Modeling of dynamic material behavior in hot deformation Forging of Ti-6242
NiTi形状记忆合金热变形行为及加工图
NiTi形状记忆合金热变形行为及加工图陈强;王克鲁;鲁世强;李鑫【摘要】目的应用Gleeble 3500热模拟试验机,研究NiTi形状记忆合金在变形温度650~1000℃、应变速率0.001~10 s–1条件下的热变形行为,并基于动态材料模型构建合金的加工图.方法采用包含Arrhenius项的Z参数法建立该合金的本构关系数学模型,计算变形激活能,构建应变量为0.7和1.2时的加工图,并结合微观组织观察验证加工图预测结果的准确性.结果 NiTi合金热变形激活能Q为227.9 kJ/mol.根据加工图可知,所研究NiTi合金的失稳变形工艺参数范围分别为:650~930℃,0.1~10 s–1和930~1000℃,0.3~10 s–1,对应的失稳变形机制分别为局部流动和机械失稳;适宜的变形参数工艺范围为:750~800℃,0.01~0.03 s–1和850~900℃,0.01~0.03 s–1,对应的变形机制为动态再结晶.结论研究结果可为NiTi合金成形工艺制度的制定和优化提供理论依据.【期刊名称】《精密成形工程》【年(卷),期】2017(000)001【总页数】6页(P47-52)【关键词】NiTi形状记忆合金;热变形;本构方程;加工图【作者】陈强;王克鲁;鲁世强;李鑫【作者单位】南昌航空大学,南昌 330063;南昌航空大学,南昌 330063;南昌航空大学,南昌 330063;南昌航空大学,南昌 330063【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TG319NiTi形状记忆合金具有良好的形状记忆效应、超弹性等力学和物理特性，在航空航天领域具有广泛的应用前景[1—2]。
国内外一些学者已对NiTi合金的热变形行为进行了研究，如张伟红等学者采用温度700～1050 ℃、应变速率0.01～7.8 s–1的压缩实验，构建了50.7Ni-Ti(at.%)合金的Jonas型流变应力数学模型[3]；Aliakbar等学者采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜，研究了55Ni-Ti(at.%)合金热压缩后的组织演变规律，表明在应变速率0.1 s–1、温度900～1050 ℃范围时，其动态再结晶特征十分明显[4]；Jong等学者采用加工图和数值模拟方法，研究了55.5Ni-Ti(at.%)合金的塑性变形行为，认为应变速率0.01～0.1 s–1、温度825～875 ℃和950～1050 ℃区域为最佳的变形工艺参数范围[5]。
位错缠结英文术语
位错缠结英文术语Dislocation EntanglementDislocation is a fundamental concept in the field of materials science and solid mechanics, as it plays a crucial role in the understanding and prediction of the mechanical properties of materials. A dislocation is a linear defect in the crystalline structure of a material, where the atoms are arranged in a way that deviates from the perfect periodic arrangement. This deviation can significantly impact the material's behavior, including its strength, ductility, and resistance to deformation.One of the most fascinating and complex aspects of dislocations is their tendency to interact and form entangled structures, known as dislocation entanglement. This phenomenon occurs when multiple dislocations in a material become intertwined, creating a complex network that can have a profound impact on the material's properties.The study of dislocation entanglement is a topic of great interest in materials science, as it helps researchers understand the underlying mechanisms that govern the mechanical behavior of materials. Byunderstanding the nature of dislocation entanglement, scientists can develop new strategies for designing and engineering materials with improved performance characteristics.At the heart of dislocation entanglement is the concept of dislocation interactions. When two or more dislocations come into close proximity, they can begin to interact with each other, either through their stress fields or through direct physical contact. These interactions can lead to a variety of outcomes, including the formation of dislocation junctions, the annihilation of dislocations, or the creation of new dislocations.One of the most common forms of dislocation entanglement is the formation of dislocation tangles. Dislocation tangles are complex networks of dislocations that become intertwined, creating a dense and highly localized region of deformation within the material. These tangles can significantly impede the motion of dislocations, making it more difficult for the material to deform under stress.Another form of dislocation entanglement is the formation of dislocation cell structures. In this case, the dislocations arrange themselves into a regular, grid-like pattern, creating a series of enclosed regions or "cells" within the material. These cell structures can act as barriers to dislocation motion, effectively strengthening the material and increasing its resistance to deformation.The formation and evolution of dislocation entanglement is a highly complex and dynamic process, influenced by a variety of factors, including the material's composition, microstructure, and the applied stress or strain. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing accurate models and simulations of dislocation behavior, which can then be used to optimize the design and processing of materials.One of the key challenges in the study of dislocation entanglement is the difficulty in directly observing and characterizing these complex structures. Traditional microscopy techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), can provide valuable insights into the structure and arrangement of dislocations, but they are limited in their ability to capture the full complexity of dislocation entanglement.To overcome these challenges, researchers have turned to advanced computational techniques, such as molecular dynamics simulations and finite element analysis, to model the behavior of dislocations and their interactions. These computational approaches allow researchers to explore the dynamics of dislocation entanglement in a controlled and systematic manner, providing valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms that govern the material's mechanical properties.In addition to computational modeling, researchers are also exploring new experimental techniques, such as in-situ TEM and high-resolution X-ray diffraction, to directly observe the evolution of dislocation entanglement under various loading conditions. These advanced characterization methods are helping to bridge the gap between theory and experiment, enabling a more comprehensive understanding of dislocation behavior and its impact on material performance.The study of dislocation entanglement has far-reaching implications for a wide range of industries, from aerospace and automotive engineering to microelectronics and energy production. By understanding and controlling the behavior of dislocations, researchers can develop new materials with improved strength, ductility, and resistance to deformation, paving the way for the development of more efficient and reliable technologies.In conclusion, dislocation entanglement is a complex and fascinating phenomenon that continues to captivate the attention of materials scientists and solid mechanics researchers. Through a combination of advanced computational techniques, innovative experimental methods, and a deep understanding of the underlying physics, researchers are steadily unraveling the mysteries of dislocation entanglement, unlocking new possibilities for the design and engineering of high-performance materials.。
科技文献检索的意义及在科学选题中的作用-文献检索论文-图书档案学论文
科技文献检索的意义及在科学选题中的作用-文献检索论文-图书档案学论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——科技文献检索论文最新范文10篇之第七篇：科技文献检索的意义及在科学选题中的作用摘要：科研选题的关键是进行文献检索。
阐释了科技文献检索的意义及在科学选题中的作用，并通过实例介绍了文献检索的步骤。
研究发现，中国期刊网及重庆维普所容纳的文献数据库比万方数据库广泛，而万方数据的检索速度较快，数据库各有优缺点。
应尽可能查阅多个数据库资料，为科研选题服务。
关键词：文献检索；科研选题；数据库；课题分析；进行科研活动首先要确立研究题目、明确目的，接着才是相关文献检索，其次是进行文献综述、确立创新点，然后进行科学试验，分析试验现象和数据，探求科学本质。
因此，一切科研活动离不开科技文献的检索。
通过科技文献检索，一方面，可获得大量相关信息，最大限度地吸收前人的成功经验和失败教训，进行创新性、探索性的工作；另一方面，可使研究人员在尽可能高的层次上起步，并缩短研究周期，获得预期成果。
另外，还可以避免重复报道，提升论文质量[1].一科技文献检索在科研选题中的意义科研课题的选题是科学研究的重要组成部分和开始阶段，包括选题、论证、投标或审批、鉴订合同等几个环节，其关键是选题和论证两个环节[2].选题是进行科研活动首要的、必要的、关键的问题。
如要开发一个新项目，首先要收集大量的有关信息，借鉴他人的研究思路和成果。
正如牛顿所说：假如我比别人看得远一点，那是因为我站在巨人的肩膀上。
因此，开发一项课题之前，首先就要进行文献检索，了解别人在这方面做了哪些工作，是怎样做的，有何成果，存在哪些问题没解决，交叉学科的发展对研究这项课题提供了哪些有利条件。
只有通过相关文献检索才能使自己的研究能站在一个较高的起点上，正确地选好课题，制定科学的研究方案，防止重复研究并少走弯路。
二科技文献检索技巧一般来说，利用数据库进行文献检索要经过几个步骤：分析检索课题，确定检索词，选择检索系统及数据库，上机检索并调整检索词，输出检索结果。
牛鞭效应及其抑制方法
硕士学位论文
牛鞭效应及其抑制方法
姓名:***
申请学位级别:硕士
专业:控制理论与控制工程指导教师:***
20060101
东北大学硕士学位论文第五章改变传统供应链模式降低牛鞭效应
3.马士华.林勇.陈志祥供应链管理 2001
4.Bourland K.Powell S.Pyke D Exploiting timely demand information to reduce inventories[外文期刊] 1996
5.Cachon G P.Fisher M Supply chain inventory management and the value of shared information[外文期刊] 2000
25.Sterman J D Modeling managerial behavior:Misperceptions of feedback in a dynamic decision making experiment 1989(03)
26.Sterman J D Teaching takes off,fight simulators for management education 1992(05)
29.Kahn J Inventories and the volatility of production 1987
30.Eichenbaum M S Some empirical evidence on the production level and production cost smoothing models of inventory investment 1989(04)
50.Graves S C A single-item inventory model for a non-stationary demand process 1999(01)
Handbookofmaterialsbehaviormodels
HANDBOOK OF MATERIALS BEHAVIOR MODELSCONTENTSForeword(E.van der Giessen)Introduction(J.Lemaitre)Chapter1Background on mechanics of materialsChapter2Elasticity,viscoelasticityChapter3Yield limitChapter4PlasticityChapter5ViscoplasticityChapter6Continuous damageChapter7Cracking and fractureChapter8Friction and wearChapter9Multiphysics coupled behaviorsChapter10Composite medias,biomaterialsChapter11GeomaterialsCHAPTER1Background on mechanics of materials1.1Background on modelingJ.Lemaitreiii Contents1.2Materials and process selectionY.Brechet1.3Size effect on structural strengthZ.BazantCHAPTER2Elasticity,viscoelasticity2.1Introduction to elasticity and viscoelasticityJ.Lemaitre2.2Background on nonlinear elasticityR.W.Ogden2.3Elasticity of porous materialsN.D.Cristescu2.4Elastomer modelsR.W.Ogden2.5Background on ViscoelasticityK.Ikegami2.6A nonlinear viscoelastic model based onfluctuating modesR.Rahouadj,C.Cunat2.7Linear viscoelasticity with damageR.SchaperyCHAPTER3Yield limit3.1Introduction to yield limitsJ.Lemaitre3.2Background on isotropic criteriaD.Drucker3.3Yield loci based on crystallographic textureP.Van HoutteContents iii3.4Anisotropic yield conditionsM.Zyczkowski3.5Distortional model of plastic hardeningT.Kurtyka3.6A generalised limit criterion with application tostrength,yielding and damage of isotropic materialsH.Altenbach3.7Yield conditions in beams,plates and shellsD.DruckerCHAPTER4Plasticity4.1Introduction to plasticityJ.Lemaitre4.2Elastoplasticity of metallic polycrystals by theself-consistent modelM.Berveiller4.3Anisotropic elasto-plastic model based oncrystallographic textureA.M.Habraken,L.Ducheˆne,A.Godinas,S.Cescotto4.4Cyclic plasticity model with non-linear isotropicand kinematic hardening-No LIKH modelD.Marquis4.5Multisurface hardening model for monotonic andcyclic response of metalsZ.Mroz4.6Kinematic hardening rule with critical state ofdynamic recoveryN.Ohno4.7Kinematic hardening rule for biaxial ratchettingH.Ishikawa,K.Sasaki4.8Plasticity in large deformationsY.F.Dafalias4.9Plasticity of polymersJ.M.Haudin,B.Monasse4.10Rational phenomenology in dynamic plasticityJ.R.Klepaczko4.11Conditions for localization in plasticity andrate-independent materialsA.Benallal4.12An introduction to gradient plasticityE.C.AifantisCHAPTER5Viscoplasticity5.1Introduction to viscoplasticityJ.Lemaitre5.2A phenomenological anisotropic creep model forcubic single crystalsBertram,J.Olschewski5.3Crystalline viscoplasticity applied to single crystalG.Cailletaud5.4Averaging of viscoplastic polycristalline materialswith the tangent self-consistent modelA.Molinari5.5Fraction models for inelastic deformationJ.F.Besseling5.6Inelastic compressible and incompressible,isotropic,small strain viscoplasticity theory basedon overstress(VBO)E.Krempl,K.Ho5.7An outline of the Bodner-Partom(BP)unifiedconstitutive equations for elastic-viscoplastic behaviorS.Bodner5.8Unified model of cyclic viscoplasticity based on thenon-linear kinematic hardening ruleJ.L.Chaboche5.9A model of non-proportional cyclic viscoplasticityE.T anaka5.10Rate-dependent elastoplastic constitutive relationsF.Ellyin5.11Physically-based rate and temperature dependantconstitutive models for metalsS.Nemat-Nasser5.12Elastic-viscoplastic deformation of polymersE.M.Arruda,M.BoyceCHAPTER6Continuous damage6.1Introduction to continuous damageJ.Lemaitre6.2Damage equivalent stress-fracture criterionJ.Lemaitre6.3Micromechanically inspired continuous models ofbrittle damageD.Krajcinovic6.4Anisotropic damageC.L.Chow,Y.Wei6.5Modified Gurson modelergaard,A.Needleman6.6The Rousselier Model for porous metal plasticityand ductile fractureG.Rousselier6.7Model of anisotropic creep damageS.Murakami6.8Multiaxial fatigue damage criteriaD.Sauci6.9Multiaxial fatigue criteria based on amultiscale approachK.Dang Van6.10A probabilistic approach to fracture in highcycle fatigueF.Hild6.11Gigacycle fatigue regimeC.Bathias6.12Damage mechanisms in amorphous glassypolymers:crazingR.Schirrer6.13Damage models for concreteG.Pijaudier-Cabot,J.Mazars6.14Isotropic and anisotropic damage law of evolutionJ.Lemaitre,R.Desmorat6.15A two scale damage model for quasi brittle andfatigue damageR.Desmorat,J.LemaitreCHAPTER7Cracking and fracture7.1Introduction to cracking and fractureJ.Lemaitre7.2Bridges between damage and fracture mechanicsJ.Mazars,G.Pijaudier-Cabot7.3Background on fracture mechanicsH.D.Bui,J.B.Leblond,N.Stalin-Muller7.4Probabilistic approach to fracture:the Weibull modelF.Hild7.5Brittle fractureD.Franc¸ois7.6Sliding crack modelD.GrossContents vii7.7Delamination of coatingsH.M.Jensen7.8Ductile rupture integrating inhomogeneitiesin materialsJ.Besson,A.Pineau7.9Creep crack growth behavior in creep ductile andbrittle materialsT.Yokobori Jr.7.10Critical review on fatigue crack growthT.Yokobori7.11Assessment of fatigue damage on the basis ofnon-linear compliance effectsH.Mughrabi7.12Damage mechanics modelling of fatiguecrack growthX.Zhang,J.Zhao7.13Dynamic fractureW.G.Knauss7.14Practical applications of fracture mechanics-fracture controlD.BroekCHAPTER8Friction and wear8.1Introduction to friction and wearJ.Lemaitre8.2Background on friction and wearY.Berthier8.3Models of frictionA.Savkoor8.4Friction in lubricated contactsJ.Freˆne,T.Ciconeviii Contents 8.5A thermodynamic analysis of the contact interfacein wear mechanicsH.D.Bui,M.Dragon-louiset,C.Stolz8.6Constitutive models and numerical methods forfrictional contactM.Raous8.7Physical models of wear,prediction of wear modesK.KatoCHAPTER9Multiphysics coupled behaviors9.1Introduction to multiphysics coupled behaviorJ.Lemaitre9.2Elastoplasticity and viscoplasticity coupledto damageA.Benallal9.3A fully anisotropic elasto-plastic-damage modelS.Cescotto,M.Wauters,A.M.Habraken,Y.Zhu9.4Model of inelastic behavior coupled to damageG.Z.Voyiadjis9.5Thermo-elasto-viscoplasticity and damageP.Perzyna9.6High temperature creep-deformation andrupture modelsD.R.Hayhurst9.7A coupled diffusion-viscoplastic formulation foroxidasing multi-phase materialsE.P.Busso9.8Hydrogen attackE.van der Giessen,S.Schlo¨gl9.9Hydrogen transport and interaction with materialdeformation:implications for fractureP.Sofronis9.10Unified disturbed state constitutive modelsC.S.Desai9.11Coupling of stress/strain,thermal andmetallurgical behaviorsT.Inoue9.12Models for stress-phase transformation couplingsin metallic alloysS.Denis,P.Archambault,E.Gautier9.13Elastoplasticity coupled with phase changesF.D.Fisher9.14Mechanical behavior of steels during solid-solidphase transformationsJ.B.Leblond9.15Constitutive equations of shape memory alloyunder complex loading conditionsM.T okuda9.16Elasticity coupled with magnetismR.Billardon,L.Hirsinger,F.Ossart9.17Physical ageing and glass transition of polymersR.Rahouadj,C.CunatCHAPTER10Composite media,biomechanics10.1Introduction to composite mediaJ.Lemaitre10.2Background on micromechanicsE.van der Giessen10.3Non linear composites-secant methods andvariational boundsP.Suquet10.4Non local micromechanical modelsJ.Willis10.5Transformationfield analysis of composite materialsG.Dvorak10.6A damage mesomodel of laminate compositesdeve`ze10.7Behavior of ceramix-matrix composites underthermomechanical cyclic loading conditionsF.A.Leckie,A.Burr,F.Hild10.8Limit and shakedown analysis of periodicheterogeneous mediaG.Maier,V.Carvelli,A.T aliercio10.9Flow induced anisotropy in shortfiberscompositesA.Poitou,F.Meslin10.10Elastic poperties of bone tissueG.A.Cowing10.11Bimechanics of soft tissueS.C.HolzapfelCHAPTER11Geomaterials11.1Introduction to geomaterialsJ.Lemaitre11.2Background of the behaviour of geomaterialsF.Darve11.3Models for geomaterialsN.D.Cristescu11.4Behaviour of granular materialsI.Vardoulakis11.5Micromechanically-based constitutive model forfrictional granular materialsS.Nemat-NasserContents xi11.6Linear poroelasticityJ.W.Rudnicki11.7Non linear poroelasticity for liquid non saturatedporous materialsO.Coussy,P.Dangla11.8An elastoplastic constitutive model for partiallysaturated soilsB.A.Schreffler,L.Simoni11.9Sinfonietta classica a strain-hardening model forsoils and soft rocksR.Nova11.10A generalized plasticity model for dynamicbehaviour of sand including liquefactionM.Pastor,O.C.Zienkiewicz,A.H.C.Chan11.11A critical state bounding surface model for sandsM.T.Manzari,Y.F.Dafalias11.12Lattice model for fracture analysis of brittledisordered materials like concrete and rockJ.G.M.van Mier。
410不锈钢的热变形行为及热加工图
《大型铸锻件》HEAVY CASTINGANDFORGINGNo. 1January 2021f 材料与热处理1410不锈钢的热变形行为及热加工图刘娟］崔明亮1高蕾］杨希］陈雷2金淼2（1.中国第二重型机械集团德阳万航模锻有限责任公司,四川618000；2,燕山大学，河北066004）摘要:通过对410不锈钢进行热压缩试验,分析了不同变形温度及变形速率对应力应变曲线的影响，并以 此为基础构建了本构方程及热加工图。
发现相同应变速率的真应力应变曲线，温度越大,真应力越小。
不同应 变速率的流变曲线,低应变速率下，应力达到峰值后，将出现下降趋势;而高应变速率下，应力将一直升高，直到 达到最大应变量时达到最高。
分析热加工图发现在较高的变形温度及较大的应变速率下，材料可加工性能较 好。
关键词：410钢;本构方程;热加工图中图分类号:TG316 文献标志码:BThermal Deformation Behavior and Hot Working Drawing of 410 Stainles s SteelLiu Juan , Cui Mingliang , Gao Lei , Yang Xi , Chen Lei , Jin MiaoAbstracS : Based on the thermal compression test of 410 stainless steel, the inOuence of different deformation temperatura and deformation rate on the stress-strain curve has been analyzed, and the constitutive equation and hot working diagram have be e n ccnstructed. Foa the true stress-strain curve with the same strain rate , the laraea the temperature, the smaller the true stress. Foa the rheological curve of different strain rates , at lowstrain rate , when the stress reaches the peak velue , there will be a downward trend , while at high strain rate , the stress will continue to rise until the maximum strain is reached. It has been found that the machinability of the material is bettea at highea deformation temperature and higher strain rate.Key words : 410 steel ； constitutive equation ； hot working diagram现今不锈钢的应用十分广泛，有的侧重于应用其力学性能，如桥梁、高速公路、隧道等,有的侧 重于应用其耐腐蚀性能,如石油、给水、排水处理装置及船底材料等⑴（其中,在石油行业中,410 不锈钢在重要零件阀体中得到了大量应用，而管道连接所采用的阀体通常使用锻造成形。
Mechanical Behavior of Materials
Mechanical Behavior of Materials The mechanical behavior of materials is a fascinating and complex field that explores how materials respond to various forces and environments. This discipline is crucial for understanding the performance and durability of materials in engineering applications, ranging from the construction of buildings and bridges to the design of aircraft and spacecraft. By delving into the mechanical behavior of materials, engineers and scientists can develop innovative materials with enhanced properties and performance, ultimately driving technological advancements and improving the quality of life for people around the world. The study of mechanical behavior of materials has a rich historical background that dates back to ancient civilizations. Early civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans utilized materials like stone, wood, and metal for construction and toolmaking, laying the foundation for the understanding of material properties and behavior. Over time, advancements in metallurgy, materials science, and mechanical engineering have contributed to a deeper understanding of how materials deform, fracture, and withstand different types of stress. For example, the Industrial Revolution spurred significant developments in materials processing and manufacturing techniques, leading to the widespread use of steel, iron, and other metals in various industries. From a scientific perspective, the mechanical behavior of materials is often viewed through different theoretical frameworks and models. For instance, the study of materials at the atomic and molecular level has given rise to theories such as dislocation theory, which explains the movement of defects in crystalline structures. Additionally, continuum mechanics provides a macroscopic approach to understanding material behavior, focusing on concepts like stress, strain, and elasticity. These diverse perspectives offer valuable insights into the mechanical properties of materials, enabling researchers to develop predictive models and simulation tools for engineering applications. Toillustrate the significance of mechanical behavior of materials, consider the case of aerospace engineering. The design and manufacturing of aircraft and spacecraft demand materials that can withstand extreme temperatures, pressures, and dynamic loads. By studying the mechanical behavior of materials, engineers can identify suitable materials for aerospace applications, ensuring the safety and reliabilityof vehicles that operate in challenging environments. Furthermore, advancements in materials science have led to the development of high-strength, lightweight composites that offer superior mechanical properties, contributing to theefficiency and performance of aerospace systems. Despite its numerous benefits, the study of mechanical behavior of materials also presents certain drawbacks and challenges. One common issue is the complexity of material behavior under real-world conditions, which can be influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity, and environmental degradation. Additionally, the characterization and testing of materials for mechanical properties can be time-consuming and costly, particularly when dealing with novel materials or advanced manufacturing techniques. Moreover, the design and optimization of materials for specific applications require a deep understanding of material behavior, posing a significant challenge for engineers and researchers. Looking ahead, the future implications of the mechanicalbehavior of materials are vast and promising. As technology continues to advance, there is a growing need for materials with tailored properties, such as enhanced strength, durability, and environmental sustainability. By leveraging insightsfrom the mechanical behavior of materials, scientists and engineers can develop innovative materials for renewable energy technologies, medical devices, and infrastructure systems. Furthermore, the integration of computational tools and artificial intelligence in materials research holds great potential for accelerating the discovery and design of advanced materials with unprecedented mechanical properties. In conclusion, the mechanical behavior of materials is a pivotal area of study with far-reaching implications for various industries and scientific disciplines. By delving into the historical development, different perspectives, case studies, and critical evaluation of this topic, it becomes evident that the study of material behavior is essential for advancing technology and addressing global challenges. As we look to the future, continued research and innovation in the field of mechanical behavior of materials will undoubtedly pave the way for transformative advancements in materials science and engineering, shaping the world we live in.。
3D Modeling of kinematic and dynamic ruptures in anisotropic media
3D Modeling of kinematic and dynamic ruptures inanisotropic mediaG. Brietzke1, H. Igel1, Y. Ben−Zion2,Ludwig−Maximilians−Universität, München, Germany1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA2We study the behavior of expanding sources and their radiated wave fields in the context of fault zone typical velocity structures and anisotropy(due to cracking)in the surrounding material.We solve the set of elasto−dynamic equations for the three−dimensional anisotropic case [2] using standard finite difference scheme.Fault zones are thought to consist of a narrow zone of reduced seismic velocities and considerable material anisotropy due to aligned cracks and fractures.In this study we focus on two questions:How does material anisotropy in the fault zone effect the radiated wave field of expanding directed sources,and how does dynamic rupture propagation interact with the anisotropic media and reduced seismic velocity in the fault zone.We start with a simple kinematic rupture propagation to search for robust signals in the recorded seismograms and try to classify the effects caused by anisotropy,by velocity variations and by geometry and size of the fault.The dynamic behavior of seismic rupture processes is controlled by a more complex interaction between pre−existing stress distributions,assumed friction law and the feedback of the radiated wave field.We apply simple slip and slip−rate weakening friction at the fault zone boundary using stress glut method[1].We study how the anisotropic medium effects the dynamics of the rupture and the recorded seismograms by comparison to the isotropic medium and the kinematic models.[1] D.J.Andrews,1999,Test of two methods for faulting in finite−difference calculations. BSSA, 89(4):931−937, 1999.[2]H.Igel,P.Mora,and B.Riollet.Anisotropic wave propagation through finite difference grids. Geophysics, 60(4):1203−1216, 1995.。
纯电动汽车动力性匹配设计与模型仿真
Modeling and Simulation 建模与仿真, 2020, 9(3), 357-366Published Online August 2020 in Hans. /journal/moshttps:///10.12677/mos.2020.93036Dynamic Matching Design and ModelSimulation of Pure Electric VehicleWentao Zhang, Li Ye, Zhijun Zhang, Huan Ye, Mengya ZhangSchool of Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, ShanghaiReceived: Aug. 6th, 2020; accepted: Aug. 20th, 2020; published: Aug. 27th, 2020AbstractBased on the selection of basic vehicle parameters and the determination of performance indica-tors, this paper carries out the design matching of dynamic performance parameters of pure elec-tric vehicles. Then, a pure electric vehicle dynamic simulation model is established by vehicle si-mulation software, and the vehicle dynamic performance index is simulated and analyzed by in-putting relevant parameters. Finally, the rationality of simulation model and parameter matching is verified by real car test. This study can provide theoretical basis for the matching design of var-ious systems in the initial stage of pure electric vehicles, carry out range and performance test evaluation of vehicle performance, and provide reference for the analysis of dynamic performance and economic index of pure electric vehicles.KeywordsPure Electric Vehicle, Parameter Design Matching, Vehicle Power Model, Simulation Analysis纯电动汽车动力性匹配设计与模型仿真张文韬，叶立，张志军，叶欢，张梦伢上海理工大学动力工程学院，上海收稿日期：2020年8月6日；录用日期：2020年8月20日；发布日期：2020年8月27日摘要本文基于对整车基本参数的选取与性能指标的确定，进行了纯电动汽车动力性能参数的设计匹配。
水环境中重金属的存在形态和迁移转化规律综述_王霞
・监测与分析・水环境中重金属的存在形态和迁移转化规律综述Discussion on the existing form s and m igration and transform ationlaws of h eavy m etals in the water environm ent王 霞 仇启善(包头市环境监测站 包头,010430)摘要 本文综述水环境中重金属的存在形态和污染特征以及迁移转化规律的研究概况。
水体中重金属颗粒态的存在形态分为离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁氧结合态、有机质和硫化物结合态和残渣态。
重金属形态和生物效应有关。
对重金属在水体中迁移和转化规律及其过程的动力学水质模型的建立进行了论述。
关键词:重金属 存在形态 迁移转化 水质模型Abstract T he paper summurized the studys on t he ex isting for ms and migr ation and transfor mation law of heav y meta ls in the w ater env ir onment,a nd discussed the establishment of dynamic w ater quality model.Key words:heavy metal existing form migration and transform ation water quali ty model1 序言重金属污染物在环境中的含量、分布、存在形态、迁移转化、生物效应以及防治对策都引起人们关注。
随着工农业的发展,大量污染物(包括重金属)排入江、河、湖、海,使水体遭受到不同程度的重金属污染。
为控制和防治河流污染,保护人类生存环境,国外早已开展了大量研究工作;我国从八十年代开始,普遍开展了这方面的研究。
本文主要对国内水环境中重金属污染研究状况进行综述〔1〕〔2〕。
(完整版)生态学(双语)专业英语单词
K-对策者 K-strategistisn维超体积资源空间 n—dimensional hyper—volume n维生态位 n—dimensional nicheRaunkiaer定律 Law of Frequencyr-对策者 r—strategistis奥陶纪 Ordovician period白垩土草地 chalk grassland斑块 patch斑块性 patchiness斑块性种群 patchy population半荒漠 semi—desert半矩阵或星系图 constellation diagrams伴生种 companion species饱和密度 saturation density饱和期 asymptotic phase保护哲学 conservation philosophy北方针叶林 northern conifer forest被动取样假说 passive sampling hypothesis本能 instinct本能行为 instinctive behavior避敌 avoiding predator边缘效应 edge effect变异性 variability标志重捕法 mark recapture methods标准频度图解 frequency diagram表现型适应 phenotypic adaptation并行的 simultaneous并行同源 paralogy捕食 predation不重叠的 non-overlapping残存斑块 remnant patch残余廊道 remnant corridor操作性条件作用 operant conditioning草原生态系统 grassland system层次性结构 hierachical structure产卵和取食促进剂 oviposition and feeding stimulant 产业生态学 industry ecology长日照植物 long day plant超体积生态位 hyper—volume niche成本外摊 externalized cost程序化死亡 programmed cell death尺度效应 scaling effect抽彩式竞争 competive lottery臭氧层破坏 ozone layer destruction出生率 natality或birth rate初级生产 primary production初级生产力 primary productivity初级生产者 primary producer传感器 sensor串行的 serial垂直结构 vertical structure春化 vernalization次级生产 secondary production次级生产力 secondary productivity次生演替 secondary successon粗密度 crude density存活曲线 survival curve存活值 survival value存在度 presence搭载效应 hitchhiking effect大陆—岛屿型复合种群 mainland—island metapopulation 带状廊道 strip corridor单联 single linkage单体生物 unitary organism单位努力捕获量 catch per unit effort单元的 monothetic淡水生态系统 fresh water ecosystem氮循环 nitrogen cycling等级（系统）理论 hierarchy theory等级的 hierarchical底内动物 infauna底栖动物 benthos地表火 surface fire地带性生物群落 biome地理信息系统 geographic information system地面芽植物 hemicryptophytes地上芽植物 chamaephytes地植物学 geobotany第三纪 Tetiary period第四纪 Quaternary period点突变 genic mutation或point mutation电荷耦合器 charge coupled device, CCD顶极阶段 climax stage顶极群落 climax community顶极种 climax species动态率模型 dynamic pool model动态平衡理论 dynamic equilibrium theory动态生命表 dynamic life table动物痕迹的计数 counts of animal signs动物计数 counts of animals冻原 tundra短日照植物 short day plant断层 gaps多波段光谱扫描仪 multichannel spectrum scanner, MSS 多度 abundance多样化 variety多元的 poly thetic厄尔尼诺El Nino反馈feedback反射reflex泛化种generalist防卫行为defennce behavior访花昆虫flower visitor非等级的non-hierarchical非空间模型non—spatial model非内稳态生物non-homeostatic organism非平衡态复合种群nonequilibrium metapopulation非平衡态跟踪生境复合种群nonequilibrium habitat—tracking metapopulation非平衡态下降复合种群nonequilibrium declining metapopulation非生态位non-niche非生物环境physical environment非线性关系nonlinear分布dispersion分解者decomposer分支过程branching process分子分类学molecular taxonomy分子进化的中性理论the neutral theory of molecular evolution分子生态学molecular ecology分子系统学molecular systematics浮游动物plankton负反馈negative feedback）负荷量carrying capacity负相互作用negative interaction负选择negative selection附底动物epifauna复合种群metapopulation富营养化现象eutrohication改良relamation盖度coverage盖度比cover ratio干扰disturbance干扰斑块disturbance patch干扰廊道disturbance corridor干扰作用interference高度height高斯假说Coarse's hypothesis高斯理论Coarse’s theory高位芽植物phanerophytes格林威尔造山运动Grenville Orogenesis 个体individual个体论概念individualistic concept更新renewal功能生态位functional niche攻击行为aggressive behavior构件modules构件生物modular organism关键种keystone species关联系数association coefficients光饱和点light saturation point光补偿点light compensation point光周期photoperiod过滤器filter哈德-温伯格原理Hardy-Weinberg principle 海洋生态系统Ocean ecosytem寒武纪Cambrian period旱生植物siccocolous河流廊道river corridor恒有度contancy红树林mangrove呼吸量respiration互利mutualism互利素synomone互利作用synomonal化感作用allelopathy化学防御chemical defence化学生态学chemical ecology化学物质allelochemicals化学隐藏chemocryptic划分的divisive环境environment环境伦理学environmental ethics环境容纳量environmental carryin capacity环境资源斑块environmental resource patch环境资源廊道environmental resource corridor 荒漠desert荒漠化desertification荒漠生态系统desert ecosystem黄化现象eitiolation phenomenon恢复生态学restoration ecology混沌学chaos混合型mixed type活动库exchange pool获得性行为acquired behavior机体论学派organismic school基础生态位Fundamental niche基质matrix极点排序法polar ordination集群型clumped寄生parasitism加速期accelerating phase价值value价值流value flow间接排序indirect ordination间接梯度分析indirect gradiant analysis减速期decelerating phase简单聚合法lumping碱性植物alkaline soil plant建群种constructive species接触化学感觉contact chemoreception解磷菌或溶磷菌Phosphate—solubiIizing Microorganisms, PSM 进化适应evolutionary adaptation经典型复合种群classic metapopulation经济密度economic density景观landscape景观格局landscape patten景观过程模型process based landscape model景观结构landscape structure景观空间动态模型spatial dynamic landscape model景观生态学landscape ecology净初级生产量net primary production竞争competition竞争排斥原理competition exclusion principle静态生命表static life table局部种群local population距离效应distance effect聚合的agglomerative均匀型uniform菌根mycorrhiza抗毒素phytoalexins可持续发展sustainable development 空间结构spatial structure空间模型spatial model空间生态位spatial niche空间异质性spatial heterogeneity 库pool矿产资源mineral resources廊道corridor离散性discrete利己素allomone利己作用allomona利他行为altruism利他作用kairomonal连续体continuum联想学习associative learning猎食行为hunting behavior林冠火crown fire磷循环phosphorus cycling零假说null hypothesis领悟学习insight learning领域性territoriality流flow绿色核算green accounting逻辑斯谛方程logistic equation铆钉假说Rivet hypothesis密度density密度比density ratio密度制约死亡density－dependent mortality 面积效应area effect灭绝extinction铭记imprinting模拟hametic模型modeling牧食食物链grazing food chain内禀增长率intrinsic rate of increase内稳态homeostasis内稳态生物homeostatic organisms内源性endogenous内在的intrinsic耐阴植物shade－enduring plants能量分配原则principle of energy allocation 能量流动energy flow能源资源energy resources能值emergy泥盆纪Devonian period拟寄生parasitoidism逆分析inverse analysis年龄分布age distribution年龄结构age structure年龄性别锥体age—sex pyramid年龄锥体age pyramids偶见种rare species排序ordination配额quota配偶选择mate selection偏害amensalism偏利commensalism频度frequency平衡选择balancing selection平台plantform平行进化parallel evolution栖息地habitat期望值外推法extrapolation by expected value 气候驯化acclimatisation器官organs亲本投资parental investment亲族选择kin selection趋光性phototaxis趋化性chemotaxis趋同进化convergent evolution趋性taxis趋异进化divergent evolution趋异适应radiation adaptation取食促进剂oviposition and feeding stimulant 取样调查法sampling methods去除取样法removal sampling全联法complete linkage全球global全球变暖global warnning全球定位系统global Positioning System全球生态学global ecology确限度fidelity群丛association群丛单位理论association unit theory群丛组association group群落community群落的垂直结构vertical structure群落生态学community ecology群落水平格局horizontal pattern群落外貌physiognomy群落演替succession群系formation群系组formation group热带旱生林tropical dry forest热带季雨林tropical seasonal rainforest热带稀树草原tropical savanna热带雨林tropical rainforest热力学第二定律second law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律first law of thermodynamics 人工斑块introduced patch人工廊道introduced corridor人口调查法cencus technique人口统计学human demography日中性植物day neutral plant冗余redundancy冗余种假说Redundancy species hypothesis三叠纪Triassic period森林生态系统forest ecosystem熵值entropy value上渐线upper asymptotic社会性防卫行为defence behavior社会优势等级dominance hierarchy摄食行为feed behavior生活史life history生活史对策life history strategy生活小区biotope生活型life form生活周期life cycle生境habitat生境多样性假说habitat diversity hypothesis 生理出生率physiological natality生理死亡率physiological mortality生命表life table生态出生率ecological natality生态对策bionomic strategy生态反作用ecological reaction生态幅ecological amplitude生态工程ecological engineering生态工业ecological industry生态规划ecological planning生态恢复ecological restoration生态经济ecological economics生态旅游ecotourism生态密度ecological density生态农业ecological agriculture生态入侵ecological invasion生态设计ecological design生态适应ecological adaptation生态死亡率ecological mortality生态位niche生态位宽度niche breadth生态位相似性比例niche proportional similarity 生态位重叠niche overlap生态文明ecological civilization生态系统ecosystem生态系统产品ecosystem goods生态系统多样性ecosystem diversity生态系统服务ecosystem service生态系统生态学ecosystem ecology生态系统学ecosystemology生态型ecotype生态学ecology生态因子ecological factor生态元ecological unit生态作用ecological effect生物organism生物地球化学循环biogecochemical cycle生物多样性biodiversity生物量biomass生物潜能biotic potential生物群落biotic community,biome生物群落演替succession生殖潜能reproductive potential剩余空间residual space失共生aposymbiosis湿地wetland湿地生态系统wetland ecosystem湿地植物hygrophyte时间结构temporal structure实际出生率realized natality实际死亡率realized mortality食草动物herbivores食肉动物carnivores食物链food chain食物网food wed矢量vector适合度fitness适应辐射adaptive radiation适应值adaptive value适应组合adaptive suites收获理论harvest theory收益外泄externalized profit衰退型种群contracting population 水平格局horizontal pattern水土流失soil and water erosion 水循环water cycling瞬时增长率instantaneous rate死亡率mortality & death rate松散垂直耦连loose vertical coupling松散水平耦连loose horizontal coupling溯祖过程coalescent process溯祖理论coalescent theory酸性土理论acid soil plant酸雨acid rain随机型random碎屑食物链detritus food chainK-对策者K—strategistisn维超体积资源空间n-dimensional hyper—volume n维生态位n—dimensional nicheRaunkiaer定律Law of Frequencyr—对策者r-strategistis奥陶纪Ordovician period白垩土草地chalk grassland斑块patch斑块性patchiness斑块性种群patchy population半荒漠semi-desert半矩阵或星系图constellation diagrams伴生种companion species饱和密度saturation density饱和期asymptotic phase保护哲学conservation philosophy北方针叶林northern conifer forest被动取样假说passive sampling hypothesis本能instinct本能行为instinctive behavior避敌avoiding predator边缘效应edge effect变异性variability标志重捕法mark recapture methods标准频度图解frequency diagram表现型适应phenotypic adaptation并行的simultaneous并行同源paralogy捕食predation不重叠的non—overlapping残存斑块remnant patch残余廊道remnant corridor操作性条件作用operant conditioning草原生态系统grassland system层次性结构hierachical structure产卵和取食促进剂oviposition and feeding stimulant 产业生态学industry ecology长日照植物long day plant超体积生态位hyper—volume niche成本外摊externalized cost程序化死亡programmed cell death尺度效应scaling effect抽彩式竞争competive lottery臭氧层破坏ozone layer destruction出生率natality或birth rate初级生产primary production初级生产力primary productivity初级生产者primary producer传感器sensor串行的serial垂直结构vertical structure春化vernalization次级生产secondary production次级生产力secondary productivity次生演替secondary successon粗密度crude density存活曲线survival curve存活值survival value存在度presence搭载效应hitchhiking effect大陆—岛屿型复合种群mainland-island metapopulation 带状廊道strip corridor单联single linkage单体生物unitary organism单位努力捕获量catch per unit effort单元的monothetic淡水生态系统fresh water ecosystem氮循环nitrogen cycling等级(系统)理论hierarchy theory等级的hierarchical底内动物infauna底栖动物benthos地表火surface fire地带性生物群落biome地理信息系统geographic information system 地面芽植物hemicryptophytes地上芽植物chamaephytes地植物学geobotany第三纪Tetiary period第四纪Quaternary period点突变genic mutation或point mutation电荷耦合器charge coupled device， CCD顶极阶段climax stage顶极群落climax community顶极种climax species动态率模型dynamic pool model动态平衡理论dynamic equilibrium theory动态生命表dynamic life table动物痕迹的计数counts of animal signs动物计数counts of animals冻原tundra短日照植物short day plant断层gaps多波段光谱扫描仪multichannel spectrum scanner， MSS多度abundance多样化variety多元的poly thetic厄尔尼诺El Nino反馈feedback反射reflex泛化种generalist防卫行为defennce behavior访花昆虫flower visitor非等级的non-hierarchical非空间模型non—spatial model非内稳态生物non-homeostatic organism非平衡态复合种群nonequilibrium metapopulation非平衡态跟踪生境复合种群nonequilibrium habitat—tracking metapopulation非平衡态下降复合种群nonequilibrium declining metapopulation非生态位non-niche非生物环境physical environment非线性关系nonlinear分布dispersion分解者decomposer分支过程branching process分子分类学molecular taxonomy分子进化的中性理论the neutral theory of molecular evolution 分子生态学molecular ecology分子系统学molecular systematics浮游动物plankton负反馈negative feedback）负荷量carrying capacity负相互作用negative interaction负选择negative selection附底动物epifauna复合种群metapopulation富营养化现象eutrohication改良relamation盖度coverage盖度比cover ratio干扰disturbance干扰斑块disturbance patch干扰廊道disturbance corridor干扰作用interference高度height高斯假说Coarse’s hypothes is高斯理论Coarse's theory高位芽植物phanerophytes格林威尔造山运动Grenville Orogenesis个体individual个体论概念individualistic concept更新renewal功能生态位functional niche攻击行为aggressive behavior构件modules构件生物modular organism关键种keystone species关联系数association coefficients光饱和点light saturation point光补偿点light compensation point光周期photoperiod过滤器filter哈德-温伯格原理Hardy—Weinberg principle 海洋生态系统Ocean ecosytem寒武纪Cambrian period旱生植物siccocolous河流廊道river corridor恒有度contancy红树林mangrove呼吸量respiration互利mutualism互利素synomone互利作用synomonal化感作用allelopathy化学防御chemical defence化学生态学chemical ecology化学物质allelochemicals化学隐藏chemocryptic划分的divisive环境environment环境伦理学environmental ethics环境容纳量environmental carryin capacity环境资源斑块environmental resource patch环境资源廊道environmental resource corridor 荒漠desert荒漠化desertification荒漠生态系统desert ecosystem黄化现象eitiolation phenomenon恢复生态学restoration ecology混沌学chaos混合型mixed type活动库exchange pool获得性行为acquired behavior机体论学派organismic school基础生态位Fundamental niche基质matrix极点排序法polar ordination集群型clumped寄生parasitism加速期accelerating phase价值value价值流value flow间接排序indirect ordination间接梯度分析indirect gradiant analysis减速期decelerating phase简单聚合法lumping碱性植物alkaline soil plant建群种constructive species接触化学感觉contact chemoreception解磷菌或溶磷菌Phosphate-solubiIizing Microorganisms， PSM 进化适应evolutionary adaptation经典型复合种群classic metapopulation经济密度economic density景观landscape景观格局landscape patten景观过程模型process based landscape model景观结构landscape structure景观空间动态模型spatial dynamic landscape model 景观生态学landscape ecology净初级生产量net primary production竞争competition竞争排斥原理competition exclusion principle静态生命表static life table局部种群local population距离效应distance effect聚合的agglomerative均匀型uniform菌根mycorrhiza抗毒素phytoalexins可持续发展sustainable development空间结构spatial structure空间模型spatial model空间生态位spatial niche空间异质性spatial heterogeneity库pool矿产资源mineral resources廊道corridor离散性discrete利己素allomone利己作用allomona利他行为altruism利他作用kairomonal连续体continuum联想学习associative learning猎食行为hunting behavior林冠火crown fire磷循环phosphorus cycling零假说null hypothesis领悟学习insight learning领域性territoriality流flow绿色核算green accounting逻辑斯谛方程logistic equation铆钉假说Rivet hypothesis密度density密度比density ratio密度制约死亡density－dependent mortality 面积效应area effect灭绝extinction铭记imprinting模拟hametic模型modeling牧食食物链grazing food chain内禀增长率intrinsic rate of increase内稳态homeostasis内稳态生物homeostatic organisms内源性endogenous内在的intrinsic耐阴植物shade－enduring plants能量分配原则principle of energy allocation 能量流动energy flow能源资源energy resources能值emergy泥盆纪Devonian period拟寄生parasitoidism逆分析inverse analysis年龄分布age distribution年龄结构age structure年龄性别锥体age-sex pyramid年龄锥体age pyramids偶见种rare species排序ordination配额quota配偶选择mate selection偏害amensalism偏利commensalism频度frequency平衡选择balancing selection平台plantform平行进化parallel evolution栖息地habitat期望值外推法extrapolation by expected value 气候驯化acclimatisation器官organs亲本投资parental investment亲族选择kin selection趋光性phototaxis趋化性chemotaxis趋同进化convergent evolution趋性taxis趋异进化divergent evolution趋异适应radiation adaptation取食促进剂oviposition and feeding stimulant 取样调查法sampling methods去除取样法removal sampling全联法complete linkage全球global全球变暖global warnning全球定位系统global Positioning System全球生态学global ecology确限度fidelity群丛association群丛单位理论association unit theory群丛组association group群落community群落的垂直结构vertical structure群落生态学community ecology群落水平格局horizontal pattern群落外貌physiognomy群落演替succession群系formation群系组formation group热带旱生林tropical dry forest热带季雨林tropical seasonal rainforest热带稀树草原tropical savanna热带雨林tropical rainforest热力学第二定律second law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律first law of thermodynamics 人工斑块introduced patch人工廊道introduced corridor人口调查法cencus technique人口统计学human demography日中性植物day neutral plant冗余redundancy冗余种假说Redundancy species hypothesis三叠纪Triassic period森林生态系统forest ecosystem熵值entropy value上渐线upper asymptotic社会性防卫行为defence behavior社会优势等级dominance hierarchy摄食行为feed behavior生活史life history生活史对策life history strategy生活小区biotope生活型life form生活周期life cycle生境habitat生境多样性假说habitat diversity hypothesis 生理出生率physiological natality生理死亡率physiological mortality生命表life table生态出生率ecological natality生态对策bionomic strategy生态反作用ecological reaction生态幅ecological amplitude生态工程ecological engineering生态工业ecological industry生态规划ecological planning生态恢复ecological restoration生态经济ecological economics生态旅游ecotourism生态密度ecological density生态农业ecological agriculture生态入侵ecological invasion生态设计ecological design生态适应ecological adaptation生态死亡率ecological mortality生态位niche生态位宽度niche breadth生态位相似性比例niche proportional similarity 生态位重叠niche overlap生态文明ecological civilization生态系统ecosystem生态系统产品ecosystem goods生态系统多样性ecosystem diversity生态系统服务ecosystem service生态系统生态学ecosystem ecology生态系统学ecosystemology生态型ecotype生态学ecology生态因子ecological factor生态元ecological unit生态作用ecological effect生物organism生物地球化学循环biogecochemical cycle 生物多样性biodiversity生物量biomass生物潜能biotic potential生物群落biotic community，biome生物群落演替succession生殖潜能reproductive potential剩余空间residual space失共生aposymbiosis湿地wetland湿地生态系统wetland ecosystem湿地植物hygrophyte时间结构temporal structure实际出生率realized natality实际死亡率realized mortality食草动物herbivores食肉动物carnivores食物链food chain食物网food wed矢量vector适合度fitness适应辐射adaptive radiation适应值adaptive value适应组合adaptive suites收获理论harvest theory收益外泄externalized profit衰退型种群contracting population水平格局horizontal pattern水土流失soil and water erosion水循环water cycling瞬时增长率instantaneous rate死亡率mortality ＆ death rate松散垂直耦连loose vertical coupling松散水平耦连loose horizontal coupling溯祖过程coalescent process溯祖理论coalescent theory酸性土理论acid soil plant酸雨acid rain随机型random碎屑食物链detritus food chainK—对策者K—strategistisn维超体积资源空间n—dimensional hyper—volume n维生态位n—dimensional nicheRaunkiaer定律Law of Frequencyr—对策者r—strategistis奥陶纪Ordovician period白垩土草地chalk grassland斑块patch斑块性patchiness斑块性种群patchy population半荒漠semi—desert半矩阵或星系图constellation diagrams伴生种companion species饱和密度saturation density饱和期asymptotic phase保护哲学conservation philosophy北方针叶林northern conifer forest被动取样假说passive sampling hypothesis 本能instinct本能行为instinctive behavior避敌avoiding predator边缘效应edge effect。
建模相关专业词汇
建模相关专业词汇
建模是一个涉及多个领域的广泛概念，包括计算机科学、数学、物理、工程等。
以下是一些与建模相关的专业词汇：
模型（Model）：是对现实世界或抽象系统的简化表示，用于研究、分析或预测系统的行为。
数学建模（Mathematical Modeling）：使用数学语言、符号和公式来描述和解释现实世界的现象或过程。
物理建模（Physical Modeling）：通过建立物理方程和模拟物理过程来理解和预测实际系统的行为。
计算机建模（Computer Modeling）：使用计算机程序和算法来模拟和预测系统的行为。
统计建模（Statistical Modeling）：利用统计学原理和方法来建立模型，以描述和预测数据的分布和变化。
系统建模（System Modeling）：对系统的结构和行为进行建模，以了解系统的整体性能和稳定性。
仿真（Simulation）：通过模拟实际系统的运行过程，来预测系统的性能和行为。
优化建模（Optimization Modeling）：通过建立优化模型，以寻找系统性能的最优解或近似最优解。
动态建模（Dynamic Modeling）：对系统的动态行为进行建模，以了解系统随时间的变化过程。
静态建模（Static Modeling）：对系统的静态特性进行建模，以了解系统在特定条件下的性能。
以上仅是与建模相关的一些常见专业词汇，实际上建模领域涉及的词汇和概念非常广泛，具体还需根据具体的应用领域和背景进行深入了解。
abaqus中gruneisen状态方程
abaqus中gruneisen状态方程【摘要】Gruneisen equation of state is an important component in Abaqus simulation software, as it plays a crucial role in accurately modeling material behavior under dynamic loading conditions. This article provides an overview of the significance of the Gruneisen equation in Abaqus, its definition, and application. The implementation of the Gruneisen equation in Abaqus, including its parameters and range of values, is discussed along with its impact on material properties. The relationship between the Gruneisen equation and acoustic wave velocities is explored, as well as its application in seismic wave propagation. The conclusion highlights the importance and practicality of the Gruneisen equation in Abaqus, suggests future developments in engineering applications, and recommends further research into its mechanisms and applications. Overall, this article emphasizes the key role of the Gruneisen equation in accurately modeling material behavior in dynamic loading scenarios.【关键词】abaqus, gruneisen状态方程, 实现方法, 参数, 取值范围, 材料性能, 声学波速度, 地震波传播, 工程领域, 未来发展, 研究机制, 应用.1. 引言1.1 介绍abaqus中gruneisen状态方程的重要性Gruneisen state equation plays a crucial role in the simulation of material behavior in Abaqus software. It is essential for accurately predicting the response of materials under different loading conditions and helps in understanding the complex thermodynamic properties of materials. The Gruneisen state equation provides a relationship between the material's equation of state and its thermodynamic properties, enabling engineers and researchers to model the behavior of materials in a wide range of applications.1.2 简要说明gruneisen状态方程的定义和作用Gruneisen状态方程是描述材料声学性质的重要参数之一，它在abaqus中扮演着至关重要的角色。
北京理工大学-姓名范群波
主要论文 •Li Guoju, Zhang Xu, Fan Qunbo(通讯作者）, Wang Linlin, Zhang Hongmei, Wang Fuchi,Wang Yangwei. Simulation of Damage and Failure Processes of Interpenetrating SiC/Al Composites Subjected to Dynamic Compressive Loading. Acta Materialia,2014, 78: 190-202 •Li Rongting, Fan Qunbo(通讯作者）, Gao Ruihua, Huo Lirui, Wang Fuchi, Wang Yangwei. Effects of dynamic mechanical properties on the ballistic performance of a new near-β titanium alloy Ti684.Materials & Design. 2014,62:233-240 •Wang Linlin, Fan Qunbo(通讯作者）, Li Guoju, Zhang Hongmei, Wang Fuchi. Experimental observation and numerical simulation of SiC3D/Al interpenetrating phase composite material subjected to a three-point bending load. Computational Materials Science. 2014, 95: 408-413 •高瑞华，范群波（通讯作者），王富耻，张毅鹏，霍利瑞，裴传虎.钛合金装甲材料动态力学性能及其抗弹 能力关系研究.稀有金属材料与工程.2014（录用） •李荣婷，范群波（通讯作者），王富耻，高瑞华.一种新型近β钛合金 Ti684 动态力学性能与抗弹性能的研 究.稀有金属材料与工程.2014（录用） •Wang Fuchi, Huo Dongmei, Li Shukui, Fan Qunbo(通讯作者). Inducing TiAl3 in titanium alloys by electric pulse heat treatment improves mechanical properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 550 (2013) 133–136 •Shen Wei, Wang Fuchi, Fan Qunbo(通讯作者), Ma Zhuang. Lifetime prediction of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating systems. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2013， 217，2013：39-45 •Liu Jintao, Cai Hongnian, Wang Fuchi, Fan Qunbo(通讯作者). Multiscale Numerical Simulation of the Shaped Charge Jet Generated from Tungsten-Copper Powder Liner. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 419 (2013) 012045 •Li Guoju, Fan Qunbo(通讯作者), Wu Zheng, Zhang Xu, Wang Yangwei, Wang Fuchi. Modeling the Dynamic Damage Process of the SiC3d/Al Interpenetrating Phase Composites. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 419 (2013) 012024 •Gao Ruihua, Fan Qunbo(通讯作者), Wang Fuchi. Numerical Simulation in relation to Adiabatic Shearing Behaviors in Titanium Alloy Journal of Physics: Conference Series 419 (2013) 012020 •Shen Wei, Fan Qunbo, Wang Fuchi, Ma Zhuang. The influence of defects on the effective Young’s
finite element method;
finite element method;Finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique used to approximate the solutions of differential equations. It is widely used in the field of structural analysis, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, electromagnetics, and many other engineering and scientific disciplines.In FEM, a complicated geometry or physical domain is divided into smaller, simpler regions called finite elements. These elements are connected at specific points called nodes. By applying appropriate mathematical techniques and numerical algorithms, differential equations governing the behavior of the system under consideration are converted into a system of algebraic equations. This system of equations can then be solved using numerical methods to obtain an approximation of the desired solution.The finite element method provides several advantages over traditional analytical methods, particularly when dealing with complex geometries or nonlinear material behavior. Some key benefits include:1. Flexibility: FEM can handle various types of boundary conditions, material properties, and geometry configurations, making it highly flexible for modeling complex physical systems.2. Accuracy: By using a large number of finite elements, FEM can achieve high accuracy and precision in approximating the solutions of differential equations.3. Adaptability: The size and shape of finite elements can bemodified to capture specific phenomena or regions of interest more accurately.4. Versatility: FEM can handle a wide range of physical phenomena, including static and dynamic problems, linear and nonlinear behavior, and coupled systems.However, FEM also has certain limitations and challenges. It can be computationally expensive and time-consuming, especially for large-scale problems. Additionally, proper mesh generation and selection of appropriate element types and material models are crucial for obtaining accurate results.Despite these challenges, the finite element method remains a powerful and widely used numerical technique in engineering and scientific research. It has significantly contributed to the advancement of various fields by enabling the analysis and design of complex systems that would be difficult or impossible to solve analytically.。
框架畸变应变能 英文
框架畸变应变能英文Title: Framework Distortion Strain Energy: A Technical Exploration.Abstract:The study of framework distortion strain energy is crucial in the field of structural engineering, as it provides insights into the stability, durability, and performance of structures. This article delves into the concept of framework distortion, its implications on strain energy, and the various factors that affect it. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of this complex topic, highlighting the need for accurate analysis and modeling in structural design.Introduction:In the realm of structural engineering, frameworks play a pivotal role in supporting and transferring loads.However, these frameworks are subject to various forces and deformations that can lead to distortions. Framework distortion not only affects the aesthetics of a structure but also its integrity and functionality. Strain energy, a measure of the internal energy stored within a material due to deformation, is a key parameter in understanding and predicting framework distortions.Framework Distortion:Framework distortion refers to the deviation of a structural framework from its original, undeformed shape. This distortion can be caused by various factors such as external loads, temperature changes, material fatigue, and more. Distortion can lead to a reduction in structural stiffness, increased stress concentrations, and ultimately, a compromised ability to perform its designated function.Strain Energy:Strain energy, also known as elastic strain energy, is the energy stored in a material due to deformation. When amaterial is deformed, whether elastically or inelastically, internal forces develop within the material, resulting in the storage of energy. This stored energy is released when the deformation is reversed, driving the material back towards its original shape. In the context of framework distortion, strain energy provides a measure of the deformation within the framework and the associatedinternal forces.Factors Affecting Framework Distortion Strain Energy:1. Material Properties: The mechanical properties of the materials used in the framework significantly influence its ability to resist distortion. Materials with high elastic moduli and strength-to-weight ratios generally exhibit lower strain energy and better resistance to distortion.2. Geometric Configurations: The geometry of the framework, including its shape, size, and member configurations, plays a crucial role in determining strain energy. Complex geometric configurations can lead to stressconcentrations and increased strain energy.3. Boundary Conditions: The support and restraint provided by the foundation or supports affect thedistribution of loads and deformations within the framework. Adequate boundary conditions can reduce distortion andstrain energy.4. Loading Conditions: The type, magnitude, and distribution of loads applied to the frameworksignificantly affect its deformation and strain energy. Dynamic loads, such as seismic or wind loads, can lead to more significant distortions and higher strain energy.5. Temperature and Environmental Factors: Changes in temperature can affect the material properties of the framework, leading to thermal expansion or contraction.This can, in turn, lead to distortions and changes instrain energy. Other environmental factors, such as corrosion or exposure to chemicals, can also affect the mechanical properties of the materials.Analysis and Modeling:Accurate analysis and modeling of framework distortion strain energy are crucial for structural design and performance prediction. Finite element analysis (FEA) is a widely used method for simulating and analyzing the behavior of structures under various loading conditions. FEA allows engineers to model the framework, apply loads, and analyze the resulting deformations and strain energy distributions. This information can then be used to identify critical areas, optimize design, and ensure the structural integrity of the framework.Conclusion:Framework distortion strain energy is a fundamental concept in structural engineering, providing insights into the stability, durability, and performance of structures. Understanding the factors that affect framework distortion and strain energy is essential for effective structural design. By leveraging advanced analysis techniques such as finite element analysis, engineers can accurately predictand mitigate framework distortions, ensuring the safety and reliability of structures.(Note: This article provides a concise overview of the topic, focusing on the key concepts and factors affecting framework distortion strain energy. However, it is recommended to consult more detailed technical resources and research papers for a comprehensive understanding of this complex topic.)。
基于热处理温度对TA12钛合金组织与性能控制的研究
基于热处理温度对TA12钛合金组织与性能控制的研究韩盼盼;冀宣名【摘要】通过对TA12钛合金在不同温度下进行相同时间的保温然后空冷,并对其组织及性能进行测定和分析研究,结果表明:在低于相变点加热,随着保温温度的升高,初生α相含量降低;当保温温度在相变温度以上的1 070℃时,空冷后得到魏氏组织.TA12钛合金经热处理后的冲击韧性呈现随温度升高先稍微下降然后增大的趋势,且层片状组织优于等轴状.【期刊名称】《现代机械》【年(卷),期】2016(000)005【总页数】3页(P91-93)【关键词】TA12钛合金;热处理;显微组织;力学性能【作者】韩盼盼;冀宣名【作者单位】江南机电设计研究院,贵州贵阳550025;贵州大学材料与冶金学院,贵州贵阳550025【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TG146.2近α型双相钛合金因具有比强度高，韧性、延展性好以及耐蚀性优良等优点而被广泛应用于航空、航天、化工、医疗等领域。
TA12钛合金是中科院金属研究所在Ti55合金基础上进行优化完善而研发的Ti-Al-Sn-Zr-Mo-Si系近α型合金。
由于增加了热强元素Ta和Nb，同时去掉了稀土元素Nd，其热稳定性与高温持久性能都极其优良，可达550℃的高温下长期工作，同时具有较好的塑性[1-4]。
故其在航空航天领域得到相当广泛的应用，主要用于制造航空发动机压气机盘、鼓筒、叶片等[5-7]。
合金的性能与组织息息相关，在成分固定、塑性加工工艺一定的情况下，不同的热处理工艺，可以得到不同的组织。
适当的热处理可以获得希望的组织，通过改善合金组织、合金的性能，提高服役能力[8-9]，因此，热处理参数的确定对合金极其重要。
本文针对加热温度对TA12钛合金组织及性能的影响进行一定的探索，力求建立空冷条件下加热温度与组织、性能的关系，进而对提高TA12钛合金的服役能力提供一定的指导作用。
实验材料为TA12钛合金，属Ti-Al-Sn-Zr-Mo-Nb-Si系近α钛合金。
ITASCA公司培训PPT(PFC-basics)
(normal)
(shear)
This default model also allows slip, due to friction:
If
then
In addition, there are a number of other models, both builtin and user-defined.
PFC2D/3D Features
➢ Any quantity may be traced with time and stored and plotted as a history
➢ A quasi-static operating mode is available (in addition to fully dynamic mode) to ensure rapid convergence to steady state solution
Materials Science and Engineering
Materials Science and Engineering Materials science and engineering is a field that plays a crucial role in the development of new materials and the improvement of existing ones. It encompasses various aspects such as the study of the structure, properties, and performance of materials, as well as their production and processing. The field has a significant impact on various industries, including aerospace, automotive, electronics, and healthcare, and it continues to evolve with advancements in technology and research. One of the key challenges in materials science and engineering is the constant demand for new and improved materials with enhanced properties. This requires researchers and engineers to explore and understand the behavior of different materials at the atomic and molecular levels, as well as to develop innovative techniques for material synthesis and processing. Additionally, the need for sustainable and environmentally friendly materials has becomeincreasingly important, leading to a focus on the development of renewable and recyclable materials. Another issue that the field faces is the optimization of material performance and durability. As materials are subjected to various environmental and mechanical conditions, it is essential to ensure that they can withstand such challenges without compromising their functionality. This requires a deep understanding of the factors that affect material degradation and failure, as well as the development of strategies to enhance material resilience and longevity. Furthermore, the integration of materials science and engineering with other disciplines, such as nanotechnology, biotechnology, and computational modeling, presents both opportunities and challenges. Collaborative research efforts across different fields can lead to the development of multifunctional materials with unique properties, but it also requires effective communication and collaboration between experts with diverse backgrounds. In addition to technical challenges, materials science and engineering also faces economic and societal pressures. The cost of materials production and processing, as well as the availability of raw materials, can significantly impact the feasibility of using certain materials in practical applications. Moreover, the ethical and social implications of materials development, such as the use of rare earth elements and the impact of materials production on the environment, need to be carefullyconsidered and addressed. Despite these challenges, materials science and engineering continue to make significant contributions to technological advancements and societal progress. The development of new materials with superior properties has led to innovations in various industries, such as the introduction of lightweight and high-strength materials in the automotive and aerospace sectors, and the advancement of biomaterials for medical applications. Moreover, thefield's focus on sustainability and environmental responsibility has led to the development of eco-friendly materials and recycling technologies. In conclusion, materials science and engineering is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field that faces a range of technical, economic, and societal challenges. However, through collaborative research, technological innovation, and ethical considerations, the field continues to drive progress and contribute to the development of new materials that shape the future of various industries and benefit society as a whole.。
材料力学英语
材料力学英语。
Material Mechanics is an applied science focusing on the behavior of solids subjected to various external loads or forces. It is a branch of mechanics that studies the relationship between the internal forces and moments in a material body and the response of said materials in terms of strain, stress, and deformations. The primary aim is to predict the mechanical response of different materials when exposed to load or force.Material mechanics is a highly technical field. It is based on mathematical models and physical principles, such as conservation of energy, view of forces and moments, and equilibrium conditions. Most mechanical properties of materials are determined by experiment, such as the tensile strength, fracture resistance, and fracture toughness. By combining mechanics and materials science, researchers are able to measure and predict material properties such as strength and ductility.Material mechanics also involves the application of structural dynamics, which involves the use of mathematical models and numerical methods to analyze how loads and stresses affect structures. This includes determining how structures are affected when subjected to cyclic loading, seismic vibrations, and other dynamic phenomena.Computer-based modeling techniques are increasingly being used in material mechanics to simulate and analyze the response of materials to different loading conditions. Thesemodels allow for detailed examination of a structure's behavior, enabling engineers to more accurately predict how a structure will respond to different loading conditions.Material mechanics is used in a wide range of industries, particularly in aeronautical, aerospace, and automotive engineering. It is also commonly used in manufacturing processes, such as the manufacture of electronic and electronic components, as well as in civil engineering, where it is used to determine the structural integrity of buildings and other structures. In addition, material mechanics plays an important role in the study of sports and recreation, as well as in medical science, where it is used to design orthopedic implants and prosthetics.。
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Y. V. R. K. PRASAD, H.L. GEGEL, S.M. DORAIVELU, J.C. MALAS, J.T. MORGAN, K.A. LARK, and D. R. BARKER A new method of modeling material behavior which accounts for the dynamic metallurgical processes occurring during hot deformation is presented. The approach in this method is to consider the workpiece as a dissipator of power in the total processing system and to evaluate the dissipated power co-content J = f0~ ~ 9 do" from the constitutive equation relating the strain rate (~) to the flow stress (o-). The optimum processing conditions of temperature and strain rate are those corresponding to the maximum or peak in J. It is shown that J is related to the strain-rate sensitivity (m) of the material and reaches a maximum value (Jmax) when m = 1. The efficiency of the power dissipation (J/Jmax) through metallurgical processes is shown to be an index of the dynamic behavior of the material and is useful in obtaining a unique combination of temperature and strain rate for processing and also in delineating the regions of internal fracture. In this method of modeling, no a priori knowledge or evaluation of the atomistic mechanisms is required, and the method is effective even when more than one dissipation process occurs, which is particularly advantageous in the hot processing of commercial alloys having complex microstructures. This method has been applied to modeling of the behavior of Ti-6242 during hot forging. The behavior of c~ + /3 and/3 preform microstructures has been examined, and the results show that the optimum condition for hot forging of these preforms is obtained at 927 ~ (1200 K) and a strain rate of 10 -3 S-1 . Variations in the efficiency of dissipation with temperature and strain rate are correlated with the dynamic microstructural changes occurring in the material.
I.
INTRODUCTION
generally characterized by constitutive equations which relate the flow stress to the strain, strain rate, and temperature. The constitutive relations are experimentally evaluated using mechanical testing techniques I and represented either in the form of empirical rate equations 2 which aid in identification of the specific atomistic rate-controlling mechanisms or in the form of simple algebraic equations 3 which can be used in process modeling. In recent years, hotforming processes have been successfully modeled using a rigid viscoplastic finite-element method 4'5 which predicts deformation behavior at selected points (nodes) in each element by application of a variational principle. The variational-principle functional t~ for a rigid viscoplastic material is writtenfunction = f ~ . de
f F 9 V* 9 ds boundary function which takes into account the frictional force (F) and admissible velocity V*
Y. V. R. K. PRASAD, Associate Professor, Department of Metallurgy, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, is now NRC-AFSC Senior Research Associate in Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories (AFWAL/MLLM), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433. H.L. GEGEL is Senior Scientist, AFWAL/MLLM, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433. J.C. MALAS, J.T. MORGAN, and K.A. LARK are Materials Research Engineers, AFWAL/MLLM, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433. S.M. DORAIVELU and D.R. BARKER are Visiting Scientists, Universal Energy Systems, Inc., Dayton, OH 45432. Manuscript submitted October 24, 1983. METALLURGICALTRANSACTIONS A
THE mechanical behavior of materials under processing is
K = large positive constant which penalizes the dilational strain kkk = strain-rate component or = effective stress = flow stress e = effective strain rate The work function takes into account in an implicit fashion the metallurgical phenomena which occur during hot working. For a given set of constitutive equations used in the work function, the numerical method offers an admissible solution to a given plasticity problem. It is often desirable to arrive at a unique or optimum solution, and this is possible only if the dynamic material behavior is incorporated explicitly into the finite-element method. The interconnective material constraints, however, are too complicated to be written directly in algebraic form. The development of a processing map 6'7 delineating the "safe" temperature-strain rate regimes for processing represents a major step toward acceptable solutions. Often, the "safe" regime defined by these maps is still a wide area 7 which provides several combinations of temperature and strain rate at which processing can be carried out. In this paper a method of modeling the dynamic material behavior in terms of a parameter which defines unique T-k combination(s) for hot forming is presented and applied to the hot upsetting of Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si (Ti-6242) a l l o y - - a material of interest in the dual-property disk application. 8 The hotdeformation characteristics of this alloy in relation to the microstructure3'9-11 have been studied earlier. II. M O D E L I N G OF DYNAMIC MATERIAL BEHAVIOR