英专高年级：英汉翻译实践3
翻译理论与实践3
3.He has a strong dislike for the sentimental. 他非常讨厌多愁善感无病呻吟。 4.During his visit to China, the Korean foreign minister conferred with his Chinese counterpart a number of times. 在中国访问期间，韩国外交部长与中国外交部长举行了 数次会谈。 5. Potatoes are an important source of starchy food in temperate countries and bananas in tropics. 马铃薯是温带国家淀粉食物的重要来源，香蕉则是热带 地区淀粉食物的重要来源。
英语往往运用词形变化，连接词、介词、 定于从句和独立主格表示成分之间各种语法关 系，句子外形很严谨；汉语由于没有词形变化、 定语从句和独立主格，连接词和介词也比英语 少很多，所以往往用隐性连贯方法来表示各种 语法关系，句子外形比较松散、自由。
对策： 英译汉：多运用汉语的动词，少用连接词，有时可以 不译连接词；介词短语、定语从句和独立主格等在大 多数情况下都被译为短语或分句 [例3]Come and see me tomorrow. [译文]明天来看我。 [例4]He is the last person for such a job. [译文]他最不适于担任这项工作。
[例8]他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想 是每个中国人所珍爱的。在过去，许多中国人 曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命 [译文]They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译的基本技巧 1.5 分合移位法
1.5分合移位法⊙切分（Division）1.The reform,while laid a solid foundation,need to continue to evolve to meet the ever increasing demand of citizens and businesses for better integrated,more effective services.【译文】但是公共部门管理改革是一场没有终点线的比赛。
//改革已经为今后的工作奠定了坚实的基础，但仍然需要继续深化，才能提供更协调和更有效的服务，满足公众和企业不断增长的需求。
2.The Last Shadow did not fare well in the United States,but it did develop a huge following in Europe where viewers who usually did not go for this movie genre embraced it wholeheartedly.【译文】《最后的影子》在美国表现欠佳，但在欧洲却大受欢迎，//欧洲的观众通常不太喜欢这一类型的电影，但这次却全心接受了。
3.We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief.【译文】我们尽力劝说他放弃错误的信念，//但没有成功。
4.It was a dangerously foolish area to which they pinned down a major portion of U. itary power.【译文】他们把美国一大部分军事力量困在那个地区，//这（样做）是愚蠢而危险的。
5.Hitler’s black empire would suddenly collapse in rubble,blood,and flame. (Winds of War)【译文】希特勒的黑暗帝国顷刻之间就会在血泊与烈火中崩溃，//夷为废墟。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译的基本技巧 1.6 定语从句)
1.6定语从句Ⅰ.译为定语1.There will come a day when people the world over will live a happy life under the sun of socialism.【译文】全世界人民在社会主义阳光下过幸福生活的一天是会到来的。
2.Those who did not die from smallpox usually carried scars on their faces for life.【译文】那些没有死于天花的人通常脸上会终生留下疤痕。
3.This is the very hotel where they spent their honeymoon.【译文】这正是他们曾经度蜜月的那家旅馆。
4.The technique of organ transplant,as a significant surgical breakthrough to heal the wounded and rescue the dying,has saved a good many patients who are on the point of death.【译文】器官移植手术是外科方面的重大技术突破，目的是救死扶伤，已经挽救了许多濒临死亡的病人的生命。
5.Mr.Murdoch who owns the New York Post indicated that U.S.newspaper’s editorial strategies were to blame for their financial problems.【译文】拥有《纽约邮报》的默多克先生指出，美国报纸的编辑战略应承担报纸财务问题的责任。
【解析】这里的定语从句的翻译是典型的前置法。
翻译时按照汉语的习惯加个“的”字。
6.The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.【译文】在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。
英语英汉互译心得体会报告 英汉翻译实践报告(最新3篇)
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翻译实践3
Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which inv olve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volumes of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever - increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.在未来，水的环境问题将会变得更尖锐、复杂。
不断增长的人口将会极大地增加城市垃圾，主要以城市污水为主。
在另一方面，对水日益增长的需求将会大幅度减少用于稀释垃圾废水的用量。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)-复习笔记(下)【圣才出品】
第11章尤金·奈达和他的翻译理论一、奈达翻译理论概述尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)终生从事圣经翻译和翻译理论的研究，著作等身，是公认的当代翻译理论的主要奠基人。
1. “功能对等”(functional equivalence)(1) 定义：前身是“灵活对等”(dynamic equivalence)。
简单讲，功能对等就是要让译文和原文在语言的功能上对等，而不是在语言的形式上对应。
奈达把功能分成九类，译文应在这些功能上与原作对等。
但他把判断对等与否的大权交给了读者的心理反应。
①表现功能(expressive)②认识功能(cognitive)③人际功能(interpersonal)④信息功能(informative)⑤祈使功能(imperative)⑥行为功能(performative)⑦情感功能(emotive)⑧审美功能(aesthetic)⑨自我解释功能(metalingual)(2) 理论来源①语言学领域对语言外的因素产生了兴趣，各种语言学分支渐次诞生，如心理语言学、社会语言学、语用学、符号学等。
奈达理论中读者心理反应这一基石基本上得益于上述语言学方面的发展。
②乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)的转换生成语法。
乔姆斯基的早期理论中有关语言表层结构和深层结构转换的模式在很大程度上为奈达描写功能对等提供了工具。
2. 奈达的研究重心的变化(1) 早期的奈达从语言内营造他功能对等的理论，用了诸如转换生成语法、语义成分分析等具体方法来描写他的理论。
发表于1964年的Toward a Science of Translating，主要在语言学的框架下讨论翻译(也涉及了语言外的因素)。
他在该书中将语义细分成语法意义(linguistic meaning)、所指意义(referential meaning)和情感意义(emotive meaning)。
(2) 越往后，奈达就越重视社会文化因素。
英译汉和汉译英翻译实践报告
目录目录 (i)第一部分英译汉 A Red Sweater翻译实践报告 (1)第二部分英译汉参考文献 (5)第三部分汉译英《华威先生》翻译实践报告 (6)第四部分汉译英参考文献 (9)附录 (10)1、英译汉原文A Red Sweater (10)2、英译汉译文《红毛衣》 (17)3、汉译英原文《华威先生》 (24)4、汉译英译文Mr Hua Wei (29)A Red Sweater翻译实践报告A Report on Translation of A Red Sweater摘要: 在华裔美国文学中，小说家伍慧明的这部《红毛衣》深受众多读者的喜爱，作者通过描写一个家庭中两代人不同的经历，展示了在美国社会中，华人是如何努力争取实现自己的梦想。
作者以独特的角度观察和描写两代人的相同与不同之处，展现美籍华人的心路历程。
该报告基于笔者A Red Sweater的翻译实践，旨在通过提出自己在翻译中遇到的困难及该注意的方面，对其翻译中的问题的处理进行了描述，最后得出一些译文的反思与总结，对原文有了更好的理解的同时进一步地提升自己的译文。
关键词：年轻的一代；年老的一代；美籍华人；美国文化Abstract:In Chinese American literature, A Red Sweater written by the novelist Wu Huimin is popular with readers. The translator shows how Chinese strive to realize their dreams in American society by describing the different experiences of two generations in a family. The translator observes and describes the similarities and differences between the two generations from a unique perspective, and shows the psychological course of Chinese Americans. Based on this translation practice, the report aims to describe the solutions in her translation by proposing the difficulties and she encountered and the aspects she should pay attention to. At last, the translator draws some reflections and summaries of her translation, so as to has a better understanding of the original text and further improve his own translation.Key words: The younger generation, the older generation, Chinese Americans, American culture,1.任务的描述本次翻译的实践内容是一篇英译中的短片小说A Red Sweater《红毛衣》，1一共3860个字符。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译的基本技巧 1.8 被动语态)
1.8被动语态Ⅰ.将下列被动句翻译成汉语，保留原句主语。
1.His pride must be pinched.【译文】他这股傲气应该打下去。
2.The happy man cannot be handed.【译文】吉人自有天相。
3.This oil is used as perfume.【译文】这种油可以用作香水。
4.On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismissed briefly.【译文】在他们国内电台的广播中，中东事件只轻描淡写地报道了一下。
5.A new student is kept on probation for one semester.【译文】新学生规定要见习一个学期。
6.The whole country was armed in a few days.【译文】几天之内全国武装起来了。
7.This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.【译文】这类广告四处可见。
8.X-ray examination of the chest and heart should be routinely performed.【译文】胸部和心脏X线检查应列为常规。
9.The article had been translated into English,but with little elegance to speak of.【译文】这篇文章译成英语后失去了不少文采。
10.Specifically,clear standards are being setting up for accountability,transparence and participatory governance.【译文】具体而言，明确的标准正在制定之中，为问责制、透明度和参与施政订立明确的标准。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译的基本技巧 1.1 解包袱法)
1.1解包袱法1.the first black president【译文】第一位与黑人关系密切的总统2.the first woman president【译文】第一位关心妇女问题的总统3.presidential historian【译文】专门研究总统生平的历史学家4.opinion leader【译文1】能影响或左右舆论的人【译文2】意见领袖（台湾译法）kboy【译文】送牛奶的男孩6.fireman【译文】消防员7.postman【译文】送邮件的人8.sick room【译文】病房9.criminally insane【译文】刑事法庭鉴定为患有精神病10.a morning person【译文】习惯早起的人11.a body shop【译文】车身修理厂（洗车店）12.manage forests sustainably【译文】管理森林，以便使其可以持续发展13.digital gap【译文】数字鸿沟/数位落差（台湾译法）【解析】对于已经形成相对固定的说法的包袱，可不解。
14.peak load【译文】峰值负荷15.satellite communications ground station equipment repairer【译文】卫星通讯地面站设备维修人员16.The divorce is less culturally acceptable in a society that is family-oriented.【译文】在以家庭为中心的社会文化背景下，离婚是难以接受的。
17.I am pleased to be here to offer a U.S.business perspective on one of today’s great quality challenges:building a high skills/high wage workforce.【译文】我很高兴能来此介绍一下美国商界对当今我们在素质方面所面临的挑战的看法，这项挑战就是如何建立一支高技术、高薪金的劳动队伍。
英汉翻译-3 翻译的理念
名家翻译理念
主讲人：张鹏
Chapter 3 Translation Theories
严复：信、达、雅 泰特勒：翻译三原则 傅雷：重神似不重形似 许渊冲：美化之艺术，创优似竞赛 尤金 奈达：动态对等
严复：信、达、雅
• In his cradle, Simon started to get training to be a knight. 直译：在摇篮里，Simon就开始为成为骑士而接受训练。 意译：从童年时起， „„ • Talk of the devil and he will appear. 说曹操，曹操就到。 • Sense comes with age. 老马识途。 • One swallow does not make a summer. 一花独放不是春。 • Every dog has his day. 人人都有得意的日子。
尤金 奈达：动态对等
Eugene Nida，美国著名 语言学家、翻译理论家。 著作有：《翻译科学探 索》、《翻译的理论与实 践》、《从一种语言到另 一种语言》、《翻译与语 境》等。他的理念对中国 翻译界有着较深刻的影响。
从动态对等到功能对等
所谓“功能对等”，就是说翻译时不求文字表面的死板对 应，而要在两种语言间达成功能上的对等。为使源语和目 的语的之间的转换有一个标准，减少差异，尤金·奈达从 语言学的角度出发，根据翻译的本质，提出了 “功能对等” 翻译理论。在这一理论中，他指出 “翻译是用最恰当、自 然和对等的语言从语义到文体再现源语的信息” 。奈达指 出，翻译不仅是词汇意义上的对等，还包括语义、风格和 文体的对等，翻译传达的信息既有表层词汇信息，也有深 层的文化信息。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译的基本技巧 1.7 状语从句)
1.7状语从句Ⅰ.译成与汉语完全对应的状语1.We shall discuss the problem fully before we make the decision.【译文】我们在作出决定之前要充分讨论这个问题2.If winter comes,can spring be far behind?【译文】冬天来了，春天还会远吗？3.When they approached Trenton,lights were still burning in many of the houses and Christmas parties were still going on.【译文】当他们逼近屈兰敦时，许多房子里仍然灯火通明，圣诞晚会还未结束。
4.我们第二次见面时，我发现她比实际年龄显得老一些了。
【译文】When we met each other for the second time,I found that she looked older than she was.5.直到黄昏降临，他的小孩才回家。
【译文】His child did not come back home until dusk set in.6.They are informal,most likely because they are always in a great hurry.【译文】他们之所以不拘小节,很可能是因为他们总是处于匆忙之中。
7.Because his parents had paved a good way for him,he didn’t worry about it at all.【译文】他之所以一点不急，是因为父母已为他铺好了道路。
8.If the epidemic cannot be controlled effectively,the whole country will come into chaos.【译文】如果这种流行传染病得不到有效控制，整个国家将会陷入一片混乱之中。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)【翻译练习(翻译实践篇详解)】【圣才出品】
第二部分翻译实践篇详解一、非文学类文本（社会人文）1. Van GoghAlthough art historians have spent decades demystifying Van Gogh’s legend ①, they have done little to diminish his vast popularity. Auction prices still soar, visitors still overpopulate Van Gogh exhibitions, and The Starry Night remains ubiquitous on dormitory and kitchen walls②. So complete is Van Gogh’s global apotheosis that③Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers to sprinkle their relatives’ ashes on his grave. What accounts for the endless appeal of the Van Gogh myth? It has at least two deep and powerful sources④. At the most primitive level, it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as the story of heroic sacrifice to art⑤. Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with Van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular redemption⑥but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame. At the same time, the myth offers an alluringly simplistic conception of great art as the product, not of particular historical circumstances and the artist’s painstaking calculations, but of the naive and spontaneous outpourings of a mad, holy fool⑦. The gaping discrepancy between Van Gogh’s long-suffering life and his remarkable posthumous fame remains a great and undeniable historical irony. But the notion that he was an artistic idiot savant⑧is quickly dispelled by even the most glancing examination of the artist’s letters. It also must be dropped after acquaintingoneself with the rudimentary facts of Van Gogh’s family background, upbringing, and early adulthood.The image of Van Gogh as a disturbed and forsaken artist is so strong that one easily reads it back into⑨his childhood and adolescence. But if Van Gogh had died at age twenty, no one would have connected him with failure or mental illness. Instead he would have been remembered⑩by those close to him as a competent and dutiful son with a promising career in the family art-dealing business. He was, in fact, poised to surpass his father and to come closer to living up to the much-esteemed Van Gogh name⑪.The Van Goghs were an old and distinguished Dutch family who could trace their lineage in Holland back to the sixteenth century. Among Vincent’s five uncles, one reached the highest rank of vice-admiral in the Navy and three others prospered as successful art dealers. Van Gogh’s grandfather, also named Vincent, had attained an equally illustrious status as an intellectually accomplished Protestant minister. The comparatively modest achievements of the artist’s father, Theodorus, proved the exception, not the rule⑫. Although Theodorus was the only one of grandfather Vincent’s six sons to follow him into the ministry, he faltered as a preacher⑬ and could obtain only modest positions in provincial churches. It was for this reason that Theodorus and his new wife, Anna, found themselves in Groot Zundert, a small town near the Belgian border. Vincent was born a few years after their arrival.Van Gogh enjoyed a relatively uneventful childhood save for the birth of fivesiblings (three by the time he was six and two more by his fourteenth year)⑭ and his attendance at two different boarding schools. In rural Zundert he took long walks in the Brabant countryside and developed a naturalist’s love of animals and plants. At his two boarding schools, he excelled at his studies and laid down the foundation for his lifelong facility in French and English. The family’s decision to apprentice him at sixteen to Uncle Vincent’s art gallery in The Hague was far from a nepotistic last resort. Uncle Vincent, called “Cent,” had transforme d an art supply store into a prestigious art gallery and had become a senior partner in Goupil et Cie., one of the largest art-dealing firms in Europe. Vincent had not better opportunity for advancement than working at The Hague branch of Goupil’s. And it was a testament to Vincent’s abilities that the childless “Uncle Cent” took a paternal interest in him and arranged for his position as Goupil’s youngest employee⑮.Vincent’s duties progressed from record keeping and correspondence chores in the back office to dealing, if only in a subordinate way⑯, with clients. This confronts us with the nearly unthinkable image of the “socially competent” Vincent⑰. But such was the case at this stage in his life. The same man whose eccentricity would one day make young girls scream in fright dressed appropriately and charmed customers with his enthusiasm for art⑱. Vincent also ingratiated himself with the local artists of The Hague School and earned his colleagues’respect. Although his status as Uncle Cent’s nephew and protege must have smoothed his way, Vincent appears to have been genuinely dedicated and effectiveat Goupil’s. His boss, Tersteeg, sent home glowing reports⑲ and after four years at The Hague he was promoted to the London branch.From Van Gogh and Gauguin, by Bradley Collins 【参考译文】梵高尽管艺术史家们数十年来一直在淡化梵高传奇的神秘色彩①，但梵高受欢迎的程度几乎丝毫未减。
大学英语实训教程3翻译参考英汉
In recent years, more and more museums in China have been open to the public free of charge. The number of museum exhibitions and visitors to the museum has seen an obvious increase. It has become very common to see that people stand in long queues in front of some widely popular museums. Therefore, these museums must take measures to restrict the number of visitors. Nowadays, the forms of exhibitions become increasingly diverse. Some large museums use advanced technologies such as multimedia and virtual reality to make their exhibitions more attractive. Quite a few museums also hold online exhibitions where people can enjoy the sight of rare and precious exhibits. However, the experience of viewing the exhibits on site is still more appealing to most visitors.近年来，中国越来越多的博物馆免费向公众开放。
博物馆展览次数和参观人数都明显增长。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)-复习笔记(中)【圣才出品】
第5章翻译的基本技巧一、翻译技巧概述翻译的技巧实际就是变通的技巧。
1. 许渊冲教授描写的翻译技巧(1) 加词2＋1＝2(加词不加意)(2) 减词2－1＝2(减词不减意)(3) 换词2＋2＝3＋1(变换符号不变换意思)(4) 移词1＋2＝2＋1(前后移位)(5) 分译4＝2＋2(一分为二)(6) 合译2＋2＝4(合二为一)(7) 深化1：2＝2：4(具体化)(8) 浅化2：4＝1：2(抽象化)(9) 等化2＋2＝2×2(寻求灵活对等)(10) 一分为四4＝1＋1＋1＋1(莎士比亚戏剧中的woe译成离合悲欢。
)(11) 合四为一1＋1＋1＋1＝4(鲁迅的“管它冬夏与春秋”译成I don’t care what season it is.)2. 常用的技巧种类繁多，但主要包括词性转换法、加减重复法、反面着笔法、分合移位法以及专门针对句型结构的方法，如定语从句的译法、状语从句的译法、被动句的译法等。
3. 从理清短语中词之间的关系这一角度创造出来的“解包袱法”(unpacking)。
解包袱法1. 对解包袱法的理解解包袱法是指在各类词之间关系复杂时，译者在使用各种翻译技巧前，有必要先将这些缠在一起的关系像解包袱一样解开，然后理顺。
例：美国总统克林顿被称为the first black president。
【解析】美国总统克林顿为白人，因此black在这里不可能是用来表示总统的肤色，black和president两个词之间的关系也就无法用形容词修饰名词的关系来解读，直译为“黑人总统”。
根据上下文情境和背景分析，此处表示的是“与黑人关系紧密”之意，因此译文需加词将black和president之间的语义关系挑明。
案例讨论(1) 名词＋名词结构①We want to buy quality steel.【译文】我们要买高质量的钢材。
【解析】quality具有形容词词性，意为“having a high degree of excellence”，因此，翻译为“高质量的”。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译的基本技巧 1.4 反面着笔法
1.4反面着笔法⊙正说反译1.a fly in the ointment【译文】美中不足2.call a spade a spade【译文】直言不讳3.be on tenterhooks【译文】坐立不安/六神无主/手足无措4.Bite off more than one can chew.【译文】贪多嚼不烂。
5.Good winner,good loser.【译文】胜不骄，败不馁。
6.predictably【译文】不出所料7.failure【译文】不及格/不履行/没做到/没发生8.supreme authority【译文】无上权威/最高权威9.with dignity【译文】不失体面/不失尊严10.be fatally ill【译文】得不治之症11.soon enough【译文】不久12.keep...within bounds【译文】不失当/不为过/没有扩大化/没有超出范围/没有越过雷池一步13.Danger,Building Site.【译文】工地危险，禁止入内。
14.Hands off.【译文】请勿触摸15.Smoking Free Store.【译文】无烟商场16.Keep Head inside Vehicle【译文】请勿将头伸出窗外。
17.In the absence of the definite information we had to wait a while before makinga move.【译文】由于没有确切消息，我们不得不等一等再做决定。
18.In the long run,there is no doubt that many small companies will be replaced by corporations.【译文】从长远观点来看，十分清楚，很多小公司将被集团公司所取代。
19.His childhood is free from anxiety.【译文】他的童年无忧无虑20.She saw him coming but she ignored him.【译文】她看见他走过来，但不理睬他。
叶子南高级英汉翻译理论与实践第3版笔记和考研真题详解
叶子南高级英汉翻译理论与实践第3版笔记和考研真题详解展开全文第一部分翻译技巧篇复习笔记第1章翻译的基本概念和问题一、翻译基本问题的提出1. 翻译的定义(1)语际翻译与语内翻译广义地说翻译包括的范围很广，甚至可包括语言和非语言符号之间的转换。
本书讨论的翻译就是指如何将某一语言活动的言语产物转换到另一语言中去，也就是语际(interlingual)翻译。
严格地说，翻译还应包括某一语言内不同变体间的转换，也就是语内(intralingual)翻译。
这两类翻译在本质上颇有雷同之处，而且其核心问题都是如何把原文的意思在译文中说出来。
(2) 探索翻译的新概念随着现代语言学的发展，各类应用语言学分支学科应运而生，探索翻译的工具越来越得心应手，出现了许多关于翻译的新的概念，如“忠实”、功能对等、等值、信达雅等等。
但翻译的本质仍然是在某一特定的社会环境内进行交流的过程。
概括来说，翻译的定义就是把原文中的意思在译文中表达出来。
2. 原文意思在译文中的表达在翻译过程中，有些句子如照字面直接译过来意思就会不够清楚。
(1) 句子中的有些意思会紧紧地结合在语言本身的形式上使得译者将语言的形式照搬。
例：It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.【译文】这是一条举世公认的真理：凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太。
【解析】本句中it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。
从翻译技巧上看，可先译that从句，后译It is a truth universally acknowledged，但是鉴于原文的语言形式有一种讽刺的口吻，译者有必要依照原文的句法结构进行翻译。
(2) 意思和语言结构完全绑在一起，而英汉两种语言结构上的不同造成了不可译性(untranslatability)。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译实践篇 2.2 非文学类文本(
2.2非文学类文本（科技法律）Practice1Companies are increasingly adding vitamins and minerals to juices,sports drinks and bottled water,responding to a growing consumer demand for these products.Even though the amounts of added nutrients in these drinks are typically small,some nutrition scientists are concerned that through their overall diets,many people may be ingesting levels of vitamins and other nutrients that are not only unnecessary,but potentially harmful.“You have vitamins and minerals that occur naturally in foods,and then you have people taking supplements,and then you have all these fortified foods,”said Mridul Datta,an assistant professor in the department of nutrition science at Purdue University.“It adds up to quite an excess.There’s the potential for people to get a lot more of these vitamins than they need.”Today more than ever,studies show,the average person is exposed to unusually high levels of vitamins and minerals.Already,more than half of all adults in the United States take a multivitamin or dietary supplement.Bread,milk and other foods are often fortified with folic acid,niacin and vitamins A and D.A study published in July found that many people are exceeding the safe limits of nutrient intakes established by the Institute of Medicine.And research shows that people who take dietary supplements are often the ones who need them the least.[山东大学2018研]【参考译文】饮料公司在果汁、运动饮料和瓶装水中添加了愈来愈多的维生素和矿物质，以满足顾客对这些东西日益增长的要求。
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Unit 3I. 课外练习参考译文：我最初开始散步是作为一种脱身之计。
在办公室里忙了一个上午之后，我发现午饭时出去走一走，吸一口新鲜空气，享受一下阳光，十分令人神清气爽。
我还发现，在夜间充满寒意的空气中散步也是一种使人心旷神怡的放松办法。
一个冬夜，经过了医院里好几个小时精疲力竭的工作后我漫步在空旷无人的大街上，那种感觉永远都无法忘却。
我一下子发现自己不再感到紧张疲劳。
什么病人的病情、个人的烦恼，似乎就像寒夜中呼出的热气，一下子都烟消云散了，我把散步纳入了每天的日程，不仅精神振作了，而且体重和血压也逐渐下降了。
我开始查阅有关散步的医学文献。
通过研究，还通过从事家庭保健医生工作中的临床观察，我发现，无论年龄大小，散步都能健身瘦身，延年益寿。
散步同游泳、骑车、跑步等一样，是一种有氧运动，能够增加皮肤和肌肉的供氧，从而增进体能和耐力。
这种运动可成为预防心血管疾病的主要因素。
散步是一种最不激烈、最为安全的有氧运动，对绝大多数人都极其合适。
以舒适的速度步行能促进心肺活动，从而提高心肺功能，虽然比起其他各种运动方式来散步的作用较为缓慢。
II. 英汉翻译原理第二讲：什么是好的译文？（续）【例14】There is a mix of confrontation and cooperation between them.【译文】他们之间既有对抗，又有合作。
【例15】He died, and was survived by wife and three children.【译文】他死了，撇下了妻子和三个孩子。
【例16】Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof.【译文】司法部门如果对此不闻不问，那就是失职。
【例17】Evidently he had the first quality of an angler, which is not to measure the pleasure by the catch.【译文】他显然具备了垂钓者的首要品质，即以钓为乐，钓多钓少无所谓。
【例18】Nothing out of its place is good, nothing in its place is bad.×身外之物无一是善，身内之物无一是恶。
【译文】凡事不当无一是好，凡事得当无一是坏。
【例19】Happiness is like manna; it is to be gathered and enjoyed every day.×幸福似甘露，日日可享用。
【译文】幸福犹如甘露，要天天采集才能日日享用。
忠实原文是指译文与原文实质内容上的一致，而不是形式上的一致。
译者由于对原文理解不深，不能透过原文的形式掌握其实质内容，仅见其形，未见其神，这样译出的文字形式上似乎与原文一致了，但与原文的意思却相去甚远。
这便是犯了翻译上的形式主义。
但是灵活出了格，过分强调译文的流畅，而不受原文意思的约束，闹了独立性，在原文的思想内容之外随意添枝加叶，这种译法称之为自由主义。
【例20】This was one of the secrets of his great popularity, but it was a popularity which was as unsettled as the waves. It swelled, and bubbled,and foamed for a while, only to recede, and be lost to its former possessor.×这是他名噪一时的一个秘密，但这种名声如同波涛一样起伏不定：在短暂的时间内如日中天，盛极一时，炙手可热，但转瞬间又烟消云散，终于在原来有些声望的人身上消失了。
【译文】这是他名噪一时的一个秘密，但这种名声如同波涛一样起伏不定：一时间奔腾高涨，汹涌澎拜，转瞬间又一落千丈，终于在原来享有这种声望的人身上荡然无存。
佳译欣赏：【例21】 A thief is a thief.【译文】贼性难改。
【例22】There was no snow, the leaves were gone, the grass was dead.【译文】天未下雪，但叶落草枯。
【例23】Human affairs are all subject to changes and disasters.【译文】人世间，事不由己，变迁灾祸，难以逆料。
【例24】It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded fromsilences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences atall, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time andmatchless rhythm.【译文】绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂，这日子是如此安静。
然而并非安静，因为万物各以其独特的节奏，或动，或摇，或震，或起，或伏。
III. 课堂练习（努力按照忠实原文和译文流畅两项标准，把下列句子译成汉语，翻译时既要避免拘泥于原文结构的形式主义译法，又要防止偏离原文内容的自由主义译法）：1.He who idles away the time is nothing but a living death.2.No greater misfortune befalls a country than to be governed by a tyrant.3.He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.4.The expectation of collision informed British frontier policy in this period.5.Every day now, the suppression of truth and the organizing of public ignorance shame journalism.6.I walked to the ticket counter. When the ticket-seller saw me, her otherwise attractive face turned sour, violently so.7.Accident may put a decisive blunderer in the right, but eternal defeat and miscarriage must attend the man of the best parts, if cursed with indecision.8.In their rush, these companies have neglected the hardest part of doing business in China: the people part. The result is that many have jeopardized their performance in the long run.IV. 课堂练习参考译文：1.虚度年华者，虽生犹死。
2.国之大难莫过于暴君当道。
3.他有一种习惯让人受不了，意见反复不定，一会儿一个变化。
4.英国预计到了将会发生冲突，并据此对这一时期的边境政策作了调整。
5.现在，天天都在隐瞒真相，愚弄公众，这种做法是新闻界的耻辱。
6.我走到售票台。
女售票员一看见我，她那原本颇为动人的脸刷地一沉，变得怒气冲冲。
7.出错者若处事果断，仍可意外取得成功；才干出众者若优柔寡断，必然屡屡失误。
8.这些公司在一拥而入之中忽略了在中国经营最艰巨的问题，即人的问题，结果许多公司严重损害了他们的远期经营业绩。
V. 课外练习（努力按照忠实原文和译文流畅两项标准，把下列短文译成汉语）：Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volumes of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.There are two ways by which the pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes "prior to" disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste products into marketable byproducts. Other industries are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products. (256 words)。