中国人民大学考博试题
中国人民大学考博英语真题
中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试试题Ⅰ LISTENING TEST (20 points)(略）客观题部分请用铅笔将此部分的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Example:She prefers foreign wine to that produced ________.A. previouslyB. virtuallyC. primarilyD. domesticallyT he sentence should read, “She prefers foreign wine to that produced domestically.”Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer［A］［B］［C］［D］1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages ________patriotism.A. obsoleteB. aggressiveC. harmoniousD. amiable2. One can understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and ________ to expressed thoughts.A. dilemmasB. countenancesC. concessionsD. junctions3. People innately ________ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A. striveB. ascertainC. justifyD. adhere4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife ________ for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A. conservationB. maintenanceC. storageD. reserve5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence ________ a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A. soaredB. mutatedC. plummetedD. fluctuated6. Melissa is a computer ________ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.A. geniusB. virusC. diseaseD. bacteria7. The ________ emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulousD. disproportionate8. The boy seemed more ________ to their poverty after seeing how his grandparents lived.A. reconciledB. consolidatedC. deterioratedD. attributed9. During his two-month stay in China, Tom never ________ a chance to practice his Chinese.A. passed onB. passed upC. passed byD. passed out10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ________ can be distributed.A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesPart B (5 points )Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Example:The secretary is very competent; she can finish all these letters within one hour.A. carefulB. industriousC. cleverD. capableIn this sentence, “competent” is closest in meaning to “capable”. Therefore you should choose D.Sample Answer［A］［B］［C］［D］11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A. depictB. advocateC. criticizeD. analyze12. They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A. confirmB. achieveC. matchD. exaggerate13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic industrial wastes. A. imminentB. recyclableC. smellyD. poisonous14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would not be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N. sanction.A. alliesB. delegatesC. votersD. juries15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our children's college and our own retirement security is chilling.A. frighteningB. promisingC. freezingD. revealing16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.A. secret planB. bold attackC. clever designD. joint effort17. Evidence, reference, and footnotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different theoretical and political positions.A. trustworthyB. intelligentC. diligentD. meticulous18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped orwanton violence against civilians in the region.A. intriguingB. exasperatingC. demonstrativeD. unprovoked19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for nocturnal raids in the forest.A. illegalB. night-timeC. brutalD. abusive20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avidfondness for the limelight.A. mercurialB. gallantC. ardentD. frugalⅢCloze (10 points )Directions: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, __21__ into a hobby and lately has __22__ into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates __23__ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep __24__ of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they __25__ that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and __26__. Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo.During 1994, they __27__ yahoo into a customized database designed to __28__ the needs of the thousands of users __29__ began to use the service through the closely __30__ Internet community. They developed customized software to help them __31__ locate, identify and edit material __32__ on the Internet. The name Yahoo is __33__ to stand for “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Ora le”, but Filo and Yang insist they selected the __34__ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first __35__ on Yang's workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was __36__ on Filo's computer, “Konishiki”.In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files __37__ to larger computers __38__ at Netscape. As a result Stanford's computer network returned to __39__, and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo __40__ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.21. A. became B. grew C. turn D. intend22. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned23. A. in B. on C. about D. for24. A. touch B. contact C. track D. record25. A. founded B. found C. argued D. reported26. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D. invaluable27. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted28. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate29. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly30. A. relative B. interactive C. bound D. contacted31. A. fluently B. efficiently C. exactly D. actually32. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D. stored33. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed34. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand35. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched36. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked37. A. over B. away C. inside D. beneath38. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. hidden39. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal40. A. attains B. detains C. maintains D. containsⅣReading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET I.Passage 1Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break habits.One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Guthrie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements are awkward and they lack fine motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' etters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters within the larger bordens, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, give them a large stack of paper, and tell him to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask thestudents to find interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, and debates, in an attempt to involve students and raise their interest in the course.41. The purpose of this passage is to ________.A. informB. persuadeC. debateD. narrate42. Guthrie identified three methods for ________.A. educating studentsB. altering bad habitsC. avoiding undesired actionD. forming good hobbies43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food that the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored.C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fun by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time, watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snacking. What method is used in this example?A. The threshold method.B. The fatigue method.C. The incompatible response method.D. The punishment method.45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that ________.A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhaustedB. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they cannot be performed simultaneouslyC. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing itD. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted responsePassage 2The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped intoforeign markets with embarrassing results.Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new(star)” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like “nova”, meaning “it doesn't go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.When translated into German, Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”. No wond er customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good translations—other aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called “back translation” to re duce the possibility of blunders.The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46. The best title of this passage might be ______.A. Culture Is Very Important in AdvertisingB. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between NationsC. Overcome Cultural Sock in Different CountriesD. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles47. What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage?A. hesitationB. mistakeC. stutterD. default48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?A. Cultural shocksB. Faulty translationsC. Avoid cultural oversightsD. Prevent blunders49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia” most probably mean ______.A. an animal used in perfume for its smellB. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funeralsC. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funeralsD. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to ______. A. fire the translators who don't know the target languageB. use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of blundersC. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokesD. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countriesPassage 3It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxed in the highest income bracket went down. Millionaires are now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies will be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about. His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of his company and the industry so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase. At the very top-and on the way up—executives are exceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields. Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These day, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in shape” and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running. But his doctor's admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf ears. He likes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search firms,” is a growing industr y. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.51. We can infer from the second paragraph that ______.A. promotion depends on amiabilityB. chief executives do not work hard enough at the to levelC. it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his subordinatesD. a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the industry52. The term “aerobic exercise” (first line in second last paragraph) is a kind of ______.A. hallucination exerciseB. physical exerciseC. meditation exerciseD. entertainment53. From the last paragraph we can gather that ______.A. there are too many aggressive executivesB. individual talent is not essential for a companyC. the job of an “executive search firm” is corporate head-huntingD. it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerial ranks54. For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a place where ______.A. they can conduct their businessB. they can indulge themselvesC. they can cultivate their mindD. they can exercise as well as socialize55. What is NOT true according to the article?A. Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.B. Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C. All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D. Executives are careful of what they eat.Passage 4In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together with some of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society which he had founded in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech. Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional government imposed by the United States that had, in his word s, “turned Japan spineless.” Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the traditional samurai ritual of seppuku. After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword. The aide likewise killed himself and was beheaded; the others surrendered.In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive regime of General Tojo that was to stage the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That earlier revolt is the one referred to in “Patriotism,” one of Mishima's most powerful stories. Here life and fiction become joined. The act of sepp uku was for Mishima a fulfillment, “the ultimate dream of my life.” Born of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's death in accordance with the ancient samurai code; but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building (he became expert at karate and kendo) and, most important, through the discipline of writing. In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays,many essays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage. His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower, appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask (1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame.Mishima has been called “Japan's Hemingway,” while others have compared him to “aesthetic” writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56. The article implies that ______.A. Mishima refused to join the army when he was youngB. Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writerC. Mishima is a person who is hard to defineD. Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer57. The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was ______.A. to capture the commanding generalB. to urge the government to declare a war against AmericaC. to incite the soldiers to rebel against the constitutional governmentD. to force the Emperor to give up the throne58. In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima ______.A. was well received by the soldiersB. was laughed at by the soldiersC. impressed the commanding generalD. left a deep impression to the soldiers59. What is true according to articleA. The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B. The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attempt.C. Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D. One of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60. Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ______.A. written “Patriotism,” one of hi s most powerful storiesB. written eighty short storiesC. published “A Forest in Flower”D. published “Confession of a Mask”主观题部分请用钢笔或圆珠将此部分的答案做在答题纸二上，否则无效！ⅤTranslation (20 points)Part A. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply actioncould not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following into English on your ANSWER SHEET.中国已经发展成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。
人大考博英语历年真题
中国人民大学2001Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET.1.And the topic “fat” is forbidden. Even the slightest paunch betrays thatone is losing the trim and of youth.A. vagueB. vigorC. vogueD. vulgar2.All specialists agree that the most important consideration with diet drugsis carefully the risks and benefits.A. valuingB. evaluatingC. estimatingD. weighing3.Chinese often shake my hand and don’t let go. They talk away contentedly, of my discomfort and struggle to disengage my hand.A. obliviousB. patentC. obviousD. pernicious4.The word “foolish” is too mild to describe your behavior, I would preferthe word .A. ideologicalB. idyllicC. idioticD. idiomatic5.Because of its excellence in quality, for the last two years, Audi car hasGermany’s Touring Car Championship.A. conqueredB. contestedC. dominatedD. determined6.What we consider a luxury at one time frequently becomes a , many familiesfind that ownership of two cars is indispensable.A. fashionB. necessityC. proclivityD. nuisance7.The chief editor thought he took some liberties with the original in translation. So it was necessary that he make the suggested.A. alterationsB. alternativesC. alternationsD. altercations8.Many well-educated people don’t believe that will endanger freedomof speech.A. censershipB. censureshipC. sensorshipD. censorship9.The of “snake” is simply this: a legless reptile with a long, thin body.A. connotationB. denominationC. donationD. denotation10.When the opposing player fouled John, John let his anger his good senseand hit the boy back.A. got the feel ofB. got the hang ofC. got the better ofD. got the worst ofPart B (5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEETⅠ.11.Although this book claims to be a biography of George Washington, many ofthe incidents are imaginary.A. fascinatingB. factitiousC. fastidiousD. fictitious12.The trade fair is designed to facilitate further cooperation between Chinese auto industries and overseas auto industries.A. promoteB. protectC. preserveD. prolong13.He was concerned only with mundane matters, especially the daily stock market quotations.A. rationalB. obscureC. worldlyD. eminent14.The earthquake that occurred in India this year was a major calamity in whicha great many lives were lost.A. casualtyB. catastropheC. catalogueD. crusade15.The doctors were worried because the patient did not recuperate as rapidly as they had expected.A. withdrawB. emergeC. recoverD. uncover16.The purchaser of this lorry is protected by the manufacturer’s warranty that he will re place any defective part for five years or 50,000 miles.A. prohibitionB. insuranceC. prophecyD. guarantee17.The boy could not reconcile himself to the failure, he did not believe that was his lot.A. submitB. commitC. transmitD. permit18.In some cities of North China, the noise pollution is as pronounced as that in Tokyo.A. contemptuousB. contagiousC. conspicuousD. contemplated19.Trivial breaches of regulations we can pass over, but more serious ones will have to be investigated.A. exceedB. witherC. overpassD. neglect20.We were discussing the housing problem when a middle-aged man cut in and said,“There’s no point in talking about impossibilities.”A. intersectB. interjectC. penetrateD. adulterateⅢ Cloze (10 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.Motorways are, no doubt the safest roads in Britain. Mile 21 mile, vehicle for vehicle, you are much 22 likely to be killed or seriously injured than on an ordinary road. On 23 hand, if you do have a serious accident on a motorway, fatalities are much more likely to 24 than in a comparable accident 25 on the roads.Motorways have no 26 bends, no roundabouts or traffic lights and 27 speeds are much greater than on other roads. Though the 70 mph limit is 28 in force, it is often treated with the contempt that most drivers have for the 30 mpb limit applying in built up areas in Britain. Added to this is the fact that motorway drivers seem to like traveling in groups with perhaps 29 ten metres between each vehicle. The resulting horrific pile-ups 30 vehicle stops for some reason, such asmechanical failure, driver error and so on, have become all 31 familiar through pictures in newspapers or on television. How 32 of these drivers realize that it takes a car about one hundred metres to brake to a stop 33 70 mph? Drivers also seem to think that motorway driving gives them complete protection from the changing weather. 34 wet the road, whatever the visibility in mist or fog, on they 35 at ridiculous speeds oblivious of police warnings or speed restrictions 36 their journey comes to a conclusion. Perhaps one remedy 37 this motorway madness would be better driver education. At present, learner drivers are bared 38 motorways and are thus as far as this kind of driving is 39 thrown in at the deep end. However, much more efficient policing is required, 40 it is the duty of the police not only to enforce the law but also to protect the general public from its own foolishness.B. afterC. toD. byB. farC. lessD. lesserB. otherC. oneD. the otherup B. occur C. be found D. ariseB. elsewhereC. anywhereD. somewhereB. steepC. verticalD. sharpB. thenC. soD. thereuponB. evenC. stillD. subsequentlyB. simplyC. barelyD. purelyB. sinceC. whenD. forB. alsoC. undulyD. unreasonablyB. muchC. deeplyD. profoundlyB. fromC. atD. forB. HoweverC. WhoeverD. HowB. rakeC. tillD. ploughB. beforeC. thusD. untilB. forC. ofD. onB. againstC. awayD. offB. consideredC. concernedD. touchedB. thenC. themD. forⅣ Reading Comprehension(20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B,C and D for each question or unfinished statement and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Passage 1The next time the men were taken up onto the deck, Kunta made a point of looking at the man behind him in line, the one who lay beside him to the left when they were below. He was a Serere tribesman much older than Kunta, and his body, front and back, was creased with whip cuts, some of them so deep and festering that Kunta felt badly for having wished sometimes that he might strike the man in the darkness for moaning so steadily in his pain. Staring back at Kunta, the Serere’s dark eyes were full of fury and defiance. A whip lashed out even as they stood looking at each other—this time at Kunta, spurring him to move ahead. Trying to roll away, Kunta was kicked heavily in his ribs. But somehow he and the gasping Wolof managed to stagger back up among the other men from their shelf who were shambling toward their dousing with buckets of seawater.A moment later, the stinging saltiness of it was burning in Kunta’s wounds, and his screams joined those of others over the sound of the drum and the wheezing thing that had again begun marking time for the chained men to jump and dance for the toubob. Kunta and the Wolof were so weak from their new beating that twice they stumbled, but whip blows and kicks sent them hopping clumsily up and down in their chains. So great was his fury that Kunta was barely aware of the women singing “Toubob fa!” And when he had finally been chained back down in his place in the dark hold, his heart throbbed with a lust to murder toubob.Every few days the eight naked toubob would again come into the stinking darkness and scrape their tubs full of the excrement that had accumulated on the shelves where the chained men lay. Kunta would lie still with his eyes staring bale fully in hatred, following the bobbing orange lights, listening to the toubod cursing and sometimes slipping and tailing into the slickness underfoot—so plentiful now, because of the increasing looseness of the men’s bowels, that the filth had begun to drop off the edges of the shelves down into the aisleway.The last time they were on deck, Kunta had noticed a man limping on a badly infected leg. This time the man was kept up on deck when the rest were taken back below. A few days later, the women told the other prisoners in their singing that the man’s leg had been cut off and that one of the women had been brought to tend him, but that the man had died that night and been thrown over the side. Starting then, when the toubob came to clean the shelves, they also dropped red-hot pieces of metal into pails of strong vinegar. The clouds of acrid steam left the hold smelling better, but soon it would again be overwhelmed by the choking stink. It was a smell that Kunta felt would never leave his lungs and skin.The steady murmuring that went on in the hold whenever the toubob were gone kept growing in volume and intensity as the men began to communicate better and better with one another. Words not understood were whispered from mouth to ear along the shelves until someone who knew more than one tongue would send back their meanings. In the process, all of the men along each shelf learned new words in tongues they had not spoken before. Sometimes men jerked upward, bumping their heads, in the double excitement of communicating with each other and the fact that it was being done without the toubob’s knowledge. Muttering among themselves for hours, the men developed a deepening sense of intrigue and of brotherhood. Though they were of different villages and tribes, the feeling grew that they were not from different peoples or places.41.The living conditions for the Blacks in the hold of the slave ship were .A. adequate but primitiveB. inhumane and inadequateC. humane but crowdedD. similar to the crew’s quarters42.The prisoners had difficulty communicating with each other because .A. they were too sick to talkB. they distrusted one anotherC. no one felt like talkingD. they spoke different languages43.Which of the following words is closest in meaning to balefully as used in “Kunta would lie still with his eyes staring balefully in hatred”?A. IndulgentlyB. VacantlyC. ForlornlyD. Menacingly44.By constantly referring to such things as filth and choking stink, the author seeks to create a tone that arouses a feeling of .A. disgust with the dirtB. horror at the injusticeC. revolting at the foul odorD. relief that this happened long ago45.Despite their intense pain and suffering, the Black men found a small measure of comfort in .A. their exercise periods on deckB. the breathtaking ocean sceneryC. their conversations with the Black womenD. their conversations with one anotherPassage 2Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy’s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will o verestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had workedwith the same product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm’s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You must tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small-business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.Frequent checks of your firm’s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideA.46.According to the passage, a country’s economy is probably decided by .A. the prosperity and decline of the transnational corporationsB. the rise and fall of the markets and products as well as capitalC. the fate of the small businesses such as small plants and restaurantsD. the economic increase and decrease of the large companies47.In order to succeed in a business, the entrepreneur should .A. get very well prepared for his new businessB. choose a business he’s already familiar withC. examine the company’s crucial signs now and thenD. invest as much as possible into his enterprise48.Which of the following statements about small business is not true? .A. It helps effectively to fight unemployment.B. The earlier it starts, the sooner it collapses.C. There’s a good omen for small business according to a survey.D. Some small business owners are blind to early premonition of failure.49.What does the last sentence in the 3rd paragraph mean according to the passage?A. The patient is seriously ill because of lack of water in the well.B. The patient can be saved if he has enough money to solve the financial problem.C. It’s too late for small business owners to realize the gravity of the problem because they have used up their money.D. It’s urgent for small business owners to pour all their money into the enterprise to revitalize their business.50.What’s the main idea of this passage?A. How to become a winner in small business?B. How to be a successful boss in multinational corporation?C. How to deal with the ups and downs in small business?D. How to conquer new markets and gain the largest profit?Passage 3The blue, mystic Lake Elsinore lies in an inland California valley which is teeming and steaming with hot springs. Rimmed by shaggy mountains whose forestedcrests are reflected in its clear waters, Lake Elsinore is the very personification of peace—but on it rests the curse of Tondo.The lake has had a colorful history. Much of it lies buried in legend, and it is difficult to separate fact from fiction. There have been stories of underground volcanoes on the lake bottom, erupting, killing fish and discoloring the water. There have been stories of a playful sea serpent that lived in its depths.Long noted for its scenic beauty and health-giving waters, the lake was a famous resort in the Nineties. But long before the first white man had set foot along the shore of the lake, this part of California had been the home of the Soboba Indians. Their chief was Tondo, a stern and unforgiving man.He had a daughter, Morning Star, who was in love with Palo, son of the chief of the Palas, a neighboring tribe. The Sobobas and Palas were sworn enemies. For a time the lovers met secretly. Then one day they were discovered by Tondo. His rage was terrible to behold. He forbade the lovers ever to meet again.Morning Star tried in every way to appease her father’s anger, to soften his heart toward Palo. But in time she saw that it was useless; that he would never give his consent to their marriage. Vowing that they would never be separated, the Indian maid and her lover walked hand in hand into the lake, as the dreary November sun cast long shadows on the land. They were followed by a group of orphan children whom Morning Star had befriended. All walked into the lake, singing the mournful death song of their people, while Tondo stood on the shore and cursed the lovers, cursed the blue water into which they all walked to their death.Ever since that day it would seem that a jinx has been laid over Lake Elsinore. Oldtimers tell of a great upheaval in the lake which caused water to spout into the air like a geyser and turn blood-red. Later, it became known that three hundred springs of boiling mud and water were born in the valley during that upheaval. The springs reeked with sulphur.For many years after this phenomenon the lake remained peaceful. Then boats were overturned for no apparent reason, and few of their occupants ever returned to tell the story. This continued for several years. At the same time, strong swimmers dived into the lake never to reappear.In 1833 and again in 1846, fish in the lake suddenly died.In the spring of 1850 came the Battle of the Gnats. They bred in the water of the lake and swarmed over the land. They invaded the countryside until the harassed inhabitants called for help.And in July 1951, the sky-blue waters of the lake vanished like mist before a noonday sun. When the bottom was laid bare there was no trace of a volcano, the bottomless pits, or the other disturbances of legend or fact.The copious winter rains of 1951—52 have replenished the lake. But what menace does its haunting beauty hold today? For tomorrow?The once mighty Sobobas are few now. But the old men swear that their ancestors still haunt the lake. They nod grizzled head and murmur that the Great Tondo’s curse will forever remain upon the lake. Only time, the wise and silent one, can tell.51.Which of the following statements is true of Lake Elsinore?A. It is considered by legend to be rich in golb.B. It was once famous as a beautiful resort.C. It is located in a volcanic crater in California.D. It used to be the center of a mining village.52.Probably Tondo’s rage was due the fact that .A. Morning Star was too young to marryB. Tondo’s tribe and Palas’s tribe were enemiesC. Palo mistreated his Soboba girl friendD. Palas vowed meet Morning Star in secret53.According to the old-timers, on two occasions .A. the water of the lake turned redB. lake water sprouted into the airC. the Gnats invaded the countrysideD. fish in the lake suddenly died54.The word “jinx” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) probably means .A. spell of bad luckB. hot air currentC. strange tranquilityD. storm of unusual duration55.Which can be considered the best title for the passage?A. The Curse of Tondo.B. The Beautify Lake Elsinore.C. The Mysterious Indian Tribes.D. The Tragic Love of Morning Star.Passage 4The crucial years of the Depression, as they are brought into historical focus, in creasingly emerge as the decisive decade for American art, if not for American culture in general. For it was during this decade that many of the conflicts which had blocked the progress of American art in the past came to a head and sometimes boiled over. Janusfaced, the thirties look backward, sometimes as far as the Renaissance; and at the same time forward, as far as the present and beyond. It was the moment when artists, like Thomas Hart Benton, who wished to turn back the clock to regain the virtues of simpler times came into direct conflict with others, like Stuart Davis and Frank Lloyd Wright, who were ready to come to terms with the Machine Age and to deal with its consequences.America in the thirties was changing rapidly. In many areas the past was giving way to the present, although not without a struggle. A predominantly rural and small town society was being replaced by the giant complexes of the big cities; power was becoming increasingly centralized in the federal government and in large corporations. As a result, traditional American types such as the independent farmer and the small businessman were being replaced by the executive and the bureaucrat. Many Americans, deeply attached to the old way of life, felt disinhereited. At the same time, as immigration decreased and the population became more homogeneous, the need arose in art and literature to commemorate the ethnic and regional differences that were fast disappearing. Thus, paradoxically, the conviction that art, at least, should serve some purpose or carry some message of moral uplift grew stronger asthe Puritan ethos lost its contemporary reality. Often this elevating message was a sermon in favor of just those traditional American virtues which were now threatened with obsolescence in a changed social and political context.In this new context, the appeal of the paintings by the Regionalists and the American Scene painters often lay in their ability to recreate an atmosphere that glorified the traditional American values—self-reliance tempered with good-neighborliness, independence modified by a sense of community, hard work rewarded by a sense of order and purpose. Given the actual temper of the times, these themes were strangely anachronistic, just as the rhetoric supporting political isolationism was equally inappropriate in an international situation soon to involve America in a second world war. Such themes gained popularity because they filled a genuine need for a comfortable collective fantasy of a God-fearing, white-picket-fence America, which in retrospect took on the nostalgic appeal of a lost Golden Age.In this light, an autonomous art-for-art’s sake was viewed as a foreign invader liable to subvert the native American desire for a purposeful art. Abstract art was assigned the role of the villainous alien; realism was to personify the genuine American means of expression. The argument drew favor in many camps: among the artists, because most were realists; among the politically oriented intellectuals, because abstract art was apolitical; and among museum officials, because they were surfeited with mediocre imitations of European modernism and were convinced that American art must develop its own distinct identity. To help along this road to self-definition, the museums were prepared to set up an artificial double standard, one for American art, and another for European art. In 1934, Ralph Flint wrote in Art News, “We have today in our midst a greater array of what may be called second, third, and fourth-string artists than any other country. Our big annuals are marvelous outpourings of intelligence and skill; they have all the diversity and animation of a fine-ring circus.”56.According to the passage, in the 1930s, abstract art was seen as .A. uniquely AmericaB. uniquely EuropeanC. imitative of European modernismD. counter to American regionalism57.The second paragraph deals mainly with in America.A. the rapid growth of urban populationB. the impact of industrialization on rural lifeC. the disappearance of traditional valuesD. the changing scenes in religion and politics58.According to the passage, the best word to describe America in the 1930s would be .A. reactionaryB. consistentC. dynamicD. melancholic59. “The artificial standard” (Paragraph 4) refers to the difference between standards of judgement for .A. realism and abstract artB. politically oriented intellectuals and museum officialsC. European art and American artD. landscape painting and abstract painting60.The best choice for title of the passage would be .A. The Thirties in Art. Reaction and RebellionB. America in the Thirties: A Changing TimeC. Thomas Hart Benton and RegionalismⅤ Translation (20 points)Part A (10 points)Directions: Translate the following English into Chinese onto your ANSWER SHEET.This organization is also a manufacturing firm. Here, however, management encourages and rewards risk taking and change. Decisions based on intuition are valued as much as those that are well rationalized. Management prides itself on its history of experimenting with new technologies and its success in regularly introducing innovative products. Managers or employees who have a good idea are encouraged to “run with it”, and failures are treated as “learning experiences”. The company prides itself on being market driven and rapidly responsive to the changing needs of its customers.There are few rules and regulations for employees to follow, and supervision is loose because management believes that its employees are hardworking and trustworthy. Management is concerned with high productivity but believes that this comes through treating its people right. The company is proud of its reputation as being a good place to work.Part B (10 points)Directions: Translate the following Chinese into English onto your ANSWER SHEET.我在这风光奇异的地方所呆的时间不长，但我的心灵得到了升华。
人民大学2023年法理学考博真题
人民大学2023年法理学考博真题
1. 解释下列法律术语的含义：
- 因果依存性
- 法无禁止即可为
- 惩治犯罪与保护人权的关系
2. 论述《刑法》对于未成年人犯罪的特殊规定，并阐述这些规定的法律依据和目的。
3. 请解释法官在刑事审判中的自由裁量权，并举例说明该权力的限制和合理运用的原则。
4. 对于刑法中的紧急避险行为，请分析如何确定其合法性，并解释导致这种行为合法的理论依据。
5. 请对国内现行刑法中的死刑制度进行评估，并提出你的观点和理由。
6. 请论述刑法中的精神损害赔偿制度，并分析其实施中可能出现的问题和改进的方向。
7. 以相关判例为例，解释和评价刑罚的可分性原则和刑法的连带责任制度。
8. 请解释法律中的“不可抗力”原则，并探讨在刑法实践中如何确定和适用该原则。
9. 论述合法防卫与过度防卫的界限，并提出你的观点和原因。
10. 解释和評价刑法中的从犯与共同犯罪的问题，特別是在實踐中討論的各種共同犯罪理論。
以上是2023年人民大学法理学考博真题的题目，请参考答案仔细准备。
中国人民大学考博英语模拟试卷9(题后含答案及解析)
中国人民大学考博英语模拟试卷9(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．The plane found the spot and hovered close enough to_____that it was a car.A．ensureB．examineC．verifyD．testify正确答案：C解析：各项的意思是：ensure“保证、担保”；examine“检查”；verify“(侧重于经过核查)证明、证实”；testify“作证、证明”。
根据句意判断，答案为C。
2．The encouraging factor is that the____majority of people find the idea of change acceptable.A．numerousB．vastC．mostD．massive正确答案：B解析：各项的意思是：numerous“许多的，很多的”；vast“广阔的；大量的；巨大的”；most“最多的，大多数的”：massive“大量的；厚重的；巨大的”，只有vast可以与majority搭配。
根据句意判断，答案为B。
3．The increase in student numbers____many problems for the universities.A．forcesB．pressesC．providesD．poses正确答案：D解析：各项的意思是：force“迫使，强迫；推动”；press“按，压；逼迫”；provide“提供；规定；准备”；pose“提出，陈述；造成，形成”，可与problem，argument和question等搭配，pose…problem表示“提出(或造成)问题”。
中国人民大学经济学考博真题
考博详解与指导中国人民大学商学院博士入学考试经济学试题专业：企业管理、技术经济和管理、财务管理、产业经济学、流通经济学时间：2002一、论市场经济理论与实践（50）二、入世与我国产业结构调整（50）时间：2003一、分析通货紧缩的原因及治理对策（40）二、试析中国大陆对外开放政策的经济含义（30）三、试论国有经济管理体制改革与经济发展的关系（30）时间:2004一、论述经济活动中边际效益递增的条件和选择策略（25）二、试述技术变革对市场结构的影响（25）三、试分析我国经济高速增长下劳动工资趋向（25）四、试分析我国生产要素总供给和总需求及当前经济情况（25）时间：2005一、试分析周期理论主要流派（25）二、试用结构-行为-绩效框架分析我国市场经济结构及其效应（25）三、试用社会成本、企业成本（私人成本）和政府矫正外部性政策原理，论述循环经济与可持续发展的关系（25）四、使用规模经济理论，分析企业兼并或收购的经济效应（25）时间：2006一、论述垄断竞争市场的特点及其资源配置二、论述熊彼特的周期理论，并分析我国多数产业产能过剩的原因及影响三、论述技术变革对生产函数、成本函数的影响，利用微笑利润曲线论述技术变革的作用.四、论述在市场经济条件下，一国的国际收支能够做到自动调节时间：2007一、试述现代经济学对企业性质的观点（20）二、试用效用理论评价产品价格及品质对产业竞争力的影响（20）三、试论全球化与信息化背景下中国民族企业发展战略（30）四、试用IS-LM-BP模型解释当前中国宏观经济状况形成机理及对企业经营环的影响（30）时间：2008一、什么是沉没成本？沉没成本对企业决策行为有什么影响？二、论述财政政策和货币政策的相互关系。
三、论述支持价格和限制下个的特征及效应四、请用怕累托改进评价中国三十年来的成就。
第一部分、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions）1、What can you tell me about yourself?（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？）这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。
中国人民大学中国近代史方向考博试题1
中国人民大学中国近代史方向考博试题2004年中国近代史一、试述中日甲午战争对中国社会的影响（40分）二、评道光皇帝三、太平天国经济政策试评（30分）中国通史（以下三题中第一、第二题任选一题，第三题为必答题）一、任举一例，说明重大考古成果对中国古代史研究的推动作用（50分）二、举例说明变法运动打破旧制、社会进步的历史贡献（50分）三、试论中国传统社会的“重农抑商”政策（50分）2005年中国近代史一、论道光皇帝（30分）二、试评洋务运动中“官督商办”经营模式（30分）三、试评析清末“立宪运动”（40分）中国通史（共三题，任选两题，每题50分）一、试论战国百家争鸣的历史背景二、试论唐朝的历史地位三、试评乾隆皇帝06人大试题古代史：1、秦朝的历史地位2、中国历史上的变法3、清朝多民族形成过程或特点近现代史：1圣库制度、2、盛宣怀3、晚清兵制改革2007年人大博士试题通史1、西汉与唐朝对外文化交流特点。
2、论中国社会经济在明中后期变化。
3、秦以来君主专制政治至清朝的变化。
近代史1、论近代外人在华投资。
2、论评戊须政变。
3、近代中国民族主义的兴起。
08年试题古代史:1、评述古代史研究领域中的三个前沿问题；2、东汉、唐、明宦官失败为成功之母及其权力结构与政治体制的关系；3、标点顾炎武〈日知录〉并说明其观点。
近代史：1、近代中国社会经济的基本特征；2、西方议会制在近代中国；3、张謇09年试题古代史：1、就古代史中的某一题目，从理论、方法、文献方面谈谈你的研究设想。
2、就“汉秦制”谈谈你的看法3、元代的地位与影响4、明末传教士来华活动及影响。
（后三个题任选两个）近代史：1、西力东侵与晚清政局的变化2、论1929世界经济危机与国民政府经济变革的关系3、论五四运动。
2025年中国人民大学国家安全学考博参考书真题及经验分数线
中国人民大学一、招生目录国际关系学院招生方式:申请考核制二、备考重点（一）报名时间12月上旬到1月上旬。
（二）材料初审1、博士生学习期间研究构想（内容包含拟研究的问题、知识储备、创新点、研究框架、研究方法、主要参考文献等，总字数不得超过6,000字）。
2、个人陈述（内容包括个人学习及学术研究经历、所取得的成就、报考动机、未来发展构想等；总字数不得超过5,000字）。
（三）复试（3月下旬）1、专业笔试，3h。
考试内容包含:外语，专业水平考核。
专业水平考核考生所报考专业的基础理论或前沿问题等。
2、面试，不少于30分钟。
考核小组对考生进行外语、综合素质、思想政治素质和品德面试。
（四）成绩总成绩=笔试成绩+面试成绩。
三、根据咱们学校往年真题或者导师研究方向，推荐如下参考书目:1.《总体国家安全观学习纲要》，中共中央宣传部、中央国家安全委员会办公室，学习出版社，2022年。
2.《国家安全学》，刘跃进，中国政法大学出版社，2004年。
3.《国家安全管理学》，李文良，吉林大学出版社，2014年。
4.《公共管理学》，李国正，首都师范大学出版社，2024年。
5.《公共经济学》，李国正，首都师范大学出版社，2023年。
6.《国际政治学》，陈岳，高等教育出版社，2019年。
此外，还有一些学校有经济安全方向，会考察经济学，推荐《经济学：考研笔记·习题详解与真题解析》,首都师范大学出版社，2020年版。
经济学部分只需要掌握基本的概念与理论即可，尤其是宏观经济学部分。
四、往年国家安全学考博真题（育明考博学员回忆版）：1.论述总体国家安全观对构建国家安全学科体系的意义2.请评价一下总书记关于安全和发展的论述3.通过学习二十大，谈一下如何通过新发展格局促进新安全格局3.谈谈如何防止发生系统性金融风险。
4.谈谈当前我国经济社会发展面临的主要风险。
5.论述总体国家安全观的主要内涵。
6.论述十八大以来国家安全领域的相关法律法规。
中国人民大学考博试题
中国人民大学金融学考博专业课试题2006年经济学1．运用内外均衡理论分析我国巨额外贸顺差对国民经济的影响。
（35’）2．从市场结构或市场组织类型的角度分析如何提高我国国有企业的经济效率。
（35’）3．试论述新凯恩斯主义对“挤出效应”的看法，并结合我国的实际谈谈它的实用性。
（30’）金融学1．根据汇率机制形成理论，阐述当前人民币汇率形成机制改革及其对中国金融业的影响。
（40’）2．试从金融开放和稳定关系的角度，评述国际商业银行大规模入股中资银行后的积极意义及其风险。
（30’）3．试论述中国股权分置改革的理论依据及其对中国资本市场发展的预期。
（30’）2007年经济学1．为什么发展社会主义市场经济仍需要政府的适当干预？（35’）2．试论述国民收入的核算方法并说明绿色GDP的意义。
（35’）3．你如何认识中美之间的贸易不平衡及贸易摩擦？（30’）金融学1．试阐明外汇收支与国内货币供应的内在联系机制，并评述我国当前外汇收支对人民币货币供给的影响，应如何协调好外汇政策与货币政策？（30’）2．论述在我国建立和谐社会过程中商业银行在农村金融体系中的地位，你认为应如何发挥商业银行在支持农村经济发展中的积极作用？（30’）3．有观点认为，中国资本市场必须进行战略转型，作为战略转型的重要步骤，在海外上市的大型国有（控股）企业正在回归A股，请对以下两点进行分析：（1）海外上市的大型国有（控股）企业回归A股对中国资本市场发展的战略意义；（2）从资金供给角度看，如何实现市场供求的动态平衡？（40’）2008年经济学1．根据经济学理论，分析解决环境污染问题的途径及我国应有的对策。
（30’）2．改革开放以来，我国经济长期保持高速增长的势头。
试从宏观经济学的角度分析要保持这种高增长势头需要具备哪些条件。
（35’）3．阐述现代经济学流派对通货膨胀问题的看法及其对我国治理通货膨胀的启示。
（35’）金融学1．结合中国实践，比较评述货币政策传导机制的“凯恩斯主义观点”和“信贷观点”。
中国人大农经专业考博试题
中国人大农经专业考博试题中国人大农经专业考博试题参考内容：农经学是研究农村经济社会发展规律和农业经济管理的学科，主要内容包括农业经济学、农业经营管理和农村经济社会学等。
考博试题通常要求考生综合运用理论知识和实践经验，对农村经济发展、农业经济管理和农业政策等方面进行分析和解答。
以下是关于农经学考博试题的一些参考内容：1. 农村经济发展- 农村经济发展的内外因素：揭示农村经济发展的内部因素和外部环境对农村经济发展的影响，包括资源禀赋、区位优势、农业技术进步、人口与劳动力的变化等。
- 农村经济转型与农民素质提升：探讨农村经济转型过程中，农民素质提升对农村经济发展的影响，包括教育水平、技能培训、创业创新等。
- 农村产业发展与乡村振兴战略：研究农村产业升级和乡村振兴战略的实施，对于促进农村经济发展和农民收入增加具有重要意义。
2. 农业政策与农业经济管理- 农业政策的影响：分析农业政策对农业发展、农民收入和农村经济社会的影响，包括农业补贴、农业保护政策、农村金融与信贷政策等。
- 农业供给侧结构性改革：研究供给侧结构性改革对农业经济的影响，包括农产品结构调整、农业生产方式变革、农产品质量安全等。
- 农业经济管理与农业现代化：分析农业经济管理对农业现代化进程的促进作用，包括农业组织经营模式、农业综合服务、农村土地制度改革等。
3. 农村经济社会问题- 农民收入与农村贫困问题：研究农村贫困问题的原因与解决办法，包括农民收入来源、农村社会保障、农村社会公平与可持续发展等。
- 农村劳动力流动与城乡差距：探讨农村劳动力流动对农村经济社会发展的影响，包括农民工问题、农民就业与创业等。
- 农村社会问题与乡村治理：研究农村社会问题对乡村治理的影响，包括农村社会矛盾与冲突、农民自治与社会组织建设等。
上述参考内容主要涵盖了农经学考博试题中的关键知识点。
综合考察的角度包括农村经济发展、农业经济管理和农业政策等方面的理论知识，同时也要求考生运用实践经验，并能就相关现实问题进行分析与解答。
中国人民大学博士生英语考试listening部分
Qualifying Examination for PHD Students: listeningName _________________ Department ___________________Class __________________ Student Number _____________Section I True or False (5%)Directions: Listen to the following passage twice, decide whether the statements onyour question paper are true or false, and write your answer on your answer sheet.1 Sub prime investments were safe investments for banks.2 Lending money to those who ask for it is good business for banks.3 An asset such as a house can always be sold for a profit if you need the money.4 Customer confidence in the banking system is important to stability.5 It is unnecessary for governments to guarantee banks in a crisis.Section II: Filling in the Blank Spaces (10%)Directions: Listen to the following passage twice and fill in the blank spaces on your answer sheet.At the first glance, the world’s leading universities seem to be moving towardsa globalised form of management, in which leaders are recruited regardless of （1）and move freely across borders.Of the top 100 universities in the world, nine are headed by individuals（2 ） overseas and an emerging global market can also be perceived in the international ( 3 ) of some academic careers.But one US researcher, Ben Wildarsky, thinks that barriers to a foreignnational coming to lead a university are ( 4 ) higher than the barrier for studentsto study overseas or professors to teach overseas. He argues that international ( 5 ) at the senior management level tends to be confined to English-speaking countrie s,rather than running between anglophone nations and China or Latin America, for example. Language may be the (6) barrier here, he suggests, with universityleaders needing top-level contacts and communication skills to deal with governmentand business. Salary may also be a (7) .In Asia, the US researcher adds, universities seeking to attain world-classstatus are increasingly looking to tempt back senior Asian academics who (8) tothe West to study or further their careers. By (9) native-born professors with a background of success at top Western universities to return, Asian institutions are (10) some of the values that made those universities great.Section III: Answering Questions (5%)Directions: Listen to the following passage twice and answer the questions on your answer sheet.1 What should you always wear if you are driving a car?2 How far should you stop from an accident if you are not involved?3 What should you do if you stop behind an accident on a freeway at night?4 Where should you head for if you leave your car at an accident on a freeway?5 If your doors are blocked how should you try to get out of your car?Qualifying Examination for PHD Students: listeningName _________________ Department ___________________Class __________________ University Number _____________Answer SheetSection I （5%）1. ___________2. _________3. ___________4. __________5. ________ Section II (10%)1. ___________2. _________3. ___________4. __________5. ________ 10. __________ 1 2. _________ 13. ___________ 14. __________ 15. ________ Section III (5%)1. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2．__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4．__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5． ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。
中国人大农经专业考博试题
中国人大农经专业考博试题中国人大农经专业考博试题指的是中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院农业经济管理专业博士研究生入学考试试题。
农业经济管理是中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院的重要学科之一，该专业博士研究生入学考试旨在测试考生对该学科的掌握程度、研究能力和综合素质，以选拔优秀人才进入博士研究生阶段学习。
考博试题通常包括选择题、简答题、论述题等多种题型，主要考察范围包括农业经济学、农业政策、农业企业管理等方面的知识。
这些试题要求考生具备扎实的基础理论知识和较高的学术素养，能够运用所学知识分析和解决实际问题。
以下是示例的题目：选择题：1.关于农产品市场价格波动的原因，下列选项错误的是（）A. 气候变化B. 政策调整C. 生产成本增加D. 消费者需求下降2.下列关于农业企业经营管理特点的描述，正确的是（）A. 农业企业以农业生产为主，经营活动相对单一B. 农业企业以提供农产品为主，对市场价格依赖较小C. 农业企业面临较大的自然风险和市场风险D. 农业企业的管理者通常是农业专家，缺乏管理经验3.关于我国农业政策的制定与实施，下列选项正确的是（）A. 我国农业政策的制定通常不考虑农民的利益诉求B. 我国农业政策的实施通常具有较强的可操作性和针对性C. 我国农业政策的制定通常不考虑国际市场的变化D. 我国农业政策的实施通常缺乏有效的监督和评估机制简答题：1.简述农产品质量安全的重要性及其影响因素。
2.分析我国农业企业技术创新面临的主要问题及其对策。
3.论述农业合作组织在提高农民收入中的作用及其发展建议。
总结：中国人大农经专业考博试题指的是中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院农业经济管理专业博士研究生入学考试试题，旨在测试考生对该学科的掌握程度、研究能力和综合素质。
考博试题通常包括选择题、简答题、论述题等多种题型，主要考察范围包括农业经济学、农业政策、农业企业管理等方面的知识。
考生需要具备扎实的基础理论知识和较高的学术素养，能够运用所学知识分析和解决实际问题。
中国人民大学考博英语模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)
中国人民大学考博英语模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．A Monitor/TIPP poll last month found that young people and seniors held similar views when asked to____ the importance of US military action to remove Saddam Hussein from power in the next months.A．advocateB．foreseeC．superviseD．gauge正确答案：D解析：本题空格处是说对美国军事行动的重要性进行评价。
D项gauge“评价”符合题意。
其他三项advocate“提倡，鼓吹”；foresee“预见，预知”；supervise “监督，管理”都不正确。
2．The newspaper reported on the initiative of the organization to establish a private company to professionally_____prisoners due to be released from prison.A．habilitateB．rehabilitateC．precludeD．prelude正确答案：A解析：本题中，A项habilitate“提高周转资金，予以穿着”符合题意。
其他三项rehabilitate“使复原”；preclude“排除”；prelude“为……做序，以……开头”都不正确。
人大考博英语大纲样题及答案
中国人民大学博士生（非英语专业）入学考试英语考试示例Part I Vocabulary (20 points)Directions: For each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best completing the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1．When I heard that Mrs. Thacher resigned, I called her. I wanted her to know that my heart was _____ her.A. forB. ofC. inD. with2. Gentleness has been considered a _____ trait.A. boyishB. delicateC. feminineD. male3. We know that this is ture, but _____ we recognize this truth only in our backward glance.A. all too oftenB. too oftenC. all too lateD. too late4. The retiring professor was _____ by his colleague.A. criticizedB. exaltedC. driven outD. examined5. He is honest. His actions are always _____ his words.A. contradictory toB. contradicted byC. agreed withD. consistent with6. Life is never just _____.A. livingB. beingC. existingD. going7. The lady _____ her skirt by sit on the seat while flying.A. disorderedB. disarrangedC. creasedD. crashed8. You must always be ready to sacrifice _____ to duty.A. inclinationB. tendencyC. interestD. career9. In many countries now, smoking is not _____ in public places.A. permissiveB. permissibleC. permutableD. pernicious10.His pleasant ways _____ me into thinking that he was my good friend.A. deprivedB. despisedC. divertedD. beguiled11._____ animals must be kept in cages in case they might hurt the tourists.A. LandB. DomesticC. ViciousD. Farm12. Almost overnight, Ames became a hero of environmentalists when his finding led to new ____and bans on certain chemicals.A. regulationsB. authoritiesC. ordersD. suggestions13.The ____ noise whistles kept me awake all night.A. incarnateB. incessantC. repetitiousD. rampant14. The baby seems content, he must have ____ his new nursemaid.A. taken toB. taken afterC. taken fromD. taken in15. He had either to leave the country immediately or to surrender himself to the Nazi authorities,and had no other _____.A. alternativeB. hopeC. resourceD. approach16. A good sense of rhythm is one of his natural ____ as a poet.A. endowmentsB. interestC. weaknessesD. accomplishments17. All his attempts to argue about the rightness were _____.A. futileB. not importantC. effective in caseD. without reason18.I ____ lowbrow, admire the highbrow all the more for his patronizing type.A. conceitingB. humbleC. overweeningD. poor19. Lowbrows are quite _____ for highbrows to have their symphonics and their Russion novels.A. contentB. containedC. capacityD. yearn20. As the speed of change brings design ____ fashion, then decisions about taste will have to bemade more and more regularly.A. near toB. nearer toC. next toD. close to21.The dark clouds suggest a(n) _____ storm.A. impendingB. surprisingC. fastD. enexpected22. To our grief, he became ______ to the drug.A. addictedB. interestedC. amusedD. disturbed23.Being a foreigner, Carl did not _____ to the joke.A. appreciateB. catch on toC. laughD. like24. Talks on climate change resulted in the German city of Bonn on July 16 to _____ globalwarming.A. focus onB. combatC. settle downD. sum up25. His parents _____ him to enlist when he was seventeen.A. permittedB. committedC. madeD. enabled26. _____ may think they are better than the facts would justify.A. OptimistsB. PessimistsC. CynicistsD. Humorists27. He quickly _____ behind the building to avoid being hurt by the stones thrown in his direction.A. duckedB. evadedC. escapedD. dodged28. By isolating negative words and phrases, you can _____ the damage you‟re doing to yourself.A. point outB. pointC. pinpointD. get29. It did the _____ service of freeing us from the dilemma.A. immenseB. muchC. lot ofD. innumerous30. Sports, and not learning, seem to _____ in that school.A. appearB. occupyC. dominateD. lead31. The local people could hardly think of any good way to _____ poverty they had endured.A. shake offB. ward offC. put offD. take off32. As skies fill with millions of migrating birds, European scientists say the seasonal miracleappears to depend on a seeming _____. The fatter the bird, the more efficiently it flies.A. interruptionB. descriptionC. qualificationD. contradiction33. His meeting with Picasso was an important _____ in the artist‟s life.A. lessonB. episodeC. sceneD. chapter34. Borders these days have little meaning for Singapore- based regional _____ of electronics firmslike Sanyo and Philips.A. executivesB. officialsC. governorsD. servants35. Unfortunately, the woman‟s hat _____ my view of the stage.A. blocked upB. obstructedC. preventedD. interfered36. Meantime, road construction is _____ on the site of a proposed Tuman River Triangle.A. under wayB. in the wayC. of the wayD. by way37. Everyone knows that the firefly is a _____ insect.A. firingB. lightingC. luminiferousD. glowing38. Preferential policies and ready cooperation do play a role in _____ poverty.A. alleviatingB. activatingC. assaultingD. accustoming39. The fact that these regions are _____ in natural resources doesn‟t mean local people are well off.A. adorableB. accessibleC. abundantD. ambient40. In spite of a problem with the ____ equipment, some very useful work was accomplished.A. imperfectB. temporaryC. emergencyD. reinstalledPart II Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C and D for each question or unfinished statement and mark the corresponding letter with a singel bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1There is extraordinary exposure in the United States ot the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle acidents. More than 80 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11,000 miles each year. Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher. For the average adult, over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels. A third of drivers who have been drinking, but fewer that 4 percent of all dirvers, demonstrate these levels. Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BACs of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes, the probability of their involvement is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which intoxication plays a role. Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a country‟s population, it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both. While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most, anyone who drinks at all would be penalized by this approach.To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at intoxicated drivers. In some states, the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers cited for any traffic offense and elevated BAC can be the basis for arrest. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates, however, that even with increased arrests, there are about 700 violations for every arrest. At this lever there is little evidence that laws serve as deterrents to drinking while intoxicatd. In Britain, motor vehicle fatalities fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. As the British increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped, the effectiveness declined, although in the ensuing three years the fatality rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic beverage will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most fatalities is unclear. In part, the answer depends on the extent to which those with high BAC involved in crashes are capable of controlling their intake in response to economic or penal threat. Therapeutic programs which range from individual and group counseling and psychotherapy to chemotherapy constitute another approach, but they have not diminished the proportion of accidents in which alcohol was a factor. In the few controlled trials that have been reported, there is little evidence that rehabilitation programs of those repeatedly arrested for durnken behavior have reduced either the recidivism or crash involvement for clients exposed to them, although knowledge and attitudes have improved. One thing is clear, however, unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic intoxication plays a role, many will continue to die.41. The author is mainly concerned with _____.A.interpreting the results of surveys on traffic fatalitiesB.reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to curb drunk drivingC.suggesting reasons for the prevalence of drunk driving in the United StatesD.analyzing the causes of the large number of annual traffic fatalities42. It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain______.A.required drivers convicted under the law to undergo rehabilitation therapyB.make it illegal to drive while intoxicatedC.increased the number of drunk driving arrestsD.placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinks43. The author imples that a BAC of 0.1 percent _____.A.is unreasonalby high as a definition of intoxication for purposes of drivingB.penalizes the moderate drinker while allowing the heavy drinker to consume without limitC.is well below the BAC of most drivers who are involved in fatal collisionsD.proves that a driver has consumed five ounces of 80 proof spirits over a short time44. The author cites the British example in order to _____.A.demonstrate the need to lower BAC levels in states that have laws against drunk drivingB.prove that stricter enforcement of laws against intoxicated drivers would reduce trafficdeathsC.prove that a slight increase in the number of arrests of intoxicated drivers will not deterdrunk drivingD.suggest that taxation of alcohol consumption may be more effective than criminal laws45. The author‟s tone of then end of the article can best be described as _____.A. ironicB. indifferentC. admonitoryD. indecisivePassage 2No one can be greater thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks of himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which whey are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiansm was the mind of people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect ot something of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and on one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unble to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgement, and unless he contents himself with that, he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the s ubject has to encounter and dispose of else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in hundred of what are called educated men are inthis condition: even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be ture, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from and considered what such persons may have to say, and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact with seeminlgy conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.46. According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find ____.A.acceptance of truthB.enthusiasmC.controversy over principlesD. a suspension of judgement47. Which of the following statements is true, according to the author?A.Most education people study both sides of a questionB.Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking.C.The vast majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only one side of anissue.D.It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from one‟s teachers48. As it is used in line 4 of the passage, the word …suffer‟ most nearly means _____.A. endureB. undergoC. permitD. support49. It can be inferred from the passage that a person who knows only his own side of an issue isregarded by the author as ______.A. uniformedB. opinionatedC. ignorantD. rational50. Which of the following statements do you think the author would be most likely to agree with?A. A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.B.Periods of intellectual achievement are of heterodox speculation.C.In a period of mental slavery, no true intellectual thought is possilbeD.Excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.Passage 3Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy‟s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generated half of all new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.Too many of these pioneers, however, will balze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Mid-career executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also , at least for a while, be bookeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had workded with the same product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm‟s health in its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small –business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitabiliby. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product have evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.Frequent checks of your firm‟s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot idea.51.According to the passage, a country‟s economy is probably decided by ______.A.the prosperity and decline of the transnational corporationsB.the rise and fall of the markets and products as well as capitalC.the fate of the small businesses such as small plants and restaurantsD.the economic increase and decrease of the large companies52. In order to succeed in a business, the entrepreneur should _______.A.get very well prepared for his new busnissB.choose a business he‟s already familiar withC.examine the company‟s crucial signs now and thenD.invest as much as possible into his enterprise53. Which of the following statement about small business is not ture?A.It helps effectively to fight unemployment.B.The earlier it starts, the sooner it collapsesC.There‟s a good omen for small business according to a survey.54. What does the last sentence in the 3rd paragraph mean according to the passage?A.The patient is seriously ill because of lack of water in the well.B.The patient can be saved if he has enough money to solve the financial problem.C.It‟s too late for small business owners to realize the gravity of the problem because theyhave used up their money.D.I t‟s urgentfor small business owners to pour all their money into the enterprise to revitalizetheir business.55. What‟s the main idea of this passage?A.How to become a winner in small business.B.How to be a successful boss in multinational corporations.C.How to deal with ups and downs in small business.D.How to conquer new markets and gain the largest profit.Passage 4The World Health Organization (WTO) is in trouble. Its leader is accused of failing to lead, and as the roganization drifts, other bodies, particularly the World Bank, are setting the global health agenda . Western governments want the WHO to set realistic targets and focus its energy on tackling major killer such as childhood diseases and tobacco.The WHO clearly needs to set priorities. Its total budget of $0.9 billion – around 10 p for each man, woman and child in the world – cannot solve all the wolrd‟s health problems. Yet its senior management does not seem willing to narrow the organization‟s focus. Instead it is trying to be all things to all people and losing dependability.Unfortuanately, the arguments for priority- setting is being seriouisly undermined by the US, one of the chief advocators of change. The US is trying to reduce its contribution to the WHO‟s regular budget from a quarter of the total to a fifth. That would leave the organization $20 million short this year, on top of the substantial debts the US already owes.The WHO may need priorities, but it certainly doesn‟t need budget cuts. Thanks to ther US‟s failure to pay its bills, many of the poorer nations see priority-setting as merely a cover forcost-cutting that would hit their health programs hard.The WHO would not serve poorer countries any worse if it shaprened its focus. It would probably serve them better. In any case, a shaprer foucs should not mean that less money is needed. When the US demands cuts, it simply fuels disputes between the richer and poorer countires and gives the WHO‟s senior management more time to postpone.The American action is not confiend to the WHO. It wants eventually to cut its contributions to the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Labor Organization too. But it knows that dissatisfaction with the WHO and its leadersip made the organization vulneralbe. It if wins against the WHO, the rest will lose out in their turn.America‟s share of the budget is already a concession. Each nation‟s contribution to the UN agencies is calculated according to its wealth, and by that measuere the US should be paying about28 percent of the WHO budget. But over the past three decades the US has gradually reduced what it pays the organization. The US should not ask for future cuts. Until it pays its full share of money, it will hold back the organization‟s much needed reforms.The world needs the WHO. The World Bank may have a bigger budget, but it sees improved health as jost one part of economic and social development. The WHO remains the only organization committed to health for all, regradless of wealth.56. How much of the WHO‟s budget should the United States pay in terms of its wealth?A. A quarterB. 28%C. More than $ 20 milllionD. A fifth57. Which of the following can best characterize ther US?A.It has stopped demanding reforms.B.Its managemtnt is inefficient.C.It is trying to pay less to WHO.D.Its government is not responsive.58. What does the author mean when he interprets the urge for a sharper focus?A.The US will be justified in cutting its financial contribution.B.More heated argumenteds will be unavoidable between richer and poorer countries.C.There should be better service for poor countries but no cost-cutting.D.The poorer countries will not receive more benefits.59. What is the United State‟s strategy to fight all those organizations according to the author?A.To defeat them all one by one.B.To defeat the WHO first and the others will give up.C.To exclusive cut contributions to the WHO.D.To cut contributions to all the organizations.60. Which of the following world organizations has the weakest leadership according to the passage?A.The International Labor OrganizationB.The Food and Agriculture Organization.C.The Wolrd Health OrganizationD.The World BankPassage 5The practice of capital punishement is as old as government itself. For most of history, it has not been considered controversial. Since ancient times most governments have punished a wide variety of crimes by death and have conducted exectutions as a routine part of the administration of criminal law. However, in the mid-18th century, social critics in Europe began to emphasize the worth of the individual and to criticize government practices they considered unjust, including capital punishment. The controversy and dabate over whether governments should utilize the death penalty continue today.The first significant movement to abolish the death penalty began during the era known as the Age of Enlightenment. In 1764 Italian jurist and philosopher Cesare Beccaria published An Essay on Crimes and Punishments. Many consider this influential work the leading document in the early campaign against capital punishment. Other individuals who campaigned against executions during this period include French authors Voltaire and Denis Diderot, British philosophers David Hume and Adam Smith, and political theorist Thomas Paine in the United States.Critics of capital punishment argue that it is cruel and inhumane, while supporters consider it a necessary form of revenge for terribe crimes. Those who advocate the death penalty declare that it is a uniquely effictive punishment that prevents crime. However, advocates and opponents of the death penalty dispute the proper interpretation of statistical analyses of its preventing effect. Opponents of capital punishment see the death penalty as human rights sissue involving the proper limits of governmental power. In contrast, those who want governments to continue to execute tend to regard capital punishment as an issue of criminal justice policy. Because of these alternative viewpoints, there is a profound difference of opinion not only about what is the right answer on capital punishment, but also about what type of question is being asked when the death penalty becomes a public issue.61. We can learn from the first paragraph that in ancient times _____.A.death penalty had been carried out before government came into beingB.people thought it was right for the government to conduct exectionsC.death penalty was practiced scarcely in European countriesD.many people considered capital punishment unjust and cruel62. Why was capital punishment questioned in the mid-18th century in Europe?A.People began to criticize their government.B.The government was unjust in this period.C.People began to realize the value of life.D.Social critics were very active at that time.63. Critics of capital punishment insist that it _____.A.violate human rights regulationsB.is an ineffective punishment of the criminalsC.is just the revenge for terrible crimesD.involves killing without mercy64. The advocates and opponents of the death penalty_____.A.agree that it is a human rights issueB.agree that it can prevent crimesC.explain its statistical analyses differentlyD.think that they are asked different types of questions65. The author‟s attitude towards capital punishment can be summarized as ______.A. supportiveB. criticalC. neutralD. contradictoryPassage 6The sound of gunshots has become an all too familiar and unwelcome occurrence in many communities across the nation. When shots ring out, 911 calls from worried citizens may come from a large area. Unfortuately, even with numerous reports, police are ofter frustrated in their efforts to silence this gunfire because they cannot pinpoint the location of gunshots rapidly. A U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientist recognized that sound waves traveling through the air away from a gunshot are basically similar to the sound waves traveling through the ground away from an earthquake. Scientist then have adapted their methods for quickly finding the exacty source of an earthquake to the problem of locating gunshots.Field testing of a gunshot-locating system inspired by earthquake technology began in 1995. After only a few weeks of testing and improving the software, the system was locating many signals that were clearly associated with gunfire. Automatic weapons fire was the easiest to identify because of the regular time interval between individual shots. The system was more sensive during the night, when there was less background noise from traffic and other urban activity. By the last spring , the system was undergoing final acceptance trials. Captian Jim Granucci of the Redwood City Police Department stated that “ even before the system was in use, the number of illegal gunshots declined as word of its existence speread. “In this test the gunshot-locating system worked remarkable well, and according to Commander Dominick Peloso of Menlo Park Police Department, “This system, when fully developed, holds great promise for assisting police in controlling and reducing violent crime.”When the results of the test were made public, there was an enthusiastic response from San Francisco Bay area residents, who asked local government officials to impletment such systems in their cmmunities. Interest was also expressed by private firms and law enforcement agencies both in California and elsewhere in the nation. Robert Showen, founder of a company that is now marketing a gunshot-locating system, said, “The USGS test demonstrated beyond a doubt that the concept was feasible and could be implemented quickly. Without this test, I would have been hisitant to invest in the development of my product.”66. The problem of gunfire is difficult to solve because _______.A.few people would like to report gunshots to the policeB.few policemen are available to capture the criminalsC.people are indifferent to the familiar sound of gunshotsD.the police cannot immediately rush to the scene of gunshots67. It can be learned that the gunshot-locating system _______.A.is more effective within a short distanceB.is proved to be more reliable at nightC.is not affected by background noiseD.is not sensitive to automatic weapons。
中国人民大学土地资源管理博士试卷
中国人民大学公共管理学院-土地资源管理考博试题
2002考博试题
一．房地产管理
1.试论我国房地产市场的基本走势和进一步规范市场的设想？（40分）
2.试论WTO(入市)对我国房地产管理的影响？（30分）
3.农村集体建设用地流转入市问题之我见？（30分）
4.我国现行土地征用法律，法规存在的问题和进一步完善的思考？（30分）
二：不动产估价学
1：我国不动产估价的基本方法及其原理，并同台湾地区的估价制度进行比较？（30分）2：我国城市土地资产量的评估的思路和可行的方法？（30分）
3：试论不动产估价的最高最佳使用原则？(30分)
4：阐述不动产市场分析与不动产估价的关系？（40分）
三：土地管理概论
1：简述土地的基本特性和功能？（30分）
2：地籍管理的任务和基本内容？（30分）
3：土地管理的基本经济理论？（40分）
4：试述我国部分省市实行土地收购储备制度的思路，依据和可行性分析？
四：房地产法规
1：《土地管理法》中对土地用途管制规定的内容？（20分）
2：《房地产管理法》中有关房地产交易方面的主要规定？（30分）
3：《闲置土地处置办法》中对闲置土地处置方案的规定？（30分）
4：2001年6月颁布的《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》中对拆迁补偿方式的规定？（20分）
五：土地管理概论，房地产法规（台湾考生）
1：简述土地的基本特性和功能？（20分）
2：《房地产管理法》中有关房地产交易方面的主要规定？（30分）
3：土地管理的基本经济理论？（30分）
4：《土地管理法》中对土地用途管制制度的内容？（20分）。
中国人民大学考博英语模拟试卷11(题后含答案及解析)
中国人民大学考博英语模拟试卷11(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Although he refused to act on my suggestion, he had to admit that ______ what I said.A．it was something inB．there was something asC．it was something asD．there was something in正确答案：D解析：there is something in：……有些道理。
2．On behalf of my company, I am ______ to you and your colleagues for your generous help.A．subjectedB．inclinedC．availableD．obliged正确答案：D解析：obliged与to构成固定搭配，意思是感激。
如：I’m much obliged to you．(我非常感谢你的帮忙)，所以D项正确。
而“subjected to的意思是屈从于，隶属于；inclined to的意思是倾向于；available to的意思是供给，有用”，都不符合句意。
3．(Track lighting) is one of the most popular types, (if not) the most popular type, (of) lighting (on market) today.A．Track lightingB．if notC．ofD．on market正确答案：D4．His expenditure on holidays and luxuries is rather high in_____to his income.A．comparisonB．proportionC．association正确答案：B解析：in proportion to是固定搭配，表示“依照比例，和……相比”。
人大财政学考博历年真题汇总(内部资料)
中国人民大学《财政学综合》专业博士试题2006年一、谈谈促进建设社会主义新农村的财税政策与措施（40分）。
二、根据马斯格雷夫—罗斯托的经济发展阶段论分析我国当前财政支出结构的优化（30分）三、根据外部性理论论述我国生态环境税收体系的建设（30分）。
2007年一、试论在构建和谐社会中财政可以发挥的作用以及应采取的政策措施（35分）二、请说明“两税合并”的重要意义，并分析它是否会对我国吸引外资产生影响（35分）。
三、我国多年来财政收入增长幅度均大于GDP的增长幅度，请从理论和实践角度评析出现这种现象的原因（30分）。
2008年一、试述我国现行个人所得税制度存在的问题及改革方向。
（30分）二、请分析财政在“加快建立覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系，保障人民基本生活”方面应采取哪些措施？（35分）三、“十七大”报告提出“健全中央和地方财力与事权相匹配的体制，提高一般性转移支付规模和比例，加大公共服务领域投入”。
请用相关财政理论分析其意义和内容。
（35分）2009年一、根据财政学的基本原理，阐述财政税收政策在扩大内需的作用及其措施。
（35分）二、请分析2008年以来我国的税制改革措施及其政策效应。
（35分）三、谈谈你对我国地方政府发行公债的看法。
（30分）2010年一、试述财政在国民收入分配格局调整中如何发挥作用。
（35分）二、试述如何通过结构性减税政策推进我国经济结构调整。
（35分）三、今年全国财政预算安排10500亿赤字，你对此有何看法。
（30分）2003年一、简述题（每题15分，任选二题共30分）1．简述政府干预的缺陷2．简述现实经济增长与潜在经济增长的区别3．什么是科斯定理？该定理在解决外部性问题时有何局限性？二、论述题（每题35分，任选二题共70分）1.在宏观经济学中，今年来在某些长期有争议的淋浴已达成一些共识，请归纳总结出这些已达成共识的观点（五个方面以上）。
2.简述ISLM模型，并运用该模型分析我国近年来实施的积极财政政策和稳健的货币政策的效应。
中国人民大学经济学院考博题库
博士生综合考试题库（来源：经济学班）2005年1、中国近代经济史的主要线索。
2、罗斯福新政的主要经济措施3、承诺对宏观经济政策有效性的作用4、逆向选择与劳动市场秩序1、中国工业化发展阶段判断及其政策选择。
2、“民工荒”对中国经济结构优化的意义。
1、试述国际贸易理论的创新与发展。
2、试述世界服务贸易自由化发展的障碍与背景。
1、试述科学发展观的实质和意义。
2、试论社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度。
3、试述中美贸易矛盾的原因并作出理论与政策分析。
4、试分析温特主义及产业价值链原理对中国产业结构调整的影响。
5、试论影响近期世界经济的不确定性因素。
6、说说对区域经济一体化的影响。
7、试述20世纪90年代以来贸易壁垒的内容及特征8、购买力平价理论评价。
9、如何完善我国上市公司的治理结构。
10、试述虚拟经济与实体经济的关系。
11、试论近期贸易保护主义的表现。
12、试分析经济全球化与区域经济一体化的关系。
13、说明不完全竞争市场与完全竞争市场的主要区别。
14、说明新古典宏观学与心凯恩斯主义的区别。
15、试论新制度经济学学派的产生。
16、说明新自由主义的产生和发展。
17、比较新古典主义宏观经济学与新凯恩斯主义政策主张的异同点。
18、论经济增长速度与经济增长质量的统一。
19、论旨在建立社会主义市场经济体制的政府改革。
20、如何认识市场失灵和政府失灵。
21、马克思主义经济学是如何研究资源配置的22、《资本论》是如何研究技术创新的？23、如何理解劳动生产率与商品价值变化的关系。
24、试述马克思管理二重性的理论及其意义。
25、如何理解马克思“虚假的社会价值”概念？1、推动社会生产力发展的最具决定性的力量是什么？2、我国提出的生产要素按贡献参与分配的改革的理论依据是什么?简要评述罗伯特希勒的行为金融学参考文献：《行为金融：走向现实的理论》载于《经济导刊》2003年4期1、试述“华盛顿共识”的主要内容并作出评价国名经济管理专业：试论政府对经济进行宏观调控的重要性试论市场在资本配置中的优点1、试述东西建立货币联盟的成本与收益2、试述WTO多边贸易体系存在的弊端1试论公有制经济和非公有制经济在我国经济阶段的地位和作用2、怎样理解邓小平理论的社会主义本质理论。
中国人民大学博士入学试题
新闻史方向新闻史:怎样看待和评价中国近代新闻史上以“文人论政”为标榜的报纸和报人? 试结合当时的政治和新闻工作申论之。
(100 分)新闻理论:试述你对新闻理论的创新的认识的建议。
(100 分)新闻实务(加试) :11 新闻记者与新闻编辑同是新闻传播活动的主体,但又担负着不同的任务。
请你谈谈对采编工作和采编关系的认识。
(50 分) 21 成就报道是我国新闻传播的重要内容之一,你认为我国新闻媒介的成就报道有什么经验和不足? 如何才能做好成就报道? (50 分)新闻学论文:谈谈新闻工作者的职业操守。
(100 分)新闻理论方向、实务方向新闻理论:试述你对新闻理论的创新的认识的建议。
(100 分)新闻实务:11 你认为记者工作有哪些优势和劣势? 根据这些特点,新闻记者应该加强那些自身修养? (50 分)21 在现代新闻传播活动中,新闻报道的独家特色可以从那些方面表现出来? 你认为新闻编辑在创造新闻报道的独家特色方面应该做些什么? (50 分)新闻学论文(加试) :谈谈新闻工作者的职业操守。
(100 分)新闻史(加试) :11 五四和建党时期有哪些有代表性的报刊? 它们在马克思主义的传播方面起过那些积极作用和影响? (50 分)21 简论邹韬奋和范长江对中国新闻事业的贡献。
(50 分)传播理论及实务方向传播理论:1. 分析妨害我国传播业发展的瓶颈性因素。
(50 分)2. 大众传播的全球化(globalization) 与地方化(localization) 的趋势及其背景。
(50 分)传播实务:11 请联系实际对下述观点进行评述:“有效的传播节目往往是大众传播与人际传通的结合”(《传播学的起源、研究与应用》) (50 分) 21 对新闻传播的娱乐化的思考。
(50 分)传播史(加试) :11 论述无产阶级新闻事业产生发展的社会历史条件、主要特征及其颤进过程。
(50 分)21 论述20 世界最后10 年西方国家新闻传播业呈现的特征及其发展趋势。
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中国人民大学金融学考博专业课试题
2006年
经济学
1．运用内外均衡理论分析我国巨额外贸顺差对国民经济的影响。
（35’）
2．从市场结构或市场组织类型的角度分析如何提高我国国有企业的经济效率。
（35’）
3．试论述新凯恩斯主义对“挤出效应”的看法，并结合我国的实际谈谈它的实用性。
（30’）
金融学
1．根据汇率机制形成理论，阐述当前人民币汇率形成机制改革及其对中国金融业的影响。
（40’）
2．试从金融开放和稳定关系的角度，评述国际商业银行大规模入股中资银行后的积极意义及其风险。
（30’）
3．试论述中国股权分置改革的理论依据及其对中国资本市场发展的预期。
（30’）2007年
经济学
1．为什么发展社会主义市场经济仍需要政府的适当干预？（35’）
2．试论述国民收入的核算方法并说明绿色GDP的意义。
（35’）
3．你如何认识中美之间的贸易不平衡及贸易摩擦？（30’）
金融学
1．试阐明外汇收支与国内货币供应的内在联系机制，并评述我国当前外汇收支对人民币货币供给的影响，应如何协调好外汇政策与货币政策？（30’）2．论述在我国建立和谐社会过程中商业银行在农村金融体系中的地位，你认为应如何发挥商业银行在支持农村经济发展中的积极作用？（30’）
3．有观点认为，中国资本市场必须进行战略转型，作为战略转型的重要步骤，在海外上市的大型国有（控股）企业正在回归A股，请对以下两点进行分析：（1）海外上市的大型国有（控股）企业回归A股对中国资本市场发展的战略意义；
（2）从资金供给角度看，如何实现市场供求的动态平衡？（40’）
2008年
经济学
1．根据经济学理论，分析解决环境污染问题的途径及我国应有的对策。
（30’）2．改革开放以来，我国经济长期保持高速增长的势头。
试从宏观经济学的角度分析要保持这种高增长势头需要具备哪些条件。
（35’）
3．阐述现代经济学流派对通货膨胀问题的看法及其对我国治理通货膨胀的启示。
（35’）
金融学
1．结合中国实践，比较评述货币政策传导机制的“凯恩斯主义观点”和“信贷观点”。
（40’）
2．试分析美国次贷危机的成因、机制以及对中国金融业的影响。
（30’）
3．结合IPO定价原理，分析中国A股IPO高溢价的成因、影响，并谈谈你对有关新股发行制度改革的建议。
（30’）
2009年（回忆版）
经济学
1．阐述现代经济周期理论，并用这些理论解释本次世界经济危机以及中国应对经济危机的策略。
（40’）
2．分析新古典主义和新凯恩斯主义理论异同。
（35’）
3．解释自然垄断，并分析政府应对自然垄断的政策及其效果。
（35’）
金融学
1．阐述金融危机理论，并谈谈你对此次全球金融危机的看法和危机对中国的影响。
（40’）
2．试论述美国商业银行国有化。
（35’）
3．分析中国资本市场存在的问题，并针对问题提出你的解决方法。
（35’）2010年
经济综合：
1、短期和长期菲利普斯曲线，和各自政策含义
2、内生经济理论，及政策含义
3、“囚徒理论”的含义，并阐述垄断合作的不确定性
金融综合：
1、股指期货对资本市场的影响
2、试分析我国信贷周期对资产价格波动的影响
3、试论述国际货币新体系中的中国地位。