化学专业英语期末复习备考(二)
济南大学成人教育《化学工程与工艺专业英语(224201)》期末考试复习题及参考答案
9.钠：（ ）
A、sodium，Na B、iron，Fe C、gold，Au D、iodine，I E、nitrogen，N F、tin，Sn
答案： A
10.氧：（ ）
A、calcium，Ca B、carbon，C C、oxygen，O D、silver，Ag E、hydrogen，H F、chlorine，Cl
氧 答案： 二 化硫
13. aluminum oxide：（ ）
氧 铝 答案： 化
四、 句式改写
请 两 简单 为 导 1. 将 个 句合并 which或that引 的从句
The peak of graphene oxide was shifted to 22.5°. This is due to partial reduction of graphene oxide to graphene caused by coprecipitation reaction of iron ions.
苯 答案： 三甲基
3. calcium hypochlorite：（ ）
氯 钙 答案： 次 酸
4. sodium perchlorate：（ ）
氯 钠 答案： 高 酸
5. copper sulphate：（ ）
铜 答案： 硫酸
6. 2-hexene：（ ）
烯 答案： 2-己
7. dichloromethane：（ ）
单词 两 答案： therefore、hence、consequently、thus,在表示“因此”的 任意 个
4. replace：（ ）、（ ）
单词 两 答案： displace、substitute,在表示“替代”的 任意 个
5. in addition to：（ ）、（ ）
化学专业基础英语期末复习材料
可能的电解质potential electrolyte可逆电池reversible cell可逆过程reversible process可逆过程方程reversible process equation可逆体积功reversible volume work可逆相变reversible phase change控制步骤control step库仑计coulometer扩散控制diffusion controlled雷利公式Rayleigh equation冷冻系数coefficient of refrigeration冷却曲线cooling curve离解热heat of dissociation离解压力dissociation pressure离域子系统non-localized partic le systems离子的标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation of ion离子的电迁移率mobility of ions离子的迁移数transport number of ions离子独立运动定律law of the independent migration of ions 离子强度ionic strength理想混合物perfect mixture理想气体ideal gas理想气体的绝热指数adiabatic index of ideal gases理想气体状态方程state equation of ideal gas连串反应consecutive reactions链反应chain reactions量热熵calorimetric entropy量子统计quantum statistics量子效率quantum yield临界参数critical parameter临界常数critical constant临界温度critical temperature临界状态critical state零级反应zero order reaction流动电势streaming potential笼罩效应cage effect摩尔电导率molar conductivity摩尔反应焓molar reaction enthalpy摩尔混合熵mole entropy of mixing摩尔气体常数molar gas constant摩尔热容molar heat capacity内扩散控制internal diffusions control内能internal energy内压力internal pressure能级energy levels能级分布energy level distribution凝固点曲线freezing point curve凝聚相condensed phase浓差超电势concentration over-potential浓差极化concentration polarization浓差电池concentration cells泡点线bubble point line配分函数partition function碰撞截面collision cross section碰撞数the number of collisions平衡分布equilibrium distribution平衡态equilibrium state平衡态近似法equilibrium state approximation平衡状态图equilibrium state diagram平均活度mean activity平均活度系统mean activity coefficient平均摩尔热容mean molar heat capacity平均质量摩尔浓度mean mass molarity平均自由程mean free path平行反应parallel reactions破乳demulsification铺展spreading普遍化范德华方程universal van der Waals equation其它功the other work气化热heat of vaporization气溶胶aerosol气体常数gas constant气体分子运动论kinetic theory of gases气体分子运动论的基本方程foundamental equation of kinetic theory of gases 气溶胶aerosol气相线vapor line迁移数transport number潜热latent heat强度量intensive quantity强度性质intensive property亲液溶胶hydrophilic sol氢电极hydrogen electrodes区域熔化zone melting热heat热爆炸heat explosion热泵heat pump热功当量mechanical equivalent of heat热函heat content热化学方程thermochemical equation热机heat engine热机效率efficiency of heat engine热力学thermodynamics热力学第一定律the first law of thermodynamics 热力学基本方程fundamental equation of thermodynamics热力学能thermodynamic energy热力学温度thermodynamic temperature热熵thermal entropy热效应heat effect熔化热heat of fusion溶胶colloidal sol溶液solution溶胀swelling乳化剂emulsifier萨克尔－泰特洛德方程Sackur-Tetrode equation三相点triple point三相平衡线triple-phase line熵判据entropy criterion渗透压osmotic pressure生成反应formation reaction舒尔采－哈迪规则Schulze-Hardy rule速度常数reaction rate constant速率方程rate equations速率控制步骤rate determining step塔费尔公式Tafel equation特鲁顿规则Trouton rule体积功volume work统计热力学statistic thermodynamics外扩散控制external diffusion control完全气体perfect gas [简明英汉词典] 理想气体韦斯顿标准电池Weston standard battery维恩效应Wien effect维里方程virial equation维里系数virial coefficient稳流过程steady flow process稳态近似法stationary state approximation物理化学Physical Chemistry物理吸附physisorptions吸附等量线adsorption isostere吸附等温线adsorption isotherm吸附等压线adsorption isobar吸附剂adsorbent吸附量extent of adsorption吸附热heat of adsorption吸附质adsorbate析出电势evolution or deposition potential稀溶液的依数性colligative properties of dilute solutions 稀释焓dilution enthalpy系统点system point系统的环境environment of system相变phase change相变焓enthalpy of phase change相变化phase change相对粘度relative viscosity相律phase rule相平衡热容heat capacity in phase equilibrium循环过程cyclic process压力商pressure quotient压缩因子compressibility factor盐桥salt bridge盐析salting out阳极anode杨氏方程Y oung’s equation液相线liquid phase lines一级相变first order phase change逸度系数coefficient of fugacity阴极cathode荧光fluorescence永动机perpetual motion machine原电池primary cell原盐效应salt effect增比粘度specific viscosity支链反应branched chain reactions直链反应straight chain reactions指前因子pre-exponential factor制冷系数coefficient of refrigeration中和热heat of neutralization转化率convert ratio状态方程state equation状态分布state distribution状态函数state function准静态过程quasi-static process准一级反应pseudo first order reaction自动催化作用auto-catalysis自由焓free enthalpy自由膨胀free expansion最低恒沸点lower azeotropic point最高恒沸点upper azeotropic point。
2024年高考化学复习方法英文版
2024年高考化学复习方法英文版2024 High School Chemistry Exam Revision MethodsIn preparing for the 2024 high school chemistry exam, it is essential to establish an effective study plan to maximize your chances of success. Here are some simple strategies to help you streamline your revision process:1. Organize Your Study MaterialsGather all your notes, textbooks, and any additional resources you may have. Sort them by topic to make it easier to focus on specific areas during your revision.2. Create a Study ScheduleDevelop a study timetable that allocates sufficient time for each topic. Break down your revision into manageable chunks to prevent feeling overwhelmed.3. Active Learning TechniquesEngage in active learning methods such as summarizing key points, creating flashcards, or teaching the material to someone else. These techniques can enhance your understanding and retention of the content.4. Practice Past Exam PapersOne of the best ways to familiarize yourself with the exam format and types of questions is to practice past exam papers. This will also help you identify any weak areas that need further attention.5. Seek ClarificationIf you encounter any challenging concepts or topics, don't hesitate to seek clarification from your teacher, classmates, or online resources. Understanding the material thoroughly is crucial for exam success.6. Stay ConsistentConsistency is key when it comes to revision. Make sure to review your notes regularly and stay committed to your study schedule. Avoid cramming at the last minute, as it can lead to stress and hinder your performance.7. Take BreaksWhile it's important to dedicate time to revision, it's equally essential to take breaks to rest and recharge. Taking short breaks between study sessions can help improve focus and prevent burnout.8. Stay PositiveMaintain a positive attitude throughout your revision process. Believe in your abilities and stay motivated to achieve your goals. Surround yourself with supportive peers who can encourage and motivate you.By following these straightforward strategies and staying dedicated to your revision plan, you can effectively prepare for the 2024 high school chemistry exam. Remember to stay focused, organized, and confident in your abilities. Good luck!。
化工专业英语复习资料.doc
fundamental principles 基本原理evaporation 蒸发black body 黑体empty space 真空区concentration 浓缩visible light 可见光radiation 辐射distillate 馅出液acetonitrile 己腊precipitation 沉淀cation阳离了hydroxide氢氧化物chromatography 层析recrystallization 重结晶sublimation 升华physisorption 物理吸附activated carbon 活性炭hydrophilic 亲水性heat exchanger 换热器fractionating column 精馅柱/塔volatilities 挥发性tray塔板supemate上清液azeotropic distillation 共沸蒸馅supersaturated 过饱利的silver chloride 氯化银ionic reaction 离子反应pharmaceutical 制约H勺batch operation 间歇操作Freeze-drying 冷冻干燥Separation process 分离过程crystallization 结晶Filtration 过滤homogeneous 均相的condensation 冷凝thennodynamics 热力学的liquefaction 液化copper 铜separation 分离laminar flow 湍流convection 对流conduction 传导phonon vibration 声了孑足动condensation 冷凝thermodynamics processes 热力学过程elastic impact 弹性碰撞thermal energy 热能buoyancy forces 浮力1.Heat conduction is directly analogous to diffusion of particles into a fluid, in the situation where there are no fluid currents. This type of heat diffusion differs from mass diffusion in behavior, only in as much as it can occur in solids, whereas mass diffusion is mostly limited to fluids.2.In steady state conduction, the amount of heat entering a section is equal to amount of heatcoming out. In this conduction, all the laws of direct current electrical conduction can be applied to “heat currents”. In such cases, it is possible to take "thermal resistances as the analog to electrical resistances. Temperature plays the role of voltage and heat transferred is the analog of electrical current.3.Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact of particles of matter. The transfer of energy could be primarily by elastic impact as in fluids or by free electron diffusion as predominant in metals or phonon vibration as predominant in insulators. In other words, heat is transferred by conduction when adjacent atoms vibrate against one another, or as electrons move from atom to atom. Conduction is greater in solids, where atoms are in constant contact. In liquids (except liquid metals) and gases, the molecules are usually further apart, giving a lower chance of molecules colliding and passing on thermal energy.4、F ractional distillation is one of the unit operations of chemical engineering. Fractionating columns are widely used in the chemical process industries where large quantities of liquids have to be distilled. Such industries are the petroleum processing, petrochemical production, natunil gas processing, coal tar processing, brewing liquified air separation, and hydrocarbon solvents production and similar industries but it finds its widest application in petroleum refineries . In such refineries, the crude oil feedstock is a very complex multicomponent mixture that must be separated and yields of pure chemical compounds are not expected, only groups of compounds within a relatively small range of boiling points, also called fractions and that is the origin of the name fractional distillation or fractionation. It is often not worthwhile separating the components in these fractions any further based on product requirements and economics.5、H eat transfer is the transition of thermal energy from a hotter object to a cooler object (“object” in this sense designating a complex collection of particles which is capable of storing energy in many different ways). When an object or fluid is at a different temperature than its surroundings or another object, transfer of thennal energy, also known as heat transfer, or heat exchange, occurs in such a way that the body and the surroundings reach thennal equilibrium; this means that they are at the same temperature. Heat transfer always occurs from a higher- temperature object to a cooler-temperature one as described by the second law of thermodynamics. Where there is a temperature difference between objects in proximity, heat transfer between them can never be stopped; it can only be slowed.6、F ractionating columns help to separate the mixture by allowing the mixed vapors to cool, condense, and vaporize again in accordance with Raoult ' s law. With each condensationvaporization cycle, the vapors are enriched in a certain component. A larger surface area allows more cycles, improving separation. This is the rationale for a Vigreux fractionating column or a packedfractionating column. Spinning band distillation achieves the same outcome by using a rotating band within the column to force the rising vapors and descending condensate into close contact, achieving equilibrium more quickly.7、A fractionating column or fractionation column is an essential item used in the distillation of liquid mixtures so as to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on the differences in their volatilities. Fractionating columns are used in small scale laboratory distillations as well as for large-scale industrial distillations.J8.The closed system design required for achieving and maintaining the low-pressure atmosphere inside the dryer also provides advantages for processing a hazardous material.Examples include toxic chemicals or solvents and explosive materials. The vacuum dryer safely contains and condenses the hazardous vapors from such substances without any threat to your workplace environment or outside atmosphere. With some hazardous materials, you can provide further protection by using inert gas to limit the oxygen level in the vacuum dryer.9.Crystallization is the (natural or artificial process of formation of solid crystals precipitating froma solution, melt or more rarely deposited directly from a gas. Crystallization is also a chemical solid-liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs.10.Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through empty space. All objects with a temperature above absolute zero radiate energy at a rate equal to their emissivity multiplied by the rate at which energy would radiate from them if they were a black body. No medium is necessary for radiation to occur, for it is transferred through electromagnetic waves; radiation works even in and through a perfect vaccum. The energy from the Sun travels through the vacuum of space before warming the earth.11.Precipitation reactions can be used for making pigments, removing salts from water in water treatment, and in classical qualitative inorganic analysis. Precipitation is also useful to isolate the products of a reaction during workup. Ideally, the product of the reaction is insoluble in the reaction solvent. Thus, it precipitates as it is formed, preferably forming pure crystals. An example of this would be the synthesis of porphyrins(口 |、l林)in refluxing propionic acid. By cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature, crystals of the porphyrin precipitate, and are collected by filtration.12.Here vacuum drying provides a unique advantage. By controlling atmospheric pressure, the vacuum dryer increases the effective A T for a given process. That is, vacuum drying simple reducesthe boiling point - or vaporization temperature - required for removing the liquid. By controlling pressure and the heat introduced to the dryer, you can significantly increase the effective △ T and thus dry the material faster than at normal atmosphere. For this reason, a vacuum dryer is especially suited to drying a heat-sensitive material that degrades above a given temperature and would otherwise require a lengthy drying cycle. Examples of such materials are vitamins, antibiotics, and many fine chemicals.13.Separation processes can essentially be termed as mass transfer processes. The classification can be based on the means of separation, mechanical or chemical. The choice of separation depends on the pros and cons of each. Mechanical separations are usually favored if possible due to the lower cost of the operations as compared to chemical separations. Systems that can not be separated by purely mechanical means (e.g. crude oil), chemical separation is the remaining solution. The mixture at hand could exist as a combination of any two or more states: solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas, liquid-liquid, liquid-gas, gas-gas, solid-liquid-gas mixture, etc.14.An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of nucleation. The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface, which requires some energy based on the relative surface energy of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, supersaturation occurs.15.In operation, the vessel rotates about the trunnions4 axis. The integrity of the seal around the stationary vacuum line - which extends through the trunnion and is angled upward into the drying chamber's top, above the material in the rotating vessel - is critical for maintaining the dryer's vacuum. During rotation, the material cascades inside the chamber, gently tumbling and folding to bring the material into contact with the heated walls. This action makes the dryer especially suitable for handling friable and fragile materials that can't withstand shear from agitation, such as polyethylene terephthalate (聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)pellets. The delumping (粉E卒I的) bar can be operated intermittently to break up undesired agglomerates.16.Similar to surface tension, adsorption is a consequence of surface energy. In a bulk material, all the bonding requirements (be they ionic, covalent, or metallic) of the constituent atoms of the material are filled by other atoms in the material. However, atoms on the surface of the adsorbent are not wholly surrounded by other adsorbent atoms and therefore can attract adsorbates. The exact nature of the bonding depends on the details of the species involved, but the adsorption process is generally classified as physisorption (characteristic of weak van der Waals forces) or chemisorption (characteristic of covalent bonding).17.At low driving temperatures, no boiling occurs and the heat transfer rate is controlled by theusmil single-phase mechanisms. As the surface temperature is increased, local boiling occurs and vapour bubbles (气泡)nucleation, grow into the surrounding cooler fluid, and collapse. This is sub-cooled nucleation boiling and is a very efficient heat transfer mechanism. At high bubble generation rates the bubbles begin to interefere (扰动/干扰)and the heat flux no longer increases rapidly with surface temperature (this is the departure from nucleate boiling DNB). At higher temperatures still, a maximum in the heat flux is reached (the critical heat flux).18.As a liquid mixture in the round bottomed flask is boiled, vapor rises up the fractionating column. The vapor condenses on the glass platforms (known as tray (塔板)or plates) inside the column, and runs back down into the liquid below and refluxes the upflowing distillate vapor. The hottest tray (塔板)is at the bottom of the column and the coolest tray is at the top. At steady state conditions, the vapor and liquid on each tray is at equilibrium. Only the most volatile of the vapors stays in gas form all the way to the top. The vapor at the top of the column then flows through the water-cooled condenser, which cools the vapor down until it condenses into a liquid distillate （偕出液）.The separation may be enhanced by the addition of more trays （to a practical limitation of heat, flow, etc.）19.Natural methods of precipitation include settling or sedimentation , where the solid forms over a period of time due to ambient forces like gravity or centrifugation. During chemical reactions, precipitation may also occur particularly if an insoluble substance is introduced into a solution and the density happens to be greater （otherwise the precipitate would float or form a suspension. With soluble substances, precipitation is accelerated once the solution becomes supersate rated. In solids, precipitation occurs if the concentration of one solid is above the solubility limit in the host solid, due to e.g. rapid quenching （淬火）or ion implantation, and the temperature is high enough that diffusion can lead to segregation （偏析）into precipitates. Precipitation in solids is routinely used to synthesize nanoclusters.20.Freeze-drying also causes less damage to the substance than other dehydration （脱水）methods using higher temperatures. Freeze-drying does not usually cause shrinkageor tougheningof the material being dried. In addition, flavors, smells and nutritional content generally remain unchanged, making the process popular for preserving food. However, water is not the only chemical capable of sublimation, and the loss of other volatile compounds such as acetic acid （vinegar） and alcohols （N宰）can yield undesirable results.。
绍兴文理学院2021级大一化学专业英语上学期期末考试试卷附答案
2021级大一英语上学期期末考试试卷附答案Part II Reading Comprehension (30 %)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneScience is not a set of unquestionable results but a way of understanding the world around us. Its real work is slow. The scientific method , as many of us learned in school, is a gradual process that begins with a purpose or problem or question to be answered. It includes a list of materials, a procedure to follow, a set of observations to make and, finally, conclusions to reach. In medicine, when a new drug is proposed that might cure or control a disease, it is first tested on a large random group of people, and their reactions are then compared with those of another random group not given the drug. All reactions in both groups are carefully recorded and compared, and the drug is evaluated. All of this takes time and patience.It’s the result of course, that makes the best news—not the years of quiet work that characterize the bulk of scientific inquiry. After anexperiment is concluded or an observation is made, the result continues to be examined critically. When it is submitted for publication, it goes to a group of the scientist’s colleagues, who review the work. Einstein was right when he said: “No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right, a single experiment can at any time prove me wrong.”In August 1996, NASA announced the discovery in Antarctica of a meteorite(流星) from Mars that might contain evidence of ancient life on another world. As President Clinton said that day, the possibility that life existed on Mars billions of years ago was potentially one of the great discoveries of our time.After the excitement wore down and initial papers were published, other researchers began looking at samples from the same meteorite. Some concluded that the “evidence of life”was mostly contamination from Antarctic ice or that there was nothing organic at all in the rock.Was this a failure of science, as some news reports trumpeted?No! It was a good example of the scientific method working the way it is supposed to. Scientists spend years on research, announce their findings, and these findings are examined by other scientists. That’s how we learn. Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two. It’s a process filled with disappointments and reverses, but somehow we keep moving ahead.21. The author’s main purpose in writing this passage is to state that ____________.A) most scientific discoveries are not reliableB) mass media is misleading because it looks at the research results onlyC) scientific research is a process filled with reverses and requires slow and patientworkD) repeated experiments are necessary before medicine can be used in patients22. Publication of a scientific finding signifies __________.A) a challenge to fellow scientists to prove it wrongB) the end of a processC) the beginning of a new scientific inquiryD) the soundness of the result23. Einstein’s words are used to show that he thought___________.A) experiments have proved him rightB) scientists do not need so many experimentsC) one experiment is not enough to prove him wrong.D) scientific ideas are never free from challenge24. NASA’s announcement of the discovery of evidence of ancient life on Mars shows _________.A) the way human beings learn about natureB) the failure of the scientific methodC) the fruitlessness of human search for life on another worldD) the excitement brought by scientific findings25. It can be inferred from the passage that the media is interested in __________.A) the process of scientific researchB) the results of scientific researchC) the scientists who do the researchD) the effects of scientific research on human lifePassage TwoNormally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and anotherduring his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.26. Normally a student would at least attend __________classes each week.A) 36B) 12C) 20D) 1527. According to the first paragraph an American student is allowed _______.A) to live in a different universityB) to take a particular course in a different universityC) to live at home and drive to classesD) to get two degrees from two different universities28. American university students are usually under pressure of work because_________.A) their academic performance will affect their future careersB) they are heavily involved in student affairsC) they have to observe university disciplineD) they want to run for positions of authority29.Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probably because_________.A) they hate the constant pressure and strain of their studyB) they will then be able to stay longer in the universityC) such positions help them get better jobsD) such positions are usually well paid30. The student organizations seem to be effective in _________.A) dealing with the academic affairs of the universityB) ensuring that the students observe university regulationsC) evaluating students’performance by bringing them before a courtD) keeping up the students’enthusiasm for social activitiesPassage ThreeDoreen Sykora is now a junior at Mcgill University. She had a difficult time when she first began college. She said, “I was always well prepared for my examinations. But I would go in to class to take the exam, and I would fall apart. I could not answer the questions correctly-----even though I knew the answers! I would just blank out because of nervousness and fear.”Hitoshi Sakamoto, an anthropology student at Temple University in Tokyo reports similar experiences.These two young students were experiencing something called test anxiety. Because a student worries and is stressed about a test, his or her mind does not work as well as it usually does. The student cannot write or think clearly because of the severe tension and nervousness.Now there are special university courses to help students. In these courses, advisors and psychologists try to help students by teaching them to manage test anxiety. Such a course helps students learn to live with stress and not fail because of it. First students take a practice test to measure their worry level. If the tests show that their stress level is high, the students can take a short course to manage the fear. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. They get training to become calm in very tense situations. By controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work more easily. Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.Doreen Sykora saw immediate results after taking such a course. She now has enthusiasm about the relaxation methods. “Mostly, what I do is imagine myself in a very calm place. Then I imagine myself picking up a pencil. I move slowly and carefully. I breathe easily and let all the tension out. With each breath, more worry leaves me. It really works too. My grades have improved greatly! I’m really doing well at McGill now. This relaxation method works not only on examinations, but it has improved the rest of my life as well.”For Hitoshi in Tokyo, the results were much the same. He is enjoying school a lot more and learning more.31. Doreen Sykora and Hitoshi Sakamoto were filled with nervousness and fear during examinations because they were__________.A) not ready and unaware of the answersB) physically so weak that they fell apartC) subject to test anxietyD) unable to write or think clearly32. The higher the students’worry level is, __________.A) the less calm and relaxing they areB) the more difficult they will be trained to manage fearC) the more stressed and tense they areD) the longer courses they will take to manage fear33. What’s the purpose of some special university student-help courses?A) To help students to reduce test anxiety.B) To show a stress level experienced by students.C) To learn more knowledge about test anxiety.D) To have a better understanding of test anxiety.34. What’s the meaning of “blank out”in paragraph one?A) To be like a blanket.B) To be sure of an answer.C) To be relaxed.D) To be unable to think clearly.35.Which of the following best sums up the organization of the passage?A) Examples----theories----ideas.B) Problem----strategy----examples----results.C) General statement----examples----result.D) Strategy----experiment----examples.Part III Vocabulary and Structure (15 %)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.36. The president made a _______ speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.A) vigorousB) tediousC) flatD) harsh37. It is not easy to learn English well but if you _______, you will succeed in the end.A) hang upB) hang aboutC) hang onD) hang onto38. Remember that customers don’t _______ about prices in that city.A) debateB) bargainC) disputeD) consult39. The newcomers found it impossible to _______ themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country.A) suitB) adaptC) regulateD) coordinate40. A _______ to this problem is expected to be found before long.A) resultB) functionC) settlementD) solution41. You have nothing to _______ by refusing to listen to our advice.A) gainB) graspC) seizeD) earn42. One day I _______ a newspaper article about the retirement of an English professor at a nearby state college.A) came acrossB) came aboutC) came afterD) came at43. A peculiarly pointed chin is his memorable facial _______.A) markB) featureC) traceD) appearance44. I hope that you’ll be more careful in typing the letter. Don’t _______ anything.A) omitB) leakC) lackD) withdraw45. Our new house is very _______ for me as I can get to the office in five minutes.A) adaptableB) convenientC) availableD) comfortable46. Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply_______.A) appreciatedB) approvedC) appealedD) applied47. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _______ on benches, chairs or boxes.A) having seatedB) seatingC) seatedD) having been seated48. He is _______ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.A) optimisticB) optionalC) outstandingD) obvious49. The clothes a person wears may express his _______or social position.A) curiosityB) statusC) determinationD) significance50. I don’t know the word. I had to _______ a dictionary.A) throw upB) make outC) refer toD) take over51. Look at these beautiful Japanese stamps. Roger gave them to me in _____ for two sets of 1988 British special issue.A) exchangeC) shiftD) switch52. It is rather _____ that the research team as a whole still has little idea about the cause of that fatal disease.A) rewardingB) demandingC) embarrassingD) requiring53. The people of African interior began to _____ gold in exchange for the goods they needed from abroad.A) desireB) affordC) offerD) receive54. We should not blame her for what happened yesterday, because that was outside her _____of responsibility.A) fieldB) limitC) extentD) range55. The students put forward some suggestions _____ consideration.B) worthyC) worthD) worthy of56. The author of the report is well _____ with the problem in the hospital because he has been working there for many years.A) acquaintedB) informedC) enlightenedD) advised57. After years of hard work, he finally gained ______ to the university which he longed for many years.A) accessB) commitmentC) opportunityD) reward58. _____ you have passed the driving test successfully, you can drive on your own.A) By nowB) Now and againC) Now thenD) Now that59. Within first seven seconds of meeting, people will form their opinion about others through unspoken communication like _____, postures and attitudes.A) signsB) gesturesC) symptomsD) symbols60. It had never _____ to me that our football team won the game.A) struckB) occurredC) hitD) meant61. The students ______ in cleaning the classroom according to the arrangement.A) alternateB) adaptC) adoptD) admit62. Have you any ______plans about how to deal with these difficulties? We need to be practical-minded.A) abstractB) consistentC) concreteD) contrary63. The professor was afraid that unless the train speeded up he would miss his _______ to New York.A) junctionB) connectionC) seatD) carriage64. When writing about controversial topics, some authors try to be _______ without favoring either side.A) reflectiveB) persuasiveC) impressiveD) objective65. Many factors such as too much stress, bad living habits can lead to poor ______ and ill health.A) experienceB) appearanceC) performanceD) competencePart IV Cloze (10 %)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds (语声), and which is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication.Let’s look at this 66______ in more detail, because it is language, more than anything else, 67_____ distinguishes man from the rest of the 68_____ world.Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by 69_____ of cries: for example, many birds utter (发声) 70_____calls at the approach of danger; monkeys utter 71_____ cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. 72_____ these various means of communication differ in important ways 73_____ human language. For instance, animals’cries do not 74_____ thought and feelings clearly. This means, basically, that they lack structure. They lack the kind of structure that 75_____ us to divide a human utterance (发声) into 76_____.We can change an utterance by 77_____ one word in it with 78_____: a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g., “tanks approaching from the north”, 79_____ who can change one word and say “aircraftapproaching from the north”or “tanks approaching from the west”; but a bird has a single alarm cry, 80_____ means “danger!”This is why the number of 81_____ that an animal can make is very limited: the great tit (山雀) is a case 82_____ point; it has about twenty different calls, 83_____ in human language the number of possible utterances is 84_____. It also explains why animal cries are very 85_____ in meaning.66. A) recognitionB) function67. A) itB) that68. A) nativeB) animal69. A) waysB) methods70. A) datingB) exciting71. A) identicalB) different72. A) ButB) Therefore73. A) fromB) about74. A) inferB) explain75. A) encouragesB) enforces76. A) soundsB) words77. A) spellingB) saying78. A) oursB) another79. A) soB) but80. A) thisB) that81. A) signsB) signals82. A) inB) at83. A) sinceB) while84. A) limitless85. A) ordinaryB) alikeC) classificationD) definitionC) asD) whatC) humanD) physicalC) meansD) approachesC) warningD) boringC) similarD) unfamiliarC) AfterwardsD) FurthermoreC) withD) inC) interpretD) express C) enablesC) voicesD) speechesC) replacingD) pronouncingC) theirsD) othersC) orD) andC) whichD) itC) gesturesD) marksC) ofD) forC) anyhowD) somehowC) changeableD) ceaselessC) commonD) generalPart V Writing (15%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Online Self-access Learning. You should write at least 120 words. And you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 一些人认为上机自主学习方式好;2. 也有一些人认为传统的授课方式好;3. 我的看法。
化学与化工专业英语2-化学基础知识
3）smell
odourless
pungent
penetrating
choking
offensive
sour sweet bitter
4）solubility
soluble
insoluble
slightly soluble
very soluble
5）observations
brisk effervescence
75 45 37 44 62 21
镭 氡
铼 铑 铷 钌 钐 钪
Selenium* Silicon* Silver* Sodium* Strontium* Sulfur* Tantalum* Technetium* Tellurium* Terbium* Thallium* Thorium Thulium Tin* Titanium* Tungsten* Uranium Vanadium* Xenon* Ytterbium Yttrium* Zinc* Zirconium*
Exercise
试用英语描述氧气、氮气和金属铁的物理 性质。
Part 2 Chemical Equations
化 学 方 程 式 1.反应名称：
disproportionation neutralization; hydrolysis exothermic reaction endothermic reaction reversible reaction forward reaction reverse reaction spontaneous reaction nonspontaneous reaction
over quotient
化学专业英语复习.docx
REVIEWL Choose the best answer (20 points, 2 points for each)1.What is amino benzene most commonly known as? ( D )A・ quinoline B. toluene C. Indole D. aniline2.Sulfur in the form of SO2 obtained in the roasting of B ores is recovered and converted to sulfuric acid?A・ sulfate B. sulfide C.sulfane D. sulfiteII. NomenclaturePart A: Name the following compounds in English (16 points, 2 points for each)⑴一氧化碳(2))氢氧化铜(3)氯化钠Part B: Translate the following compounds into Chinese. (14 points, 1 point for each) (1)silver fluoride (2) mercury nitrate Hg(NC)3)2(3) Nickel sulfate (4) potassium hydroxideIIL Translate the following sentences into Chinese (5% for each answer) Pick the size of your separatory (分液漏斗)funnel. You will usually use 125 or 250-mL, large scale reactions (大型反应) (1-10 g) can require 500-mL or 1-L sizes. Remember that your sep. funnel will contain the solvent and wash liquid which must be thoroughly (彻底)mixed.IV.Write a chemical equation representing each of the following reaction and calculate (10% for all the answers)Write a chemical equation representing each of the following:(a)Solid aluminum sulfide reacts with liquid water to give solid aluminum hydroxide and gaseous hydrogen sulfide.(b)Gaseous ozone reacts with gaseous nitrogen monoxide to produce gaseous nitrogen dioxide and gaseous oxygem(c)Gaseous nitrogen reacts with gaseous hydrogen at 400°C and 250 atm pressure in the presence of FeO as a catalyst to yield gaseous ammonia.V.Read the Abstract and then answer the questions: (20% for all the answers )Title: Reductive Adsorption of Gold(III) by Crosslinked LignophenolAuthor: PARAJULI D, INOUE K, KURIYAMA M, FUNAOKAM, MAK1N0 K*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: km@Abstract: The adsorption behavior of acrosslinked lignophenol (木质素酚)gel for various metal ions from chloride medium was investigated. The gel (凝胶) was found to be only effective (有效)for the adsorption (吸附作用)of Au (III) from weak to strong acidic medium (酸性媒介).The analysis of XRD-specrum and SEM-images of the adsorbent after adsorption revealed the formation of elemental gold by the reduction of the Au (III) ion. Such a result is promising for the development of a recovery system for gold from various industrial wastes.(1)What do the words ''Reductive adsorptiorT (还原吸附)，“adsorbent"(吸附剂)and "recovery" (回收)mean in this abstract? (6% for the answer)(2)What are the applications for the adsorption of acrosslinked lignophenol (木质素酚) gel in this paper? (4% for the answer)(3)What are the two analytical methods mentioned in this abstract? (6% for the answer)(4)Who are the first author and corresponding author in this paper and how can you contact with them? (4% for the answer)Forty of the most common chemical elementshttp://\v\vw・Quia・Com/ifb/65539・htmlPrefixper-/hypo-高/次mono- (monocycle)一 di- (bicycle)二tri- (tricycle/triangle)Htetra- (tetragon/quadrangle) 29penta- (pentagon)E hexa ・(hexagon)六 hepta- (heptagon)七 octa- (octopus/octagon))\ nona ・(nonagon)九 deca- (decade/decagon)+Suffix -ide ■化. -ite 亚盐 -ate 正盐 -ous 亚酸 -ic 正酸Mono=l Di=2 Tri=3 Tetra=4 Penta=5Hexa=6 Hepta=7 Octa=8 Nona=9 Deca=10 N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxideN2O4 dinitrogen tetroxideN2O3 dinitrogen trioxideN2O2 dinitrogen dioxideN2O dinitrogen oxideNO2 nitrogen dioxideNO nitrogen oxideExceptions that use the ide endingshydroxide (OH ), cyanide (CN~), ammonium (NH/)NH4I ammonium iodide (NH3H2O ammonia)KCN potassium cyanideCa(OH)2 calcium hydroxideNaOH sodium hydroxideFe(OH)2 iron(H) hydroxide/ ferrous hydroxideFe(OH)3 iron(III) hydroxide/ferric hydroxideCu (OH)2 copper(II) hydroxide/cupric hydroxideCu (OH) copper(I) hydroxide/cuprous hydroxideWrite for the following compounds Sulfur trioxide SO3Cupric chloride CuCI2Ferrous sulfideBarium peroxide BaO2Silicon iodide Sil4Sodium hydroxideAmmonium chloride NH4CIPotassium KCNTungsten carbide WCCalcium bromide anhydrous CaBr2FeSC)3 iron(II)/ferrous sulfite Fe2(SC)3)3 iron(III)/ferric sulfiteFeS€)4 iron(II)/fenous sulfate Fe2(SC)4)3 iron(III)/ferric sulfateGive the formulas of thefollowing compoundsperchloric acidammonium paratungstate （偏卡乌酸纟安） hydroiodic acid （氢碘酸 HI ）divanadium pentoxide （五氧化二磷） carbon tetrafluoride tetraphosphorus hexaoxidemercurous chloridepotassium fluorosilicate （氟硅酸钾） hydrogen peroxide calcium hypochloriteammonium ferric sulfate （硫酸铁辛安）potassium sulfite calcium nitrate barium phosphate potassium dichromate sodium chlorite sulfate sodium ferric chlorate cuprous nitriteK 2so 3 Ca （NO 3）2 Ba 3（PO 4）2K 2Cr 2O 7 NaCIO 2 PbSO 4 Na 3PO 3 Fe （CIO 3）HCl hydrochloric acidNaClOsodium hypochlorite HC10 hypochlorous acid NaC102 sodium chlorite HC1O 2 chlorous acid NaClO 3 sodium chlorate HCIO3chloric acidNaClO 4sodium perchlorateHCIO4 perchloric acidpotassium bromatesodium hydrogen phosphate, anhydrous （无水）sodium thiosulfate ferric hydroxide rare earth oxalate （RE 草cuprous sulfidesodium tetraboratemercuric sulfocyanide sodium bicarbonateName the following compoundshydrochloric acid （氢氯酸，盐酸，HC1） ferrous oxidemagnesium chloride potassium permanganate （高猛酸钾，KMnO4）ammonium nitritesilver sulfidehydrogen dioxide lead(II) sufate chromium hydroxide calcium phosphate sodium bicarbonate hypochlorous acidisooctane异辛烷CH3-C（CH3）2-CH2-CH（CH3）-CH3（2,2,4-trimethylpentane）C primary （伯）C secondary （仲）C tertiary （叔）C quarternary （季）neobuane 正丁烷Examples of Simple GydoalkaJftfeSNote: sydWQpan貝is isomeric with 陂C6H4(CH3)2 dimethylbenzene/xylene (o-,m-,p-)o- (ortho)令B 1,2-dimethylbenzene/o-xylenem- (meta) 间1,3-dimethylbenzene/m-xyleneX'i 1,4-dimethylbenzene/p-xylene P- (para)Note: C6H5- phenylC6H5CH2- benzyl1 .Common Functional GroupsGive the formulas (or Chinese names) of the following compounds (1)potassium hydrogen carbonate(3) sodium chlorous (亚氯酸钠)(5) 1,3-pentadiene(7) methoxybenzene(9) polytetrafluoroethylene■graph描绘器，记录器photograph, chromatograph, telegraph■graphy⑴图示法，画法，写法chromatography, photography, calligraphy, telegraphy ⑵记，志biography, geography, bibliography■scope观察的仪器，…镜microscope, specroscope (spectromicroscope), telescope ■scopy观察，检验spectroscopy, microscopy, telescopy■meteT计量器，计，表thermometer, spectrometer, gravimeter, colorimeter, telemeter metry测量(学)，度量(学)thermometry, gravimetry, colorimetry, volumetry, iodimetry(2) cupric sulfide(4) periodic acid(6) butyl pentanoate(8) propanaltitrimetric analysis i商定卜析instrumental analysis 仪器分析(1) AAS: atomic absorption spectroscopy (原子吸收光谱法)(2) AES: atomic emission spectroscopy (原子发射光谱法) (3) AFS: atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (原子荧光光谱法) (4) FTIR: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (红外光谱) (5) NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (核磁共振光谱) (6) GC: gas chromatography (气相色谱法)(7) HPLC:high-performance liquid chromatography (高效液和色谱法)(8) ICP-MS: (9) UV-VIS: inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (电感耦合等 离子体质谱) ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (紫外一可见光谱) (10) TEM: transmission electron microscopy (透身寸 电子显微镜) (ll)SEM: scanning electron microscopy (扌H 描电子显微镜) (12) XRD:X-ray diffraction (X 射线衍射)Practice(1)二氧化碳(5)二甲醛(2)氢氧化铜(3)氯酸(4)高猛酸银(AgMnO4)(6)乙酸(7)淚苯⑻甲酸甲酯(1 )carbon dioxide (2)copper( II) hydroxide (3)chloric acid (氯酸) (4)silver permanganate (5)dimethyl(methyl) ether (6)ethanoic acid(7)bromobenzene (8)methyl methanoate (formate)(2) mercury nitrate (4) calcium phosphide (6) magnesium nitride (8) ethylcyclohexane (10) nitrobenzene(12) 4-hydroxydiphenyl ether (14) 3-ethyl-6-methyl-2,6-octadiene (2) HgNO3⑷ Ca3P2(6) Mg3N2(1) iron oxide (3) Nickel sulfide (5) zinc oxide (7) hydrogen peroxide (9) 1,4-pentadiene(11) 1,2,3-propanetriol (13) o-dibromobenzene (l)Fe2O3 (3) NiS (5) ZnO(10)硝基苯(12) 4■梵棊二苯瞇(14) 6■甲基・3■乙基・2,6■辛二烯Translate the following sentences into Chinese (5% for each answer)Unsaturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons having one double bond are named by replacing the ending "ane^ of the name of the corresponding saturated hydrocarbon with the ending "ene M . If there are two or more double bonds, the ending will be "adiene^, "atriene ,\ etc.含一个双键的不饱和直连脂肪怪命名时用“ene”作为结尾替代相应的饱和烧结尾字 母“ane”,如有两个或多个双键,则以二烯“adien 尹和三烯“atrience"结尾。
化学专业英语
化学专业英语化学专业英语在学习和工作中扮演着重要角色，对于化学领域的专业人士来说，掌握一定的英语能力是必不可少的。
本文将介绍化学专业英语的重要性、常用术语及学习方法。
重要性在当今全球化的社会中，英语已成为国际交流的通用语言。
化学作为一门重要的自然科学学科，与许多其他领域有着千丝万缕的联系。
因此，化学专业人士需要与不同国家和地区的同行进行交流，参与国际性的研究合作。
良好的英语能力可以帮助化学专业人士更好地理解和沟通最新的研究成果，实现信息共享和合作。
此外，化学领域的文献、期刊、会议报告等大多数都是用英语进行撰写和交流的。
若想深入研究和了解前沿化学知识，就必须具备良好的英语阅读和写作能力。
常用术语以下是化学专业中常用的一些英语术语：•Atom - 原子•Molecule - 分子•Chemical Bond - 化学键•Chemical Reaction - 化学反应•Element - 元素•Compound - 化合物•Organic Chemistry - 有机化学•Inorganic Chemistry - 无机化学•Physical Chemistry - 物理化学•Analytical Chemistry - 分析化学•Biochemistry - 生物化学•Polymer - 聚合物熟练掌握这些术语对于化学专业学习和工作至关重要。
学习方法要提高化学专业英语水平，以下是一些建议的学习方法：1.多读英文文献：阅读化学领域的英文期刊、论文或专业书籍，可以帮助提升英语阅读能力和专业术语的熟练掌握。
2.参加英语课程：参加专门针对化学专业英语的培训班或课程，系统学习化学领域的英语知识。
3.与外国同行交流：积极参与国际会议、学术交流活动，与外国同行进行交流，提高英语口语表达能力。
4.写作练习：多写化学相关的英文论文摘要、实验报告等，提升英语写作技巧。
5.背单词：每天坚持背诵一些化学专业英语词汇，扩大词汇量。
常用化学英语知识点归纳
常用化学英语知识点归纳化学英语是指在化学学科领域中所使用的英语词汇、表达方式以及相关知识点。
在化学实验、研究和教学等方面，化学英语扮演着重要的角色。
下面将详细介绍一些常用的化学英语知识点。
一、化学实验1. 实验室设备和器具的英文名称：- Beaker：烧杯- Test tube：试管- Flask：烧瓶- Burette：滴定管- Pipette：移液管- Distillation apparatus：蒸馏装置- Evaporating dish：蒸发皿- Crucible：坩埚- Bunsen burner：本生灯- Thermometer：温度计- Balance：天平2. 实验操作和步骤的常用表达方式：- Add：加入- Pour：倾倒- Mix：混合- Stir：搅拌- Heat：加热- Cool：冷却- Filter：过滤- Evaporate：蒸发- Precipitate：沉淀- Measure：测量- Weigh：称量- Calculate：计算- Record：记录3. 化学实验中常见的实验现象和结果的英文表达：- Change：变化- Reaction：反应- Reaction rate：反应速率- Precipitation：沉淀- Dissolve：溶解- Evaporation：蒸发- Combustion：燃烧- Oxidation：氧化- Reduction：还原- Color change：颜色变化- Gas formation：产生气体- Odor：气味- pH change：pH值变化二、化学元素和化合物1. 化学元素的英文名称：- Hydrogen：氢- Carbon：碳- Oxygen：氧- Nitrogen：氮- Sodium：钠- Potassium：钾- Iron：铁- Copper：铜- Gold：金- Silver：银2. 化合物的命名和表示方法：- Chemical formula：化学式- Molecular formula：分子式- Structural formula：结构式- Empirical formula：经验式- Ionic compound：离子化合物- Covalent compound：共价化合物- Organic compound：有机化合物- Inorganic compound：无机化合物- Acid：酸- Base：碱- Salt：盐3. 化学反应和方程式的表达方式：- Reactant：反应物- Product：产物- Chemical equation：化学方程式- Balanced equation：平衡方程式- Stoichiometry：化学计量- Catalyst：催化剂- Rate of reaction：反应速率- Equilibrium：平衡- Redox reaction：氧化还原反应- Acid-base reaction：酸碱反应- Combustion reaction：燃烧反应三、化学性质和分析方法1. 化学性质的英文表达：- Acidic：酸性的- Basic：碱性的- Alkaline：碱性的- Reactive：反应性的- Flammable：易燃的- Soluble：可溶解的- Insoluble：不溶解的- Stable：稳定的- Volatile：易挥发的- Toxic：有毒的2. 化学分析方法的英文名称：- Titration：滴定法- Spectroscopy：光谱分析- Chromatography：色谱法- Mass spectrometry：质谱分析- Electrochemistry：电化学分析- Atomic absorption spectroscopy：原子吸收光谱- Gas chromatography：气相色谱- High-performance liquid chromatography：高效液相色谱- Infrared spectroscopy：红外光谱- Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy：核磁共振光谱四、物质计量和单位1. 常用的化学计量单位的英文缩写：- Gram：克- Milligram：毫克- Kilogram：千克- Liter：升- Milliliter：毫升- Microliter：微升- Moles：摩尔- Kilomoles：千摩尔- Atomic mass unit：原子质量单位- Molar mass：摩尔质量2. 温度、压力和浓度的英文表示方式：- Celsius：摄氏度- Kelvin：开尔文- Fahrenheit：华氏度- Pressure：压力- Atmosphere：大气压强- Pascal：帕斯卡- Concentration：浓度- Molarity：摩尔浓度- Mass concentration：质量浓度- Volume concentration：体积浓度以上只是化学英语知识点的一小部分，涵盖了化学实验、化学元素和化合物、化学性质和分析方法以及物质计量和单位等方面的内容。
化学专业英语复习
化学元素符号及名称无机化合物命名二、氧化物Oxide peroxide 过氧化物先命名电负性小的非氧元素1.无氧酸 General formula (通式): H n Xn m五、盐salt1.binary salt 二元盐 General formula（通式） : M n X m2.oxysalt 含氧酸盐 General formula（通式）: M n XO manion 阴离子, 负离子 cation 阳离子, 正离子 poly 多, 聚 polymer n.聚合物polymerize v.聚合 polymerization n. 聚合（作用） heteropoly acid 杂多酸cyanide 氰化物 thio- 硫代…,硫的,含硫的 borate n.硼酸盐 silane 硅烷 (Si n H2n+2) brane n.硼烷ortho- [希腊词头] ：正、原（无机酸用）邻（位）（有机化合物命名）meta-[希腊词头] ：偏（无机酸用）间（位）（有机化合物命名）ortho-acid 原酸；meta-acid 偏酸有机化合物命名2.烯烃-ene alkene4.烷基-yl alkyl用数字表示取代基或重键的位置用 di-(二)、tri-(三)、tetra-(四) 等词缀表示重键或相同(简单)基团的数目的位置从与 O 原子连接的 C 原子开始排序, 用希腊字母α、β、γ、δ等表示取代基(Br)nitro-硝基14.hydro- 含氢, 水16.iso- 异 n-正 isomer 异构体 isomerism 异构现象17.iso- 同，等论文摘要重点“5 Steps” for abstract writing1.Underling key words and sentences2.Listing essential points of the paper3.Boiling down each section to a sentence or two4.Drafting the abstract (Borrow some words or phrases from the others)5.Checking the final draft文献阅读的五个问题“5A Strategy”Q1: What is the general knowledge of your topic in the academic field?Q2: What research topic is the paper to focus on?Q3:What method or materials do you use to support your main point of view? Q4: What conclusion will you draw?Q5: What is the main contribution of the paper?。
(完整版)化学专业英语
(完整版)化学专业英语一、基础词汇篇1. 原子与分子Atom（原子）：物质的基本单位，由质子、中子和电子组成。
2. 化学反应Reactant（反应物）：参与化学反应的物质。
Product（物）：化学反应后的物质。
Catalyst（催化剂）：能改变化学反应速率而本身不发生永久变化的物质。
3. 物质状态Solid（固体）：具有一定形状和体积的物质。
Liquid（液体）：具有一定体积，无固定形状的物质。
Gas（气体）：无固定形状和体积的物质。
4. 酸碱盐Acid（酸）：在水溶液中能电离出氢离子的物质。
Base（碱）：在水溶液中能电离出氢氧根离子的物质。
Salt（盐）：由酸的阴离子和碱的阳离子组成的化合物。
5. 溶液与浓度Solution（溶液）：由溶剂和溶质组成的均匀混合物。
Solvent（溶剂）：能溶解其他物质的物质。
Solute（溶质）：被溶解的物质。
Concentration（浓度）：溶液中溶质含量的度量。
二、专业术语篇1. 有机化学Organic Chemistry（有机化学）：研究碳化合物及其衍生物的化学分支。
Functional Group（官能团）：决定有机化合物化学性质的原子或原子团。
Polymer（聚合物）：由许多重复单元组成的大分子化合物。
2. 无机化学Inorganic Chemistry（无机化学）：研究不含碳的化合物及其性质的化学分支。
Crystal（晶体）：具有规则排列的原子、离子或分子的固体。
OxidationReduction Reaction（氧化还原反应）：涉及电子转移的化学反应。
3. 物理化学Physical Chemistry（物理化学）：研究化学现象与物理现象之间关系的化学分支。
Chemical Bond（化学键）：原子间相互作用力，使原子结合成分子。
Thermodynamics（热力学）：研究能量转换和物质性质的科学。
4. 分析化学Analytical Chemistry（分析化学）：研究物质的组成、结构和性质的科学。
化学专业英语复习资料
Naming Inorganic CompoundsIntroduction：1.10 million known chemical substances.Need to establish a set of rules leading to informative, systematic name for each substance.2.Nomenclature: basic rules for naming simple compounds (organic compounds,inorganic compounds)Contents of current section：1.Preparatory materials（names of common elements in the periodic table)；2.Ionic compounds (cations, anions,compounds)；3.Acids；4.Molecular compounds Common Elements：Ac-Actinium锕, Ag-Silver, Al-Aluminum, Ar-Argon, As-Arsenic, Au-Gold, B-Boron, Ba-Barium, Be-Beryllium, Bi-Bismuth, Br-Bromine, C-Carbon, Ca-Calcium, Cd-Cadmium, Ce-Cerium铈, Cl-Chlorine, Co-Cobalt, Cr-Chromium, Cs-Cesium铯, Cu-Copper, F-Fluorine, Fe-Iron,Ga-Gallium镓, Ge-Germanium锗, H-Hydrogen, He-Helium, Hg-Mercury, I-Iodine, In-Indium, Ir-Iridium铱, K-Potassium, Kr-Krypton, La-Lanthanum镧, Li-Lithium, Mg-Magnesium, Mn-Manganese, Mo-Molybdenum钼, N-Nitrogen, Na-Sodium, Nb-Niobium铌, Nd-Neodymium钕, Ne-Neon, Ni-Nickel, O-Oxygen, Os-Osmium锇, P-Phosphorus, Pb- Lead, Pd-Palladium钯, Po-Polonium钋,Pt-Platinum, Pu-Plutonium钚, Ra-Radium, Rb-Rubidium铷, Re-Rhenium铼, Rn-Radon氡, Ru-Ruthenium钌, S-Sulfur, Sb-Antimony锑, Sc-Scandium钪, Se-Selenium硒, Si-Silicon, Sm-Samarium钐, Sn-Tin,Sr-Strontium锶, Ta-Tantalum钽, Te-Tellurium, Ti-Titanium, Tl-Thallium, U-Uranium, V-Vanadium钒，W-Tungsten, Xe-Xenon, Y-Yttrium钇, Zn-Zinc, Zr-Zirconium锆Ionic compoundsGeneral rule :The names of ionic compounds are based on the names of the ions of which they are composed. The positive ion (cation) is always named first and listed first in writing the formula for the compound. The negative ion (anion) is named and written last.Eg.：NaCl (sodium chloride)Naming cationsMonatomic ions (take the name of the element itself)Zn2+ (zinc ion), Al3+ (aluminum ion)Note: for an element (especially transition metals) with more than 1 positive ion, the positive charge of the ion is indicated by a Roman numeral in parentheses following the name of the metal: Fe2+ --- iron (II) ion, Cu+ ---copper (I) ionIf unsure, use the Roman numeral designation of charges as part of the name.Naming cationsNote: A widely used older method to distinguish between two differently charged ions of a metal is to apply the ending –ous for the lower charged ions or -ic for the higher charged ions, respectively. They are added to the root of the Latin name of the element.Eg.：Fe2+ (ferrous ion), Cu+ (cuprous ion)Fe3+ (ferric ions), Cu2+ (cupric ion)Naming cationsPolyatomic cations: Groups of atoms with a positive charge.NH4+ --- ammonium ion Hg22+ ---mercury (I) ion or mercurous ionNote: Hg2+ ---mercury (II) ion, or mercuric ionCommon ions：Cations: ammonium, cesium, copper(I) or cuprous, hydrogen, lithium, potassium, silver,sodium.(+1 ions); barium, cadmium, calcium, cobalt(II) or cobaltous, copper(II) or cupric,iron(II) or ferrous, lead(II) or plumbous,magnesium, manganese(II) ormanganous,mercury(I) or mercurous, mercury(II) or mercuric, nickel, strontium, tin(II) or stannous, zinc.(2+ ions); aluminum, chromium(III) or chromic, iron(III) or ferric.(3+ ions) Naming anionsMonatomic anions (named by dropping the ending of the name of the element and adding the ending -ide ):Naming anionsPolyatomic anionsNote: only a few polyatomic anions end in -ide:OH- hydroxide ion, CN- cyanide ion O22- peroxide ion, N3- azide ionNaming anionsOxyanions (polyatomic and oxygen-containing):when an element forms two oxyanions, the name of the one containing more oxygen ends in-ate; the name of the one with less oxygen ends in -ite: Eg.：NO2- nitrite ion, SO32- sulfite ion ,NO3- nitrate ion, SO42- sulfate ionNaming anionsNote: when the series of anions of a given element extends to three or four members,prefixes are also employed. The prefix hypo-indicates less oxygen, and per- more oxygen:Eg: ClO- hypochlorite ion, ClO2- chlorite ion ClO3- chlorate ion, ClO4- perchlorate ion chlor---root of chlorineNaming anionsPractice: selenate ion (?); selenite ion (?) perbromate (?) , hypobromite (?)Note: exceptions to rules: permanganate ion is MnO4-, manganate ion is MnO42-. ferrate-(or perferrate) FeO4-，chromate CrO42-, dichromate Cr2O72-Naming anionsPolyatomic anions with hydrogen ionsThese ions are named by prefixing the word hydrogen or dihydrogen, as appropriate,to the name of the hydrogen-free anion.Alternative way is to use the prefix bi-:Eg.：HCO3- hydrogen carbonate (or bicarbonate ) ion; HSO4- hydrogen sulfate ( or bisulfate) ion; H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate ionCommon ionsAnions: acetate, azide, bromide, chlorate,chloride, cyanide, dihydrogen phosphate,fluoride, hydride, hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate, hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate, hydroxide, iodide, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, permanganate, thiocyanate, cyanate. (1- ions);carbonate, chromate, dichromate, ferrate,hydrogen phosphate, oxide, peroxide, sulfate,sulfide, sulfite, thiosulfate.(2- ions); nitride,phosphate, phosphide. (3- ions).Naming ionic compoundsWrite the formulas for ionic compounds by combining the names of cations and anions:barium bromide- BaBr2copper(II) nitrate or cupric nitrate- Cu(NO3)2aluminum oxide-Al2O3mercury(I) chloride or mercurous chlorideHg2Cl2ferric oxide, Fe2O3Practice : Name the following compounds:(a)K2SO4；(b) Ba(OH)2；(c) FeCl3 (d) NH4Cl；(e) Cr2O3；(f)Co(NO3)2Write the chemical formulas for the following compounds:(a)calcium carbonate; (b)sodium fluoride; (c) iron(II) perchlorate; (d)magnesium sulfate; (e) silver sulfide; (f) lead nitrate.Naming AcidsAn acid here is defined as a substance whose molecules yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.Rule : The name of an non-oxyacid is related to the name of the anion. Anions with the ending -ide associate with acids having hydro- prefix and an -ic ending:Eg:Chloride (Cl-) to hydrochloric acid (HCl) sulfide (S2- ) to hydrosulfuric acid (H2S)Note: only water solution of HCl is called hydrochloric acid, the pure compound is called hydrogen chloride.Naming the acidsFor acids derived from oxyanions (oxyacids)Rule: If the anion has an –ate (-ite) ending,the corresponding acid is given an –ic (-ous) ending. Prefixes are retained:Naming the acidsExercisesName the following acids:(a) HCN, HSCN; (b) HNO3, HNO2 (c) H2SO4 (d) H2SO3Give the chemical formulas for(a)hydrobromic acid; (b) phosphoric acid.Naming molecular compoundsRule:The procedures for naming binary (two-element) molecular compounds are similar to those for naming ionic compounds. The element with the positive nature is named first and also appears first in the chemical formula. The second element is named with an–ide ending.Eg.:HCl hydrogen chlorideNaming molecular compoundsPrefixes are used in differentiating several binary compounds formed between nonmetals.Eg:CO -carbon monoxide CO2-carbon dioxideMeaning of the Greek prefixes:mono- (1); di- (2); tri-(3); tetra-(4); penta-(5);hexa-(6); hepta-(7); octa-(8); nona-(9); deca-(10)Naming molecular compoundsNote: when the prefix ends in a or o and the name of the anion begins with a vowel (such as oxide), the a or o is often dropped. The prefix mono- is usually omitted for the first-named element.Eg.:Cl2O - dichlorine monoxide; NF3- nitrogen trifluoride; N2O4- dinitrogen tetroxide; P4S10- tetraphosphorus decasulfide;ExercisesName the following compounds:(a) SO2; (b)PCl5; (c)N2O3Give the chemical formula for(a) silicon tetrabromide (b) disulfur dichlorideExercises for ReviewSodium fluoride, magnesium bromide,hydrogen iodide, sodium azide , calcium phosphide,copper(I) chloride, potassium azide,manganese (IV) oxideK2SO3, Ca(MnO4)2 , Ba3(PO4)2, H3PO4 ,H2SO4 ,HNO3 , ZnO , BaO2 ,FeO ,CuSO4•5H2O , Mn3(PO4)2Metaphosphoric acid, phosphoric acid,hypophosphorous acid, phosphorous acid,(hypo)phosphite, (meta)phosphateammonium acetate, perbromic acid , potassium nitrite, sodium peroxide , ammonium dichromate ,sodium carbonate , silver nitrate , aluminum acetate, hydrosulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, perferric acid, perferrate ion, hypoiodite ion,iodic acid , chlorous acid, hydrochloric acidB2O3, SiO2, PCl3,SiCl4, BrF3, IBr,N2S5, PCl3, SiS, S4N2Exercise: learning for useWhen ammonium thiocyanate and barium hydroxide octahydrate are mixed at room temperature,an endothermic reaction occurs.(write the chemical equation). As a result of this reaction, the temperature of the system drops from about 20°C to -9 °C.The reaction of powdered aluminum with ferric oxide (known as the thermite reaction) is highly exothermic. Once started, the reaction proceeds vigorously to form aluminum oxide and molten iron. (write the chemical equation)Nomenclature for Organic Compounds and GroupsWhy Do We Need a Separate Set of Rules?Examine some typical organic compounds (Name these using typical covalent rules)CH4:Carbon tetrahydride C2H6:Dicarbon hexahydrideThat wasn’t so bad, right?How about these:C4H10:Tetracarbon decahydride C5H12:Pentacarbon hydrideSee my point?Memorizing too many prefixes for large numbersIsomers：If that’s not enough, how about this one:Rules•Identify the longest unbranched chain of carbons•Name it as normal•Identify the branch•Name it but give it a “–yl”suffix•Put the names of all branches first, then put name of longest chain•Put the number of the carbon the branch is on (start numbering from the closest single end) Nomenclature for saturated hydrocarbonsa.Alkanes（CnH2n+2烷烃）---+ anefor n<=4：methane (甲烷), ethane(乙烷),propane (丙烷), butane (丁烷).Alkanefor n>4 , for normal alkanesA Greek prefix + ane suffix (if “-aa-”, drop one “a”)5 pent(a)-,6 hex(a)-,7 hept(a)-,8 oct(a)-,9 non(a)-,10 dec(a)-, 11 undec(a)-, 12 dodec(a)-, 13 tridec(a)-,14 tetradec(a)-, 15 pentadec(a)- 16 hexadec(a)-,17 heptadec(a), 18 octadec(a)-, 19 nonadec(a)-,20 eicos(a)-, 22 docos(a)-, 24 tetracos(a)-, 30triacot(a)-, 36 hexatriacot(a)-Eg：nonadecane; C19H40 decanedithiol; HS-C10H22-SHAlkanesn >4 , alkanes’main chain with branchesThe position and name of branch groups are added as prefixes to the name of the longest hydrocarbon chain. Use Greek prefixes to indicate the number of repeated branch group.2-chloropentane, 2-methylbutane2,2,4-trimethylpentane (or isooctane)1-chloro-3,3-dimethylpentane2-methylpropane (or isobutane)Cyclo’alkanes, CnH2n (naming rule similar to the above-mentioned) + add cycloStart numbering from the most “important”branch in the ringSupplementsPrimary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary carbon atom.Normal hydrocarbon: n-hexane or s of some groups derived from alkanes by replacing “ane”with “yl”:Eg.：methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexylPracticeDraw the structural formula for each of the following compounds(1) 3-hexyne(2)1,3-pentadiene(3)cyclcobutene(4) 3, 4-diethylhexane(5) 1-butyneNomenclature of aromatic hydrocarbonsThe name of a single substituent is added to benzene as a prefix. Three structurally isomeric forms are designated ortho (o-), meta (m-), and para (p-).Eg：ethylbenzene, p-nitrobenzoic acid, hexachlorobenzene, toluene, m-xylene.group: phenyl-diphenylmethane.Nomenclature for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsEg:Nomenclature for functional groupsHalo (-X), hydroxyl (-OH), amino (-NR3. primary: RNH2,secondary: R2NH, tertiary: R3N), formyl (-CHO),carbonyl (-CO-), carboxyl (-COOH), a’mido (-CONH2),carbonyl halide (-COX), an’hydride (-COOCOR),ester(-COOR), nitro(-NO2), nitroalkane (R-NO2),sulfonic acid (-SO3H), cyano (-CN)Functional groups with covalent single bondsAlkyl (烷基）and aryl （芳基）halides (RX)Eg:Methyl bromide (bromomethane),methyl iodide (iodomethane), ethyl bromide(bromoethane), propyl bromide (1-bromopropane),propylene dibromide (1,2-dibromopropane), vinyl chloride (chloroethene), chlorobenzene.Functional groups with covalent single bondscommercial name：methyl alcohol ( 甲醇) , ethyl alcohol (乙醇), propyl alcohol (1-propanol), ethylene glycol (乙二醇)，glycerol (甘油), isopropyl alcohol (异丙醇）Functional groups with covalent single bondsNomenclature for functional group with double bondsEsters (RCOOR’)in the two-word name for an ester, the first word is the name of the R’group (methyl, ethyl, …), the second word is the name of the carboxylic acid with the final -c ic replaced by –ate (回忆无机盐命名）methyl formate (methanoate), methyl acetate (ethanoate), ethyl benzoateNomenclature for functional group with double bonds。
化工专业英语复习
有机化学：alkane , “-ene”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl” , aldehyde, amide, ether, ester, ketone, alcohol, carboxylic acid, acetic acid, acid chloridecarbon, hydrocarbon, carbohydrate, Lewis acid, Lewis base, amine, ammonium, Grignard reagent, carbonium ion, carbonyl, benzene, hydroxyl, functional group, homologue, homologous, heteroatom, organometallicisomer, stereochemistry, stereoisomer, optically active, optical rotation, conformational isomer, eclipsed conformation, staggered conformationisolation, reflux, evaporation, filtration, crystallisation, extraction, distillation, residue, by-product, dehydratenucleophilic, electrophilic, addition, substitution, electronegativityaliphatic, aromatic,derivative, be derived from, parent memberbond angle, single bond, double bond, triple bond, cis, trans, localized, delocalized, resonance, intermediate, polarize, orbital无机化学:oxide, hydroxide, carbon dioxide, halide,-ate(carbonate, nitrate, sulphate)-ium(lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum)zinc, copper, ironoxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, neutralization, decompositionacid, oxyacid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid，nitric acidbase, alkali, alkali-earthhydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, halogensp3-hybridized, formula,物理化学:intermolecular, intramolecular,thermodynamics, exothermic, endothermic, law, constant, kinetics, rate coefficient, plot A against B, slope, reciprocal, mechanism, order, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, crystal, amorphous, phase, interfacial, interfacial tension,solute, solvent, dissolve, soluble ,solubility, capillary, saturation, aqueousequilibrium, forward, backward, reversible, irreversible,hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphiphilic, lipophilic, surfactant, cationic, anionic, non-ionic, positive ion, negative ion, saponification, water-in-oil, oil-in-water, contact angle, wet, emulsifier, emulsion, suspensionstarch, preservative, zeolite, degradable, adsorptionhomogeneous, heterogeneous,分析化学:titration, analyte, titrant, standard solution, indicator, complexometric, precipitation, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)qualitative analysis, quantitative analysisequimolar, molarity, concentration, stoichiometric,dilute, chelating agentspectroscopy, spectrum, mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance高分子化学:macromolecule, polymer, dimer, trimer, tetramer, polysaccharide, addition polymer, condensation polymer, liner polymer, net-work polymer, cross-linked polymer化工:conduction, convention, countercurrent, co-current, batch process翻译练习—单词（一）单词的增译及省译1.Practically all substance expand when heated and contract when cooled.实际上一切物质都是热胀冷缩的。
化学专业英语复习要点
in-, im-, ir-, un-, dis; 表示”否定”, “相反”incomplete (不完整的), inorganic (无机的)impure (不纯的), impossible (不可能的)irregular (不规则的), irreversible (不可逆的)uncommon (不寻常的), unkown (未知的)disappear (消失), disadvantage (缺点)non-; 表示”非”nonmetal (非金属), nonelectrolyte (非电解质)be referred to as...“被称为…, 被叫做…”be designated as (指定,定为)be considered as(较主观); be regarded as; be treated as; be identified as; be recognized as (客观的认识)refer to指的是…查阅或参考；references，参考文献谈到或提及consist of,”由…构成”, 不可用被动语态constitute, 多用于主动语态, 所“构成”的事物在属性和特征上与组成成分是一致的compose, be composed of, “由…材料构成”comprise,在表示“构成”时,其内涵是“包括”或“覆盖”in contrast, “与此相反, 相比之下”,比较两个事情，形成对照，不一定相反，on the contrary, “相反, 反之“, 有主观与个人色彩，认为后面是对的on the other hand, “另一方面“, 同一个事情的两个方面stem from, “由…导致, 由…引起”result from, caused bybulk, “主要部分, 绝大部分, 主体; 大批, 批量” bulk solution, “本体溶液”illustrate, (用图、实例等)说明, 阐明, +by, withdemonstrate, 通过推理或提供证据来证明,论证indicate, 表明, 指出state, 陈述, 说明, 认为respective, “分别的, 各自的“respectively, “分别地, 各自地”inter-, 相互, 中间, 之间interaction, interface, interconversion, intermolecular (分子间的) air/water interface (气/水界面)intra-, 表示“在内” intramolecular (分子内的) intramolecular charge transfermicro-, “微观的, 显微的”micron, microcrystal, microanalysis, microwave, microburette macro-, 表示“大的, 宏观的”, macroscalemeso-, 表示“中的, 中间的”, mesoscale microporous(微孔的), mesoporous(介孔的), macroporous(大孔的) mesoporous molecular sieve (介孔分子筛)nano-, 纳米的nanotechnology (纳米技术), -cide, (构成名词)表示“杀…剂或物”insecticide (杀虫剂), herbicide (除草剂), bactericide (杀菌剂), fungicide (防霉剂) suicide, 自杀-hedral, ---面体的-hedron, ---面体tetrahedron (四面体), tetrahedral (四面体的), hexahedral (六面体的), polyhedron (多面体), polyhedral (多面体的)involve, vt.1. 牵涉，牵连，使卷入；使陷入(麻烦、困境等)：to be involved in a scandal (卷入丑闻); to be involved in the trouble (陷入麻烦)2. 使专注于, 使忙于3. 包含，含有，包括：exert, vt.1. 用(力)，尽(力)，努力：2. 运用, 行使; 发挥; 施加flexibility (柔性), elasticity (弹性), velocity (速度), viscosity(粘度), surface tension (表面张力) fine, adj. 好的; 优良的; 细小的, 精美的fine chemicals (精细化学品), fine structure (精细结构)finely, adv. 细微地; 美好地; 雅致地finely granular structure, 细团粒状结构precipitate, 沉淀, 析出(物质变相)；deposit, 沉淀, 沉积 1. 没有变相, 单纯因自身重量而下沉 2. 物质变相, 变相然后凝附到一个表面上sediment, n. 沉淀物, 沉积物(往往指不纯粹的东西, 杂质, 废料等)metha-, etha-, propa-, buta-;contribute to1. 捐献, 捐助,贡献2.促成，有助于，是…的部分原因3. 投稿inferior to, 比…低劣；比…差；(职位)比…低superior to, 优于；比…优越, 地位高于species, n, 物种; 种类specify, vt, 具体指定; 详细指明; 明确说明specifically, 特别地; 明确地formulate, 用公式表示; 系统(或确切)地阐述(理论、计划等); 按配方配制fractional column (分馏柱), fractional centrifugation (分级离心)time-consuming (耗时的), cost-efficient, cost-effective (划算的, 节约成本的)cathode (阴极), cathodic (阴极的)anode (阳极), anodic (阳极的)cation (阳离子), cationic (阳离子的)anion (阴离子), anionic (阴离子的)catanionic (阴阳离子的)iso-, 同, 等, 异isotope (同位素), isomer (同分异构体) isothermal (等温的), isotropic (各向同性的), anisotropic (各向异性的)homo-, 相同的, 均匀的homolytic (均裂), homolog (同系物), homophase (同相的) homogeneous solution (均相溶液) heter(o)-, 异, 杂heterolytic (异裂), heteropolar (异极的), heterophase (多相), heterogeneous nucleation (异相成核)hyper-, 高于, 超过hyperlink (超链接), hypermedia (超媒体),hyperspace (超空间, 多维空间) super-, “在…之上; 超级的; 过量”superficial (肤浅的), supernatant (上层清液), supercentrifuge (超速离心机), superheated (过热的), supersaturated (过饱和的)supermolecular chemistry (超分子化学), buid up, 逐步建立, 增进, 增强build up from nothing, 白手起家set up, 建立, 树立; 形成, 产生a fraction of, 一小部分exposed to, 容易受到～; 暴露于subjected to, 易于～; 遭受; 承受adsorb, adsorbtion, 吸附; adsorbent, 吸附剂; adsorbate, 吸附物; adsorbance, 吸附量absorb, absorption, 吸收; absorbent, 吸收剂; absorbate, 被吸收物; absorbance, 吸光度successively, 相继地, 接连着地successive, 依次的, 连续的, 相继的; sequent, sequential, sequenting, 连续的,相继的subsequent, succeeding, 后来的, 随后的predominant, 主要的, 最显著的; 占优势的dominant, 占优势的, 统治的,支配的variable, 可变的; 多变的; 变量dye, 染料; hair dye, 染发剂pigment, 色素, 颜料affinity to/for, 对…的亲和力intermediate, 中间物,中间体fuel, 燃料; fuel cell, 燃料电池;fuel consumption, 耗油量battery, 蓄电池input-output, 输入-输出; 投入-产出evaporation, evaporate, 蒸发, condensation, condense, 冷凝, 凝结, 浓缩condensed matter physics, 凝聚态物理sublimation, sublimate, 升华, 纯化melt, 融化; volatilize, 挥发volatile organic compound (VOC), 挥发性有机化合物chem(o)-, 化学的, chemistry (化学), chemist (化学家), chemical shift, chemical analysis, chemosynthesis (化学合成)phys-, 物理的physics (物理学), physical (物理的, 身体的)physicist (物理学家), physical address (物理地址), physical property (物理性质)psycho-, 心理的, 精神的psychology (心理学), psychological (心理的, 心理学的), psychologist (心理学家) psychotherapy (心理疗法), physical therapy (物理疗法), chemotherapy (化学疗法), gene therapy (基因治疗), photodynamic therapy (PDT, 光动力学疗法)bio-, 表示“生命、生物” biology (生物学), biological (生物学的), biological weapon (生物武器) biochemistry (生物化学), biosensor (生物传感器), biocide (杀虫剂)biography, 传记, 个人简介distinct, 1) 与其他不同的, 有区别的[(+from)]2) 明显的,清楚的share,1) v. 分享; 共享; 分担; 共有; 共同使用2) n. 一份, 份儿, (分担的)一部分; 股份, 股票; characterize, vi. 描绘…的特性characterization, 表征feature, 1) n. “特色”或“特点”2) vt. 由…主演, 以…为特色；keep up to date, 不断更新, 赶时髦under the auspices of, 由…赞助或主办，在…保护下；在…的主持下hypo-, 次, 低, 连hypochlorite (次氯酸盐), hypoosmotic (低渗的), hypoglycemia (低血糖), hyposulfuric acid (连二硫酸) hypophosphate (连二磷酸盐)per-, 高, 过, 全permanganate (高锰酸盐), perchloric acid (高氯酸), peroxide (过氧化物), percarbonate (过碳酸盐), perhalogenation (高卤化物), perhydroanthracene (全氢蒽), perhydrophenanthrene (全氢菲)correspond to, 相当于, 对应于correspondence, 通信correspondence address, 通讯地址corresponding author (通讯作者)donor, 给体donate, 捐赠, 捐献acceptor, 接受体electron acceptor donor-acceptor complex, 供体-受体复合物conjugate, adj. 共轭的, 结合的vt. 结合, 使成对, 使结合conjugate acid-base pair (共轭酸碱对)conjugated polymers (共轭聚合物) conjugated protein (结合蛋白质)subscript, 下标superscript, 上标; manuscript, 原稿, 手稿function, n. 功能, vi. 起作用property and function, 性质与功能functional, 功能的functional group, 官能团Functional Materials-philic, 亲, 嗜; nucleophilic (亲核的), electrophilic (亲电子的), hydrophilic (亲水的)-phobic, 憎, 疏electrophobic (疏电子的), hydrophobic (疏水的)amph(i)-, 表示“两”, “双” amphoteric, 两性的(酸性的或碱性的amphiphilic, 两亲性的amphiphilic block copolymers, 两亲性嵌段聚合物-phile, 表示爱好…的；嗜…的nucleophile (亲核试剂) amphiphile (两亲性物质)-ize, 使---化neutralize (中立化, 中和), oxidize (氧化), ionize (离子化), crystallize (结晶), hybridize (杂化), functionalize (功能化),range from…to, 在…范围内变化vary from…to, 从…到…不等; 因…而异primary carbon, 伯碳secondary carbon, 仲碳, sec-, s-tertiary carbon, 叔碳, tert-, t-quaternary carbon, 季碳, q-t-butyl chloride, 叔丁基氯, 第三氯丁烷tertiary, t-, tert-, 第三的, 第三位的tertiary alcohol, 叔醇tertiary amine, 叔胺n-, normal, normal alkanes, 正烷烃n-pentane, 正戊烷iso-, i-, isopentane, 异戊烷neo-, neopentane, 新戊烷self-, 自动, 自发self-propagating, 自动传输的; 自蔓延的self-combustion, 自燃作用self-assembly, self-organization, 自组装distil, v. 蒸馏, distilled water, 蒸馏水; distillation, fractional distillation, 分馏distiller, 蒸馏器;distillate, 蒸馏物, 馏出物;filtrate, v. 过滤, n. 滤液filtration, n. 过滤filter, 过滤器evaporation, evaporate, 蒸发,condensation, condense, 冷凝, 凝结, 浓缩condensed matter physics, 凝聚态物理sublimation, sublimate, 升华, 纯化volatilize, 挥发volatile organic compound (VOC), 挥发性有机化合物etc. (法)et cetera, 等于and so on et al. (拉)以及其他人e.g. 等于for example i.e. (拉) id est, 也就是, 即in vivo (拉)[生物]在活的有机体内in vitro (拉) 在(生物的)体外, 在试管中carbonation, 羧基化carbonate, vt. 羧基化; n. 碳酸盐carbonization, carbonize, 碳化residue, 残渣; 滤渣; 残基destructive distillation, 干馏acidification, n. acidify, v. 酸化basification, basify, v. 碱化t-butyl chloride, 叔丁基氯, 第三氯丁烷tertiary, t-, tert-, 第三的, 第三位tertiary alcohol, 叔醇tertiary amine, 叔胺primary carbon, 伯碳secondary carbon, 仲碳, sec-, s- tertiary carbon, 叔碳, tert-, t- quaternary carbon, 季碳, q-peer, vi. 凝视; 窥视; peer into n. 贵族; 同等的人, 同行peer review, 同行评审n-, normal, normal alkanes, 正烷烃n-pentane, 正戊烷iso-, i-, isopentane, 异戊烷neo-, neopentane, 新戊烷cis-, 顺式trans-, 反式para-, p-, 对位ortho-, o-, 邻位meta-, m-, 间位p-xylene, 对二甲苯o-xylene, 邻二甲苯m-xylene, 间二甲苯-graphy crystallography (结晶学), chromatography (色谱分析法), photography (摄影), geography (地理学),biography (传记)-metry, 表示“测量(学)”, “度量(学)” stoichiometry (化学计量学), geometry (几何学), spectrophotometry (分光光度法)。
化工专业英语复习资料
化工专业英语复习资料摘要：本文旨在为化工专业的学生提供一份详细的英语复习资料，涵盖了化工领域内常用的词汇、短语、句型和相关专业知识。
通过学习这些资料，学生可以提高化工英语的理解和运用能力，并为将来的学习和工作做好准备。
1. 介绍化工专业英语的重要性化工专业英语是一个非常重要的学科，它涵盖了化学、工程和英语等多个领域的知识。
在化工领域内，英语被广泛用于学术研究、技术交流和国际合作等方面。
掌握化工专业英语不仅可以提高学生的学术和职业能力，还可以为其未来的学习和发展打下坚实的基础。
2. 常用的化工专业英语词汇和短语2.1 化学反应：chemical reaction2.2 催化剂：catalyst2.3 反应速率：reaction rate2.4 热力学：thermodynamics2.5 质量传递：mass transfer2.6 浓度：concentration2.7 溶解度：solubility2.8 温度：temperature2.9 压力：pressure2.10 电导率：conductivity2.11 聚合反应：polymerization reaction2.12 蒸汽压：vapor pressure2.13 化合物：compound2.14 摩尔质量：molar mass2.15 离子：ion3. 化工专业英语句型3.1 The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes.反应混合物搅拌30分钟。
3.2 It is necessary to control the reaction temperature.必须控制反应温度。
3.3 The concentration of the reactant affects the reaction rate.反应物的浓度影响反应速率。
3.4 Polymerization is a process of forming polymers.聚合是形成聚合物的过程。
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化学专业英语期末备考知识汇编（二）
一、Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds(Ⅰ)(无机化合
物命名Ⅰ)
二元化合物(binary compounds)：
1、无机化合物由两部分组成，显正价的部分为金属、氢或者其他带正电的基团，他们的命名放在前面；显负价的部分为非金属，他们的命名放在后面。
2、二元化合物：仅含有两种不同的元素，命名规则：阳离子元素符号+阴离子词干+词根ide:
(1)正电性元素有固定的氧化态的二元化合物，并且这两种元素只有一种化合物存在时，命名同二元化合物，即：阳离子元素符号+阴离子词干+词根ide
Eg: CaBr2 Calcium brom ide溴化钙
Mg3N2 magnesium nitr ide氮化镁
KI potassium iod ide碘化钾
（2）含变价金属的二元化合物：
当一个化合物中金属不止一种氧化数时，用写在括号中的罗马数字来标明氧化数。
命名规则：阳离子元素符号+（罗马数字）+阴离子词干+词根ide
Eg：FeCl2iron(Ⅱ) chlor ide氯化亚铁
FeCl3iron(Ⅲ) chlor ide氯化铁
CuCl copper（Ⅰ）chlor ide氯化亚铜
CuCl2 copper（Ⅱ）chlor ide 氯化铜
（注：当一种金属只有一种氧化态时，就不需用罗马数字标明价态）传统命名法中，若一种金属只有两个氧化态，用-ous标明低价态，用-ic标明高价态。
Eg：FeCl2ferr ous chloride 氯化亚铁
FeCl3ferr ic chloride 氯化铁
CuCl cupr ous chloride 氯化亚铜
CuCl2 cupr ic chloride 氯化铜
（3）两种非金属的二元化合物，根据电负性来指定元素的正氧化数和负氧化数。
电正性（电负性小的）的元素命名在先，排序规则：B、Si、C、P、N、H、S、I、Br、Cl、O、F（按照顺序谁在前，命名优先）
命名规则：含有变价非金属时，往往要用数字前缀标明其个数（当某化学物质命名时会引起歧义时，要给出原子个数）。
Eg：P2O5diphosphorus pentoxide 五氧化二磷PCl5phosphorus pentachloride 五氯化磷
N2O4dinitrogen tetroxide 四氧化二氮
NO2nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮
CO carbon monoxide 一氧化碳
CO2carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
（4）以-ide结尾的三个特例：
OH—（hydroxide）、CN—（cyanide）、NH4—（ammonium）
Eg：NH4I ammonium iodide 碘化铵
Ca(OH)2calcium hydroxide 氢氧化钙
KCN potassium cyanide 氰化钾
（5）二元化合物得到的酸：
二元酸由氢和另外一种非金属元素构成，但不是所有的二元氢化物都是酸。
通常H在前面，接着是第二种元素符号（Eg：HCl、HBr、H2S）被认为是酸，而如CH4、NH3则不被认为是酸。
二元酸命名规则：hydro+非金属元素词干+ic acid
Eg：HCl hydro chlor ic acid 氯化氢
H2S hydro sulfur ic acid 硫化氢
二、Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds(Ⅱ)(无机化合
物命名Ⅱ)
（一）三元化合物(ternary compounds)：
1、组成：正电性基团（氢或者金属）+多原子负离子基团（只讨论其中有一个是O元素）
2、命名规则：正价基团阳离子元素符号+负价非氧元素的词干
+ite/ate
(注：ite表示负价基团中非氧元素较低的氧化态，ate表示负价基团中非氧元素较高的氧化态。
当非氧元素只有一种氧化态时，如C，用ate结尾。
)
Eg：Na2SO4 sodium sulf ate硫酸钠
Na2SO3 sodium sulf ite亚硫酸钠
K2CO3 potassium carbon ate碳酸钾
Al2(SO4)3 aluminum sulf ate硫酸铝
FeSO4 iron(Ⅱ) sulf ate / ferrous sulf ate
Fe2(SO4)3 iron(Ⅲ) sulf ate / ferric sulf ate
Cu2SO4 copper(Ⅰ) sulf ate / cuprous sulf ate
CuSO4 copper(Ⅱ) sulf ate / cupric sulf ate
（二）三元含氧酸(ternary oxy-acids):
1、组成：含氢、氧及另外一种元素（通常为非金属，少数为金属）
2、命名规则：非氢非氧元素词干+ous/ic acid
(注:1、-ic表示非氢非氧元素较高的氧化态，-ous表示非氢非氧元素较低的氧化态。
若这个非氢非氧元素只有一种氧化态时，用-ic结尾；
2、当同一系列不止含有两种含氧酸时，①氧化数高于-ic时：per-+非氢非氧元素词干+-ic acid；②氧化数低于-ous时：hypo-+非氢非氧元素词干+-ous acid)
Eg：HClO hypo chlorous acid 次氯酸
HClO2chlorous acid 氯酸
HClO3chloric acid 亚氯酸
HClO4per chloric acid 高氯酸
（三）盐（salts）：
1、组成：酸中的氢原子被金属离子或者铵根离子取代。
2、命名规则：类似于三元化合物的命名：正价基团阳离子元素符号+负价非氧元素的词干+ite/ate
Eg：
(四)多于一个正离子的盐：
1、组成：一个金属取代一个H，或者不同金属取代取代两个H。
2、命名规则：
取代一个H：①：金属阳离子元素符号+氢的元素符号+盐的
结尾；②：金属阳离子元素符号+bi-+酸根中非氧元素词干+-ite(高价)/-ate(低价)
取代两个H：第一个金属元素元素符号+第二个金属元素符号+盐的结尾
Eg：
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