday. Temperatures in Tianjin have dropped nearly20℃due to the recent cold front,and the chilly weather has been accompanied by strong winds.The city has adjusted the time to turn on the central heating several times in the past.Then try to analyze the passage in terms of field of discourse,tenor of discourse and mode of discourse.专业：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称：语言学及翻译（804）共8页第6页V.Write two short essays on the following topics to demonstrate your potential of doing linguistics.(30%)1.Read the following passage first and then try to compare thedifferences in addressing between Chinese and English-speaking people.In many English-speaking countries,people address each other by just using their first names,e.g.Tom,Michael,Ellen,or Sophie. This is particularly true in the United States,where equality is greatly valued on different levels of social life.Therefore,it is not strange for a student to call his or her teachers by their first name or a mother-in-law to be called in the same way by her daughter-in-law, although some seniors may prefer to be called by their surname.2.The following two passages will reveal how language can vary inthe degree of formality:Passage A:It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly.Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books,and to bear in mind the needs of other students.Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.专业：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称：语言学及翻译（804）共8页第7页Passage BThe number of books in the library has been going down.Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing,and don’t forget that the library is for everyone’s convenience.So from now on,we’re going to enforce the rules strictly.You have been warned!Passage A is obviously more formal than Passage B.Now please compare the two passages and try to point out,with examples, what makes Passage A more formal.Part II Translation(50points)VI.Please translate the following passage into Chinese.(25 points)With decades of hard work,socialism with Chinese characteristics has crossed the threshold into a new era.This is a new historic juncture in China’s development.This is what socialism with Chinese characteristics entering a new era means:The Chinese nation,which since modern times began had endured so much for so long,has achieved a tremendous transformation—it has stood up, grown rich,and become strong;and it now embraces the brilliant prospects of rejuvenation.It means that scientific socialism is full of vitality in21st century China,and that the banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics is now flying high and proud for all to see.It means that the path,the theory,the system,and the culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics have kept developing,blazing专业：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称：语言学及翻译（804）共8页第8页a new trail for other developing countries to achieve modernization. It offers a new option for other countries and nations who want to speed up their development while preserving their independence; and it offers Chinese wisdom and a Chinese approach to solving the problems facing mankind.VII.Please translate the following passage into English.(25 points)孔子学院(Confucius Institute)是中国在世界各地设立的教育和文化交流机构。
语言学测试题及答案
语言学测试题及答案
1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？
A. 语言的起源
B. 语言的结构
C. 语言的使用
D. 语言的演变
答案：B
2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支？
A. 语音学
B. 句法学
C. 语义学
D. 心理学
答案：D
3. 请解释“语言”和“方言”的区别。
答案：语言是指具有独立语法和词汇系统的交流工具，通常与国家或民族相关联；方言则是语言内部的变体，通常与地域相关，但不具备独立的语法和词汇系统。
4. 什么是“音位”？
答案：音位是指语言中能够区分意义的最小语音单位。
5. 请列举三种语言的书写系统。
答案：汉字（汉语）、字母（英语）、西里尔字母（俄语）。
6. 以下哪个术语用于描述语言的演变？
A. 语言变化
B. 语言发展
C. 语言演化
D. 语言进化
答案：C
7. 什么是“词汇语义学”？
答案：词汇语义学是研究词汇意义及其变化的语言学分支。
8. 请解释“语法”。
答案：语法是一套规则，用于指导语言中单词的组合和排列，以形成意义完整的句子。
9. 什么是“社会语言学”？
答案：社会语言学是研究语言与社会结构、文化、身份和权力之间关系的学科。
10. 请列举两种语言的方言。
答案：普通话（汉语方言）、西班牙语（西班牙方言）。
（完整版）语言学练习题（附答案）Chapter1Language
（完整版）语言学练习题（附答案）Chapter1LanguageChapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Whichfunction does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in alanguage are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English touse horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used todescribe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds ina language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are orat least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary eit her. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to d escribe something that hadoccurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a geneti c one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the indi vidual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in anattempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than forexchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstra te his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personali ty. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer —in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending Pres ident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order toacquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinctmeanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to createendless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) Th e term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real ornot real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view ofthe sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。
2018年江苏南京师范大学语言学与对外汉语教学理考研真题
2018年江苏南京师范大学语言学与对外汉语教学理考研真题
一、语言学理论部分（共70分）
（一）名词解释题（每题5分，共20分）
1.音位变体
2.组合的递归性
3.社会方言
4.皮钦语
（二）简答题（每题10分，共20分）
1.简述语言与文字的关系。
2.词义的概括性有哪些表现形式？
（三）论述题（每题15分，共30分）
1.结合具体例子分析说明语言发展的特点。
2.用变换分析的方法说明下面几个句子的差异。
（1）台上坐着主席团。
（2）台上唱着戏。
（3）台上摆着酒席。
二、对外汉语教学理论部分（共80分）（一）名词解释题（每题5分，共20分）
1.先天论
2.石化现象
3.文化休克
4.大脑的偏侧化
（二）简答题（每题10分，共30分）
1.简述克拉申的“i+1”理论。
2.影响测试信度的因素有哪些？
3.简述第一语言习得与第二语言学习的差异。
（三）论述题（每题15分）共30分）
1.试比较二语教学法中的听说法和交际法。
2.结合具体实例说明对外汉语语法教学的原则。
语言学题型试题及答案
语言学题型试题及答案1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？答案：语言学的主要研究对象是人类语言。
2. 请列举三种不同的语言类型。
答案：孤立语、黏着语、屈折语。
3. 什么是语音学？答案：语音学是研究人类语音产生、传播和感知的科学。
4. 请解释“语素”的概念。
答案：语素是最小的有音义结合的语言单位。
5. 什么是形态学？答案：形态学是研究词的内部结构和词与词之间关系的语言学分支。
6. 请描述句法学的主要研究内容。
答案：句法学主要研究句子的结构和句子成分之间的关系。
7. 语言的演变过程通常包括哪些阶段？答案：语言的演变过程通常包括语音变化、词汇变化、语法变化和语义变化。
8. 什么是社会语言学？答案：社会语言学是研究语言与社会因素之间关系的语言学分支。
9. 请解释“方言”的概念。
答案：方言是指在一定地理区域或社会群体中使用的具有共同特征的语言变体。
10. 什么是第二语言习得？答案：第二语言习得是指在母语习得之后，通过学习获得另一种语言的过程。
11. 请列举两种不同的语言教学法。
答案：沉浸式教学法、交际教学法。
12. 什么是语言接触？答案：语言接触是指不同语言或方言之间的相互影响和交流。
13. 请解释“语用学”的概念。
答案：语用学是研究语言在社会语境中使用和理解的语言学分支。
14. 什么是语言规划？答案：语言规划是指政府或组织为了特定目的而对语言的使用和发展进行规划和指导。
15. 请描述“语言死亡”的现象。
答案：语言死亡是指一种语言不再有使用者，逐渐消失的现象。
2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试00830现代语言学真题附答案
2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学 试卷（课程代码00830）本试卷共4页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。
考生答题注意事项：1 •本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。
答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均 可作草稿纸。
2 •第一部分为选择题。
必须对应试卷上的题号使用 2B 铅笔将“答题卡”的相应 代码涂黑。
3 .第二部分为非选择题。
必须注明大、小题号，使用 0. 5毫米黑色字迹签字笔 作答。
4 .合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。
第一部分 选择题Directionst Read e^ch of the following statements carefully;which one of the four choices best completes the statement bhekea the corresponding tetter A, C or D on theANSWER SHEET (2%Xlfr=20%5 What can be drawn safely from theof Genie is that __________ . A- it confirms the critical period hypothesisB, homan's language acquisition device k independent of other intellectual abilities申C language cannot be acquired at 汨]after th* critic^ periodD. the language iaculty of an average human degenerates after (he critical period and, as a result, most linguistic skiUs cannot developI. 3. According to E de Saussure, ___________ refers to 曲匕 abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.A, competence B, performanceThe English sound [u:] is a _ _ .A. close vowel B ・ scnu<lose vowel C. semi-open vowelWhich of the following factors is NOT a learner factor?A, AccuituratiOfi B. PersonalityC. Interaction The words 、帕ku” HIK I :l tabJe w are calledC. langueD. parole D H open vowel A. free morphemesC. form wordsD. Motivation _____ because they can occur unattached. B. bound morphemes D. inflectional morphemes6. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticalitybelong to the same __________ •A. syntactic categoryB. phonological categoryC. morphological categoryD. semantic category7. Sociolinguistics is primarily concerned with the social significance of language and language usein different speech communities.A. variationB. changeC. structureD. form8. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called __________________ , which is theabstraction of the meaning of a sentence・A. predicationB. predicate C・ argument D・ sense9. The notion of ___________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.A. utteranceB. sentence C・ context D・ speech act10. The first and most widely investigated language femily of the world is ________________ •A. the Sino-Tibetan FamilyB. the Indo-European FamilyC. the Austronesian Family D・ the Afroasiatic Family第二部分非选择题11. Directions: Fill in the bbink on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statements withone word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%X 10=10%)11. Cultural t ________ means that language can be passed on from one generation to thenext through teaching and leamin& rather than by instinct12. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation, they are collectively known as i ____________ •13. Language acquisition is concerned with language d __________ in humans.14. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often i . not always being the sumtotal of the meanings of its components.15. ______________________________________________________________________ The relationship between the name and the meaning of a word is quite a ___________________ .16. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called t ________________ rules, whoseoperation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.17. A creole language is originally a p ____________ that has become established as a nativelanguage in some speech community.】& E _____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have more than one meaning.19. If one contributes more information than is required in a conversation, hc/she violates themaxim of a .20. Many of the most basic terms in the English language originate from Q ___________ English.UL Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%X 10=20%)21. The description of a language at some point in time is a diachronic study.22. [0] and [d] are two dental fricatives in English・23. Although there are individual differences in onset and rate of language development, childrenacross cultures follow the same order of language development.24. “Plural” is a morpheme.25. Language is the only means for thought.26. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way oranother and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.27. A regional dialect is usually spoken by a group of people living in the same community.28. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaningto observable contexts.29. The two sentences u Tom smokes^ and ^Tom is smoking/ have the same predication.30. Modem linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken・IV. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for iUustration where appropriate* (3% X 10=30% )31 ・ duality32. word stress33. second language acquisition (SLA)34. stem35・ cerebral plasticity36. AUX-movcment37. speech community38. sense39. pragmatics40. historical linguisticsV. Directions： Answer the following questions (10%X2=20%)41 • Name and describe 5 of the core branches of linguistics.42. How are semantics and pragmatics related, and how do they differ?现代语J 学试題答案及评分参子第I 页（共3 U （）绝密★启用前2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试题答案及评分参考（课程代码00830 ）I . Directions: Read each of the follouing statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A. B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.l.C 2. A 3.C 4. A Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWRR SHEET in each of (he ColloHinK statements with one word, the first letter of uhich is already given as a clue ・ Note that you are to fill in ONE v^ord only, and you are not allowed to change the letter 七iven. (1%X 10=10%)II. transmission12. intonation 13. development 15・ arbitrary17. pidgin19. quanlily 14. idiomatic 16. transformational 1X. Polysemy 20. Old 111. Directions ： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or P forfalse on the ANS'、ER SHEET. If you think a statement h fal^ >ou must explain why you think so andthen give the correct version. (2%X 10=20%)21. FThe description of a language at sonu: point in time is a synchronic study.或者I he (lcscnption of a la as il changes ihrou 字h linx is a diachronic simly评分标准：答对得2分；正饯判断错I 吴扣全分。
浙江1月自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
浙江省 2018 年 1 月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码： 00830一、单项选择题( 在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题 2 分，共20 分)1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of ().A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ().A. phoneticsB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics3. According to Chomsky, () is the ideal user’ s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue4. “ Sweets” and “ candy” are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the samething. The words are () synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaningamong them. This is known as ().A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. antonymy6. “ How fast did he drive when he ran the red light? ” ()“He ran the red light ” .A. entailsB. contradictsC. presupposesD. includes7. The word “ lab” is formed through ().A. back formationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation8. () in the brain fulfills the function of speech production.A. Angular gyrusB. Broca ’ s areaC. The right hemisphereD. Wernicke ’ s area9. When a child uses “ mummy ” to refer to any woman, most probably his“ mummy ” means().A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult –MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent10. () is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone二、在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。
西北大学 语言及应用语言学 2018年考研真题610
西北大学2018年招收攻读硕士学位研究生试题语言学概论（617）一、填空题（每小题1分，共10分）1、语言符号音和义之间的结合是社会成员____的。
2、根据语法形式的共同特点将其归并为几个基本类型，这种语法形式的类叫做____。
3、口语和书面语是同一种语言的不同的____变异。
4、语言接触有不同的类型，其中最常见的是____。
5、以现实现象为基础，不涉及人们的主观态度的词义是词的____，它是词义的核心。
6、地域方言的差别主要表现在____上。
7、____是运用本族语言的构词材料和规则构成的新词，把外语中的某个意义移植过来。
8、在workers中，worker这一部分可以称为____。
9、是否能够____，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
10、从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是____。
二、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分）1、语言符号的任意性特点说明了（）A.语言是人类最重要的交际工具B.语言是人类的思维工具C.语言具有组合关系和聚合关系D. 语言是一种特殊的社会现象2、朗读“土改”一词时，通常要把“土”念成阳平，这种变化叫做（）A.同化B.异化C.弱化D.脱落3、下列各组词中属于复合词的一组是（）A.大学、人民、readerB.劳动、阿姨、railwayC.瓶子、教室、unhappyD.道路、材料、classroom4、[b][c][g]三个音素的区别是（）A.清浊B.发音方法C.发音部位D.送气与否5、在文字体系的发展过程中，不包括（）阶段A.记事图画B.表意文字体系C.表音文字体系D.纯表音文字体系6、下列文字中属于音位字母的是（）A.日文字母B.英文字母C.汉字D.阿拉伯字母7、[p']的发音特征是（）A.双唇送气清塞音B.双唇不送气清塞音C.舌尖前送气清塞音D.舌尖前不送气清塞音8、英语的“sheep”和“ship”两个单词起区别作用的是（）A.调位B.时位C.重位D.音位9、“He seems sad”中的动词seems中的s表示的语法意义是（）A.性、数、格B.时、体、态C.时、体、格D.数、时、人称10、元音和辅音最本质的区别是（）A.是否均衡紧张B.声带是否振动C.气流是否受阻D.时间延续久暂11、确定“忽然”是副词，“突然”是形容词，主要依据词的（）A.意义B.形态C.句法功能D.范畴12、现代汉语普通话的“花儿”是（）A.单纯词B.派生词C.复合词D.语素13、下列各组词都属于基本词汇的是（）A.丈夫、妻子、兄弟、令堂B.若干、屹立、篇章、父母C.make、look、do、getD.电视、开发、能力、学派14、语音的演变主要是指（）A.词的读音变化B.音素的增加C.浊音清化D.词义变化15、汉语普通话语音系统中没有的发音部位是（）A.双唇B.舌尖C.齿尖D.舌面16、“社稷”“太监”等词在现代汉语中已不再使用，它属于（）A.词义的演变B.旧词的消亡C.新词的产生D.词语的替换17、下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是（）A.年轻漂亮、朴素大方B.我们大家、首都北京C.铁路民航、工人农民D.贯彻执行、讨论研究18、俄语、汉语、日语三种语言所属的语法结构类型按次序是（）A.黏着语、屈折语、孤立语B.屈折语、黏着语、孤立语C.孤立语、屈折语、黏着语D.屈折语、孤立语、黏着语19、根据谱系分类看，台湾的高山语属于（）A.乌拉尔语系B.南岛语系C.南亚语系D.高加索语系20、语言间亲属关系的重要标志是（）A.语音的对应B.语法规则的对应C.产生年代相近D.词汇基本相同三、多项选择题（每小题2分，共30分）1、下列短语中的“语言”一词，（）属于语言学术语中的“言语”A.语言无味，面目可憎B.亚洲语言研究C.语言必须接近大众D.向人民学习语言2、属于半低元音的是（）A.[e]B.[ε]C.[ɔ]D.[œ]3、下列选项中的辅音，清浊一致的是（）A.[t']和[n]B.[ts']和[s]C.[tç]和[ç]D.[g]和[ɤ]4、常见的语流音变现象有（）A.脱落B.同化C.换位D.类推5、划线部分属于“格”语法范畴的是（）A.two booksB.his bikeC.my footD.the student's book6、下列各组词的词性变化不属于内部屈折的是（）A.I---meB.foot---feetC.work---worksD.child---children7、下列划线部分语义角色为受事的是（）A.死了一头牛B.摘苹果C.喝西北风D.买教材8、汉字是（）A.表音文字B.意音文字C.他源文字D.自源文字9、从“我打破了花瓶”变换为“我把花瓶打破了”，使用了（）A.删除B.添加C.替代D.移位10、至今语音系属不明的是（）A.京语B.缅甸语C.日语D.朝鲜语11、不属于等义词的是（）A.成果—后果B.many---muchC.替代---代替D.头颅---脑壳12、属于斯拉夫语族的语言有（）A.俄语B.塞尔维亚语C.德语D.捷克语13、（）属于词组A.写字B.扑克C.小碗D.编辑14、混合语是（）A.几种语言成分均匀的混杂B.洋泾浜的进一步演变C.语言远征的结果D.被人们作为母语来使用15、（）是由于社会的地域分化而造成的A.地域方言B.社会方言C.阶层方言D.亲属语言四、判断句（正确的打√，错误的打ⅹ。
《现代语言学》试题
《现代语言学》试题2018年4月高等教育自学考试课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof theour choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for humancommunication.A. visualB. vocalC. writtenD. spoken2. The English sounds [j] and [w] areA. liquidsB. glidesC. affricativesD. nasals3. The optimum age for second languageacquisition isA. early teenageB. 7 years oldC. 6 years oldD. 20 years old4. modify the meaning and in manycases change the part of speech of the original word.A. Prefixes 13. Roots C. Suffixes D. Stems5. Neurolinguists have concluded that threeareas of the left hemisphere are vital to language, namely, Broca's area, Wernicke's area andA. neuronsB. cerebral cortexC. Exner's areaD. the angular gyrus6. A clause that takes a subject and a finiteverb, and at the same time stands alone is known as a finite clause.A. semanticallyB. structurallyC. sociolinguisticallyD. phonologically7. is a linguistic situation in whichtwo standard languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers,such as the inhabitants of aparticular region or a nation.A. CreoleB. VernacularC. BilingualismD. Diglossia8. The sense relation that holds between the twowords piece and peace isA. polysemyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. As an important theory in the pragmatic studyof language, speech act theory was originated with in the late 50's of the 20thcentury.A. Paul GriceB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Austin10. Ingeneral, linguistic change in the system and the vocabulary of a language is more noticeable than thatin other systems of the grammar.A. syntacticB. morphologicalC. soundD. semanticII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note thatyou are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11.According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of r about his language, which enableshim to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences.12. Englishvowels may be distinguished as front, c and back.13. B learning theory suggested that achild's verbal behavior was conditioned through association between a stimulusand the following response.14. I morphemes manifest variousgrammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree,and case.15. Thelocalization of cognitive and perceptual functions ina particular hemisphereof the brain is called I16.Syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledgeof a language speaker is known as linguisticc17. A p is a variety of language that isgenerally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium ofcommunication.18. S refers to the sameness or closesimilarity of meaning.19.According to J. Austin, a I actis the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveyingliteral meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of Old English, M Englishand Modem English.IIIDirections: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.21. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary.22. [s] and[z] are two alveolar fricatives in English.23. Ingeneral, language learning refers to children's development of their firstlanguage.24. The wordupdate is formed by derivation.25. The caseof Genie demonstrates that the language facultyof an average human degeneratesafter the critical period.26.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss ofgrammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.27. Of thetwo sounds/b/and/1/, children are more likely to acquire/1/first rather than/b/.28. Theconceptualist view of meaning was further strengthened by Bloomfield, who drew onbehaviorist psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic form.29.Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstractmeaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication.30. Language change is essentially a matter ofchange in the grammar.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate.31.displacement32. phoneme33.interlanguage34. root35. thecritical period hypothesis36.Universal Grammar37. slang38. hyponymy39.perlocutionary act40. semanticchangeV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41.Linguistics is generally defined as "the scientific study oflanguage". Describe briefly the process of linguistic study.42. What isthe Cooperative Principle? Please make ananalysis of what maxim is violated byB and what implicature is produced in the following conversation.A: Thespeaker is an awful bore. Don't you think?B: Thelecture hall is spacious, isn't it?(This issaid when it is known to both A and B that it is entirely possible for B tomake a comment on the speaker. )2018年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% ×10=20%)1. According to F.de Saussure, refers to theabstract linguistic system shared byall members ofa speech community.petenceB. performanceC. langueD. parole2. The Englishsound [u:] is aA. close vowelB. semi-close vowelC. semi-open vowelD. open vowel3. Which of thefollowing factors is NOT a learner factor?A.AcculturationB. PersonalityC. InteractionD. Motivation4. The words"take" and "table" are called because they can occur unattached.A. freemorphemesB. boundmorphemesC. formwordsD.inflectional morphemes5. What can bedrawn safely from the case of Genie is thatA. it confirmsthe critical period hypothesisB. human'slanguage acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilitiesC. languagecannot be acquired at all after the critical periodD. the languagefaculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, asa result,most linguistic skills cannot develop6. Constituentsthat can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belongto the sameA. syntacticcategoryB.phonological categoryC.morphological categoryD.semantic category7. Sociolinguistics is primarily concerned with the social significance oflanguage and language usein different speech communities.A.variationB. changeC. structureD. form8. In semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called , which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.A.predicationB. predicateC. argumentD. sense9. The notion of is essential to the pragmatic studyof language.A.utteranceB. sentenceC. contextD. speech act10. The first and most widely investigated languagefamily of the world isA. theSino-Tibetan FamilyB. theIndo-European FamilyC. theAustronesian FamilyD. theAfroasiatic FamilyII. Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET ineach of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and youare not allowed to change theletter given. (1% × 10=10%)11. Cultural t means that language can be passed on from one generation to the nextthrough teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.12. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i13. Language acquisition is concerned with languaged in humans.14. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often i , not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.15. The relationship between the name and the meaning ofa word is quite .a16. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionallycalled t rules, whose operationmay change the syntactic representation of a sentence.17. A creole language is originally a p that has become established as anative language in some speech community.18. P refersto the phenomenon that the same word may have more than one meaning.19. If one contributes more information than is requiredin a conversation, he/she violates the maxim of q20. Many of the most basic terms in the English languageoriginate from O English.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so andthen give the correct version. (2%~10=20%)21. The description of a language at some point in timeis adiachronic study.22. [0] and [6] are two dental fricatives in English.23. Although there are individual differences in onsetand rate of language development, children across cultures follow the sameorder of language development.24. "Plural" is a morpheme.25. Language is the only means for thought.26. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allowgeneral principles to operate in one way or another and contribute tosignificant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.27. A regional dialect is usually spoken by a group ofpeople living in the same community.28. Contexualism is based on the presumption that one canderive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.29. The twosentences "Tom smokes." and "Tom is smoking." have the samepredication.30. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.IV. Directions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30%)31. duality32. word stress33. second language acquisition (SLA)34. stem35. cerebral plasticity36. AUX-movement37. speech community38. sense39. pragmatics40. historical linguisticsV. Directions: Answer the followingquestions. (10% × 2=20%)41. Name and describe 5 of the core branches oflinguistics.42. How are semantics and pragmatics related, and how dothey differ?2019年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of language.A. synchronicB. scientificC. specificD. diachronic2. aimsto discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these soundsare used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneD. Phoneme3. The American SLA scholar proposed the distinction betweenacquisition and learning.A. F. de SaussureB.N. ChomskyC.S. KrashenD.B.F.Skinner4. The basic unit in the study of morphology isA. phoneB. wordC. phonemeD. morpheme5. One of major mental functions controlled bythe right hemisphere of the brain isA. temporal orderingB. holistic reasoningC. calculationD. analytic reasoning6. Traditionally the three major types ofsentences are , and sentences.A. full / partial / incompleteB. affirmative / interrogative /imperativeC. positive / negative / neutralD. simple / coordinate or compound /complex7. Insociolinguistics, the more standard variety is called the variety, which is used for more formalor serious matters, such as speeches made in government, the media, school, orchurch.A. IowB. highC. authoritativeD. official8. The sense relation that holds between the twowordsfiower and rose isA. polysemyB.homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract,and decontextualized, the meaning of a(n)is concrete,and context-dependent.A. wordB. phraseC. idiomD. utterance10. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies language change, therefore, it mainly adopts a approach.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. D features refer to the definingproperties of humanlanguage that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication.12. Englishconsonants can be classified either in terms of m of articulation or in terms of placeof articulation.13. Languageacquisition is concerned with language d in humans.14. Boundmorphemes include two types: roots and a15. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.16. Thetheory of Case Condition accounts for the fact that n phrases appear only in subject andobject positions.17. Aparticular r may be used bya particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation like doctors,teachers, and lawyers, or the same interests, such as stamp collectors,football fans.18. R means what a linguistic form refersto in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between thelinguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.19.According to John Austin, p weresentences that did not state a fact or describe a state and were notverifiable.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of O English, MiddleEnglish and Modem English.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)21.According to F. de Saussure, parole is concrete, while langue is abstract.22. Thereare two nasals in English: [m] [n].23. Studiesof the effect of formal instruction in general support the hypothesis that instructiondecides SLA.24. Since acompound is a word, its components cannot be written separately.25. For mostindividuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, regardless of handiness.26. Thearrangement of words in a linear sequence entails that sentences are simply linearly-structured.27. Aeuphemism is a mild, direct or less offensive word or expression substitutedwhen the speaker or writer fears more indirect wording might be harsh,unpleasantly offensive.28. When twowords are identical in spelling, they are homophones.29. If onesays what he believes to be false, he violates the maxim of quantity.30. The mostvigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is thechange in its vocabulary.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. appliedlinguistics32.International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)33. languagetransfer34.inflectional affixes35.linguistic lateralization36.branching nodes37.semantics38.illocutionary act39.historical linguistics40. linguafrancaV.Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Of thetwo media of language, speech and writing, which is more basic in the view of modemlinguistics? Explain the reasons.42. What arethe major views concerning the study of meaning? Explain them briefly.2019年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the fourchoices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET.1. provides speakers with anopportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused byseparation in time and place.A. ArbitrarinessB. ProductivityC. DualityD. Displacement2. [ɜ:] [Ə] and [ʌ] are the vowels in English.A. frontB. semi-openC. centralD. back3. The root of the word carelessness isA. careB. carelessC. -lessD. -ness4. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics thatstudies the structure oflanguage.A. soundB. wordC. sentenceD. meaning5. The sense relation between the twowordsfiower and roseisA. antonymyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. polysymy6. The study ofhow speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication iscommonly calledA. semanticsB. syntaxC. pragmaticsD. sociolinguistics7. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies languageA. changeB. factC. grammarD. presence8. Variation in language use which is associatedwith the sex of individual speakers isA. ageB. genderC. registerD. slang9. The language center that is responsible forconverting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa is calleda(n)A. Broca's areaB. Wemicke's areaC. motor areaD. angular gyms10. Inlanguage learning, isdefined in terms of the learner's overall goal ororientation.A. motivationB. aptitudeC. acculturationD. personalityII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter ofwhich is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fillin ONE word only, and you are notallowed to change theletter given.11. Chomskydefines p as the actualrealization of the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language inlinguistic communication.12. Thearticulatory organs of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the n cavity.13.Morphemes that can not stand alone, but must be combined with other morphemesto form words are calledb morphemes.14.Normally, a sentence consists of at least a s and its predicate.15. The c view holds that there is no directlink between a linguistic form and what it refers to.16. If yousay what you believe to be false in a conversation, you violate the maxim of q17. Many of the most basic terms, such as man, eat andhouse in the English language originate from O English.18. Asociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-existin a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social functionand appropriate for certain situations, is called d19. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.20. Ingeneral, language acquisition refers tochildren's development of their f language.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T fortrue or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you mustexplain why you think so and then givethe correct version.21.Phonologists are interested in how sounds are put together and used to conveymeaning in communication.22. [p] [b][m] are the only three bilabial consonants in English.23.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations.24. Move a(Alpha) means "move any word to any place."25. Referenceis the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.26. Aperlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is theact performed in saying something.27.Linguistic change occurs in all components of the grammar, including changes inthe sound, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and semantic systems.28. A creolelanguage is originally a pidgin that has become established as a nativelanguage in somespeech community.29. Cerebralcortex in the outside surface of the brain is the most important part of thebrain.30.According to Krashen, learning refers to the gradual and subconsciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in dailycommunicative situations.IV. Direetions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate.31. language32. broadtranscriptionpounding34. theX-bar theory35. synonymy36. speechact theory37.diachronic linguistics38.euphemism39. thecritical period hypothesis40.interlanguageV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41. What isthe deletion rule? Explain your answer with examples.42. What doyou think are the causes of language change? Explain your answer with examples.。
2018年10月语言学概论真题及答案
23．正迁移 答案：第二语言学习时母语的语言规则对第二语言的学习产生积极影响，被称为 正迁移。
24．串对 答案：对偶句的前后两句意义相连叫串对。
三、分析题：本大题共 2 小题，每小题 7 分，共 14 分。 25．分析下面这个对话中违反会话准则所产生的会话含义。
18．下面各项中属于日耳曼语族的是 A．俄语 B．德语 C．拉丁语 D．斯拉夫语 答案：B 解析：印欧语系下面就分成了印度语族、伊朗语族、斯拉夫语族、日耳曼语族、 拉丁语族等。德语属于日耳曼语语族，俄语属于斯拉夫语族，拉丁语属于拉丁语 族，斯拉夫语属于斯拉夫语族。 19．俗谚有“一女不吃两家茶”之说，这是因为 A．女子不能吃别人家茶 B．女子不能吃茶
析法”。
6．人的大脑左半球前部受伤，患者可能出现的语言障碍是 A．听不懂人说话 B．只能说长句 C．基本上不能说话 D．不能理解人的表情 答案：C 解析：人的大脑左半球的一定部位掌管语言和抽象的思维活动，1861 年法国医 生布洛卡最先发现大脑左球前部有个部位受伤，患者会出现语言障碍，基本上不 会说话，但仍能听懂别人说话。
举例分析（5 分）。 30．从语法的角度举例说明词的组合关系和聚合关系。 答案：
从语法的角度来看，词的组合关系是指词与词之间的组合（2 分），词的组 合一般又称为句法功能与句段关系，组合关系是一种线性序列。词的组合关系形 成词组（3 分）。
在语法组合的同一位置上可以互相替换的各个词处在可以联想起来的关系 中。它们自然地聚合成类。它们之间的关系就是聚合关系，又称为联想关系。从 语法的角度看，词的聚合形成词类，其成员往往具有相同的语法功能。（2 分）
根据词的音节数量，词可以分为单音节词、双音节词和多音节词。（2 分） 根据一个词中所包含构词语素的数量，词可以分为单纯词和合成词（2 分）。单 纯词由一个构词语素构成，合成词由一个或一个以上语素构成。
【爱考宝典】2018年北京大学语言学基础考研真题
【爱考宝典】2018年北京大学语言学基础考研真题
语言学理论
一、名词（5*2）
音位声调
二、简答（8*2）
举例说明常见的语法范畴
举例说明语言接触的类型
三、论述（12*2）
语言的社会性
语音演变的规律性
现汉
四、标音标
五、拼音方案声母的排列规则
六、造词法（蚁族，晒客，独董，背包客...）
七、举例说明表性状的词释义的方式
八、根据语法功能给动词形容词下定义，判断是动词还是形容词（发憷，动心，帮助...）
爱考宝典针对北大考研培训13年！
北大考研专业课程咨询微信yaokaoguo
九、分析语义的差异和原因（打扫卫生打扫垃圾，养病养身体，救火救人）
汉史
爱考宝典针对北大考研培训13年！
北大考研专业课程咨询微信yaokaoguo。
2018年4月语言学概论真题及答案
9．人脑中掌管语言的是 A．大脑左半球 B．大脑右半球 C．小脑 D．脑干 答案：A 解析：大脑左半球的一定部位掌管语言和抽象的思维活动。
19．着眼于语言的思维功能研究的语言外围研究学科是 A．社会语言学 B．普通语言学 C．外围语言学 D．心理语言学 答案：D 解析：心理语言学着眼于语言的思维功能研究的语言外围研究学科.
20．秦始皇名“政”，秦代正月不叫正月而叫“端月”，这是为了 A．讨吉祥 B．讨口彩 C．避讳 D．避难堪 答案：C 解析：吉祥话从反面说也就是“词语避讳”，不说不尊敬或不吉利的词语。汉族 人在古代就很讲究人名的避讳。皇帝的名字里所用的字禁止在一切场合使用。 二、多项选择题：本大题共 5 小题，每小题 2 分，共 10 分。在每小题列出的备 选项中至少有两项是符合题目要求的，请将其选出，错选、多选或少选均无分。 21．下面各项中属于词的有 A．吃败仗 B．转基因 C．幼儿园
4
D．小女儿 E．玩游戏 答案：BC 解析：A、D、E 属于短语。 22.下面各对词语中能出现在同一语法位置上的有 A.小说——苹果 B．大——小 C．红——红色 D. 写——走 E．好——衣服 答案：ABD 解析：红是形容词，红色是名词，所以不能出现在同一语法位置上。好是形容词， 衣服是名词，所以不能出现在同一语法位置上。 23．“老刘有三个孩子”的蕴含义可能有 A．老刘没有孩子 B．老刘只有三个孩子 C．老刘有不止三个孩子 D．老刘有孩子 E．老刘没有三个孩子 答案：BCD 解析：通常情况下是指说出的话中包含着其中某个词语的上位义或整体义。蕴含 义分为衍推义和隐含义。“老刘有三个孩子”这句话中，并没有包含“老刘没有 孩子”和“老刘没有三个孩子”的意思。 24．医生安慰重病人说“没什么大问题，好好回家休养”明显违反了 A．赞誉准则 B．慷慨准则 C．相关准则 D．一致准则 E．质量准则 答案：CE 解析：相关准则是指要说与话题有关的话，不说无关的话。医生并没有提及病人 的病情，所以违反了相关准则。质量准则是指要说真话，不说假话和无根据的话。 医生并没有告知病人其实际情况，所以违反了质量准则。 25．下面各项属于汉字字体演变不同阶段的有 A．甲骨文 B．金文 C．小篆 D．隶书 E．繁体 答案：ABCD 解析：汉字字体演变的阶段是：甲骨文——金文——小篆——隶书——楷书。 三、术语解释题：本大题共 4 小题，每小题 3 分，共 12 分。 26．反义词 答案：一种语言中表达相反意义的不同词语叫做反义词。（3 分）
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学号姓名
2018年《语言学概论》习题
一、填空
1. （）是联系主观世界和客观世界的中介，是认识人类自身和外在世界的必要途径；语言学是自然科学和人文科学联系的桥梁。
2.传统语言学（语文学）与（）关系密切，现代语言学开始与（）联系紧密。
3.语言是一套承载信息的（），语言学的基本功能是（）。
4.语言研究三大传统（语文学三大发源地）：（）、（）和（）。
5.19世纪欧洲（）的出现标志着语言学作为一个独立学科的形成。
6.1898年出版的马建忠的（）首先明确以语言为研究对象，对语言结构、语法规律等问题进行了深入研究，是我国语言学从附属地位走向独立的标志
7. （）是一部诗歌体的著作，被公认为是保存至今的最早的印欧语言的语法描写，在语法理论研究和梵语语法分析上取得了显著的成就。
8. （）的诞生标志着语言学成为一门独立学科。
9. （）被人们称之为“现代语言学之父”，根据他的讲义出版的《普通语言学教程》开创了结构语言学的新时代。
10.语言的起源说有三，分别是（）、（）、（）。
11．（）是语言符号系统分析的基础。
12.重读与非重读音节的特殊性组合叫做（），它是诗歌的节拍，英诗中最常见的是抑扬五步格。
13.语音是由人类发音器官发出的能载负与传达一定的语义信息并能被别人理解的语言的物质外壳。
语音既有（）又有（）。
它是一种特殊的生理和心理现象，也是一种特殊的物理现象和社会现象。
（）是它的本质特性。
14.语言是一个结构成分有限的、相对稳定的静态系统。
（）是语音的最小单位；（）是能够区别意义的最小单位；（）一次发音和听感上能够感知的最小语音结构单位
15. （）早期又称万国音标，是一套于（）年制定并公布的一套记音符号，以（）为基础，作为口语声音的标准化标示方法。
它是从公布到现在经过多次修改，最近的一次修订是1979年。
经过多年发展，在中国语言学者赵元任等人的努力下，国际音标已可为汉语等东方语言注音。
（）第一届全国人民代表大会第五次会议批准颁布《汉语拼音方案》。
16. 社会方言的类型包括（）、（）、（）、（）和（）
等。
社会方言的特点在语音、词汇、语法等方面都会出现，但主要体现在（）上。
17.我国《宪法》和《国家通用语言文字法》规定，汉语普通话为56个民族共同使用的语言。
因此，普通话既是汉民族的（），又是民族（）。
18.社会的分化、接触或统一必然会造成语言相应的变化。
其中社会（）是语言产生方言和共同语的直接原因。
19.语法是音义结合的各结构单位之间组织规则的汇集。
语法规则是使用这种语言的人在使用该语言时（）的习惯。
语法四要素分别是（）、（）、（）、（）。
20.语言的意义分为两个层次，一个是（）研究内容，即语言的形式如何与它联系的现实世界发生联系；一个是（）研究内容，涉及说话人具体运用语言时所要表达的交际目的。
21.从语言的内部结构看，语言就是（）的符号系统，那么语言意义即是指这种音义结合的语言系统固有的意义，也是人脑对客观事物和现象的总体或属性或关系的概括认识。
语言意义中最重要的（）和（）。
22．（）是语义的基本单位，也是语义结构中最小的语义单位，不能再进行切分。
（）是对义项进行分析所得到的最小的语义特征，是语义的区别特征。
23.语义在语境中的变化模式包括（）、（）、（）、（）。
24. 任何语言先有（）再有（）。
语言（语音）是最本质的社会现象，（）是服务于语言（语音）系统的，是附属符号。
25．字符的类型主要有意符、音符和记号。
文字的类型包括（）即拼音文字和（）即意音文字。
26.文字的创造方式有两类，在某种语言的基础上自发产生并逐步完善的文字叫（）；部分或全部借用、参考其他民族文字的字形，再根据本民族语言特点进行改动而形成的文字叫（）。
27.语言影响的类型按照影响方式分可以分为口语型和书面型，其中口语型带有（）的性质，而书面型经过了（）。
28. （）、（）（）、是由严复提出的关于文言翻译的要求和原则。
29.影响语言兼用的制约因素主要包括（）、（）、（）。
30. （）又称语言替换、语言替代，是指一个民族或者一个民族的一部分人放弃使用自己的母语而转用另一语言的现象。
回族语、满语和西夏语属于（）转用型，而华侨属于（）转用型。
二、名词解释
1.普通语言学：
2.小学：
3.语流音变：
4.语义三角形：
5.语境：
6.语言兼用：
三、简答
1.简述语言符号的特点
2.列举语言符号的层级体系
3.简述研究语音变化的依据
4.简述避免歧义的方法。
5.简述篇章粘连的表现手段
6.列举词汇意义的类型
7.简述文字的起源
8.列举语言接触的类型
9.造成语言濒危的因素
四、论述
1.试论述语言符号的任意性并举例说明
2.试论述汉语借词的演变进程并举例说明。
3.试论述语义演化的类型并举例说明。