自动化专业英语UNIT 16 A
自动化专业英语
自动化专业英语Introduction:Automation has become an integral part of various industries, including manufacturing, transportation, and healthcare. As a result, it is crucial for professionals in the field of automation to have a strong command of English, as it is the lingua franca of the global business world. This text aims to provide a comprehensive overview of key terms, concepts, and skills related to automation in the English language.1. Basic Terminology:1.1 Automation: The use of technology to perform tasks with minimal human intervention.1.2 Control System: A system that manages and regulates the operation of automation equipment.1.3 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC): A digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes.1.4 Human-Machine Interface (HMI): A device or software that allows interaction between humans and automation systems.1.5 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition): A system that collects and analyzes real-time data from various sensors and devices.2. Automation Systems:2.1 Industrial Automation: The application of automation technology in manufacturing processes to improve productivity and efficiency.2.2 Robotic Automation: The use of robots to perform repetitive tasks in industries such as automotive assembly and packaging.2.3 Process Automation: The automation of chemical, oil, and gas processes to enhance safety and accuracy.2.4 Home Automation: The integration of technology to control and monitor household devices and systems.3. Automation Techniques:3.1 Sensor Technology: Devices that detect and measure physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, and proximity.3.2 Actuators: Devices that convert electrical signals into mechanical motion, such as motors and solenoids.3.3 Feedback Control: A control technique that uses sensors to measure the output ofa system and adjust it accordingly.3.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence in machines to perform tasks autonomously.3.5 Machine Learning: A subset of AI that enables machines to learn from data and improve their performance without explicit programming.4. Industrial Applications:4.1 Automotive Industry: Automation is extensively used in car manufacturing, including assembly line robots and quality control systems.4.2 Pharmaceutical Industry: Automation ensures precise dosage and packaging in pharmaceutical production.4.3 Food and Beverage Industry: Automation optimizes food processing, packaging, and quality control processes.4.4 Energy Sector: Automation is crucial in power plant operations, grid management, and renewable energy systems.4.5 Healthcare Industry: Automation is utilized in medical imaging, patient monitoring, and laboratory analysis.5. Skills for Automation Professionals:5.1 Programming: Proficiency in programming languages such as C++, Python, and ladder logic for PLC programming.5.2 Data Analysis: Ability to analyze and interpret data collected from automation systems using statistical methods and software tools.5.3 Troubleshooting: Expertise in identifying and resolving issues in automation systems, including hardware and software components.5.4 Project Management: Skills to plan, execute, and monitor automation projects, ensuring timely completion and adherence to budget.5.5 Communication: Effective communication skills to collaborate with cross-functional teams and articulate technical concepts to non-technical stakeholders.Conclusion:Automation plays a pivotal role in today's industries, and proficiency in English is essential for professionals in the field. This text has provided a comprehensive overview of key terms, concepts, and skills related to automation in the English language. By mastering these aspects, automation professionals can enhance their communication, expand their knowledge, and contribute to the advancement of automation technology.。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语-精品
• Looked at another way, the leakage flux Φ 1 which links N1 turns alone and “leaks” between the two windings without linking the N2 turns, is a much smaller fraction of the total, making for(有助于, 倾向于) more efficient energy transfer.
This e.m.f. would drive a load current through any circuit connected to the terminals of the second coil. Energy would then be transferred through the medium of the magnetic field（磁场媒介） from coil 1 toof component Φ 1 is unchanged, however, since it is produced by primary current alone and is therefore in phase with it. Further, even with an iron core the reluctance offered to Φ 1 is still predominantly due to its path in air so that the leakage flux remains virtually proportional to the primary current providing(=provided) the iron path is not greatly saturated(饱和). The e.m.f. －N1dΦ 1/dt may thus be treated as if it were due to an unsaturated inductance of magnitude N12∧1. The corresponding leakage reactance is a dominant factor in transformer behavior(characteristic).
专业英语unite16
Unit16 Transducers
16.2 Transducer Elements • Although there are exception, most transducers consist of a
sensing element and a conversion or control element, as shown in the two-block diagram (二方框图) of Fig.16.1.
F1
F2 ＋
－
晶体晶体－ Nhomakorabea＋
F1
F2
霍尔元件
手柄
磁铁
手柄外环
超声波传感器的工作原理
发射器
接收器
压电晶片
压电晶片
压电晶片是一种压电式传感 元件，它既可以将机械能转换 为电能，又可以将电能转换为 机械能。
磁传感器 ——电动车的车速控制
霍尔元件
手柄
旋转手柄，调节磁铁和霍尔元件 之间的距离，电路输出相应的电压， 从而控制车速。
手柄
磁铁
手柄外环
Unit16 Transducers
• [2]…This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage(电压), resistance(电阻), capacitance(电容), or inductance(电感). Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or transducers. Similar combinations can be made for other energy input such as thermal, photo, magnetic and chemical, giving thermoelectric, photoelectric, electromagnetic, and electrochemical transducers respectively.
自动化专业英语中英对照
自动化专业英语中英对照第一篇：自动化专业英语中英对照自动化专业英语中英文对照 retarding torque 制动转矩inductive component 感性（无功）分量 abscissa axis 横坐标induction generator 感应发电机synchronous generator 同步发电机automatic station 无人值守电站hydropower station 水电站process of self – excitation 自励过程auxiliary motor 辅助电动机technical specifications 技术条件voltage across the terminals 端电压steady – state condition 瞬态暂态reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性active in respect to 相对….呈阻性synchronous condenser 同步进相（调相）机coincide in phase with 与….同相synchronous reactance 同步电抗algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的biphase 双相的bilateral circuit 双向电路bimotored 双马达的corridor 通路shunt displacement current 旁路位移电流leakage 泄漏lightning shielding 避雷harmonic 谐波的insulator string 绝缘子串neutral 中性的zero sequence current 零序电流sinusoidal 正弦的square平方corona 电晕,放电bypass 旁路voltmeter 电压表ammeter 电流表micrometer 千分尺thermometer 温度计watt-hour meter 电度表wattmeter 电力表private line 专用线路diameter 直径centimeter 厘米restriking 电弧再触发magnitude 振幅oscillation 振荡auxiliary 辅助的protective gap 保护性间隙放电receptacle 插座lightning arrester 避雷装置bushing 套管trigger 起动装置stress 应力deterioration 损坏,磨损spark gap 火花放电隙traveling-wave 行波wye-connected 星形连接enclosure 设备外壳live conductor 带电导体fuse 熔断器structural 结构上的out-of-step 不同步的resynchronize 再同步synchroscops 同步指示器automatic oscillograph 自动示波器nominally 标称sampling 采样potential transformer 电压互感器fraction 分数switchyard 户外配电装置hazard 危险bushing 高压套contact 触点energize 励磁trip coil 跳闸线圈over-current relay 过电流继电器armature 衔铁pickup current 始动电流release current 释放电流solenoid relay 螺管式继电器induction-disc relay 感应圆盘式继电器cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子bronze 青铜horsepower 马力random-wound 散绕insulation 绝缘ac motor 交流环电动机end ring 端环alloy 合金inverse time relay 反时限继电器hydraulic 液力的dashpot 阻尼器pneumatic 气动的permanent magnet 永磁体electrical stressing 电气应力mechanical stressing 机械应力deviation 偏差third harmonic voltage 三次谐波电压induction machine 感应式电机horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁magnetic field 磁场eddy current 涡流right-hand rule 右手定则left-hand rule 左手定则slip 转差率induction motor 感应电动机rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场winding 绕组stator 定子rotor 转子induced current 感生电流time-phase 时间相位exciting voltage 励磁电压solt 槽lamination 叠片laminated core 叠片铁芯short-circuiting ring 短路环squirrel cage 鼠笼rotor core 转子铁芯coil winding 线圈绕组form-wound 模绕performance characteristic 工作特性frequency 频率revolutions per minute 转/分motoring 电动机驱动generating 发电per-unit value 标么值breakdown torque 极限转矩breakaway force 起步阻力overhauling 检修wind-driven generator 风动发电机revolutions per second 转/秒number of poles 极数speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线plugging 反向制动synchronous speed 同步转速percentage 百分数locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩full-load torque 满载转矩prime mover 原动机inrush current 涌流magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的staor winding 定子绕组leakage reactance 漏磁电抗no-load 空载full load 满载Polyphase 多相(的)iron-loss 铁损complex impedance 复数阻抗rotor resistance 转子电阻leakage flux 漏磁通locked-rotor 锁定转子chopper circuit 斩波电路separately excited 他励的compounded 复励dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机speed regulation 速度调节shunt 并励series 串励armature circuit 电枢电路optical fiber 光纤interoffice 局间的waveguide 波导波导管bandwidth 带宽light emitting diode 发光二极管silica 硅石二氧化硅regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大coaxial 共轴的,同轴的high-performance 高性能的carrier 载波mature 成熟的Single SideBand(SSB)单边带coupling capacitor 结合电容propagate 传导传播modulator 调制器demodulator 解调器line trap 限波器shunt 分路器Amplitude Modulation(AM 调幅Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)移频键控tuner 调谐器attenuate 衰减incident 入射的two-way configuration 二线制generator voltage 发电机电压dc generator 直流发电机polyphase rectifier 多相整流器boost 增压time constant 时间常数forward transfer function 正向传递函数error signal 误差信号regulator 调节器stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器time delay 延时direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数transient response 瞬态响应solid state 固体buck 补偿operational calculus 算符演算gain 增益pole 极点feedback signal 反馈信号dynamic response 动态响应voltage control system 电压控制系统mismatch 失配error detector 误差检测器excitation system 励磁系统field current 励磁电流transistor 晶体管high-gain 高增益boost-buck 升压去磁feedback system 反馈系统reactive power 无功功率feedback loop 反馈回路automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)自动电压调整器reference Voltage 基准电压magnetic amplifier 磁放大器amplidyne 微场扩流发电机self-exciting 自励的limiter 限幅器manual control 手动控制block diagram 方框图linear zone 线性区potential transformer 电压互感器stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器air-gap flux 气隙磁通saturation effect 饱和效应saturation curve 饱和曲线flux linkage 磁链per unit value 标么值shunt field 并励磁场magnetic circuit 磁路load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线air-gap line 气隙磁化线polyphase rectifier 多相整流器circuit components 电路元件circuit parameters 电路参数electrical device 电气设备electric energy 电能primary cell 原生电池energy converter 电能转换器conductor 导体heating appliance 电热器direct-current 直流time invariant 时不变的self-inductor 自感mutual-inductor 互感the dielectric 电介质storage battery 蓄电池e.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势unidirectional current 单方向性电流circuit diagram 电路图load characteristic 负载特性terminal voltage 端电压external characteristic 外特性conductance 电导volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡ideal source 理想电源internal resistance 内阻active(passive)circuit elements 有（无）源电路元件leakage current 漏电流circuit branch 支路P.D.= potential drop 电压降potential distribution 电位分布r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值effective values 有效值steady direct current 恒稳直流电sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数complex number 复数Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系modulus 模real part 实部imaginary part 虚部displacement current 位移电流trigonometric transformations 瞬时值epoch angle 初相角phase displacement 相位差signal amplifier 小信号放大器mid-frequency band 中频带bipolar junction transistor(BJT)双极性晶体管field effect transistor(FET)场效应管electrode 电极电焊条polarity 极性gain 增益isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振emitter 发射管放射器发射极collector 集电极base 基极self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻triangular symbol 三角符号phase reversal 反相infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益feedback component 反馈元件differentiation 微分integration 积分下限impedance 阻抗fidelity 保真度summing circuit 总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节Oscillation 振荡inverse 倒数admittance 导纳transformer 变压器turns ratio 变比匝比ampere-turns 安匝(数)mutual flux 交互(主)磁通vector equation 向(相)量方程power frequency 工频capacitance effect 电容效应induction machine 感应电机shunt excited 并励series excited 串励separately excited 他励self excited 自励field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性dynamic-state operation 动态运行salient poles 凸极excited by 励磁field coils 励磁线圈air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布direct axis 直轴armature coil 电枢线圈rotating commutator 旋转（整流子）换向器commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器armature m.m.f.wave 电枢磁势波Geometrical position 几何位置magnetic torque 电磁转矩spatial waveform 空间波形sinusoidal – density wave 正弦磁密度external armature circuit 电枢外电路instantaneous electricpower 瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率effects of saturation 饱和效应reluctance 磁阻power amplifier 功率放大器compound generator 复励发电机rheostat 变阻器self – excitation process 自励过程commutation condition 换向状况cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机operating condition 运行状态equivalent T – circuit T型等值电路rotor(stator)winding 转子（定子绕组）winding loss 绕组（铜）损耗prime motor 原动机active component 有功分量reactive component 无功分量electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩第二篇：自动化专业英语1)the parameterization of the0controller0isC=X+MQ/Y-NQ。
自动化专业英语
自动化专业英语考点范围单词和词组：1、assemble 聚集，集合，装配2、resistance 电阻，阻力3、node 节点，结节4、branch 分支，支线，支路5、axiomatic 公理的，格言的，自明的6、algebraic 代数的7、hydraulic 水力的，水压的8、mechanics 结构，构成法，机械学，力学9、equation 方程式，等式10、circuit analysis 电路分析11、be identified as 被定义为12、for the sake of 为了，为了什么……的利益13、diode 二极管14、schematic 扼要的，图解的15、arrowhead 箭头，镞，慈姑16、perpendicular 垂直的17、rectifier 改正者，矫正18、reverse-biased 反向偏置的19、dopant 掺杂物20、rectangular 矩形21、silicon 二氧化硅22、eletrode 电极23、integrated circuit 集成电路24、operational 运算的，操作的25、amplifier 放大器，扩音器26、device 设备，装置，器件27、magnify 放大，扩大28、ratio 比率，比例29、gain 增益30、couple 耦合，连接31、differential 差动的，微分的32、infinite 无穷的，无限的，极大的33、feedback 反馈，反应，回馈34、component 成分，零件，要素35、integrate 求…..的积分36、differentiate 求….的微分37、magnitude 数量，大小，量级38、saturation 饱和39、manufacturer 制造，加工40、bandwidth 带宽41、operational amplifier 运算放大器42、differential inputs 差分输入43、negative feedback 负反馈44、positive supply 正极电源45、negative supply 负极电源46、ideal o p-amp analysis 理想运放分析法47、offset voltage 失调电压48、architecture 结构，构架49、sequence 序列50、assembler 汇编器51、instruction 指令52、execution 执行53、complementary补足物54、optimize 使最优化55、calculus 微积分学56、trajectory 轨道，轨迹57、artificial 人造的，假的58、illustrate 举例说明，图解59、proportional 比例的，成比例的60、integral 积分的61、derivative 微分的62、the English Industrial Revolution 英国工业革命63、the closed-loop system 闭环系统64、negative feedback 负反馈65、positive feedback 正反馈句子：unit1 1、Since the network then appears as a number of simple elements and a set of connecting leads, it is called a lumped-parameter network.由于接下来的网络是一系列简单的元件和连线出现的，因此被称为集总参数网络。
自动化专业英语教程全文翻译
《自动化专业英语教程》-全文翻译PART 1Electrical and Electronic Engineering BasicsUNIT 1A Electrical Networks ————————————3B Three-phase CircuitsUNIT 2A The Operational Amplifier ———————————5B TransistorsUNIT 3A Logical Variables and Flip-flop ——————————8B Binary Number SystemUNIT 4A Power Semiconductor Devices ———————自动化专业英语教程》-王宏文-全文翻译PART 1Electrical and Electronic Engineering BasicsUNIT 1A Electrical Networks ————————————3B Three-phase CircuitsUNIT 2A The Operational Amplifier ———————————5B TransistorsUNIT 3A Logical Variables and Flip-flop ——————————8B Binary Number SystemUNIT 4A Power Semiconductor Devices ———————自动化专业英语教程》-王宏文-全文翻译PART 1Electrical and Electronic Engineering BasicsUNIT 1A Electrical Networks ————————————3B Three-phase CircuitsUNIT 2A The Operational Amplifier ———————————5B TransistorsUNIT 3A Logical Variables and Flip-flop ——————————8B Binary Number SystemUNIT 4A Power Semiconductor Devices ——————————11B Power Electronic ConvertersUNIT 5A Types of DC Motors —————————————15B Closed-loop Control of DC DriversUNIT 6A AC Machines ———————————————19B Induction Motor DriveUNIT 7A Electric Power System ————————————22B Power System AutomationPART 2Control TheoryUNIT 1A The World of Control ————————————27B The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation —————29 UNIT 2A Stability and the Time Response —————————30B Steady State—————————————————31 UNIT 3A The Root Locus —————————————32B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams —————33 UNIT 4A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots —————34B Nonlinear Control System 37UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory 38B State Equations 40UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and StabilityB Optimum Control SystemsUNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent ControlB Artificial Neural NetworkPART 3 Computer Control TechnologyUNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function 42B Fundamentals of Computer and Networks 43UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices 44B The Applications of Computers 46UNIT 3 A PLC OverviewB PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of ControlUNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer 49B Understanding DSP and Its UsesUNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded SystemsB Embedded Systems DesignPART 4 Process ControlUNIT 1 A A Process Control System 50B Fundamentals of Process Control 52UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters 53B Final Control Elements and ControllersUNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI ControllersB PID Controllers and Other ControllersUNIT 4 A Indicating InstrumentsB Control PanelsPART 5 Control Based on Network and InformationUNIT 1 A Automation Networking Application AreasB Evolution of Control System ArchitectureUNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control SystemsB Stability of NCSs with Network-induced DelayUNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database SystemB Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in AutomationUNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated ManufacturingB Enterprise Resources Planning and BeyondPART 6 Synthetic Applications of Automatic TechnologyUNIT 1 A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine DriversB System Evolution in Intelligent BuildingsUNIT 2 A Industrial RobotB A General Introduction to Pattern RecognitionUNIT 3 A Renewable EnergyB Electric VehiclesUNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。
自动化专业英语--专业词汇共48页文档
自动化专业英语--专业词汇
16、自己选择的路、跪着也要把它走 完。 17、一般情况下)不想三年以后的事， 只想现 在的事 。在 有成就 ，以后 才能更 辉煌。
18、敢于向黑暗宣战的人，心里必须 充满光 明。 19、学习的关键--重复。
20、懦弱的人只会裹足不前，莽撞的 人只能 引为烧 身，只 有真正 勇敢的 人才能 所向披 靡。
46、我们若已接受最坏的，就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基 47、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游 48、书籍把我们引入最美好的社会，使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者。——史美尔斯 49、熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙 50、谁和我一样用功，谁就会和我一样成功。——莫扎特
自动化专业英语
自动化专业英语自动化专业英语是指在自动化工程领域中使用的英语专业术语和表达方式。
在自动化领域中，英语作为国际通用语言，具有重要的交流和合作作用。
掌握自动化专业英语对于从事自动化工程的专业人士来说，是非常重要的。
一、自动化概述自动化是指利用各种设备和技术手段，使某一系统或过程在无人操作或少人操作的情况下，能够自动地完成工作任务。
自动化技术广泛应用于工业、农业、交通、航空航天等领域，以提高生产效率、降低成本和提高产品质量。
二、自动化专业英语词汇1. Automation - 自动化2. Control system - 控制系统3. Sensor - 传感器4. Actuator - 执行器5. Programmable logic controller (PLC) - 可编程逻辑控制器6. Human-machine interface (HMI) - 人机界面7. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) - 监控与数据采集系统8. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) - 工业物联网9. Robotics - 机器人技术10. Artificial intelligence (AI) - 人工智能三、自动化专业英语常用表达1. The automation industry is rapidly growing. - 自动化行业发展迅速。
2. The control system regulates the operation of the machinery. - 控制系统调节机械的运行。
3. The sensor detects changes in temperature. - 传感器检测温度变化。
4. The actuator moves the robotic arm. - 执行器移动机械臂。
自动化专业常用英语词汇
自动化专业常用英语词汇自动化专业是一个涉及到自动控制、机器人技术、传感器技术等领域的学科。
在学习和工作中，掌握一些常用的英语词汇对于自动化专业的学生和从业人员来说至关重要。
本文将介绍一些自动化专业常用的英语词汇，匡助读者更好地理解和运用这些术语。
1. Automation（自动化）：The technique or system of operating or controlling a process by highly automatic means, as by electronic devices, reducing human intervention to a minimum.2. Control system（控制系统）：A system that manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems.3. Robotics（机器人技术）：The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots.4. Sensor（传感器）：A device that detects and responds to physical input from the environment, such as temperature, pressure, or light, and converts it into an electrical signal.5. Actuator（执行器）：A device that converts an electrical signal into physical action, such as movement or mechanical force.6. Feedback（反馈）：Information about the output of a system that is used to make adjustments to the input or control of the system.7. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)（可编程逻辑控制器）：A digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines.8. Human-Machine Interface (HMI)（人机界面）：The interface between a human operator and a machine, such as a control panel or touchscreen, that allows for interaction and control.9. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)（工业物联网）：The extension of the Internet of Things (IoT) to industrial sectors, enabling the integration of machines, sensors, and other devices to collect and exchange data.10. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)（监控与数据采集）：A system used to monitor and control industrial processes, such as power plants or manufacturing facilities, through a central computer.11. Programmable Automation Controller (PAC)（可编程自动化控制器）：A type of industrial control system that combines the features of a PLC with those of a PC, allowing for more advanced control and data processing capabilities.12. DCS (Distributed Control System)（分布式控制系统）：A control system that is used to control and monitor complex industrial processes, such as chemical plants or oil refineries, by distributing control functions across multiple computers.13. SCARA (Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm)（选择性顺从装配机器人）：A type of robot arm that is commonly used in assembly and pick-and-place applications, known for its fast and precise movements.14. PID Controller (Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller)（比例积分微分控制器）：A control algorithm commonly used in feedback control systems to regulate a process by adjusting the input based on the error between the desired setpoint and the actual output.15. Machine Vision（机器视觉）：The technology and methods used to provide imaging-based automatic inspection and analysis for applications such as quality control and robot guidance.16. SCARA (Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm)（选择性顺从装配机器人）：A type of robot arm that is commonly used in assembly and pick-and-place applications, known for its fast and precise movements.17. PLC Programming（PLC编程）：The process of writing and creating programs for programmable logic controllers, which are used to control and automate industrial processes.18. HMI Design（人机界面设计）：The process of designing the interface between a human operator and a machine, with a focus on usability, efficiency, and user experience.19. Industrial Automation（工业自动化）：The use of control systems, such as PLCs and SCADA, to automate industrial processes and improve efficiency, productivity, and safety.20. Process Control（过程控制）：The use of control systems to regulate and maintain a desired output or performance of a process, such as temperature, pressure, or flow rate.以上是一些自动化专业常用的英语词汇，这些术语在学习和工作中时常浮现，掌握它们对于自动化专业的学生和从业人员来说非常重要。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译
自动化专业英语原文和翻译自动化专业英语原文和翻译是指将自动化专业相关的文本内容进行英文原文和翻译的处理。
自动化专业是现代工程技术领域的一个重要学科，涉及到自动控制、机械电子、计算机科学等多个方面的知识。
在国际交流和学术研究中，使用英语进行交流和发表论文是非常普遍的。
下面是一段关于自动化专业的英文原文和翻译示例：原文：Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human assistance. It plays a crucial role in various industries, including manufacturing, transportation, and healthcare. Automation systems are designed to increase efficiency, improve safety, and reduce human errors. With the rapid development of technology, automation has become an essential part of modern society.翻译：自动化是一种通过最小化人类干预来执行过程或者程序的技术。
它在包括创造业、交通运输和医疗保健等各个行业中起着至关重要的作用。
自动化系统旨在提高效率、改善安全性并减少人为错误。
随着技术的快速发展，自动化已成为现代社会不可或者缺的一部份。
原文：In the field of automation, there are various sub-disciplines, such as industrial automation, process automation, and home automation. Industrial automation focuses on the use of control systems to operate industrial machinery and processes. Process automation involves the use of technology to automate repetitive tasks and streamline workflows. Home automation aims to provide convenience and comfort by integrating various household devices and systems.翻译：在自动化领域中，有各种子学科，如工业自动化、过程自动化和家庭自动化。
精品自动化专业英语翻译(Unit8-Unit16)优秀
Principles by Alexander Fraser Tytler（1）译文应完全复写出原作的思想（A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.）（2）译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同(The style and manner of the translation should be of the same character as that of the original work.)（3）译文应和原作同样流畅(A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）------------Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814，Essay on the Principles of TranslationPrinciples by Xun Lu“信”：指翻译要准确无误忠实于原文；faith to original work “顺”：指译文通顺自然流畅；fluencyPrinciples by Fu Yan“信”：指翻译要准确无误忠实于原文；faith to original work “达”：指译文通顺自然流畅；fluency“雅”：指译文要有文采；polished languageUnderstanding and Comprehension ExpressingChecking and CorrectingAnalyzing and Understanding of the Original Work Choosing the Proper Meaning of the WordsChanging of the Property and Order of the Words Conversion of Part of Speech and FormationProcessing of Negative and Passive VoiceThe technical possibilities could well exist, therefore, of nation-wide integrated transmission network of high capacity, controlled by computers, interconnected globally by satellite and submarine cable, providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the world. 因此，在技术上完全有可能实现全国性的集成发射网，这种网络容量大，可由计算机控制，并能通过卫星和海底电缆与全球联系，成为全世界范围内高速、可靠的通讯工具。
自动化专业英语
自动化专业英语自动化专业英语是指在自动化领域中使用英语进行交流和表达的专业英语。
自动化是一门综合性学科，涉及到机械、电子、计算机、控制等多个领域，因此在专业英语中需要掌握相关的词汇、表达方式和专业知识。
一、自动化专业英语词汇1. Automation（自动化）：The technique of making an apparatus, a process, or a system operate automatically.2. Control system（控制系统）：A system that manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems.3. Programmable logic controller (PLC)（可编程逻辑控制器）：A digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes.4. Sensor（传感器）：A device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment.5. Actuator（执行器）：A component of a machine that is responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism.6. Feedback（反馈）：The process of returning part of the output of a system to its input.7. Process control（过程控制）：A system that uses sensors and feedback to automatically adjust the operation of a process.8. Industrial robot（工业机器人）：A robot system used for manufacturing, assembly, or material handling tasks.9. Human-machine interface (HMI)（人机界面）：The point of interaction between a human operator and a machine.10. SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)（监控与数据采集系统）：A system for remote monitoring and control of industrial processes.二、自动化专业英语表达方式1. Describing a process（描述过程）：To begin with, the raw materials are fed into the production line. Then, the sensors detect the input and send signals to the control system. The control system processes the signals and adjusts the parameters of the actuators accordingly. This ensures that the production process is carried out smoothly and efficiently.2. Explaining a control system（解释控制系统）：A control system consists of several components, including sensors, actuators, and a programmable logic controller (PLC). The sensors detect the input from the environment and send signals to the PLC. The PLC processes the signals and sends commands to the actuators. The actuators then move or control the mechanism based on the commands received. This allows the control system to regulate and maintain the desired behavior of the system.3. Discussing the importance of automation（讨论自动化的重要性）：Automation plays a crucial role in various industries. It improves efficiency, reduces human error, and increases productivity. By automating repetitive tasks, companies can save time and resources. Moreover, automation enables real-time monitoring and controlof processes, leading to better quality control and higher safety levels. In addition, automation allows for flexibility and scalability, as systems can be easily reprogrammedor reconfigured to adapt to changing requirements.4. Presenting the benefits of using industrial robots（介绍使用工业机器人的好处）：Industrial robots have revolutionized manufacturing processes. They can perform repetitive tasks with high precision and speed, resulting in increased productivity.Furthermore, robots can operate in hazardous environments, reducing the risk to human workers. With their ability to handle heavy loads and work for extended periods, robots contribute to cost savings and improved efficiency. Additionally, robots can be programmed to perform complex tasks, such as assembly or welding, with minimal errors.三、自动化专业英语专业知识1. PID control（PID控制）：A control technique used in feedback control systems. It calculates an error value as the difference between the desired setpoint and the measured process variable. The control algorithm adjusts the output based on proportional, integral, and derivative terms to minimize the error and achieve stable control.2. Robotics（机器人技术）：The branch of engineering and science that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots. It encompasses mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and artificial intelligence.3. PLC programming（PLC编程）：The process of creating a set of instructions for a programmable logic controller. It involves defining input and output signals, designing the control logic, and implementing the desired functionality.4. HMI design（人机界面设计）：The process of creating an interface between a human operator and a machine. It involves designing user-friendly screens, buttons, and menus to facilitate interaction and control.5. SCADA system architecture（SCADA系统架构）：The structure and components of a supervisory control and data acquisition system. It typically consists of a human-machine interface, remote terminal units, communication networks, and a central control station.以上是关于自动化专业英语的标准格式文本，涵盖了词汇、表达方式和专业知识。
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-16词汇及课后答案
Unit 16WarWord Bankambush：a sudden attack made from a concealed position伏击；埋伏assault：to attack攻击；袭击bankruptcy：financial ruin破产barrel：the metal, cylindrical part of a firearm through which the bullet travels枪管bayou：a creek or small river that is a tributary of a larger body of water支流；河口blast：a violent explosion爆炸cavity：a hole; a hollow area within the body洞；腔discharge：to release, as from confinement, care, or duty释放；使退伍droop：to bend or hang downward低垂；弯曲；下垂flashback：(psychology) recurring, intensely vivid mental image of a past traumatic experience[心理学]重现：过去受伤的经历在脑海中生动重现grenade：a missile containing priming and bursting charges榴弹；季榴弹hallucinate：to have illusion产生幻觉highlight：to make prominent; to emphasize使......显得重要；强调icon：an image; a representation; a symbol; an idol肖像；代表；象征；偶像loot：to pillage; to spoil打劫；掠夺maim：to disable or disfigure使残疾offshore：away from the shore近海paranoia：a psychotic disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur妄想狂；偏执狂pin：to hold fast; immobilize使......困住；牵制post-traumatic：following an injury or resulting from it受伤后的shell-shock：a kind of mental disorder弹震症(士兵因战争而得的一种精神疾病)shutter：a mechanical device of a camera (照相机上的)快门slump：to fall or sink heavily; collapse消沉；陷入；倒塌snap：a sudden, sharp cracking sound劈啪声sniper：a skilled military shooter to shoot enemy soldiers from a concealed place狙击手；射击手steely：resembling steel, as in color or hardness钢铁般的streak：to mark with lines, smears, or bands with different colors使带条纹；使带污点undertaking：n. a task or an assignment undertaken; a venture承担的任务；事业victor：winner胜利者wan：pale; distressed; weary and melancholy苍白的；惨淡的；郁郁寡欢的wisp：thin smoke or clouds一缕烟、云等Phrases and Expressionsdrag on：to delay拖延in the face of：confronting with面对；面临in the wake of：following directly on; in the aftermath of; as a consequence of跟随，作为…的余波teamed up with：to coordinate与……合作；配合Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. What changed Miller's life in a second? ( C )A. The snap of a sniper's bullet.B. The blast of a bomb.C. The sudden shutter click of a photographer.D. The maimed wreck of a healthy body.2. Why does the author use Marlboro man to refer to Miller? ( A )A. Because the image symbolizes a popular American hero.B. Because Miller is having a cigarette.C. Because Miller is a cowboy from the west.D. Because Americans don't like smoking.3. What are Not symptoms of post-traumatic disorder? ( A )A. Loss of sleep, having images.B. Flashbacks, panic attacks and paranoia.C. Possibility of being violent to loved ones.D. Being silent all the time.4. Why did Miller attack another marine when waiting offshore in a troop transport of New Orleans? ( C )A. Because he hated the man.B. Because the man attacked him first.C. Because he had the illusion of Iraq war when hearing the man's whistling.D. Because he felt guilty for having the life.5. What is the main idea of this article? ( D )A. A picture changed the fate of Miller.B. Miller became the Marlboro Man of America.C. Most Americans were against Iraqi WarD. A picture made Miller a hero, but couldn't save him from post-traumatic stress disorder.II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.A sudden (1) shutter click of a war photographer's camera changed the life of a US marine James Blake Miller. Miller's image in the picture became a symbol of (2) steely resolve, of weary-yet-determined struggle, of the (3) toughness of the American fighting man having a cigarette break before finishing the job. Now Miller is a different (4) symbol in a different time. As the war has (5) dragged on, his life has collapsed in the face of post-traumatic stress (6) disorder. Hehas to draw a disability pension, for his condition and his personal life is a (7) wreck. His life has slumped into struggle and (8) despair. Miller becomes a symbol of the human (9) cost of war, whose story is a reminder of the price that ordinary men and women are (10) paying for the Iraq operation.VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. The plane ___A__ across the sky.A. streakedB. markedC. movedD. rushed2. A moment's ___A__ will show you are wrong.A. reflectionB. requestC. responseD. resentment3. The __B___ of hair is making this photo look so natural!A. branchB. wispC. seriesD. slice4. Walking into the conference room, the director looked at every one there with ___C__ eyes.A. hardB. criticC. steelyD. strong5. He associated ___D__ with his friends in a business.A. workB. understandingC. underwayD. undertaking6. The crash to the tree injured two persons and made the car into a __A___.A. wreckB. trashC. damageD. ruin7. Business __D___ after the Christmas holidays.A. settledB. smashedC. sneakedD. slumped8. Though we made the machine work, __B___ technical problems remain.A. unusualB. enormousC. uniqueD. rare9. Some __A___ of World War II gathered to celebrate their victory.A. veteransB. vendorsC. venturesD. vets10. The doctor prescribed some medicine for his mental __B___.A. massB. disorderC. chaosD. pollutionII. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.in the wake of assault bankruptcy discharge suffer fromhighlight honorably in the face of team up with whistleprofile restive drag on stress ignore1. Outbreak of disease occurred in the wake of the drought.2. The firm will head toward bankruptcy unless a new manager is elected.3. Those bridges and islets all highlight the garden scenery.4. American troop assaulted the terrorist camp with heavy artillery.5. For depressed patients there appears to be an increased risk of suicide immediately after discharge from hospital.6. Sports should be conducted honorably in an atmosphere of moral purity.7. In the face of the new evidence, he had to admit that he had been wrong.8. He preferred to go into business alone rather than to team up with anyone else.9. We could see the profile of a distant hill if it is very clear.10. The government has done nothing to ease restrictions on export and manufacturers are growing restive (难控制的)TranslationPut the following paragraph into English.这幅照片象征着人类为战争所付出的代价。
自动化专业英语教程
自动化专业英语教程Automation English TutorialAutomation is the process of using control systems and machines to replace human labor in the production and delivery of goods and services. It plays a crucial role in various industries, including manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and telecommunications. As an essential field in the modern world, it is important to study automation and learn the corresponding English vocabulary and phrases. In this tutorial, we will cover some key terms and expressions related to automation.1. Introduction to AutomationAutomation is the use of technology to reduce or eliminate human intervention in a process. It aims to improve efficiency, accuracy, and productivity. Some common automation techniques include robotics, artificial intelligence, computer-aided manufacturing, and process control systems.2. Industrial AutomationIndustrial automation refers to the use of machines, computers, and control systems to optimize manufacturing processes. It involves various components such as sensors, actuators, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and human-machine interfaces (HMIs). Industrial robots are often used to perform repetitive and hazardous tasks, while PLCs control the overall system.3. RoboticsRobotics is a branch of automation that focuses on the design, construction, and operation of robots. Robots are programmablemachines that can carry out tasks with precision and speed. They are widely used in assembly lines, warehouses, and other industrial settings. Some common types of robots include articulated robots, SCARA robots, and collaborative robots.4. Artificial Intelligence (AI)Artificial Intelligence refers to the ability of machines or computer systems to imitate human intelligence and perform tasks that normally require human intervention. AI is used in automation for decision-making, pattern recognition, and problem-solving. Machine learning and deep learning are subfields of AI that enable computers to learn and improve from experience.5. Process Control SystemsProcess control systems are used to monitor and control industrial processes such as chemical reactions, temperature, pressure, and flow. These systems consist of sensors that measure process variables, actuators that control the process, and a control system that processes the data and adjusts the process parameters.6. Internet of Things (IoT)The Internet of Things is a network of physical devices, vehicles, and appliances that are embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity to enable the exchange of data. Automation and IoT are closely interconnected, as IoT devices can collect and transmit data to automated systems, allowing for remote monitoring, control, and optimization.7. Human-Machine Interface (HMI)The human-machine interface refers to the point of interactionbetween humans and machines. It includes devices such as touchscreens, keyboards, and switches that allow humans to control and monitor automated systems. HMIs provide visual representation of data and enable operators to make decisions and inputs.8. Automation TestingIn software development, automation testing refers to the use of automated tools and scripts to verify the functionality and performance of software applications. It reduces human errors and saves time by automating repetitive test cases. Tools like Selenium and Appium are commonly used for automation testing.9. Safety and Ethics in AutomationAs automation becomes more prevalent, safety and ethics are important considerations. Safety measures must be implemented to ensure the well-being of workers and the general public. Ethical concerns surrounding automation include job displacement, privacy, and potential misuse of artificial intelligence.10. Emerging Trends in AutomationAutomation is constantly evolving, and there are several emerging trends to watch out for. These include collaborative robots that work alongside humans, autonomous vehicles in transportation, machine learning algorithms for predictive maintenance, and the integration of automation with virtual reality and augmented reality technologies.In conclusion, automation is a highly relevant and rapidly growing field that offers many opportunities for professionals. By learningthe English vocabulary and phrases related to automation, you can effectively communicate and keep up with the latest trends and advancements in this industry. This tutorial provides a comprehensive overview of the key aspects of automation and serves as a starting point for further study.。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译
自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Field of EngineeringIntroduction:Automation plays a crucial role in various industries, including engineering. In this text, we will explore the concept of automation in the field of engineering, its applications, benefits, and challenges. Additionally, a translation of the text into English will be provided.1. Definition of Automation in Engineering:Automation in engineering refers to the use of technology and machinery to perform tasks or processes with minimal human intervention. It involves the design, development, and implementation of systems that can operate autonomously or with minimal human supervision.2. Applications of Automation in Engineering:2.1 Industrial Automation:Industrial automation is widely used in manufacturing industries to optimize production processes, increase efficiency, and improve product quality. It involves the use of robots, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and computerized systems to control and monitor various manufacturing operations.2.2 Process Automation:Process automation is employed in industries such as chemical, oil and gas, and pharmaceuticals to automate complex and repetitive processes. It ensures consistency, accuracy, and safety in tasks such as mixing, blending, and packaging.2.3 Control Systems:Automation is extensively used in control systems to regulate and monitor various parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate. These systems ensure stability, precision, and reliability in critical processes, such as power generation, water treatment, and transportation.3. Benefits of Automation in Engineering:3.1 Increased Efficiency:Automation eliminates manual errors and speeds up processes, resulting in increased productivity and efficiency. It allows engineers to focus on more complex tasks, research, and innovation.3.2 Cost Reduction:By automating repetitive tasks, companies can reduce labor costs and optimize resource utilization. Automation also minimizes the risk of accidents and equipment damage, leading to cost savings in the long run.3.3 Improved Quality and Accuracy:Automation ensures consistent and precise execution of tasks, reducing the chances of human error. This leads to improved product quality, increased customer satisfaction, and reduced rework or rejection rates.3.4 Enhanced Safety:Automation eliminates the need for human workers to perform hazardous or physically demanding tasks. It reduces the risk of workplace accidents and promotes a safer working environment.4. Challenges of Automation in Engineering:4.1 Initial Investment:Implementing automation systems requires a significant upfront investment in technology, equipment, and training. Companies need to carefully evaluate the cost-benefit analysis before deciding to automate their processes.4.2 Workforce Adaptation:Automation may lead to job displacement or require employees to acquire new skills to operate and maintain automated systems. Companies must provide training and support to ensure a smooth transition for their workforce.4.3 System Integration:Integrating different automation systems and technologies can be complex, especially when dealing with legacy systems. Compatibility issues and software/hardware integration challenges need to be addressed for seamless operation.4.4 Cybersecurity Risks:As automation systems become more interconnected and reliant on digital technologies, the risk of cyber threats and data breaches increases. Companies must implement robust cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive information and maintain system integrity.Translation (English):Automation in the Field of EngineeringIntroduction:Automation在各行各业中起着重要的作用，包括工程领域。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译
自动化专业英语原文和翻译引言概述：自动化专业是现代工程技术领域中的重要学科，涵盖了自动控制系统、机器人技术、工业自动化等多个方面。
在学习和实践中，掌握和理解自动化专业的英文术语和翻译是非常重要的。
本文将从五个大点出发，详细阐述自动化专业英语原文和翻译的相关内容。
正文内容：1. 自动控制系统（Automatic Control System）1.1 控制器（Controller）1.2 传感器（Sensor）1.3 执行器（Actuator）1.4 反馈（Feedback）1.5 稳定性（Stability）2. 机器人技术（Robotics）2.1 机器人（Robot）2.2 机械臂（Manipulator）2.3 传感器（Sensor）2.4 视觉系统（Vision System）2.5 自主导航（Autonomous Navigation）3. 工业自动化（Industrial Automation）3.1 自动化生产线（Automated Production Line）3.2 人机界面（Human-Machine Interface）3.3 传感器网络（Sensor Network）3.4 电气控制（Electrical Control）3.5 数据采集（Data Acquisition）4. 自动化软件（Automation Software）4.1 PLC编程（PLC Programming）4.2 HMI设计（HMI Design）4.3 数据分析（Data Analysis）4.4 模拟仿真（Simulation）4.5 系统集成（System Integration）5. 自动化工程（Automation Engineering）5.1 项目管理（Project Management）5.2 自动化设计（Automation Design）5.3 系统调试（System Debugging）5.4 故障诊断（Fault Diagnosis）5.5 性能优化（Performance Optimization）总结：综上所述，自动化专业英语原文和翻译是自动化工程师必备的技能之一。
专业英语unite16
Unit16 Transducers
16.3 Analog and Digital Transducers • The most popular of these are out synchros(同步器), and similar
devices which produce a modulated output of a carrier frequency(载频调制输出).
Unit16 Transducers
16.4 Use of Sensor in Programmable Automation • In this section we are concerned with the application of sensor-
mediated programmable automation to material-handling, inspection, and assemble operations in batch-produced, discrete-part manufacturing. • 这部分介绍以传感器为媒介的可编程自动化在批量生产和分散 零部件制造时的材料搬运，检测和装配工序上的应用。
摇
随着人们的动作而变化。
晃
你
的
手
机
热敏电阻
身边的传感器
CCD
温控器
传声器
温度开关 力传感器
实验室的 传感器
工业监测与控制
产品检测
天然气 压力监测
无线传感器结点
什么是传感器
狭义地定义：
能够将外界的非电信号，按一定规律转 换成电信号输出的器件或装置。
温度变化
热敏电阻
电阻值变化
Unit16 Transducers
自动化专业英语UNIT 16 A
sensor ['sensə] n. 传感器 apprehension ['æpri'henʃən] n. 理解；逮捕；恐惧；忧惧 module ['mɔdju:l] n. 模数；模块；组件 trace out 描绘出 oscillate ['ɔ:sileit] vt. 使动摇；使振荡 vi. 振荡；摆动
Programmable Logic Controller （PLC）
Translation Reading more Translating skills Text
Programmable Logic Controller （PLC）
A programmable logic controller, PLC , or
Technical Terms battery-backed memory 随机存储器 EEPROM 电可擦写可编程只读存储器 Distributed Control Systems 分布式控制系统 IEC 国际电工委员会 ladder logic 梯形图 Sequential Function Charts 顺序功能图 power supply 电源
电Th器e控e制a，rli复e杂st的P运LC动s控e制x，pr过e程ss控e制d，a分ll 布de控c制is系ion ma统k和in复g 杂lo的g网ic络in技s术im。最pl早e的laPdLdC采er用l简og单ic的i梯ns形p图ired from the来e描le述c其tr逻ic辑al程c序on，n梯e形ct图io源n自d于ia电g气ra连m线s图. T。h电e气 ele技ct师ri们ci使an用s逻w辑e图re很q容u易it找e出a原bl理e 图to中t的ra电c路e问o题ut。circuit pro这b样le大m大s减w少it了h技s术ch人e员m的a忧tic虑d。iagrams using ladder
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programmable controller is a small computer
used for automation of real-world processes,
such as control of machinery on factory assembly
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the years to include typical relay control,
sophisticated motion control, process control,
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Programmable Logic Controller （PLC）
Translation Reading more Translating skills Text
Programmable Logic Controller （PLC）
A programmable logic controller, PLC , or
PLCs have the b可a编si程c 只st读ru存c储tu器re中,。shown in Fig.
16-1.
PLC的基本结构如图16-1所示。
Fig. 16-1 Schematic of a PLC
From the figure, the PLC has four main units：the Programme memory, the Data memory, the Output devices and the Input devices. The Programme memory is used for storing the instructions for the logical control sequence. The status of switches, interlocks, past values of data and other working data is stored in the Data memory.
从图中可见，PLC有4个主要的部件：程序存储器 ，数据存储器，输出设备和输入设备。程序存 储器用来存储逻辑控制序列指令。开关状态， 联锁状态、数据的初始值等其他工作数据存储 在数据存储器中。
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电Th器e控e制a，rli复e杂st的P运LC动s控e制x，pr过e程ss控e制d，a分ll 布de控c制is系ion ma统k和in复g 杂lo的g网ic络in技s术im。最pl早e的laPdLdC采er用l简og单ic的i梯ns形p图ired from the来e描le述c其tr逻ic辑al程c序on，n梯e形ct图io源n自d于ia电g气ra连m线s图. T。h电e气 ele技ct师ri们ci使an用s逻w辑e图re很q容u易it找e出a原bl理e 图to中t的ra电c路e问o题ut。circuit pro这b样le大m大s减w少it了h技s术ch人e员m的a忧tic虑d。iagrams using ladder