国际贸易chapter1
《国际贸易务(双语)》三习题库
《国际贸易实务（双语）》三习题库第一章国际贸易简介Chapter 1 A Brief Introduction to International Trade预习题1. What is international trade?2. Why do nations trade?练习题3. What are the differences between international trade and domestic trade?4. P17-20 专业术语、课后练习复习题5. What are the characteristics of international trade？6. What are the forms of international trade？7. Useful certificates for your future job-hunting.第二章进出口交易的一般程序General Procedure of International Trade一、国际贸易的基本流程Basic procedure of international trade预习题：1. Suppose you are an exporter, what will you do before you enter into a business with a trade partner?2.我国某出口公司与香港C公司签订了一笔总值25万美元销售猪肉的合同,FOB青岛,目的港韩国釜山,付款方式为D/A远期120天办理托收。
该出口公司按规定的装运期限装运货物后,通过中国银行办理托收手续。
中国银行委托香港南洋商业银行为代收行向香港C公司收款。
单据到香港后,C公司即承兑赎单,又以原提单向韩国收货人收取了货款。
香港南洋商业银行在汇票到期时向C公司催促付款,但此时该公司已宣告破产。
经查核C公司在当地注册资本仅15万港元,其财产远远不够抵偿该公司的欠款。
国际贸易单证简明教程
Chapter1: Introduction to Trade Documentation(国际贸易单证简介)1.Definition of document: A document is an official paper that serves as “proof” or “evidence”of something.1）Different roles of different documents★Proof of ownership of shipment (B/L )★Evidence of particulars of sale (Invoice )★Evidence of country of origin of goods ( Certificate of origin )★Evidence of insurance coverage ( Insurance polic)★Reassurance of the quality or quantity of goods in shipment ( Inspection certificate ) 2）Nature of Documents（1）Financial documents金融单据——Bill of exchange 汇票——Promissory note 本票——Check 支票（2）商业单据（commercial documents）——Invoice 发票——Transport/shipping documents 运输单证——Insurance policy 保险单证——Packing list 装箱单证——The others 其他2.The differences among the Document, Documents and Documentary.Document means an individual document or form(个别的单证或表格)Documents means package document(一揽子单证)Documentary means that document from the basis for concluding some agreed upon action or requirement between the parties to a transaction（单证是各方当事人完成某特定交易的基础单证的、跟单的）3. Issues Concerning Trade Documents(国际贸易单证的有关问题)2）The nature of Goods traded：Regulated goods fall into a number of categories:Restricted goods （禁止类商品）Prohibited goods （限制类商品）Strategic goods （战略性产品）Quotas goods (配额产品)3）Some principles for making documents①Consistency among documents②No ambiguity●Avoid the ambiguity of issuers in documents●Avoid the ambiguity of authentication of documents⏹The importer/buyer may state that a document be “certified” , “notarized ” or“endorsed”.⏹Eg. The inspection certificate of this cargos should be notarized.⏹Eg. The B/L should be endorsed③Definitely right (document date)4.Categories of Documents Used in International Trade（国际贸易单证种类）1）Transaction Documents(交易单证)The letter of inquire/inquiry sheet(询价单)/request for proposal (RFP)（征求建议书）Request for quotation (RFQ) （报价需求/采购直达）: A letter written by the buyer asking the seller to submit a formal price quotation for a specified product and quantity.proposal（建议、提案）Letter of intent（合作意向书）Purchase order/purchase contract（订购单/采购订单）/ contract of sales(销售合同)Pro forma invoice （形式发票）: A (preliminary 初步的) invoice issued by the exporter at the importer’s request before an order is placed or before the goods all the details and the cost of the goodsCommercial invoice（商业发票）: The prime transaction document.2）Transport(Shipping) Documents (运输单证)Shipping Advice (装运通知)：It’sPacking List (装箱单)：A document prepared by the shipper listing the kinds and quantities of merchandise in a particular shipment.Shipping by consignor and gives specific字样：“Shipped on Board”“Landed on Board”“On Board”表示已装船Forwarder’s Instruction (货运代理指示): It’s issued by consignor and gives specific and formalStowage Instruction (配载指示): There are specific instructions given by the consignor in a letteror on a shipping line or freight forwarder’s pre-Hazardous Materials Instructions/Declaration (危险货物说明):A substance or product that iscapable of posing a risk to health, safety or property when transported in commerce. Hazards are classified as “Other Regulated Materials” (ORM-A through ORM-E) and include irritating(刺激性的)，corrosive(腐蚀性的), caustic(腐蚀性的), flammable(易燃的), radioactive(放射性的), and other life or health threatening materials.Dock Receipt （码头收据）：A receipt issued by a port officer（港务局）or warehouse supervisor （货仓负责人）certifying that a shipment of goods has been received from the domestic carrier or consignor（发货人、委托人）and that accountability (受托责任、有义务、可说明性) for the goods has transferred to the named transport company.Mate’s Receipt （大副收据）：A document issued by the captain or mate of a vessel as a receipt for goods shipped. If the captain or mate sees a discrepancy (不符、矛盾) in number of units received or damage to a package, it will be noted on the receipt ( “claused ”清洁但有批注的or “unclean” 不清洁receipt).by ship’s captain (or master) and“Acts of God”,catastrophic natural events自然灾害, piracy海盗, mutiny反叛暴动, collisions碰撞).Delivery Order (提货单)Types of Bill of Lading Defined(提单的种类)Bill of Lading (海运提单): The key transport document that identify the consignor, the consignee, the carrier, the mode of transport and other facts about the shipment (issued by the shipping line or carrier of the goods).Seaway/Marine Bill (海运单): A transport document covering port-to-port shipments of goods (for carriage of goods solely by sea).Airway Bill (航空运单): A non-negotiable transport document covering transport of cargo by air from airport to airport.Railway Bill (铁路运单): A transport document covering transport of cargo from named points via truck, rail or barge airport.Multi-modal Bill of Lading (多式联运提单): A bill of lading covering a shipment by two or more modes of transport.Straight Bill of Lading (记名提单，不可转让)Shipper’s Order (凭托运人指示的提单，可转让)Blank Endorsed Negotiable Bill of Lading (空白背书的可转让提单，可议付的)Courier Receipt (快递收据): A document issued by a courier (快递员) or expedited delivery service（加快送货服务）evidencing receipt of goods for delivery to a named consignee.Post Receipt (邮政收据)：A document issued by the postal service of a country evidencing receipt of goods for delivery to a named consignee.Clean Bill of Lading (清洁提单)Claused Bill of Lading (不清洁提单，有批注的提单)3）Export Documents (出口单证)Commercial invoice（商业发票）: The prime transaction document (issued by exporter/seller) Bill of Lading (海运提单): The key transport document that identify the consignor, the consignee, the carrier, the mode of transport and other facts about the shipment (issued by the shipping line or carrier of the goods).Export Declaration (出口报关单): The formal statement by the exporter to the export authority identifying the seller, the buyer, goods shipped, date of insurance, country of origin and country of final destination, quantity and description of the goods, and other shipping details. (issued by the exporter)Packing List (装箱单)：A document prepared by the shipper listing the kinds and quantities of merchandise in a particular shipment. (issued by the exporter)Certificate of Origin(原产地证明)（C/O , COO）: This document declares the country of origin of the goods shipped.Insurance Document(保险单证)：This document provides proof of insurance for the shipment.4)Import Document(进口单证)Import Declaration (进口报关单)The same: Commercial invoice; Bill of Lading; Packing List; Certificate of Origin; Insurance Document.5)Banking Documents(银行单证)2)Rules to make draft:Bill of exchange (汇票) short form: B/EUsual practice, it is in duplicate, and in the first copy always says:( Second being unpaid付一不付二); in the Second copy, it says:(first being unpaid 付二不付一). There is no any difference between first and second copy from the perspective of law. They have the same legal force.3）Time/ Usance draft:有四种填写情况(1)见票后××天付款，填上“at ××days after sight”，即以付款人见票承兑日为起算日，××天后到期付款。
国际贸易实务课后习题
Chapter 1 International Trade1.What are the reasons for international trade?There are three main reasons: resource reasons, economic reasons, and political reasons. The resource reasons refer to the uneven distribution of resources such as natural resources, capital, and labor. The economic reasons are explained by the principal of absolute advantage and the principal of comparative advantage. Besides, nations are motivated to trade or not to trade with each other by international and domestic political needs.2.What is the principal of comparative advantage?Created by David Ricardo, the principal of comparative advantage is a basic theory for specialization and trade which says trade will benefit both nations provided only that their relative costs, that is, the ratios of their real costs measured by labor-hour or another commodity, are different for two or more commodities. In other words, trade depends on differences in comparative cost or opportunity cost, and one nation can profitably trade with another even though its real costs are higher (lower) in every commodity.3.What are the benefits of international trade?The benefits of international trade include cheaper goods, more choices of goods, wider market for domestic producers, and the growth of domestic and world economy.4. Why does trade protectionism still exist despite the benefits of international trade?Trade protectionism exists for economic and political reasons. Nations want to protect their infant industries and jobs from foreign competition, to maintain balance of payment, and not to support their foes.5.Want are some of the forms of trade restrictions?Trade restrictions take the forms of tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.6.What is a tariff barrier and what is a non-tariff barrier?A tariff barrier is a direct monetary burden to discourage trade in which a duty or fee is levied on goods being imported into (or exported out of) a country. A non-tariff barrier, on the other hand, is not directly a monetary burden though it often costs more time and money. Non-tariff barriers include quota, license, foreign exchange control, technical standards, and regulations, etc.Terms1. A tariff: is a duty or fee that is levied on goods being imported into (or exported out of) acountry.2.Surtax: is an additional tax. It may also be temporary and discriminatory. In internationaltrade, import surtax is often collected to cope with international payment difficulties and to prevent dumping.3.Anti-dumping duty: is a fee that is collected by the importing country when it believes thatthe exporting country is selling a significant amount goods to the importing country at prices much lower than in the exporting country.4.Specific duty: is a tax of a certain sum assessed and collected on an article without referenceto its value or market.5.Ad valorem duty: is a tax which is graded according to the cost, or market value, of thearticle taxed.6. A quota: is a quantitative restriction or an upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value.7.An import license: is a permit for import issued by the government to control the import ofgoods.8.Foreign exchange control: means various forms of restriction imposed by a government onthe purchase/sale of foreign currencies by residents or on the purchase/sale of local currency by nonresidents.Chapter 2 Terms of Delivery1.What are the key issues that a contract must spell out clearly?Seller’s and buyer’s responsibilities and associated costsTime and place of deliveryDocuments and expensesTitle to the goods2.Why are Incoterms created?Incoterms are created to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.3.How are the terms structured in Incoterms?The terms are grouped in four basically different categories: E-term, F-terms, C-terms, and D-terms. E-term requires the seller to make the goods available to the buyer usually at the seller’s own premises. F-terms require the seller to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed and paid by the buyer. C-terms require the seller to contract and pay for carriage without assuming the risk of loss of or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch. D-terms require the seller to bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the place of destination.4.Do you have to use Incoterms in every transaction? Why or why not?No, sellers and buyers don’t need to use Incoterms in their transaction because Incoterms are created only to provide an option, not an obligation.5.What should be considered in the choice of terms of delivery?Transport capacityCustomer’s locationFreight rateLoading/unloading facilities and local port customRisks in transitChapter 3 Cargo Packaging, Stowage & Marking1.Generally speaking, what are the main reasons for cargo packaging?Generally speaking, there are four main reasons for cargo packaging:a.protective function that essentially involves protecting the contents from the environment andvice versa;b.loading and transport function that requires proper packaging design for easy handling andspace-saving transportationc.stowage function that facilitates stowage and distribution; andd.promotion function that helps generate product awareness and sales2.The protective function of packaging essentially involves protecting the contents fromthe environment. Is this statement true or false and why?This statement is only partially true because the protective function of packaging involves protecting people and the environment, not only the contents, particularly for hazardous materials.3.What is the most efficient method of handling general cargo?The most efficient method of handling general cargo is to make up cargo unit.4.What are the main factors influencing types of cargo packaging?The main factors influencing types of cargo packaging are:a.nature of cargo;b.transport;c.Customs and statutory requirements;d.Insurance acceptance conditions;e.Cost; andf.Ease of handling and stowage5.What should be considered in the stowage of cargo?The following should be considered in the stowage of cargo:a.observation of weight limitations and distributions;b.prevention of damage to transport vehicle;c.best use of available deadweight or cubic capacity to minimize the broken stowage;d.avoidance of mixing incompatible cargo;e.plan for ease of unloading6.What purposes does correct and complete marking serve?Correct and complete marking of packages helps prevent incorrect handling, accidents, incorrect delivery, losses of weight and volume and Customs fines7.What are the main types of marks?The main types of marks include shipping marks, information marks, indicative marks and warning marks.8.What are the marking requirements?The marking requirements are internationality, visibility, legibility and indelibilityChapter 4 Transport1.What are the key differences between liners and tramps?A liner operates over a regular route according to an advertised time-table but a tramp does not operate this way. Instead, a tramp is a vessel hired to pick up cargo from almost any port and go directly to the port of destination.2.What does the abbreviation FIO stand for? What does it mean?FIO stands for “free in and out”, which means that the charterer of a vessel, not the ship operator, is responsible for the costs of loading and unloading.3.What key purposes does a B/L serve?A B/L serves three key purposes. First, it is evidence that a valid contract of carriage exists between the carrier and the shipper, and it may incorporate the full terms of the contract between them. Second, it is a receipt signed by the carrier confirming whether goods matching the contract description have been received from the shipper in good condition. Third, it is also a document of title, creating ownership of the goods shipped.4.What should a clause of shipment include?A clause of shipment should include time of shipment, port of shipment and port of destination, advice of shipment, partial shipment and transshipment.5.What is Air Waybill and what is the key difference between the document and an OceanB/L?An air waybill is a transport document issued by airlines or air cargo companies or their agents. The key difference between this document and an ocean B/L is that air waybill is not a title document. As a straight waybill, an air waybill is not transferrable or negotiable and a shipper does not lose his ownership of the cargo by handing the air waybill to the airline. However, as the buyer is named the consignee on the waybill and he/she can claim the consignment from the carrier by simply showing proof of identity.6.What is international multimodal transport?International multimodal transport is the carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport on the basis of a multimodal transport contract from a place in one country at which the goods are taken in charge by the multimodal transport operator to a place designated for delivery situated in a different country.7.What are the general considerations in cargo transport?Reliability, speed and frequency, and cost.Chapter 5 Foreign exchange rate & Contract formation- Offer & Acceptance1.How is the exchange rate between any two currencies expressed?There are two ways to express the exchange rate between any two currencies, i.e., the price of Currency A can be quoted in terms of Currency B or vice versa. Depending on whether home currency is used to express the price of foreign currencies or foreign countries are used to express the price of home currency, we have direct quotation and indirect quotation.2.How many rates does a bank normally quote?Two, a buying (bid) rate and a selling（ask）rate.3.Why is exchange rate an important issue for international traders?While the exchange rates between currencies float, payment is normally made sometime after the contract is concluded. The final earnings in the home currency (if the contract currency is a foreign currency) will only be known with the prevailing exchange rate at the time the payment is made. A favorable exchange rate will give the exporter more home currency. On the other hand, an adverse movement of the exchange rates will bring him a loss in terms of home currency.4.How can we manage the exchange rate risks (foreign exchange risks)?There are a number of choices: choosing the right currency for a transaction, booking a forward contract, and using other products that banks offer.5.If you intend to make your offer indefinite, what can you do to avoid misinterpretation?If an offerer wants to make an offer indefinite, he should make clear reservations to avoid misinterpretation.6.How can you terminate an offer?An offer can be terminated by:The party offering may revoke the offer if no consideration has been given.The offer may lapse (either after a specified time, or it may just become stale).Offer may come to an end after a stipulated event occurs or does not occur.Offer may lapse on death of the party offeringOffer is killed by a counter-offer.7.Who can accept an offer?Only the offeree can accept an offer.8.What does acceptance mean to a contract?Since an acceptance indicates assent to an offer, it validates the contract and means that boththe offerer and the offeree will be bound by the terms and conditions in the offer.9.What is a counter-offer?A counter-offer is either the office’s proposal of a new set of terms for the transaction or his conditional acceptance by making actual, material changes in the offer.1.Foreign exchange: is the currency of any foreign country which is the authorized instrumentof settlement and the basis for record keeping in that country.2.Like any other commodities, a foreign exchange has a price, which is expressed in anothercurrency. Exchange rate is the price relationship between the currencies of two countries or the price of one currency in terms of the other.3.Offer rate（of foreign exchange）:is the price at which a bank is willing to sell foreignexchange to its customers4. A definite offer:is one that clearly expresses the offerer’s willingness in concluding atransaction by providing complete and clear information for the deal. Normally it includes all the necessary items for a transaction, specifies the time by which the offer is valid and the time the acceptance must be received, and uses the phrase “offer firm” meaning that the offer is made without reservations.5.An acceptance: is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.。
国际贸易理论和实务双语教程第一章 国际贸易理论及政策 共75页
Trade Bilingual course
教学用课件
主编：傅龙海 郑佰青 罗治前 副主编：周宝玉 傅安妮 林晓怡
林晓怡 杨文华 对外经济贸易大学出版社
Chapter 1 International Trade Theories and Policies 国际贸易理论及政策
3.3 Entrepot Trade 转口贸易
An Entrepot is a business involving 3 parties which are the country of production, the country of consumption and the country of making entrepot trade. Sometimes, the merchandise is transported to the country of consumption from the country of the production though the 2 countries are not in direct business relationship as the third country has the business relationship with the 2 countries respectively.
3.2 Indirect Trade间接贸易
The indirect trade is the business trade made by the producing country and the consuming country through the third country. For some reasons such as political reasons and the inconvenience of communication between the 2 countries, the negotiation, contract conclusion and settlement in the business cannot be carried out directly between the export country and the import country without the involvement of the third country, the indirect trade is necessary .
国际贸易-国际贸易实务英文
Culture Problems
Monetary conversion
Trade barriers
1. Inquiry
An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details about the goods or trade terms. It can be made by either the importer or the exporter. On receiving the enquiry, it is a regular practice that the exporter should reply to it without delay.
1 Resource Acquisition (寻求资源) 2 Benefits Acquisition (追求利润) 3 Diversification (多种经营) 4 Expand sales（扩大销售）
Section Two Problems Concerning International （国际贸易遇到的问题）
III) The offer shall indicate the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance
* This intention may be indicated by terms as “firm” offer, “offer with engagement”, etc.
II) Contents of the offer shall be sufficiently definite, i.e., trade terms of the offer shall be complete, clear and final * The “Convention” stipulates that a sufficiently definite offer should include three basic elements: name, quantity and price * In our foreign trade practice, a complete offer shall include the quality, quantity, packing, price, terms of delivery of the goods and terms of payment.
《国际贸易》芬斯特拉版人大版练习题答案01
S-3
S-4 Solutions ■ Chapter 1 Trade in the Global Economy
c. What is the total amount of trade (in either direction) between Europe and North America? Add that to the total trade within Europe, and calculate the percentage of this to the world total. Answer: $(369 ϩ 475) ϭ $844 billion. Adding that to intra-European trade, we obtain 35. 2% of the world total.
f. What is the total value of exports from Asia, and what percentage is this of the world total? Answer: $4,353 billion, which is 27. 7% of the world total
h. What is the total value of exports from Africa, and what percentage is this of the world total? Answer: $298 billion, which is 3. 5% of the world total
Answer: $4,695 billion, which is 29. 9% of the world total
1 The trade statistics are at http://www. wto. org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2009_e/its09_world_trade_dev_e. htm.
国际贸易实务双语Chapter 1
Warming-up Exercise Part A English Tex Part B Bilingual Tex
Chapter One Warming-up Exercise
Answer the following questions.
Chapter One Part A English Tex
Packing of Commodity
Types of Packaging Transport Packaging Transport packing is also called shipping packing, outer packing or big packing. It is classified into unit packing and collective packing. Unit packing is the smallest shippable unit of cargo. In unit packing, goods are put in different forms of containers such as cases, cartons, drums, bales, bags, bundles, etc. Collective packing (also group shipping packing) means a certain number of units of cargo are grouped together to form a large collection. In collective packing, goods are put in flexible container, pallet and container. Sales Packaging Sales packaging is also called inner packaging, small packaging, immediate packaging or marketing packaging. It focuses on the design and beauty of the package, aiming at promoting sales. Sales packaging is divided into carrying packaging, easy-open packaging, hang-up packaging, spraying packaging, gift packaging, etc.
《国际贸易实务与操作》Chapter 1
2
Section 1 Forms of International Business
Based on the methods of entering a foreign market, international business can be classified into three broad categories: trade, intellectual property rights and international licensing agreements, and foreign direct investment.
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Section 1 Forms of International Business
Government Controls over Trade Tariffs are import duties or taxes imposed on goods entering the customs territory of a nation. Nontariff barriers are all barriers to importing or exporting other than tariffs. One form of nontariff barrier is the technical barrier to trade, or product standard． Another type is export control.
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Section 1Forms of International Business
The exchange of technology and manufacturing know-how between firms in different countries through licensing agreements is known as technology transfer. Franchising is a popular form of licensing. The franchisee is allowed to use a trade name or trademark in offering goods or services to the public in return for a royalty based on a percentage of sales or other fee structure.
芬斯特拉《国际贸易》课后习题答案第1章
to End-of-Chapter Questions1.Figures 1-2 and 1-7 rely on data from the year 2006, and Figure 1-6 relies on datafrom 2005, to map worldwide trade, migration, and foreign direct investment. Up-dated data for migration and foreign direct investment were not available at the time of writing this chapter, but are available for worldwide trade. In this question you are asked to update the numbers for world trade shown in Table 1-1.a.Go to the W orld Trade Organization website at and look for theirtrade data under “Resources” and “Statistics.”1Look for the most recent edition oftheir International T rade Statistics publication, then go to “Trade by Region” and findthe Excel spreadsheet with “Intra- and Inter-regional Merchandise Trade.” Print outthis table. If you cannot find the website or spreadsheet, use the 2005 table for “In-tra- and Inter-regional Merchandise Trade,” which is printed below:b.From this table, what is the total amount of trade within Europe? What percent-age is this of total world trade?Answer: $4,695 billion, which is 29.9% of the world total1The trade statistics are at /english/res_e/statis_e/its2009_e/its09_world_trade_dev_e.htm.S-4Solutions ■Chapter 1 Trade in the Global Economyc.What is the total amount of trade (in either direction) between Europe andNorth America? Add that to the total trade within Europe, and calculate the per-centage of this to the world total.Answer: $(369ϩ 475)ϭ $844 billion. Adding that to intra-European trade, weobtain 35.2% of the world total.d.What is the total amount of trade within the Americas (i.e., between NorthAmerica, Central America, South America, and within each of these regions)?What percentage is this of total world trade?Answer: $(1,015 + 165 + 169 + 159) = $1,508 billion, or 9.6% of the worldtotale.What is the total value of exports from Europe and the Americas and what per-centage is this of the world total?Answer: $(2,036 + 600 + 6,447) = $8,983 billion, or 57.8% of the world totalf.What is the total value of exports from Asia, and what percentage is this of theworld total?Answer: $4,353 billion, which is 27.7% of the world totalg.What is the total value of exports from the Middle East and the Commonwealthof Independent States2and what percentage is this of the world total?Answer: $(1,021ϩ 703)ϭ $1,724 billion, which is 11% of the world totalh.What is the total value of exports from Africa, and what percentage is this of theworld total?Answer: $298 billion, which is 3.5% of the world totali.How do your answers to (b) through (h) compare with the shares of worldwidetrade shown in Table 1-1?Answer: The shares computed in (b) through (h) are quite similar to Table 1.1.Both are within one percentage point of Table 1-1.2.The quotation from Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke at the beginning ofthe chapter is from a speech that he presented in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, on August25, 2006, entitled “Global Economic I ntegration: What’s New and What’s Not?”The full transcript of the speech is available at http://www//newsevents/speech/bernanke20060825a.htm. Read this speech and answer the fol-lowing questions:a.List three ways in which international trade today is not that different from thetrade that occurred before W orld W ar I.Answer:i)Physical distance is the same.ii)New transportation methods allow for more trade.iii)Governments foster open trade, as well as financial flows.iv)Some groups are opposed to free trade.v)The range of goods that are tradable has broadened.b.List three ways in which international trade today does differ from the trade thatoccurred before W orld W ar I.Answer:i)Intra-industry trade has increased.2The Commonwealth of Independent States consists of: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, T urkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine.Solutions ■Chapter 1 Trade in the Global Economy S-5ii)Information and communication technologies permit trade in services.iii)Scale and pace of growth in trade is faster.iv)Core-periphery pattern is no longer relevant.v)Fragmentation of production processes has occurred.vi)Capital markets are more mature, and gross flows are larger.。
Chapter 1,2,3 - 国际贸易术语2 E
除EXW术语外，其他术语下，PSI费用由 买方负担，其中出口国当局强制要求的检 验费用由卖方负担。（Pre-shipment Inspection ）
启运地货交承运人 装运港船边 装运港船舷 装运港船舷 装运港船舷 启运地货交承运人 启运地货交承运人 边境货交买方 目的港船上 目的港码头 目的地货交买方 目的地货交买方
运输
买方 买方 买方 买方 卖方 卖方 卖方 卖方 分别 卖方 卖方 卖方 卖方
保险
买方 买方 买方 买方 买方 卖方 买方 卖方 分别 卖方 卖方 卖方 卖方
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DAF
国际贸易术语一览图
CIF CFR FOB
CIP CPT FCA
DES
DDP DDU
C W
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Seller
Buyer
15
13种贸易术语总结
术语
EXW FCA FAS FOB CFR CIF CPT CIP DAF DES DEQ DDU DDP
交货地点 风险界限 工厂货交买方
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注意的问题：
美国对FAS的解释为在任何运输工具旁交 货。因此，在对北美商人磋商时，应用: FAS VESSEL 装运港 E.g. FAS vessel Seattle FAS 的交货方式是实际交货
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三、DAF: Delivered At Frontier（指定 地点）边 境 交 货
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二、贸易术语与合同性质的关系
1、贸易术语一般确定买卖合同的性质
E组术语（产地交货合同）
F和C组（装运合他条件矛盾 3、注意买卖合同中的贸易术语与运输合同中的 术语互相衔接
国际贸易英文版教材
作者、书名、出版社、出版年份、目录Thomas A．Pugel. International Economics(15th). Renmin University of China p ress. 2012-12CONTENTSChapter 1 International Economics Is DifferentFour ControversiesEconomics and the Nation-StateThe Scheme of This BookPART ONE THE THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADEChapter 2 The Basic Theory Using Demand and SupplyFour Questions about TradeA Look AheadDemand and SupplyCase Study Trade Is ImportantGlobal Crisis The Trade Mini-Collapse of 2009Two National Markets and the Opening of TradeChapter 3 Why Everybody Trades: Comparative Advantage 33Adam Smith’s Theory of Absolute AdvantageCase Study Mercantilism: Older Than Smith—and Alive TodayRicardo’s Theory of Comparative AdvantageRicardo’s Constant Costs and the Producti on-Possibility CurveFocus on Labor Absolute Advantage Does MatterExtension What If Trade Doesn’t Balance?Chapter 4 Trade: Factor Availability and Factor Proportions Are KeyProduction with Increasing Marginal CostsCommunity Indifference CurvesProduction and Consumption TogetherFocus on China The Opening of Trade and China’s Shift Out of AgricultureThe Gains from TradeTrade Affects Production and ConsumptionWhat Determines the Trade Pattern?The Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) TheoryChapter 5 Who Gains and Who Loses from Trade?Who Gains and Who Loses within a CountryThree Implications of the H–O TheoryExtension A Factor-Ratio ParadoxDoes Heckscher–Ohlin Explain Actual Trade Patterns?Case Study The Leontief ParadoxWhat Are the Export-Oriented and Import-Competing Factors?Focus on China China’s Exports and ImportsDo Factor Prices Equalize Internationally?Focus on Labor U.S. Jobs and Foreign Trade 86Chapter 6 Scale Economies, Imperfect Competition, and TradeScale EconomiesIntra-Industry TradeMonopolistic Competition and TradeExtension The Individual Firm in MonopolisticOligopoly and TradeExtension The Gravity Model of TradeChapter 7 Growth and TradeBalanced versus Biased GrowthGrowth in Only One FactorChanges in the Country’s Willingness to TradeCase Study The Dutch Disease and DeindustrializationEffects on the Country’s Terms of TradeTechnology and TradeFocus on Labor Trade, Technology, and U.S. WagesPART TWO TRADE POLICYChapter 8 Analysis of a TariffGlobal Governance WTO and GATT: Tariff SuccessA Preview of ConclusionsThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ProducersThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ConsumersThe Tariff as Government RevenueThe Net National Loss from a TariffExtension The Effective Rate of ProtectionCase Study They Tax Exports, TooThe Terms-of-Trade Effect and a Nationally Optimal TariffChapter 9 Nontariff Barriers to ImportsTypes of Nontariff Barriers to ImportsThe Import QuotaGlobal Governance The WTO: Beyond TariffsGlobal Crisis Dodging ProtectionismExtension A Domestic Monopoly Prefers a QuotaVoluntary Export Restraints (VERs)Other Nontariff BarriersCase Study VERs: Two ExamplesCase Study Carrots Are Fruit, Snails Are Fish, and X-Men Are Not HumansHow Big Are the Costs of Protection?International Trade DisputesFocus on China China’s First Decade in the WTOChapter 10 Arguments for and against ProtectionThe Ideal World of First BestThe Realistic World of Second BestPromoting Domestic Production or EmploymentThe Infant Industry ArgumentFocus on Labor How Much Does It Cost to Protect a Job?The Dying Industry Argument and Adjustment AssistanceThe Developing Government (Public Revenue) ArgumentOther Arguments for Protection: Non=economic ObjectivesThe Politics of Protection The Basic Elements of the Political-Economic Analysis Case Study How Sweet It Is (or Isn’t)Chapter 11 Pushing ExportsDumpingReacting to Dumping: What Should a Dumpee Think?Actual Antidumping Policies: What Is Unfair?Case Study Antidumping in ActionProposals for ReformExport SubsidiesWTO Rules on SubsidiesShould the Importing Country Impose Countervailing Duties?Case Study Agriculture Is AmazingStrategic Export Subsidies Could Be GoodGlobal Governance Dogfight at the WTOChapter 12 Trade Blocs and Trade BlocksTypes of Economic BlocsIs Trade Discrimination Good or Bad?The Basic Theory of Trade Blocs: Trade Creation and Trade DiversionOther Possible Gains from a Trade BlocThe EU ExperienceCase Study Postwar Trade Integration in EuropeNorth America Becomes a BlocTrade Blocs among Developing CountriesTrade EmbargoesChapter 13 Trade and the EnvironmentIs Free Trade Anti-Environment?Is the WTO Anti-Environment?Global Governance Dolphins, Turtles, and the WTOThe Specificity Rule AgainA Preview of Policy PrescriptionsTrade and Domestic PollutionTrans-border PollutionGlobal Environmental ChallengesChapter 14 Trade Policies for Developing CountriesWhich Trade Policy for Developing Countries?Are the Long-Run Price Trends against Primary Producers?Case Study Special Challenges of TransitionInternational Cartels to Raise Primary-Product PricesImport-Substituting Industrialization (ISI)Exports of Manufactures to Industrial CountriesChapter 15 Multinationals and Migration: International Factor MovementsForeign Direct InvestmentMultinational EnterprisesFDI: History and Current PatternsWhy Do Multinational Enterprises Exist?Taxation of Mul tinational Enterprises’ProfitsCase Study CEMEX: A Model Multinational from an Unusual PlaceMNEs and International TradeShould the Home Country Restrict FDI Outflows?Should the Host Country Restrict FDI Inflows?Focus on China China as a Host CountryMigrationHow Migration Affects Labor MarketsShould the Sending Country Restrict Emigration?Should the Receiving Country Restrict Immigration?Case Study Are Immigrants a Fiscal Burden?APPENDIXESA The Web and the Library: International Numbers and Other InformationB Deriving Production-Possibility CurvesC Offer CurvesD The Nationally Optimal Tariff周瑞琪. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2011.9CONTENTSChapter One General Introduction（第一章导论）1.1 Reasons for International Trade （国际间贸易的起因）1.2 Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade （国际贸易与国内贸易的差异）1.3 Classification of International Trade（国际贸易的分类）1.4 Export and Import Procedures（进出口贸易的程序）1.5 Overview of This Book （本书的基本内容）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Two International Trade Terms（第二章国际贸易术语）2.1 Three Sets of Rules （三种贸易术语的解释规则）2.2 Basics of Incoterms 2010 （2010年国际贸易术语解释通则基本概念）2.3 Application Issues（贸易术语在使用中应注意的问题）2.4 Determinants of Choice of Trade Terms （贸易术语选用的决定因素）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Three Export Price（第三章出口商品的价格）3.1 Expression of Export Price（出口价格的表达）3.2 Pricing Considerations（影响定价的因素）3.3 Calculation of Price（价格的计算）3.4 Understanding the Price（价格的评估）3.5 Communication of Price（价格的沟通）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Four Terms of Commodity（第四章商品条款）4.1 Name of Commodity （商品的名称）4.2 Specifying Quality（商品的品质）4.3 Measuring Quantity（商品的数量）4.4 Packing and Marking（商品的包装及标志）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Five Cargo Transportation（第五章国际货物运输）5.1 Ocean Transportation （海洋运输）5.2 Other Modes of Transportation （其他运输方式）5.3 Transportation Documents（运输单据）5.4 Shipment Clause in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的装运条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Six Cargo Transportation Insurance（第六章货物运输保险）6.1 Fundamental Principles of Cargo Insurance（货物保险的基本原则）6.2 Marine Risks and Losses（海上风险和损失）6.3 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of CIC（我国海上货物保险范围）6.4 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of ICC（协会货物保险范围）6.5 Other Types of Cargo Insurance（其他货物保险的种类）6.6 Procedures of Cargo Insurance（货物保险程序）6.7 Insurance Terms in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的保险条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Seven International Payments（第七章国际货款支付）7.1 Issues in Concern（影响支付条件的因素）7.2 Paying Instruments（支付工具）7.3 Remittance（汇付）7.4 Collection（托收）7.5 Basics of Letter of Credit（信用证基础知识）7.6 Types of Documentary Credit（跟单信用证的种类）7.7 Letter of Guarantee（L/G）（保函）7.8 Export Financing（出口融资）7.9 Payment Problems（支付中出现的问题）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Eight Export Documentation（第八章出口单证）8.1 Significance of Documentation（单证的重要性）8.2 Basic Requirements for Documentation（单证的基本要求）8.3 Prerequisites of Documentation（制单的依据）8.4 Export Documents（出口单证的种类）8.5 Clause Concerning Documents in the Sales Contract（销售合同中有关单证的条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Nine Inspection, Claim, Force Majeure and Arbitration（第九章商检、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁）9.1 Commodity Inspection（商品检验）9.2 Disputes and Claims（争议和索赔）9.3 Force Majeure（不可抗力）9.4 Arbitration（仲裁）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Key to Exercises（练习答案）Glossary（词汇表）Appendix 1INCOTERMS 2010 （FOB, CFR, CIF）（附录12010年国际贸易术语解释通则（FOB，CFR，CIF））Appendix 2CISG 1980 （Part II）（附录2联合国国际货物销售合同公约1980（第二部分）) References （参考书目）帅建林. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2007.9CONTENTSPart 1 OverviewChapter 1 Introduction to International TradeChapter 2 International Trade PolicyChapter 3 Trade Bloc and Trade BlockChapter 4 WTO :A Navigation GuidePart 2 Terms of International TradeChapter 5 International Trade TermsChapter Terms of CommodityChapter International Cargo TransportChapter 8 Cargo InsuranceChapter 9 Terms of PriceChapter 10 International Payment and SettlementChapter 11 Claims, Force Majeure and ArbitrationPart 3 International Trade ProcedureChapter 12 Launching a Profitable TransactionChapter 13 Business Negotiation and Establishment of ContractChapter 14 Exporting ElementsChapter 15 Importing ElementsChapter 16 DocumentationPart 4 Trade FormsChapter 17 Agency, Distribution and ConsignmentChapter 18 TendersChapter 19 Counter TradeChapter 20 Futures TradingChapter 21 E-CommerceAppendix Glossary of International Trade Terms with English-Chinese InterpretationsBibliographyPaul R.Krugman & Maurice Obstfeld. International Economics:Theory andPolicy,8E. Tsinghua University press. 2011-11Contents前言第1章绪论第1部分国际贸易理论第2章世界贸易：概览第3章劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型第4章资源、比较优势和收入分配第5章标准贸易模型第6章规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易第7章国际要素流动第2部分国际贸易政策第8章贸易政策工具第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学第10章发展中国家的贸易政策第11章贸易政策中的争论数学附录第4章附录要素比例模型第5章附录贸易下的世界经济第6章附录垄断竞争模模型张素芳，International trade: theory and practice. University of International Business & Economics Press, Beijing, 2010contentsSection I. International Trade Theory and PolicyCHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE1.The Reasons for International Trade1.1. Resources reasons1.2. Economic reasons1.3. Other reasons2. The Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade'.'2.1. More plex context2.2. More difficult and risky2.3. Higher skills required3.Basic Concepts Relating to International Trade3.1. Visible trade and invisible trade3.2. Favorable balance of trade and unfavorable balance oft rade3.3. General trade system and special trade system3.4. Volume of international trade and quantum of international trade3.5. Commodity position of international trade3.6. Geographical position of international trade3.7. Degree of dependence on foreign tradeCHAPTER 2.CLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES1.Mercantilism1.1. The development of mercantilist thought1.2. The mercantilist economic system1.3. Economic policies pursued by the mercantilists1.4. Discussions2.David Hume's Challenge to Mercantilism2.1. Assumptions of price-specie=flow mechanism2.2. The price-specie-flow mechanism3.Adam Smith's Theory of Absolute Advantage3.1. Assumptions of Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage3.2. Challenge to Mercantilism3.3. Example4.David Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage4.1. The concept of parative advantage4.2. Example4.3. Analysis of the theory of parative advantage by using modemtools. CHAPTER 3.NEOCLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES.1.Gains from Trade in Neoclassical Trade Theory1.1. Increasing opportunity costs on the PPF1.2. General equilibrium and gains in autarky1.3. General equilibrium and gains after the introduction of international trade ...2.Reciprocal Demand Theory2.1. A country's offer curve2.2. Trading equilibrium2.3. Measurement of terms of trade3.Factor Endowment Theory3.1. Factor intensity in production3.2. Factor endowments, factor prices, and parative advantage3.3. Assumptions of the factor proportions theory.,3.4. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem.:3.5. An example to illustrate H-O theorem.3.6. The factor price equalization theorem:3.7. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem4.The Leontief Paradox——An Empirical Test of the Factor Proportions Theory 4.1. The Leontief paradox.-4.2. Suggested explanations for the Leontief Paradox and related theories CHAPTER 4.POST-HECKSHER-OHLIN THEORIES OF TRADE1.The Product Cycle Theory1.1. The imitation lag hypothesis1.2. The product cycle theory2.The Linder Theory2.1. Assumptions of the Linder theory2.2. Trade es in the overlapping ranges of products ophistication.:3.Intra-Industry Trade Theory3.1. Explanations of intra-industry trade3.2. Measurement of intra-industry tradeCHAPTER 5.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: TARIFFS1.Types of Import Tariffs1.1. In terms of the means of collection1.2. In terms of the different tariff rates applied1.3. In terms of special purposes for collection2.The Effects of Import Tariffs2.1. Concepts of consumer surplus and producer surplus2.2. The welfare effects of import tariffs3.Measurement of Import Tariffs3.1. The 'height' of import tariffs3.2. Nominal versus effective tariff ratesCHAPTER 6.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: NON-TARIFF BARRIERS''1.Forms of Non-tariff Barriers.1.1. Quantity control measures1.2. Price control measures1.3. Para-tariff measures1.4. Finance measures1.5. Anti-petitive measures.,.1.6. Miscellaneous measures2.Effects of Non-tariff Barriers2.1. The effects of an import quota2.2. The effects of a subsidy to an import-peting industryCHAPTER 7.EXPORT PROMOTION AND OTHER POLICIES1.Export Subsidy and Production Subsidy1.1. Export subsidy and its effects1.2. Production subsidy and its effects.2.Other Export Promotion Policies2.1. Devaluation of home currency.2.2. Commodity dumping2.3. Bonded warehouse2.4. Special trade zone2.5. Export promotion programs3.Export Restrictions and Import Promotion Policies3.1. Export restrictions policies3.2. Import promotion policies4.Trade Sanctions4.1. Introduction to trade sanctions4.2. Effectiveness of trade sanctionsCHAPTER 8.ARGUMENTS AGAINST FREE TRADE1.Traditional Arguments against Free Trade1.1. Infant industry argument.1.2. Terms of trade argument1.3. Balance of trade argument1.4. Tariff to reduce aggregate unemployment argument1.5. Fair petition argument1.6. National security argument2.New Protectionism2.1. Tariff to extract foreign monopoly profit2.2. Export subsidy in duopoly3.The Political Economy of Trade Policy3.1. Median voter model3.2. Collective action theory.3.3. Contribution in political campaignsCHAPTER 9.REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONof Regional Economic Integration1.1. Preferential tariff arrangement1.2. Free trade area1.3. Customs union1.4. Common market.1.5. Economic union2.The Static and Dynamic Effects of Regional Economic Integration2.1. Static effects of regional economic integration2.2. Dynamic effects of regional economic integration3.Economic Integration in Europe, North America and Asia3.1. Economic integration in Europe……………………………………Chapter 10 International Cargo Transportation InsuranceChapter 11 International Trade PaymentChapter 12 Inspection,Claim,Force Majeure and ArbitrationChapter 13 Trade Negotiation and Formation of the ContractChapter 14 Implementation of the Contract丹尼斯·R·阿普尔亚德 & 小艾尔弗雷德·J·菲尔德 & 史蒂文·L·科布.国际贸易.中国人民大学出版社. 2012-7第1章国际经济学的世界第一部分古典贸易理论第2章早期的国际贸易理论：由重商主义向大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论的演进第3章大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论和比较优势第4章对古典贸易模型的扩充及验证第二部分新贸易理论第5章新古典贸易理论——基本分析工具的介绍第6章新古典贸易理论中的贸易利得第7章贸易提供曲线和贸易条件第8章贸易的基础：要素禀赋理论和赫克歇尔俄林模型第9章要素禀赋理论的实证分析第三部分贸易理论的扩展第10章后赫克歇尔俄林贸易理论与产业内贸易第11章经济增长与国际贸易第12章国际要素流动第四部分贸易政策第13章贸易政策工具第14章贸易政策的影响第15章对干涉主义贸易政策的争论第16章经济的政治因素与美国的对外贸易政策第17章经济一体化第18章国际贸易与发展中国家参考文献当我被上帝造出来时，上帝问我想在人间当一个怎样的人，我不假思索的说，我要做一个伟大的世人皆知的人。
（完整版）国际贸易实务英文版第三版知识点及模拟题
（完整版）国际贸易实务英⽂版第三版知识点及模拟题国际贸易实务(下划线为重点记忆和理解，⽆的为⼀般记忆和了解)Chapter one1.国际贸易概念：International trad e is also known as worl d trad e, foreign trad e,overseas trad e. It refers to the process of fair and d eliberate exchange of goods or services between two or more countries, involving the use of two or more currencies. Besid es, international trad e concerns trad e operations of both import and export and includ es the purchase and sale of both visibl e and invisibl e goods.2.（了解）1)Resource reasons (natural resource, human resource and technology)2)Economic reasons (economic benefits, comparative advantage andeconomies of scal e)3)Other reasons (political reasons, differences in tastes, preferences andconsumption patterns)3.国际贸易与国内贸易的不同：In particular, international trad e is more subject to:Language habits and cultural differences2)Foreign laws, customs and regulations or international rul es3)Exchange rate fluctuations and interest rate4)Higher l evel of political, financial and transportation risks5)More compl ex business procedures therefore managers need a broad errange of management skills4.1)从货物流向（direction of cargo fl ow）分: export trad e, import trad e and transit trad e(过境贸易)2)从参与的贸易⽅（the number of participants ）分：direct trad e, indirect trad e and entrepot trad e(转⼝贸易)转⼝贸易：entrepot trade refers to the transaction which involves importing goods for further processing or assembling and the re-exporting the goods abroad. 转⼝贸易⼜称中转贸易或再输出贸易，是指国际贸易中进出⼝货物的买卖，不是在⽣产国和消费国之间直接进⾏，⽽是通过第三国转⼿进⾏的贸易。
新新编国际贸易英语教程chapter1
新编国际贸易英语教程
Chapter 1 An Introduction to International Trade Contents
• • • • • • Objectives NEW TERMS Vignette 1.1 International Trade 1.2 Basic Concepts of International Trade 1.3 Economic Globalization
1.2 Basic concepts of international trade
Back
• 1.2.1 international trade classification • 1 import vs. export • I For most nations exports and imports are the most important international activities. Each country has to import the articles and commodities it does not itself produce, and it has to earn foreign exchanges to pay for them. It does this by exporting its own manufactured articles and surplus(过剩, 剩余)raw materials. Thus the import and export trades are two sides of the same coin, and both can have beneficial effects on the home market.
国际贸易理论与政策
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VI. The Ricardian Model with Many Goods
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Loading, Bill of Lading Documents Preparation for Bank Negotiation
Insurance Company
Performance of Contract
Insurance Policy
Settlement of Disputes if any)
Section 3 Relevant International Regulations and Practices
❖I. International Regulations and Practices Relevant with Contract
▪ i. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods(CISG)
31 Section 1 Main Procedure of International Trade
2 Section 2 Symbolic Delivery and Purchase of Documents Section 3 Relevant International
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Copyright@内蒙古农业大学经济管理学院 赵益平
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Copyright@内蒙古农业大学经济管理学院 赵益平
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六、国际贸易的作用
1、国际贸易是世界各国参与国际分工的重要手段。 2、国际贸易是各国进行科学技术交流的重要途 径。 3、国际贸易是各国增加财政收入、促进劳动就业 的重要渠道。 4、国际贸易是各国进行政治、外交斗争的重要工 具。
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为什么要进行国际贸易？
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进口商
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ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
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Copyright@内蒙古农业大学经济管理学院 赵益平
2.创立阶段：古典经济学派 （观点及主张）
亚当·斯密《国富论》绝对利益理论 大卫·李嘉图《政治经济学及赋税原理》相对利益理论
3.发展阶段：从比较利益论到要素禀赋理论（瑞典学派） 赫克歇尔、俄林对李嘉图模型发展。
4.当代贸易理论阶段：40年代以来（特别是二站后） 里昂惕夫、萨谬尔森、波特、克鲁格曼等。
一国（或地区）的对外贸易包括出口与进口两个 组成部分。
出口是一个国家（或地区）向其他国家（或地区） 输出商品与服务的贸易活动称为出口（Export）。
进口是当一个国家（或地区）从其他国家（或地 区）购进商品与服务用于国内（或地区内）生产 或消费时，由此而产生的全部贸易活动称为进口 （Import）。
资本主义出现 世界市场 工业革命 形成并扩大
劳动生产率提高 交通发展
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三、国际贸易理论的产生与发展
1.前史：重商主义(15c末-16c初，资本主义原始积累初) 研究内容：外贸如何为一国带来财富（金银）。 主要观点：出口获利、进口受损；多出口少进口。
国际贸易
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International Trade
经济管理学院 赵益平
2020年3月26日
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个人信息
内蒙古农业大学经济管理学院 地 址: 呼和浩特市新建东街275号 邮 编: 010019 电 话: (0471) 4309851(办) 传 真: 4309851 手机：15848149069 Email: ZYP3742@
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The pattern of trade
Cloth、
IT、
Soybean、IT Tulip
Machine、PC
Oil
TV、DVD、 Tech、 Shoe、Toy Machine
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第一章 绪 论
第一节 国际贸易产生、作用 第二节 国际贸易的基本概念 第三节 国际贸易的分类 第四节 国际贸易的经济分析工具
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第一节 国际贸易产生与作用
一、国际贸易的产生
1.贸易及国际贸易
1）贸易：商品、技术与服务的交换，它是一定历史 条件下的产物。即剩余产品和私有制。
对外贸易（Foreign Trade）是指一个特定国家（或 地区）同其他国家（或地区）之间所进行的商品和 服务的交换活动。 国外贸易External trade 、海外 贸易（Oversea Trade）。
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二、出口与进口
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一国（或地区）在同类产品上通常是既有出口 又有进口。
“净出口”（Net Export）是指在一定时期（通 常为1年）内，某种商品的出口量大于进口量。 称。
“净进口”（Net Import）是指在一定时期（通 常为1年）内，某种商品的出口量小于进口量。 称。
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四、国际贸易的研究对象
1.研究对象：国际贸易是研究国际间商品、技术 和服务交换的运行机制、贸易产生的原因、影响 贸易的因素以及国际贸易对本国经济发展和收入 分配的影响。
2.研究范围： A.生产要素、商品、技术和服务国际流动的原因、 方向和结果，即贸易理论。 B.与A相关的贸易政策、产业政策和消费政策。 C.经济增长和技术变动等对国际贸易的影响。
贸易发展的根本动力：社会生产力的发展和社会分 工的出现和扩大。
2）国际贸易：国家之间进行的商品、技术与服务的 交换活动。贸易产生的条件：经济条件与政治条件， 是各自为政的社会实体——国家的出现和剩余产品。 它是伴随着国际分工的出现和世界市场的形成而产 生和发展起来的。
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二、国际贸易发展史
丝绸之路 出口 （西汉） 进口
郑和下西洋 封建生产关系稳定 闭关锁国 （明朝） 历代王朝重农抑商（清朝后期）
鸦片战争
新中国成立后 “经济封锁” “关上大门”
80年代 改革开放
2001年 “入世”
英国等开拓殖民地 十字军东征 15c末-16c初 世界市场萌芽 (比西汉晚1000多年) （1096-1291） 地理大发现 （欧洲市场）
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五、国际贸易在经济学中的位置
Microeconomics
经 济 学
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Macroeconomics
International Trade
International Economics
International Finance
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第二节 国际贸易的基本概念
一、国际贸易与对外贸易
国际贸易（International Trade）是指世界各国 （或地区）之间商品、技术和服务的交换活动，是 世界各国对外贸易的总和，也是各个国家（或地区） 在国际分工的基础上相互联系的主要形式。世界贸 易（World Trade）