Lesson 4 Regional Economic Integration
Globalization and Regional Economic Integration
NAFTA
EU
Japan
Levels of Regional Economic Integration (REI)
1. Free Trade Area
No internal tariffs Each country determines its own trade
policies towards non-members e.g. NAFTA--North America Free Trade Agreement (US, Canada, Mexico)
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Globalization:Concept (cont.)
e.g. Lenovo ThinkPad laptop computer's global web of activities
design in U.S.
the world's best location for basic design work
The 75 existing GATT members and the European Communities
became the founding members of the WTO on 1 January 1995. The other 52 GATT members rejoined the WTO in the following two years (the last being Congo in 1997). Since the founding of the WTO, 21 new non-GATT members have joined and 29 are currently negotiating membership. There are a total of 153 member countries in the WTO.
区域经济一体化概述
— 欧洲煤钢共同体
德、法、意、比、荷、卢
*1950年5月，舒曼计划：联合经营法国和德 国的煤钢工业，并欢迎其他西欧国家参加。
*1951年4月，“建立欧洲煤钢共同体条约” （“巴黎条约”）
中国-东盟（2010年全面建成） 中国-巴基斯坦（2009年签署协定） 中国-智利（2005年签署） 中国-新西兰（2008年签署） 中国-新加坡（2008年签署） 中国-秘鲁（2009年签署） 亚太贸易协定（优惠贸易安排） 中国-哥斯达黎加（2010年签署） 中国-冰岛（2013年4月16日）
三个候选国：罗马尼亚、保加利亚、土耳其。
Ⅶ 第六次扩大（27国）：罗马尼亚、保加利亚，2007年
（二）欧盟的不断扩大
Ⅰ6国：德、法、意、比、荷、卢 Ⅱ 第一次扩大（9国）：1973年1月1日，英国、爱尔兰、丹
麦加入 Ⅳ 第三次扩大（12国）：1986年1月1日，西班牙和葡萄牙加
入；
Ⅲ 第二欧次洲扩经大济（一10体国化）向：南19扩81展年，希成腊员加国入的；经济差距扩大。
区域经济一体化概述
2021年7月13日星期二
第一节 区域经济一体化概述
一、区域经济一体化的含义 二、区域经济一体化的形式 三、区域经济一体化的发展状况 四、区域贸易一体化与多边贸易体系的关系
一、区域经济一体化的含义
所谓区域经济一体化（Regional Economic Integration)，是指地理区域上 比较接近的两个或两个以上的国家实行的某 种形式的经济联合，或组成的区域性经济组 织。
2011年7月20日，WTO公布的最新2011年度报 告中指出：双边和区域贸易协定的快速发展不 仅能够满足调控全球生产的需要，并使非成员 方受益，
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料lesson 1 International Business1.International business国际贸易Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders ofdifferent customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.2.Visible trade有形贸易The form of commodity trade. i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one countryfor consumption or resale in another.3.Invisible trade无形贸易The form of service trade. i.e. transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc.4. Franchise特许An arrangement by which an monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.Franchising特许经营A special form of licensing. A firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logo, and operating techniques for royalty.5. Licensor 给予许可的人A person or a company granting a licenceLicensing许可经营/国际许可A firm lease the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such as trademarks, brand names, patents, copyright or technology.6. Non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒All forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Portfolio证券The entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling.8. Turnkey contract交钥匙工程One in which one of the parties agree to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.9. Contract manufacturing承包生产A firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain.11. Major differences between international business and domestic business.Ans: Differences in (1) legal system (2) currencies(3) cultural background:language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.(4) natural and economic conditions,12. Major types of international businessAns: (1) trade : A. commodity trade B. service trade(2) Investment :(difference)A. foreign direct investment (FDI外国直接投资)(is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.)B. portfolio investment 证券投资(refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.)(3) other types: A. licensing & franchising(in comparison with the relation between the licenser and licensee, franchiserhas more control over and provide more support for the franchisee.)B. management contract &contract manufacturingC. turnkey project & BOT(making profit from operating the project for a period )13. Why do firms choose licensing as a means of entering a foreign market? Ans:(1) do not have to make cash payments to start business ;(2) receive income in the form of royalty;(3) benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership ormanagement.14. Under what condition is management contract most applicable? Ans: When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers tobe of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation. A foreign companyto operate in the industry without owning the assets.Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1. PPP购买力平价--purchasing power parityPurchasing power购买力 of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2.Recipient接受者 a person or an organization etc. that receives something.3. Infrastructure基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications,etc. Needed to support economic activity, esp.industry, trade and commerce.4. GNP---refer to the market value of goods and services produced by the property andlabor owned by the resident of an economy.(国民生产总值)(focuses on ownership of the factors of production)GDP---refer to the market value of all goods and services produced within thegeographic area of an economy.(国内生产总值)(concentrates on the place where production take place),5. Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into 3 categories:(1) high-income countries (per capita income of $9,386 and above):A. OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)B. Rich oil producing countries of the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia &Arab Emirates)C. Small-industrialized countries or regions (Israel, Singapore, HK and Taiwan)(2) middle-income countries (per capita income bellow $9,386 but above $765 )A. 6 OECD members ( Czech, Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey )B. -a. Some Latin American countries-b. Some Asia countries (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand)-c. Some South African and oil-producing countries (Libya, Nigeria, Algeria)(3) low-income countries (per capita incomes of only $765 or even less)Include: most African countries, some Asia countries and a few Latin American countries.6. High-income countries often have :(1)good infrastructure (2)high purchasing power (3)advanced technology(4)efficient management(5)favorable environment for trade and investmentA. Offer prime markets for expensive consumer goodsB. Are both attractive sources and destinations of investment7. Low-income countries should not be neglected in international business activities:(1) lower-priced staple goods (2) cheap labor(3) are often rich in resources (4)market is something to be developed8. In what way, GDP&per capita income significant in assessing(评估)the potential of aparticular market:(1)GDP is important in market assessment for durable equipment耐用设备or bulk goods大宗货物, such as grain谷物, steel, or cement水泥. (indicates the overall size of an economy)(2)Per capita income is important when marketing consumer durables.(reveals the average incomelevel of consumers)9. China with a per capita income of over $1,100 is a middle-income countriesthough is was a low income countries just a few years ago.10. The best policy for China to develop business opportunities iswherever advantageous while keeping in mind the key markets.11. Triad ---refers to the 3 richest region of the world ( the United States, the EU and Japan).Quad- --extend the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadenedgrouping Quad.12.OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)经济合作发展组织headquarters in Paris, established in 1963, have 29members (23members are high-income countries& 6 middle-income countries).Lesson 3 Regional Economic Intergration1. Major objective of regional integrationTo better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, countries have signed various agreement to liberalize trade among themselves while putting up barriers toeconomic activities with non-members.,2. The characteristics of a common market(1)Free trade area自由贸易区members of a free trade removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.(different members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions.)The most notable(largest market)free trade area is NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement), formed by the United Stated, Canada, Mexico in 1991.(2)Customs union 关税同盟by adopting(采取)the same trade policy for all members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing(废除)trade barriers among themselves.(It's impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour(以迂回方式)as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.)(3)Common market共同市场the European Community remained a common market for some years in the pastA. Free movement of goods and servicesB. Adoption of common external trade policyC. Free movement of the factor of production (such as labor, capital, and technology)It's hard to say individual members will always benefit, still less to expect them to enjoy the advantage of factor mobility to the same degree.(4)Economic union 经济同盟A. is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy,finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and freeproduction factor mobility.(not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies,etc.but also use the same currency. )B. the member countries are require to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is erodingthe tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.3. The development of EU(the European Union)欧盟:1952---ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community)For more ambitious integration efforts.1957---EEC (the European Economic Community)Treaty of Rome ---signedAim to realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well asharmonization of economic policies of the member countries.1967---EC (the European community)became a ture common market as evisaged by --the Single European Actformed by emrging EEC, ECSC and EURATOM(the European Atomic Energy Community)1994---EU--the strength of the Maastricht Treaty---12members(6signatories of the Treaty of Rome :France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg +1973. Britain, Island and Denmark + 1981. Greece + 1986.Spain and Portugal)1995---15members (+Austria, Finland and Sweden)1999---use the common European currency for accounting and settlement2002---euro banknotes and coin were put into circulation.,4. The EU is a full-fledged(齐全的) entity.---composed of 20commissioners overseeing 23departments in charge of different affairs.---the commissioners appointed by member governments, but the commissioners are responsible tothe Union instead of their home country.(1)The Council of Ministers is the most powerful institution.A. has the final say on all important mattersB. has the power to pass legislationC. decision are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size.D. different ministers attend the council meetings depending on the matters discussed.(2)The European Parliament is an advisory body with limited power.A. vote EU membership application and trade agreements with non-members.B. believed that will be more powerful in the future.5. APEC(the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经合组织set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in Australian capital Canberra. 1991,attended by 12members.(1) 21members:all the major Pacific Rim countries and regions.(2) has a five-layer organization structureA. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders---held annuallyB. the Dual-Ministerial Meeting ---attended by foreign ministers and ministers in chargeof foreign trade (excluding Chinese Taipei and HK)C.the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for TradeD.the Senior Officials Meetings(SOM)--attended by vice ministers, departmental directors or ambassadors to implement(执行) decisions by economicleaders and ministerial meeting.E.four subordinate committees under SOMmittee of Trade and Investmentb.Economic Committeec.Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOMd.Budget Management Committee(3)the tenet and objectives---(by the Seoul Declaration)" inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system andreduction of regional trade barriers."(4)"the two wheels of APEC"(APEC co-operation concentrates on)A. trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF)B. economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH)6.OPEC(the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克--the most influential commodity cartel(account for 40%of the global oil production)(1)composed of 13members established in 1960 with headquarters at Vienna.(2)tried to limit the overall crude oil supply(原油供应) of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices.,Lesson 4 Economic Globalization1. Economic Globalization经济全球化 as a objective trend(1)The basic featurefree flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, :and information in the context for optimized allocation优化配置Major role:A. Giving new impetus动力 and providing opportunities to world economic development.B. Making the various economies more and more interdependent相互依赖and interactive相互影响.(2)The pros and cons: different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced benefitsA. enables countries benefit from the boom of other countriesB. makes them more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.the best policy for us isto follow the trend closely, availing 利用the opportunities it offer todevelop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.2. Multinational enterprise (MNE)跨国企业A business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, oftenincluding productive resources, in more that one country, through its member companies incorporated 有限公司separately in each of these countries.Each member company is known as a multinational corporation(MNC)跨国公司.(1)If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the parent or through another of its already established MNC, it is an affiliate MNC.(2)If the MNC is the original investment corporation,it is known as the parent MNC, normally alsothe international headquarters of the MNE.(3)An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to itsinternational headquarters.3. The characteristics of MNE(1)enormous size(2)wide geographical spread (play an important role and why?)A. have a wide range of option in terms of decisions in areasB.take advantage of changes in the international economic environmentC.engage in worldwide integrated production and market giving rise to extensive intra-MNE transactions Bcs: in order to the security of its profits, assets, organization and operations.(3) longevity and rapid growth4. Commonly objective of MNE(needs, goals, and roles)(1) profit ---the profits goal represents the basic needs of the MNEs' shareholders(2) securityA.the security in the short-and-long-runB.the security of the MNE's assets and investmentC.the security of other organizational needsa. a favorable business environmentb. supplies of raw materials and other resource inputsc. effective organizational control and managementd. transportation and communicatione. technical improvementsf. employees including managers(3)as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources,5. The relationship between MNEs &their host countriesHost government can and do wield power over MNCs located within their territories. MNCs areunder the legal jurisdiction of their host governments which can impose various rules, regulations and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets.6. 4 types of MNCs---according to their organization and way of operation(1)multi-domestic corporations a group of relatively independent subsidiaries. ---i(2)the global corporations-iews the world market as an integrated whole. --vPower and responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manage production and marketing to achieve theeconomies of scale as much as possible.(3)the transnational corporation--aim to achieve both efficiency and flexibility, the activities and resources are integrated in an interdependent network of affiliates.(4)world company--as their national identities are blurred to a large extent. -Very few companies reached this level of internationalization.When such companies increasing and become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may begreatly reduced. Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.Lesson 5 --6 International Trade1. International trade国际贸易Is defined as the exchange of goods and service produced in one country with those produced inanother.2. Other reasons for international trade:(1)the uneven distribution of natural resources among countries(2)International specialization国际生产专门化A.absolute advantage绝对利益/绝对优势(理论)---holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms ofresources(capital, land, and labor.)---In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity.parative advantage比较优势(理论)---holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodity, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.---it can make one country better off好转 without making another worse off恶化.The first country should specialize in the production, and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantageis smaller, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater.a.introduced by the English economist David Ricardo.b.not a static静止的 concept.(a)Switzerland--watchmaking (b)the United States--the most up-to-date technology.c.the cornerstone基石 of modern thinking on international trade.3. Primary commodities初级货物those commodities not processed, not only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw material.3. Other bases for trade among countries(1)patterns of demand(2)economy of scale(i.e. The cost advantage of large-scale production)The cost for the production will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale.(3)innovation or style,4. The theory of international specialization and other bases for trade seeks to answer thequestion:Which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.5. The reasons for complete specialization may never occur(1)for strategic or domestic reasons.a country may continue to produce goods for which does not have an advantage.(2)affected by transport cost.( the cost of transport reduces the benefit of trade,like bulky or perishable goods)(3)protectionist measures which are often taken by governments.6.Tariff barriers关税壁垒---are the most common form of trade restriction.7.Tariff关税---is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.8.customs area关税区---usually coincides with the area of a country.9.customs union关税同盟---is a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations.10.Import duties进口税--are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.(more common) (1)specificduty--duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods.(2)ad valorem duty--duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods.(3)compound duty--the combination of specific duty&ad valorem duty.11.Export duties出口税--are tariffs levied on goods leaving an area.Coz. Most nations want to expand exports and increasing their foreign exchange earnings.12.drawback退税refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.13.MFN(the most-favoured-nation)treatment最惠国待遇refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariffconcessions granted to any participating country.It is not really special but is just normal trading status. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff'sschedule, is still possible to have lower tariffs.14.Quotas配额or quantitative restrictions数量限制the most common form of non-tariff barriers.A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas may be on a country basis or global, without reference to countries.15.Visible trade--involves the import and export of goods.16.Invisible trade--involves the exchange of services between countries.(1)transportation service运输服务(2)insurance保险(Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service)(3)tourism旅游(4)immigrant remittance移民汇款 ---refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.,Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000《2000通则》1. The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms(1)eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute.(2)to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade termsin foreign trade.2. The revision of Incoterms took account of changes in transportation techniques.3. The 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronicdata interchange(EDI).It is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, to ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he wouldhave obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller.4. The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms(1)the spread of customs-free zones(2)changes in transportation practices(3)increasing use of electronic communication5.Incoterms 2000E terms---the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises.(1)EXW---Ex work工厂交货F terms---the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer.(2)FCA---Free Carrier货交承运人(3)FAS---Free Alongside Ship装运港船边交货(4)FOB---Free On Board装运港船上交货C terms--the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage tothe goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch.(5)CFR---Cost and Freight成本加运费(6)CIF--- Cost, Insurance and Freight成本、保险加运费(7)CPT---Cost Paid To 运费付至(8)CIP---Carriage and Insurance Paid To运费、保险费付至D terms---the seller has bear all costs and risk needed to bring the goods to the country ofdestination.(9)DAF---Delivered At Frontier边境交货(10)DES---Delivered Ex Ship目的港船上交货(11)DEQ---Delivered Ex Quay目的港码头交货(12)DDU---Delivered Duty Unpaid未完税交货(13)DDP---Delivered Duty Paid完税后交货6. The substantive实质性的changes made with Incoterms 2000:(1)the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ.(2)the loading and unloading obligation under FCA.,Lesson 8 Business Contract1.Contract合同is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation, though most contract do not give rise to disputes.2.Business negotiation交易磋商: A legitimate contract can be either in written or oral form. (1)Oral---refers to direct discussion conducted:A.at trade affairsB.by sending trade groups abroadC.by inviting foreign customers(2)WrittenA. Enquiry询盘 ---is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.a. made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity,specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.b. a first enquiry should be given, so as to facilitate the exporter's work:(a)how the name& address of the exporter have been obtained,(b)the business line and usual practice of the importer.B. Quotation报价---may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary informationrequired by the enquiry. Sometimes, the exporter may make an offer to an importer voluntarily. C.Offer and acceptance发盘与接受a firm offer---is a promise to sell goods at a stated price.The validity period is indispensable必不可少的.is open untill a stipulated time or it's accepted or rejected.made of :a. the time of shipmentb.the mode of payment desiredc.an exact description of the goods: quantity, quality, specifications, packing etc. D.Counter-offer还盘---is a refusal of the offer, the offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals. (the price, terms of payment, time of shipment, or otherterms and conditions of the offer.)Trade is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted.3. The necessity of the written contractis prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.4. The types of contracts(1)sales contract--the contract is made by the seller(2)purchase contract--the contract is made by the buyer(3)sales/purchase confirmation--is less detailed than a contact, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. Usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.5. The setting of a contract(1)the title(2)the contract proper合同正文&address of the buyer and the sellerB.details of the commodity transactionC.terms and conditions mutually agreedD. Indication of the number of original copies, languages used, and the validity. (3)The signatures of the contracting parties(4)the stipulations规定on the back of the contractA.the shipping documents requiredB.force majeureC.arbitration仲裁D.claims理赔,,Lesson 9 Modes of Trade1.counter trade对销贸易--is a peculiar form of transaction allegedly popular in less developed countries and in centrally planned economies. It has become the generic term of describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller's exports to imports from the buyer.original:the pre-World War ? years the Reichsbank agreed to establish a clearing system that permitted traditional trade flows between Germany and the Balkans to continue.development:during the World War ?Britain use bilateral arrangements, West Europe setting up the European Payment Union. Subsequently,the countries of centrally planned economies(like Finland)trade credit accounts between familiar trading partners exchanged unrelated goods.In the 1970s and 1980s, counter trade partner are not necessarily familiar partner and goods exchanged are sometimes vertically related.2.The 3forms of counter trade(1)Barter易货贸易The direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.(2)Counter purchase互购贸易An intertemporal不同时的direct exchange of goods and services. Usually stipulated to be fulfilled within a given period of time.(3)Buyback回购贸易/补偿贸易An arrangement by an exporter or plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output product by these goods as full or partial payment.3.The 2difference between counter purchase and buyback(1)in buyback the goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exportedbut not in counter purchase.(2)a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than counter purchase.4.The features common to the 3forms of counter trade is bundling互相捆绑.Bundling--means the exchanges of goods and services are bundled together. (the exchanges are implemented either concurrently同时地or intertemporally不同时地)Unbundling greatly facilitates transaction and allow more efficient economic exchanges.5.The 5advantages in counter trade:(1)helps a country to deal with foreign exchange shortages; (2)promote exports;(3)reduce uncertainty regarding export receipts;(4)bypass an international price agreement(5)helps countries with debt problems to import goods.6.The drawbacks of counter trade:(1)concealing the real prices and costs of transactions . (2)company may suffer losses bcz they could not get rid of products of poor quality. (3)be considered as a form of protectionism.7.Other modes of trade:(1)processing trade加工贸易(2)consignment寄售(3)leasing trade租赁贸易(4)agency代理,,Lesson 10 International Payment1.Mutual trust is hard to build. purchase and sale of goods and service are carried out beyond national boundaries, which makes it rather difficult for the parities concerned in the transaction to。
国际商务第九章：区域经济一体化
关税同盟是在通向完全经济政治一体化道路上前进的又 一步。关税同盟(customs union)消除了成员国之间的 贸易壁垒,并采用统一的对外贸易政策。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
2004年5月1日,又有10个国家加入欧盟
保加利亚和罗马尼亚于2007加入欧盟,使欧盟的成员国 达到27个。 1994年《马斯特里赫特条约》(将在下面讨论)被批准之 后,名字再次更改,由欧洲共同体改为欧洲联盟。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
9.4 反对区域一体化的依据
一些经济学家指出,区域一体化的收益是由贸易 创造的程度而不是贸易转移决定的。
当自由贸易区内低成本的生产商取代高成本的国 内生产商时,就会产生贸易创造(trade creation)。 而当较高成本的外部供应商取代了自由贸易区内 较低成本的外部供应商时,就会产生贸易转移 (trade diversion) 只有当贸易创造的数额超过贸易转移的数额时, 区域自由贸易协定才会使世界受益。
向经济联盟的推进引出了一个问题,就是如何使协调机 构对各个成员国的公民负责。答案就是通过政治联盟 (political union)做到这一点。在政治联盟中,有一个 中央政治机构来协调成员国的经济、社会和对外政策。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
9.3 区域一体化的依据
区域一体化的依据包括：
经济因素 政治因素
9.5.1 欧盟的演变
1957年签订《罗马条约》(Treaty of Rome)之后,欧洲 共同体就成立了。 1973年,英国、爱尔兰和丹麦的加入,使欧洲共同体得到 了发展。之后,希腊于1981年,西班牙和葡萄牙于1986年, 奥地利、芬兰和瑞典于1996年相继加入欧共体,成员国 总数达到15个。
Regional Economic Integration
The Political Case for Integration
• Economic interdependence creates incentives for political cooperation
- This reduces potential for violent confrontation
- Regional economic integong countries in a geographic region to reduce, and ultimately remove, tariff and non-tariff barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and factors of production between each other
• Economists point out that the benefits of regional integration are determined by the extent of trade creation, as opposed to trade diversion
- Trade creation occurs when high cost domestic producers are replaced by low cost producers within the free trade area - Trade diversion occurs when lower cost external suppliers are replaced by higher cost suppliers within the free trade area
Levels of Economic Integration
新视野大学英语第四册第三版课后翻译全
亚里士多德是古希腊的哲学家和科学家。
他的作品涵盖了许多学科，包括物理学、生物学、动物学、逻辑学、伦理学、诗歌、戏剧、音乐、语言学、政治和政府，构成了第一个综合的西方哲学体系。
亚里士多德是第一个将人类的知识领域划分为不同学科的人，如数学，生物学和伦理学。
他相信人所有的观念和所有的知识在根本上都是基于感知能力。
他对自然科学的看法构成了他许多作品的基础。
他几乎对他所处时期的每一个人类知识领域都作出了贡献。
他的作品包含了人们所知的最早的关于逻辑的正式研究，即使在今天，亚里士多德哲学所涵盖的方方面面仍是学术研究的重要课题。
他的哲学对所有的西方哲学理论的发展有着经久不衰的影响。
在去世2,300多年后，亚里士多德仍是最有影响力的哲学家和科学家之一。
人们普遍认为，威廉莎士比亚是最伟大的英语作家和世界杰出的戏剧家。
他的剧本被译成多种语言，并且比其他任何剧作家的作品都上演得多。
莎士比亚的早期作品大多是喜剧和历史剧。
即使在今天，这些作品仍是同类作品中的杰作，享有绝佳声望。
后来莎士比亚的创作主要是悲剧，其中一些作品，如《哈姆雷特》和《李尔王》，为其在整个西方文学界赢得了声誉。
莎士比亚最显着的特点是其精彩的语言运用及具有普遍意义的主题。
他创造了数千个英语词汇，其中许多已经深植于英语中。
他的作品主题具有普遍意义，所以能够数代流传，激发世界各地读者和观众的想象力。
数世纪以来，莎士比亚影响和激励了许多作家。
其作品至今依旧广受欢迎，在世界各地的文化中被不断地研究、上演和诠释。
莎士比亚将继续对未来的剧作家、小说家、诗人、演员和学者产生巨大影响。
The Doctrine of the Meanis the core of Confucianism.The so-called \by Confuciusdoesn't mean \but a \and \waywhen understanding andhandling objective things.Confucius advocated that thisthought should not only betreated as a way to understandand deal with things but alsobe integrated into one'sdaily conduct to make it avirtue throughself-cultivation andtraining. The Doctrine of theMean is not only the core ofConfucianism but also animportant component oftraditional Chinese culture.From the time it came intobeing to the present, it hasplayed an invaluable role inthe construction of nationalspirit, the transmission ofnational wisdom, and thedevelopment of nationalculture.近年来，随着计算机科学和互联网技术的发展，社交网络服务（SNS）已经成为人们构建社交网络和社会关系的一个广受欢迎的平台。
区域经济一体化ppt课件
贸易转移效应
P甲＝P丙（1＋t）
P乙 a
23
1、贸易创造效应
国 建立关税同盟之前 甲乙建立关税同盟之
别
后
国内价格 关税税率 国内 关税税率 价格
甲 35
100％ 26 成员间0％
非成员75％
乙 26
75％
26 成员间0％
非成员75％
丙 20
0％
20 0％
24
贸易创造效应
建立关税同盟前三国不存在商品流动， 所以只能在本国市场上生产和销售产品。 在甲乙建立关税同盟后，乙国就具备了 绝对优势，在不存在贸易壁垒的情况下， 向甲国出口商品。这一贸易活动在关税 同盟建立之前是不存在的，称之为贸易 创造。
14
“中国—东盟自由贸易区”
“中国—东盟自由贸易区”一旦建立， 将是发展中国家间组成的最大自由贸易 区，是中国与其他国家签订的第一个区 域自由贸易安排，是中国在积极参与国 际多边贸易体系的同时，加强与周边邻 国区域经济合作的一项重要举措，也是 自１９６７年东盟成立以来亚洲国家在 区域合作方面的最重大突破。
WTO允许区域一体化组织存在，而且鼓励它的发展， 只规定这些协议不得针对区域协议以外的国家设置贸 易壁垒，必须包含所有贸易，必须尽快朝关税同盟或 自由贸易区发展。如果一项协议在10年内都未能成功 建立区域经济一体化组织，WTO就不承认其合法性。
20
第二节 区域经济一体化的经济效 应
区域经济一体化对成员国经济的所有影 响，分为静态效应和动态效应。静态效 应是指假定经济资源总量不变，技术水 平给定时，区域经济一体化组织对区域 内国际贸易、经济发展及消费者福利带 来的影响。动态效应，则指随着时间的 推移，区域经济一体化对成员国带来的 长期的、动态的影响。
国际商务英语 05844 江苏自考 汉译英
LESSON 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS国际商务1. 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic countries.2. 随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。
因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。
With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3. 其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。
Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.4. 国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。
International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.5. 除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。
区域全面经济伙伴关系协定英语
区域全面经济伙伴关系协定英语The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a free trade agreement (FTA) that was signed on November 15, 2020, by 15 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and the 10 member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The RCEP aims to promote regional economic integration, strengthen supply chains, and facilitate trade among participating countries. This agreement is expected to have significant implications for global trade and investment flows. In this article, we will discuss the key provisions and potential benefits of the RCEP, as well as its implications for participating countries and the global economy.One of the main goals of the RCEP is to eliminate tariffs and reduce non-tariff barriers on goods and services among member countries. This will result in enhanced market access and increased trade opportunities for businesses across the region. Moreover, the agreement includes provisions for trade facilitation, intellectual property rights protection, and regulations on e-commerce, which aim to further support economic integration and enhance competitiveness among member countries.Another important aspect of the RCEP is the promotion of regional value chains and integration of production networks. By simplifying rules of origin and harmonizing regulations, the agreement will encourage companies to establish cross-border operations and deepen their participation in regional supply chains. This, in turn, will not only boost trade and investment but also foster technological transfer and knowledge sharing amongparticipating countries.The RCEP is expected to deliver significant economic benefits to all member countries. According to studies, the agreement has the potential to add $186 billion to global income and lift millions of people out of poverty. By reducing trade barriers and increasing market access, the RCEP will unleash the region's economic potential and increase business competitiveness. It will also create a more predictable and stable trade environment, which is crucial for attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and stimulating economic growth.Furthermore, the RCEP is likely to have broader regional and global implications. With the inclusion of major economies such as China, Japan, and South Korea, the agreement will create a massive market that covers nearly one-third of the world's population and accounts for about 29% of global GDP. This will strengthen the Asia-Pacific's position as a global economic powerhouse and potentially reshape global trade patterns. By deepening economic integration and promoting a rules-based trade system, the RCEP also sends a signal against protectionism and trade wars, thus contributing to global economic stability and multilateralism.Despite its potential benefits, the RCEP also poses challenges and concerns. Some fear that the agreement may lead to further deindustrialization in certain countries and exacerbate income inequality. There are concerns about potential environmental and labor standards violations, as well as the impact on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which may struggle to competewith larger multinational corporations. To address these concerns, the RCEP includes provisions for cooperation on sustainable development, social responsibility, and capacity building.In conclusion, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership is a landmark trade agreement that aims to promote regional economic integration, facilitate trade, and strengthen supply chains among member countries in the Asia-Pacific. By eliminating barriers to trade and promoting market access, the RCEP is expected to deliver significant economic benefits for all participating countries. Moreover, the agreement's broad regional and global implications make it a crucial step towards a more integrated and rules-based global trading system. While challenges remain, the RCEP represents an important milestone towards enhanced economic cooperation and growth in the Asia-Pacific region and beyond.。
区域经济经济一体化的含义
区域经济一体化（regional economic integration) ，是指地理区域上较接近的两个或以上的国家实行的某种形式的经济联合，或组成的区域性经济组织。
国际经济一体化一般是以地区经济合作为其核心内容，逐步扩展到其他领域的合作。
一体化要求打破国界，实行紧密的国际合作和国际协调，并建立起一整套共同机构。
关税同盟理论
（二）贸易转移效应（trade diverting effect）
$3盟的动态效果
2
获得规模经济效应
3
加强市场竞争，推动利益增长
4
刺激投资：市场扩大、商品流通、贸易壁垒
5
促进生产要素的自由流动
关税同盟理论
协议性国际分工原理
一、所谓协议性国际分工，是指一国放弃某种商品的生产并把国内市场提供给另一国，而另一国则放弃另外一国商品的生产并把国内市场提供给对方，即两国达成相互提供市场的协议，实行协议性分工。 二、协议性分工原理建立在成本长期递减理论基础上。
7
北美自由贸易区、日本-东盟自由贸易区
8
区域经济一体化的形式
区域经济一体化的影响
一、一体化的内部影响 （一）促进集团内部贸易的增长 欧共体成员国内部贸易的增长（10亿美元） （二）改变国际贸易的地区分布 （三）有利于经济一体化国家整体贸易地位的提高 （四）成员国经贸政策的自主权相应受到约束
按一体化的范围划分
1
部门一体化sectoral integration 欧洲煤钢共同体
2
全盘一体化overall integration 欧洲联盟
3
按参加国的经济发展水平划分
4
水平一体化 horizontal integration 横向一体化
区域经济一体化
经济增长效应
关税同盟建立后，各种有利的动态效应
得以发生，成员国的国民经济会获得迅
速增长。
区域经济一体化的发展状况
一、欧洲联盟（EU） 二、北美自由贸易区（NAFTA） 三、亚太经济合作组织（APEC） 四、东南亚国家联盟（ASEAN） 五、其他区域一体化组织
区域经济一体化的发展对国际贸易的影响
进区域内新技术、新观念、新的管理方式的传递，减少各国
歧视性的政策与措施等。
规模经济效应
成员国之间取消关税后，出口市场得到扩 大。厂商由此可充分利用其生产能力、 扩大生产规模，从而降低单位产品的平 均成本，提高经济效益
市场结构效应
关税同盟使市场得到进一步的扩大，它将容许
多个适度规模的企业生存下来，这样就降低了 某个企业在行业中的垄断程度，提高了市场的 竞争性。市场从垄断性向竞争性转化，使市场 结构趋于完善。
贸易转移效应
贸易转移效应是指由于关税同盟对内取 消关税，对外实行统一的保护关税，关 税同盟国把原来从同盟外非成员国低成 本生产的产品进口，转换为从同盟内成 员国高成本生产的产品进口，从而发生 了贸易转移。
静态经济效应
3、贸易扩大效应 (Trade Expansion Effect)
4、社会福利效应 (Social Welfare Effect)
5、贸易条件效应 (Effect on Terms of Trade)
6、其他效应：减少行政开支；抑制走私；提高谈判
能力
影响静态经济效应因素
1、同盟前关税水平越高，同盟后贸易创造效应越大。
2、关税同盟成员国的供给与需求弹性越大，贸易创造效应 越大。 3、关税同盟成员国与非成员国产品成本差异愈小，贸易转 移的损失愈小。 4、关税同盟成员国的生产效率越高，贸易创造效应越大， 关税同盟后社会福利水平越有可能提高。 5、关税同盟成员国对非成员国出口商品的进口需求弹性越 低，非成员国对关税同盟成员国进口商品的出口供给弹性 越低，则贸易转移的可能性越小。
区域经济一体化
自由贸易区 关税同盟
(Free Trade (Customs Area) Union)
CU：指两个或两个以上的国家完全取消关税 完全取消关税 或其它壁垒，对非成员国实行统一的关税壁 或其它壁垒 统一的关税壁 目的在于使成员国 垒而缔结的同盟。结盟的目的 目的 的商品在统一关税的保护下，在内部市场上 排除非成员国商品的竞争，它开始带有超国 家的性质。例如东非共同市场和70年代初期 的欧洲经济共同体。
Regional Economic Integration
Regional Economic Integration
Thank you
Regional Economic Integration
Regional Economic Integration
自由贸易区 关税同盟
共同市场
(Free Trade (Customs (Common Area) Market) Union)
CM：共同市场是指共同市场成员国间除 完全废除关税与数量限制，建立非成员 国的共同关税外，成员国间的生产要素 成员国间的生产要素 也实现自由移动。 也实现自由移动
Regional Economic Integration
（四）战后区域经济一体化发展的原因 • 区域经济一体化适应了战后社会生产力 发展和各国间国际分工日益加深的需要。 发展和各国间国际分工日益加深的需要。 • 世界经济发展的不平衡促进了区域经济 一体化的产生和发展。 一体化的产生和发展。 • 区域经济一体化是国家干预经济生活的 产物。 产物。
CEI：完全经济一体化是经济一体化的最后阶 段。在此阶段，各成员国间在完全消除商品、 完全消除商品、 完全消除商品 资本、劳动力等自由流通的人为障碍的基础上， 资本、劳动力等自由流通的人为障碍的基础上， 实现区域内和国内经济、金融、 实现区域内和国内经济、金融、财政等政策方 面差异的完全消除，实现统一化。 面差异的完全消除，实现统一化。欧洲统一大 市场的建立就是在朝着这一目标前进。
自考国际商务英语Regional Economic Integration
• 7. Common market 共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.
• 8. Banknotes circulation 货币流通 • 9. Cartel 卡塔尔 • 10.APEC亚太经合组织，亚洲太平洋经济合作组织:
• The European Commission is one of the governing organs of the European Union. It is the body that puts proposals to the Council of Minister for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty.
17. EU欧盟，欧洲联盟: European Union 18. EC欧共体，欧洲共同体: European Community 19. Benelux荷比卢〔比利时、荷兰和卢森堡三
国〕:Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg
20. Mercousur 南方共同市场: Southern Cone Customs Union
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation • 11.OPEC石油输出国组织: Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries • 12.European Commission 欧盟委员会 • 13.Council of ministers 部长理事会 • 14.Dual-Ministerial Meeting 双部长会议
区域经济学regional economic development第四章
Canadian regional development experience is useful to look at for two reasons:
Canada has been trying to promote regional development as long or longer that most other countries in the world.
Many location incentive programs proved to be basically just transfer programs in disguise. Companies would take money to locate in a particular region and when the money was gone, they would leave.
These transfer payments are to both individuals and regional or provincial governments.
The problem that exists in this is that selfsustaining development is not occurring in the poor provinces ; the nominal decrease in regional disparities for the four provinces noted has been achieved by handing out money. This is not bad but it means the gains will only last as long as the transfer payments continue to be made. When/if the transfers stop, the gap will reappear. Meanwhile development is not occurring.
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regional economic integration
5. OPEC --- nature and objective Besides regional economic integration, countries may form a commodity cartel to control the production, pricing and sale of particular goods so as to seek higher and more stable price for the relevant goods.
regional economic integration
4. APEC --- 5-layer organizational structure “interdependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an multilateral trading system and reduction of regional trade barriers”.
regional economic integration
4) economic union 经济联盟 The members of an economic union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc., but also use the same currency.
regional economic integration
3) common market 共同市场 Besides, free movement of goods and services and adoption of common external trade policy, factors of production such as labor, capital and technology are free to move among members so that they can be utilized in a more efficient and productive way.
regional economic integration
APEC cooperation concentrates on trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF) and economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH) that are commonly termed as “the two wheels of APEC”.
regional economic integration
3. EU --- the origin, development and its operation; The most powerful institution of the EU is the council of Minister. It has the final say on all important matters. Decisions of the council are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size. Different ministers attend the council meetings depending on the matters discussed. The council even has the power to pass legislation, which is quite different from the case of all the major countries of the world.
regional economic integration
2) customs union 关税同盟 Since imports from other countries are subject to the same tariff no matter which member they export to, it is impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.
regional economic integration
the Informal Meeting of Economic leader - held annually， China hosted the 2001 meeting in Shanghai and made a great success. the Dual Ministerial Meeting - attended by foreign ministers (excluding Chinese Taipei and Hong Kong) and ministers in charge of foreign trade. the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for Trade. the Senior Officials Meeting (SOM) - attended by vice ministers, departmental directors or ambassadors to implement decisions by economic leaders and ministerial meetings. the four subordinate committees under SOM: Committee of Trade and Investment, Economic Committee, Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOM and Budget Management Committee.
Regional Economic Integration
regional economic integration
1. Objecrade area 自由贸易区 Members of a free trade area removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders. Consequently, non-member countries may take advantage of this situation and try to enter the market of the area from the member country with the lowest barrier before selling the goods to a member with a higher barrier.