Subsurface Contamination Reference Guide
工程英语专业词汇
大梁girder 复式桁架complex truss 承受withstand 拉伸 stretch屈曲 buckle 断裂brea k可行的feasible 地基土subsoil 面板deck柔性的flexible 索 cable 桥台 abutment 传递 transmit 相交 intersect推力 thrust The amount of bridge traffic 桥梁交通流量 jammed traffic交通堵塞cost 费用financing 筹款Acquire 获取survey 勘察Tide 潮汐 Flood洪水 current 水流 Bore 钻孔samples of soil and rock 岩土试样 Girder大梁cantilever 悬臂梁truss 桁架arch 拱suspension 悬索location地理位置 purposes 功用Span length 跨度Strength 强度harmony协调 Alloy steels 合金钢 Steel wires 钢丝tension 拉力compression压力bending 弯曲 shear 剪力torsion 扭矩Static loads 静载 vehicle车辆impact 冲击vibration 振动Dynamic loads 动载live loads活载tremors 地震震动Floating debris 浮物model testing模型测试 Scale-down model test 缩尺模型试验Wind tunnel tests风洞试验 Erect安装 cofferdams 围堰caissons 沉箱piles桩上部结构 superstructureFalse work 脚手架 Floatation 浮运 cantilevering 悬 lifting 提升suspension悬吊 signs 标识 guardrails 护栏 Sea Works海洋工程maritime engineering 海事工程 Fishing ports渔港 marinas码头Reclamation and conservancy填海与保护 Maintenance 维护 estuaries河口Hydraulic水力的 Natural harbor天然海港 artificial harbor人工海港 Tidal cycle潮汐周期 scour冲刷 siltation淤积 breakwater防波堤 Secondary wave次生波 Reflected wave反射波 disturbances干扰 Bay海湾 jetty防波堤mole防波堤 locality地区 conservancy保护 ruin废墟 wharf码头alluvial冲积的 destructive破坏的 bar沙滩 anchorage锚地 littoral drift沿岸漂浮物 coast海岸 maintain保持 beach海滩frailty弱点 craft工艺 indestructibility不可破坏性 implement执行outlast比…经久 durability耐久性 ingress入口 egress出口underpin 支撑 dewater排水 hydraulic cement水硬性水泥 lime石灰dam水坝 retain保持 discharge流量 hydroelectric水电的navigation航行 auxiliary 辅助的 spillways泄洪道 gates闸门 valves 阀门 tunnels隧道pipelines管道 evacuate开挖 reservoir水库multipurpose多功能的 scheme方案 conservation保护 rockfill填石masonry砌体 monolithic整体式的 laterally侧向地 buttresses扶壁horizontal水平的 abutments墩台 Site场地 investigation调查boring钻孔 strata地层 shaft钻杆 elasticity弹性permeability渗透性 stress应力 groundwater地下水 assess评估seismic地震 hydraulic水力的 verify验证 instruments仪器pressure压力 performance性能 emergency紧急情况 confirm印证assumption假设 equation方程 variable变量 strain应变Finite Element Analysis有限单元分析 equilibrium平衡Tensile strength抗拉强度 compressive strength抗拉强度 support支撑vertical垂直的 load荷载 concrete砼 cement水泥 shrink收缩 set凝固harden硬化 crack开裂 cast浇注blend掺和 resistance抵抗 aggregate骨料fine-grained细颗粒的fly ash粉煤灰 filler填充剂 volume量 additive 添加剂surface-active agents表面活化剂 air-entraining agents引气剂water-to-cement ratio水灰比 cool冷却 extract提取 vacuum真空Permeable可渗透的 resistance抵抗 deterioration侵蚀deformation变形 seepage渗透 quick流砂 fluid流体Earthquake地震 seismically active region地震活动带strong ground motion强地动 response响应 predict预言degree of freedom自由度 damping阻尼 Highway公路maintenance维护 financing筹款 traffic交通 assess评估 layout布局capacity容量 route线路 preliminary初步的 alternate备选的detailed design详细设计 terrain地形 traverse横过 photogrammetric摄影测量的stage阶段 phase阶段 evaluation评价 Delay延期 expressway高速公路coordinate协调 preserve保护 propose提议 blueprints蓝图earthwork土方工程 surfacing路面 grading场地平整 excavate 开挖fill填analyze the gradation颗粒分析 compact压缩 Surfacing铺面accommodate容纳frequency频率 roadway路面 sandy clay砂质粘土slag矿碴 crushed stone碎石gravel 砾石 stabilize稳定subgrade路基 roller滚压机 soil-cement水泥土bituminous沥青的 surface drainage地表排水 crown路冠 shoulder路肩open ditches明沟 storm drainage system暴雨排水系catch basin集水井 runoff径流 duration持续时间 ponding积水spacing间距precipitation降水量 flow水流 culvert涵管roughness粗糙度 entrance入口downstream下游 conduit导管outlet出水口 Rest facilities休息设施 rest stops休息站interstate highways州际公路 access入口 noise barriers隔音墙subgrade路基 staking out放样 award授予 contract合同detailed plan详细规划 specifications说明 lay out布置indicate标示settlement沉降 vibratory振动的 maintenance维护signs路标 guard rails护栏 traffic striping交通带retaining walls挡土墙 side slopes边坡supervising监督Soil mechanics土力学 laws of mechanics力学定律hydraulics水力学 aggregate集合 mineral grains矿物颗粒 organic有机的constituents成份 weathering风化 three phases三相composition组成heterogeneity不均匀性 deposits沉积土retaining wall挡土墙 earth pressure土压力 equilibrium平衡cohesion粘聚力 plasticity塑性sand砂土 clay 粘土shearing受剪的 sliding滑动 the surface of rupture破坏面shearing force剪力 approximation近似 cohesive soils粘性土 Curved surface曲面 the surface of slip滑动面 Consolidation固结lag滞后settlement沉降 waterlogged浸水的 samples试样testing on the site现场试验testing in the laboratory室内试验internal friction内摩擦角 cohesion粘聚力compressibility可压缩性elasticity弹性 permeability渗透性capillarity毛细管作用 moisture水份 soil particles土颗粒 Tamping夯打load-bearing strength承载力 elastic soils弹性土 expansible soils可膨胀土flexible柔性的 expand膨胀freezing-thawing cycles冻融循环wetting-drying cycles湿干循环soil grains 土颗粒 plane of free water自由水面volume体积stability稳定性 instrument仪器 stabilimeter稳定计consolidation固结 site investigation场地勘察 survey调查visual investigation肉眼鉴定 elaborate详细的 subsurface 地下的exploration勘探boring钻孔 laboratory testing室内测试Samples试样 identification识别classification分类 grain size颗粒大小 liquid limit液限plastic limit 塑限 Topography地形 geological features地质特征outcrop[岩面]露头 lake bed湖床 weathered remnants风化残积paleontological maps地质年代图 aerial photographs航空拍照 well logs钻井记录excavation开挖 geophysical exploration地质勘探 seismic地震的strata地层 propagation传播 shock waves冲击波 bedrock基岩reflected wave反射波 probe rod探杆penetration resistance贯入阻力water jets喷水式推进器 augers螺旋钻drilling钻孔 chip切片trenches沟 pits坑 Pneumatic drilling气动钻 diamond drilling金刚钻boreholes钻孔 retain保存 inspection验收 in-place density原位密度Foundation基础multistory多层的 footing扩展基础 earth-fill dam填土坝pile桩基础 pile cap桩台 foundation system基础体系reaction反力impose施加 total settlement总沉differential settlement沉降差withstand承受mat foundation筏式基础 slab foundation板式基础caisson沉箱 transfer传递 superstructure上部结构transmit传递substructure下部结构 Spread foundation扩展基础reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土plain concrete素混凝土 masonry砌体combined footing联立基础cantilever footing悬臂基础 building line建筑红线exterior wall外墙continuous footing连续基础 pile tip桩尖 wall footing墙基The allowable bearing pressure允许承载力 building code建筑规范grade beam地梁 brace支承 the retention of earth填土slide滑移overturn倾覆 frost line冻深线 uniform均匀的rigid 刚性的discontinuity不连续性 floating foundation浮式基础Floor slab楼板 the groundwater level地下水位 well points井点[降水]pumping抽水 deep well深井sumps集水坑 dewater降水 electro osmosis电渗[降水] cutoff wall截水墙grout水泥浆periphery周边 subside下沉basement地下室the hydrostatic pressures of the water静水压力 soil backfill回填土uplift上浮的 anchor锚固 infiltrating渗透 joint连接encase包裹impermeable不渗透的 membrane薄膜 coat涂抹 asphaltic mastic沥青胶permeability渗透性 retaining wall挡土墙 abutment墩台weep hole泄水孔 Expansive soil膨胀土 swell膨胀 contract收缩 no expansive非膨胀的 alter替换 admixture 混合物 lime 石灰flexibility 柔性 underpinning托换 remedial补救的 precautionary 预防的defect 缺陷 settle下沉 beneath下面 confined狭窄的 pit 坑sheeting 挡板 caving 坍塌 stratum 地层 form 模板continuous wall连续墙 intermittent 间断的Construction engineering施工工程 scheduling 安排工期 delay 延误allot分配 contractor 承包商 fabrication 安装 inspect 检查formwork模板 cofferdam 围护 Progress control 进度控制cost control本控制 unit cost单位成本 budget预算periodically周期性地 payroll工资 allocation分配 overrun超支labor costs人工费 supervision监管 earthmoving运土foundation treatment地基处理 erection安装 concrete placement砼浇注asphalt paving沥青铺面 electrical 电力的 mechanical 机械的 installation 安装dismantled拆除 Elevation 标高 topsoil 表层土 landscape 景观contamination污染 blasting 爆破 fragment 粉碎 explosive 炸药 defect 缺陷strengthen加强 cavity 洞穴 fissure 裂隙 fault 断层 grouting 灌浆injection注入 fluid 流体 solidify 固化 precipitating 掺入 assembly 安装riveting铆接 bolting 栓接 welding焊接 anchorage锚锭 Forming 支模curing养护 bracing 支撑 slip-forming滑模 lift提升 rod杆 embed埋设aggregate骨料 crusher破碎机 screen粗筛 paving铺设 contraction joint收缩缝roadbed路基 Building materials建筑材料 physical properties物理性质permanently永久地 deform变形 stretch伸长 bend弯曲 elasticity弹性brittle脆性的 plastic塑性的 yield strength屈服强度 fracture 断裂 ultimate strength 极限强度 stiffness刚度 elastic modulus弹性模量 masonry 砌体bonding agent粘合剂 cement mortar水泥浆 bricks of burnt clay烧结粘土砖slate 页岩 concrete block砼块 ultimate compressive strength极限抗压强度masonry unit砌块 Ultimate tensile strength极限抗拉强度along the grain 顺纹 across the grain 横纹 connection 连接 devise 设计connector 连接件 rolling 轧制 I-beam 工字梁 plate 板 sheet 薄片 cast 浇注prestressing concrete 预应力砼 strand索 rope绳 cable缆 embed埋入fireproof material 防火材料 fire resistance 抗火性alloying elements合金元素 silicon硅 manganese锰 Corrosion锈蚀rod杆 foil箔 prefabricated预制的 curtain-wall幕墙 crushed stone碎石harden 硬化 paste浆 component组成 ingredient成份 shrinkage收缩pour 灌注 mold 模型 form模板 fine crack细裂缝 moist潮湿Reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土 steel bar钢筋 reinforcing bar加强筋bond粘结 wire network钢丝网 binder粘合剂 Overall collapse整体倒塌component 构件 stress 应力 strain应变 code规范 stability稳定性reaction支座反力 opposite force 反向力 balance平衡static equilibrium 静力平衡 internal force内力 assumption假设proportional 成比例的 static load静载 live load 活载dynamic load动载 motion运动 random随机的 gravity 重力linear-elastic 线弹性的 statically determinate 静定的statically indeterminate 超静定的 rectangular 矩形的 configuration 布置equivalent 等效的 lateral 侧向的 irregular 不规则的 abrupt change 突变elevation 立面 vibration 振动 complexity 复杂性 equation 方程nonlinear 非线性的 coplanar共面的 non concurrent不共点的component分量 horizontal水平的vertical垂直的 sum总和moment力矩 independent独立的 equation方程 unknown未知数superposition叠加 deflection变形 fixed固定的 degree 自由度approximate近似的 flexible柔性的 restrain约束 curvature曲率midpoint中点 point of contra flexure 反弯点 pin joint铰接portal 门式的 neutral axis中性轴 centre of gravity 重心theoretical理论的 exact精确的 laborious费力的 time-consuming耗时的theorem 定理least work最小功spot-checking抽查 flexibility method柔度法 force method力法 stiffness method刚度法displacement method 位移法 magnitude数量redundant 多余的 matrix 矩阵 algebra代数 format格式compatible displacement condition位移协调条件 rotation转角simultaneous linear equations联立方程组 hand calculation手算inversion of a matrix逆矩阵 multiplication乘法运算 joint节点extreme loading极限加载 management管理 enterprise企业expertise 技能 client客户 presentation演讲 proposal提案 negotiate谈判contract合同 staff职员 Sub-consultant分包商 project manager项目经理contract law合同法 career职业 salary薪水 discipline学科 reward回报senior高级的 expert专家 training培训 bargaining谈价 negotiation谈判accounting会计 personnel人事 home office总公司 overseas海外的attorney代理人 legal法律上的 binding有约束力的 agreement协议address设法解决 recognition认可 compensation补偿 salary薪水discipline 学科 budget预算 supply供应 demand需求 law法则case案例proffessionals职员 vice副的 cadre骨干 stand-alone独立经营的domestically国内地 fulfill履行 ladder梯队 diversified多样的qualified胜任的 submit递交 qualification资质selection committee招标委员会 verbal口头上的 personality个性competence胜任 quality质量 assurance保证 background理由sub professional非主要专业的 credential证书 provision条款liability insurance责任保险 joint-venture合资企业performance bon履约保证书 account帐户 overhead日常开支associate伙伴 mega 大型的 enterprise企业 incentive激励Drawings 图纸 Crude 粗糙的 Clumsy 笨拙的 Not user friendly 界面不友好的These newer systems are packed with features. 这些较新的系统包装得更有特色。
名词委审定汉英地质学名词
名词委审定汉英地质学名词(1993)A 型俯冲||A-subductionACF图解||ACF diagramAKF图解||AKF diagramAMF图解||AMF diagramB 型俯冲||B-subductionBABI值||basaltic achondrite best initial; 一般将BABI值作为地球的初始87Sr/86Sr值。
C 面||C-surfaceCDT标准||CDT standard; Canyon Diablo陨石中陨硫铁的硫同位素比值, 作为硫同位素国际标准。
CHUR值||chondritic uniform reservoir; 又称“球粒陨石均一储库”。
C格子||C-latticeF格子||F-lattice, face-centered lattice; 又称“面心格子”。
I格子||I-lattice, body-centered lattice; 又称“体心格子”。
JCPDS卡片||JCPDS card, ASTM diffraction data card; 又称“ASTM粉晶卡片”。
?PDB标准||PDB standard; 碳酸盐中的碳、氧同位素的国际标准, 现已用尽。
R-C网络||R-C networkS 面||S-surfaceS-C 糜棱岩||S-C-myloniteSLAP标准||standard light Antarctic precipitation; 1985年维也纳国际会议建立的三个氧同位素参考标准之一。
SMOW标准||standard mean ocean water; 氢、氧同位素国际标准。
S型构造||S-shaped structureU形谷||U-shaped valley, U-valleyV-SMOW标准||Vienna standard mean ocean water; 1985年维也纳国际会议建立的三个氧同位素参考标准之一。
硒的生物化学循环
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T.S. Presser and H. M. Ohlendorf
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humid northern end of the Sacramento Valley (Figure 1), receives approximately 66 cm (26 inches) of rainfall annually. Bakersfield, in the arid, Mediterranean climate of the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley (Figure 1), receives approximately 20 cm (8 inches) of precipitation annually; evaporation measured at three sites along the southwestern San Joaquin Valley is approximately 229 cm (90 inches) per year (NOAA 1982). A study of an irrigation system in this arid part of the valley (Presser and Barnes 1985) using the isotopes of oxygen (laO#60) and hydrogen (2D/1H) in water showed an evaporative pattern comparable to desert basins, for example, the Sahara Desert (Craig 1961, Fontes and Gonfiantini 1967). The transportation of salts from the Coast Ranges and their concentration by the arid climate of the southwestern Central Valley are the major sources of the present agricultural and water quality problems in this unique quadrant of the Central Valley. Although salinity is the foremost problem in this study area, accessory trace elements associated with the salts, and their consequences, are also of concern.
物理勘探方法 英语
物理勘探方法英语Physical Exploration Methods.Physical exploration methods are geophysical techniques that utilize physical properties of the Earth's materials to investigate subsurface structures and properties. These methods involve measuring and interpreting physical fields, such as gravity, magnetic, electrical, and seismic waves, to determine the physical characteristics and geological formations beneath the Earth's surface.Gravity Exploration.Gravity exploration is based on the principle that the Earth's gravitational field varies due to the different densities of subsurface materials. Denser materials, such as metallic ores or massive rocks, exert a stronger gravitational pull than less dense materials, such as voids or fluids. Gravity surveys involve measuring the variations in the Earth's gravitational field using gravimeters. Thesemeasurements can reveal subsurface structures, such as faults, folds, and intrusions, as well as the presence of dense ore bodies or fluid-filled cavities.Magnetic Exploration.Magnetic exploration utilizes the Earth's magneticfield and the magnetic properties of subsurface materials. Magnetic surveys measure variations in the Earth's magnetic field caused by the presence of magnetic minerals or magnetized rocks. Magnetic anomalies, which are deviations from the normal magnetic field, can indicate the presence of magnetic ore deposits, buried metallic objects, or geological structures with contrasting magnetic susceptibilities.Electrical Exploration.Electrical exploration methods involve introducing electrical currents into the ground and measuring the resulting electrical field. The electrical properties of subsurface materials, such as conductivity, resistivity,and dielectric permittivity, vary depending on their composition and porosity. Electrical surveys can detect subsurface structures, such as conductive ore veins, resistive bedrock, and fluid-saturated zones.Seismic Exploration.Seismic exploration is based on the propagation of seismic waves through the Earth's materials. Seismic surveys involve generating seismic waves using controlled explosions or vibrating sources and recording the waves as they travel through the subsurface. The velocity and reflection patterns of seismic waves provide information about the subsurface geology, including the depth, thickness, and composition of rock layers, as well as the presence of faults and hydrocarbon reservoirs.Other Physical Exploration Methods.In addition to the main methods described above, there are various specialized physical exploration methods that can be used for specific purposes. These include:Radioactive Exploration: This method measures the natural radioactivity emitted by radioactive minerals, such as uranium and thorium, to identify radioactive ore deposits.Electromagnetic Exploration: This method utilizes electromagnetic waves to detect conductive subsurface structures, such as ore bodies and buried pipelines.Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR): This method uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves to investigate shallow subsurface structures, such as buried utilities, cavities, and archaeological remains.Thermal Exploration: This method measures subsurface temperatures to identify geothermal resources, such as hot springs and magma chambers.Borehole Geophysics: This method involves logging down boreholes to obtain physical measurements, such as density, resistivity, and seismic velocity, for detailed subsurfacecharacterization.Applications of Physical Exploration Methods.Physical exploration methods have a wide range of applications in various fields, including:Mineral exploration: Identifying and assessing ore deposits of metals, minerals, and hydrocarbons.Hydrogeological investigations: Determining groundwater resources, assessing aquifer properties, and detecting groundwater contamination.Engineering geology: Evaluating subsurface conditions for construction projects, such as tunnels, dams, and pipelines.Environmental investigations: Identifying buried waste sites, monitoring groundwater contamination, and assessing soil stability.Archaeological surveys: Locating buried structures, artifacts, and archaeological features.Geothermal exploration: Identifying potential geothermal reservoirs for energy production.Advantages and Limitations of Physical Exploration Methods.Physical exploration methods offer several advantages:Non-invasive: These methods do not require direct excavation of the ground, which minimizes environmental impact and disruption.Depth penetration: Some methods, such as seismic and gravity surveys, can provide information about deep subsurface structures.Quantifiable data: The measurements obtained from physical exploration surveys can be quantified and processed to provide detailed subsurface models.However, physical exploration methods also have limitations:Resolution: The resolution of physical exploration methods varies depending on the method and the subsurface conditions.Interpretation: The interpretation of physical exploration data requires expert knowledge and experience to accurately determine subsurface structures and properties.Cost: Physical exploration surveys can be relatively expensive, especially for large-scale projects.。
多相抽提和原位化学氧化联合修复技术应用——某有机复合污染场地地下水修复工程案例
第42卷 第3期2016年6月环境保护科学 Environmental Protection ScienceVol.42 No.3Jun.2016,154~158 对于某些污染组分复杂的污染场地，单纯使用一种修复技术很难达在预定周期内达到修复目[1]标，或者不具有经济可行性。
协同两种或两种以上修复方法，形成联合修复技术，可以克服单收稿日期：2016-01-17作者简介：张 晶（1984-），男，硕士。
研究方向：污染场地调查和修复。
2 摘 要：某电子机械厂搬迁后原址约1 500 m 区域地下水受到了多种类型的有机物复合污染，包括石油烃、苯系物和多环芳烃，并且部分区域发现有明显轻质非水溶相流体(LNAPL)。
该案例首先应用多相抽提技术强化回收地下水中的LNAPL，并去除土壤气体和地下水中溶解态的污染物。
当地下水中不存在明显LNAPL且污染物浓度不再明显降低后，继续应用原位化学氧化技术进行修复，所使用氧化剂为“过硫酸钠+NaOH”。
经过45 d的多相抽提以及4t过硫酸盐氧化剂注射之后，验收监测表明污染区域地下水污染物浓度均达到了修复目标。
该案例表明，多种修复技术的联合应用能够明显加快修复进度、提高修复效率、节约修复成本。
对于存在LNAPL，且修复目标较严格的有机复合污染场地，多相抽提结合原位化学氧化联合修复是一种较好的修复技术选择。
关键词: 多相抽提；原位化学氧化；联合应用；有机复合污染；过硫酸钠 中图分类号：X523 文献标志码：A DOI:10.16803/ki.issn.1004-6216.2016.03.027Combined Application of Multiple Remediation Technologies by Multi-phaseExtraction and In-situ Chemical Oxidation——A Case Study of One Groundwater Remediation Engineering Project at an OrganicCompound Contaminated SiteZhang Jing, Zhang Feng, Ma Lie(Shanghai Greenment Environmental Technologies Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200001, China)2Abstract: Subsurface groundwater with an area of approximate 1500 m at a former electric machinery plant was contaminated by multi-organic compounds including total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), BTEX and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) was observed clearly at some locations within the remediation area. In this case, multi-phase extraction (MPE) was firstly applied for recovery of LNAPL floating on the groundwater, extraction of soil gas containing contaminants, and pumping of groundwater containing dissolved compounds. MPE system was kept in operation until to the extent that no obvious LNAPL was noted and the contamination levels decreased to be stable in groundwater. In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) was subsequently applied to further reduce the concentration levels of contaminants to meet the stringent remediation values, with “persulfate+NaOH” as oxidant. Following 45-day operation of MPE and injection of 4 tons of persulfate into the subsurface, the monitoring data showed that all target contaminants in the groundwater met the remediation values. This case indicated that combined application of multiple remediation technologies could significantly shorten the remediation period, raise the remediation efficiency and save the remediation cost. For the contaminated site where LNAPL was observed to be present and the remediation value was set to be stringent, combined application of MPE and ISCO was a competitive candidate remediation technology. Keywords: MPE; ISCO; Combined Application; Multi-organic Compound Contamination; Sodium Persuffate CLC number: X523多相抽提和原位化学氧化联合修复技术应用——某有机复合污染场地地下水修复工程案例张 晶，张 峰,马 烈（上海格林曼环境技术有限公司，上海 200001）项修复技术的局限性，实现多种污染物复合污染场地的修复。
中英文超声无损检测名词术语
中英文超声无损检测名词术语Acceptance limits 验收范围Acceptance level 验收水平Acceptance standard 验收标准Accumulation test 累积检测Acoustic emission transducer 声发射换能器〔声发射传感器〕Acoustic impedance 声阻抗Acoustic impedance matching 声阻抗匹配Acoustic impedance method 声阻法Acoustic wave 声波Acoustical lens 声透镜Acoustic—ultrasonic 声-超声〔AU〕Adequate shielding 安全屏蔽Amplitude 幅度Angle beam method 斜射法Angle of incidence 入射角Angle of reflection 反射角Angle of spread 指向角Angle of squint 偏向角Angle probe 斜探头Area amplitude response curve 面积幅度曲线Area of interest 评定区Artificial discontinuity 人工不连续性Artifact 假缺陷Artificial defect 人工缺陷Artificial discontinuity 标准人工缺陷A-scan A型扫描A-scope; A-scan A型显示Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数Attenuator 衰减器Automatic testing 自动检测Evaluation 评定Beam 声束Beam ratio 光束比Beam angle 束张角Beam axis 声束轴线Beam index 声束入射点Beam path location 声程定位Beam path; path length 声程Beam spread 声束扩散Bottom echo 底面回波Bottom surface 底面Boundary echo<first> 边界一次回波Broad-beam condition 宽射束B-scan presentation B型扫描显示B-scope; B-scan B型显示C- scan C型扫描Calibration,instrument 设备校准pressional wave 压缩波Continuous emission 连续发射microstructureContinuous linear array 连续线阵Continuous method 连续法Continuous spectrum 连续谱Continuous wave 连续波Contract stretch 对比度宽限Contrast 对比度Contrast sensitivity 对比灵敏度Control echo 监视回波Control echo 参考回波Couplant 耦合剂Coupling 耦合Coupling losses 耦合损失Creeping wave 爬波Critical angle 临界角Cross section 横截面Cross talk 串音Cross-drilled hole 横孔Crystal 晶片C-scope; C-scan C型显示Curie point 居里点Curie temperature 居里温度Curie<Ci> 居里Dead zone 盲区Decibel<dB> 分贝Defect 缺陷Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力Defect detection sensitivity 缺陷检出灵敏度Definition 清晰度Definition, image definition 清晰度,图像清晰度Direct contact method 直接接触法Directivity 指向性Discontinuity 不连续性Distance- gain- size-German A VG 距离- 增益- 尺寸〔DGS德文为A VG〕Distance marker; time marker 距离刻度Double crystal probe 双晶片探头Double probe technique 双探头法Double transceiver technique 双发双收法Double traverse technique 二次波法D-scope; D-scan D型显示Dual search unit 双探头Dynamic range 动态范围Echo 回波Echo frequency 回波频率Echo height 回波高度Echo indication 回波指示Echo transmittance of sound pressure 往复透过率Echo width 回波宽度Equivalent 当量Equivalent method 当量法Evaluation 评定Examination area 检测范围Examination region 检验区域Final test 复探Flat-bottomed hole 平底孔Flat-bottomed hole equivalent 平底孔当量Flaw 伤Flaw characterization 伤特性Flaw echo 缺陷回波Flexural wave 弯曲波Focal spot 焦点Focal distance 焦距Focus length 焦点长度Focus size 焦点尺寸Focus width 焦点宽度Focused beam 聚焦声束Focusing probe 聚焦探头Focus-to-film distance<f.f.d> 焦点-胶片距离〔焦距〕Frequency 频率Frequency constant 频率常数Fringe 干涉带Front distance 前沿距离Front distance of flaw 缺陷前沿距离Fundamental frequency 基频Gain 增益Gap scanning 间隙扫查Gate 闸门Gating technique 选通技术Gauss 高斯Grazing incidence 掠入射Grazing angle 掠射角Group velocity 群速度Half life 半衰期Half-value method 半波高度法Harmonic analysis 谐波分析Harmonics 谐频Head wave 头波Image definition 图像清晰度Image contrast 图像对比度Image enhancement 图像增强Image magnification 图像放大Image quality 图像质量Imaging line scanner 图像线扫描器Immersion probe 液浸探头Immersion rinse 浸没清洗Immersion testing 液浸法Impedance 阻抗Impedance plane diagram 阻抗平面图Imperfection 不完整性Indicated defect area 缺陷指示面积Indicated defect length 缺陷指示长度Indication 指示Initial pulse 始脉冲Initial pulse width 始波宽度Inspection 检查Inspection medium 检查介质Inspection frequency/ test frequency 检测频率Interface boundary 界面Interface echo 界面回波Interface trigger 界面触发Interference 干涉Interpretation 解释Lamb wave 兰姆波Lateral scan 左右扫查Lateral scan with oblique angle 斜平行扫查Limiting resolution 极限分辨率Line scanner 线扫描器Linear scan 线扫查Location 定位Location accuracy 定位精度Location puted 定位,计算Location marker 定位标记Longitudinal wave 纵波Longitudinal wave probe 纵波探头Longitudinal wave technique 纵波法Loss of back reflection 背面反射损失Loss of back reflection 底面反射损失Magnetostrictive effect 磁致伸缩效应Magnetostrictive transducer 磁致伸缩换能器Main beam 主声束Manual testing 手动检测MA-scope; MA-scan MA型显示Micrometre 微米Micron of mercury 微米汞柱Mode 波型Mode conversion 波型转换Mode transformation 波型转换Multiple back reflections 多次背面反射Multiple reflections 多次反射Multiple back reflections 多次底面反射Multiple echo method 多次反射法Multiple probe technique 多探头法Multiple triangular array 多三角形阵列Narrow beam condition 窄射束Near field 近场Near field length 近场长度Near surface defect 近表面缺陷Noise 噪声Nominal angle 标称角度Nominal frequency 标称频率Nondestructive Examination〔NDE〕无损试验Nondestructive Evaluation〔NDE〕无损评价Nondestructive Inspection〔NDI〕无损检验Nondestructive Testing〔NDT〕无损检测Normal incidence 垂直入射〔亦见直射声束〕Normal beam method; straight beam method 垂直法Normal probe 直探头Parallel scan 平行扫查Parasitic echo 干扰回波Pattern 探伤图形Penetrant flaw detection 渗透探伤Phantom echo 幻象回波Phase detection 相位检测Plane wave 平面波Plate wave 板波Plate wave technique 板波法Point source 点源Probe test 探头检测Probe index 探头入射点Probe to weld distance 探头-焊缝距离Probe/ search unit 探头Pulse 脉冲波Pulse 脉冲Pulse echo method 脉冲回波法Pulse repetition rate 脉冲重复率Pulse amplitude 脉冲幅度Pulse echo method 脉冲反射法Pulse energy 脉冲能量Pulse envelope 脉冲包络Pulse length 脉冲长度Pulse repetition frequency 脉冲重复频率Pulse tuning 脉冲调谐Quadruple traverse technique 四次波法Range 量程Rayleigh wave 瑞利波Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射Reference block 参考试块Reference block 对比试块Reference block method 对比试块法Reference standard 参考标准Reflection 反射Reflection coefficient 反射系数Reflector 反射体Refraction 折射Refractive index 折射率Reject; suppression 抑制Rejection level 拒收水平Resolution 分辨力Sampling probe 取样探头Saturation 饱和Saturation,magnetic 磁饱和Scan on grid lines 格子线扫查Scan pitch 扫查间距Scanning 扫查Scanning index 扫查标记Scanning directly on the weld 焊缝上扫查Scanning path 扫查轨迹Scanning sensitivity 扫查灵敏度Scanning speed 扫查速度Scanning zone 扫查区域SE probe SE探头Second critical angle 第二临界角Sensitivity va1ue 灵敏度值Sensitivity 灵敏度Sensitivity of leak test 泄漏检测灵敏度Sensitivity control 灵敏度控制Shear wave 切变波Shear wave probe 横波探头Shear wave technique 横波法Signal to noise ratio 信噪比Single crystal probe 单晶片探头Single probe technique 单探头法Single traverse technique 一次波法Sizing technique 定量法Sound diffraction 声绕射Sound insulating layer 隔声层Sound intensity 声强Sound intensity level 声强级Sound pressure 声压Sound scattering 声散射Sound transparent layer 透声层Sound velocity 声速Source 源Specified sensitivity 规定灵敏度Standard 标准Standard 标准试样Standard test block 标准试块Standardization instrument 设备标准化Standing wave; stationary wave 驻波Subsurface discontinuity 近表面不连续性Suppression 抑制Surface echo 表面回波Surface wave 表面波Surface wave probe 表面波探头Surface wave technique 表面波法Surplus sensitivity 灵敏度余量Sweep 扫描Sweep range 扫描范围Sweep speed 扫描速度Swept gain 扫描增益Swivel scan 环绕扫查System exanlillatien threshold 系统检验阈值System noise 系统噪声Tandem scan 串列扫查Test block 试块Test frequency 试验频率Test range 探测范围Test surface 探测面Testing,ultrasonic 超声检测Third critical angle 第三临界角Through transmission technique 穿透技术Through penetration technique 贯穿渗透法Through transmission technique; transmission technique 穿透法Transducer 换能器/传感器Transmission 透射Transverse wave 横波Traveling echo 游动回波Travering scan; depth scan 前后扫查Triangular array 正三角形阵列Trigger/alarm condition 触发/报警状态Trigger/alarm level 触发/报警标准Triple traverse technique 三次波法True continuous technique 准确连续法技术Ultrasonic noise level 超声噪声电平Ultrasonic field 超声场Ultrasonic flaw detection 超声探伤Ultrasonic flaw detector 超声探伤仪Variable angle probe 可变角探头Vertical linearity 垂直线性Vertical location 垂直定位Visible light 可见光Wave 波Wave train 波列Wave from 波形Wave front 波前Wave length 波长Wave node 波节Wave train 波列Wedge 斜楔Wheel type probe; wheel search unit 轮式探头Working sensitivity 探伤灵敏度Zigzag scan 锯齿扫查。
地质录井用于岩屑描述的标准缩略词
用于岩屑描述的标准缩略词整理人：黄灵军录井二分公司2001年2月20日用于岩屑描述的标准缩略词英文词中文词义缩略词about 大约abtabove 在上ab , abv absent 不存在、缺失abs abundant 丰富abd, abnd accumulation 累计accum acicular 针状acicafter 在---之后aft agglomerate 集块岩Aglm aggregate 集合体Aggalgae , algal 藻类Alg , alg allochem 异化颗粒Allo altered 改变的、蚀变的alt alternation 交变的、交互的altgamber 琥珀色amb ammonite 菊石Amm amorphous 无定形的、非结晶的amor amount 总数Amtand 和、及& andesite 安山岩Andes angular 棱角的ang anhedral 他形的、劣形的ahd anhydrite 硬石膏Anhy,anhy anthracite 无烟煤Anthr aphanitic 隐晶质的aph apparent 表观apr appears 出现ap ,aprs approximate 近似的、大约的apprx, aprox aragonite 霰石（文石）Arag arenaceous 砂质的arenargillaceous 泥质的arg argillite 泥板岩argl arkose (-ic) 长石砂岩（的）Ark , ark as above 同上 a.a. asphalt (-ic) 沥青、地沥青（的）Asph , asph assemblage 组合、集合Assem associated 联合的、伴生的assocat 在--- @ authigenic 自生的authg average 平均值、平均的Av , avband (-ed) 带、夹层Bnd , bnd barite 重晶石Bar basalt (-ic) 玄武岩Bas , bas basement 基础、基底Bm become (-ing) 变成bcmbed (-ed) 层Bd , bdd bedding 层理、层面、分层Bdg Belemnites 箭石属（头足类）Belm bentonite (-ic) 斑脱岩的、膨润土（的）Bent , bent bitumen (-inous) 沥青（的）Bit , bit bioclastic 生物碎屑的biocl ,bioc bioherm (-al) 生物礁岩、生物丘Bioh , bioh biomicrite 生物微晶灰岩Biomi biosparite 生物亮晶灰岩Biosp biostrom (-al) 生物层Biost , biost biotite 黑云母Biot birdseye 鸟眼Bdeye black (-ish) 黑（的）、暗淡的blk , blksh blade (- ed) 刀片、刀片状的Bld , bld bleeding 析水bldg bloacky 块状的、断块的blkyblue (-ish) 兰色bl , blsh bored (-ing) 钻孔的Bor , bor bottom 底、底部Btm ，Bbotryoid (-al) 葡萄状的Bot , bot , btry boulder 漂砾、巨砾Bld , Bldr boundstone 粘结碳酸岩Bdst brachiopod 腕足动物Brach , Brac brackish 稍咸的brak branching 分叉的、分支的brhgbreak 断裂、破裂、层缺Brk , brk breccia (-ted) 角砾岩Brec , brec bright 明亮的brt , bri brittle 脆性的britbrown 褐色、棕色brn bryozoa 苔藓动物Brybubble 泡Bublbuff 浅黄色bu , bf burrow (-ed) 掘穴遗迹Bur , burcalcarenite 钙屑灰岩、灰屑岩Clcar calcilutite 泥屑石灰岩Clclt calcirudite 砾屑石灰岩Clcrd calcisiltite 粉砂屑石灰岩Clslt calcisphere 钙球石Clcsp calcite (-ic) 方解石（的）Calc, calctc calcareous 钙质的calccaliche 钙质壳、钙结层、生硝cche carbonaceous 碳的、碳质的、含碳的carb carbonized 炭化cbcasing 套管、下套管csgcavern (-ous) 洞穴、洞穴状的Cav ,cav caving 塌落物、井壁坍塌Cvg , Cav cament (-ed,-ing) 胶结、胶结物Cmt , cmt center 中心cntr cephalopod 头足类Ceph chalcedony 玉髓Chal , chal chalk (-y) 白垩、燧石（的）Chk , chky charophyte 轮藻类Charchert (-y) 燧石（的）Cht , chtchitin (-ous) 几丁质（的）Chit , chit chlorite (-ic) 绿泥石Chlor , chlor , chl chocolate 赭色choccone-in-cone 叠锥c-in-c circulate (-ion) 循环Circ , circ clastic 碎屑状的、碎屑岩clasclay (-ey) 粘土（粘土质的）Cl , cl ,cly claystone 粘土岩Clst, clyst clean 干净的clnclear 清晰的clrcleavage 解理、劈理Clvgcluster 星团、束、族、群Cluscoal 煤C，coal coarse 粗的、粗粒的crs , c , cse coated (-ing) 表层、外壳cotd , Cotg , cotg coated grains 包粒cotd gncobble 中砾Cblcolor (-ed) 颜色Col , col common 普通的、常见的comcompact 致密的cpctcompare 比较、对照cfconcentric 同心的cncn, cncnc conchoidal 贝壳状的conchconcretion (-ary) 固结作用、结核Conc , conc conglomerate (-ic) 砾岩、砾岩的Cgl , cgl conodont 牙形刺、牙形石Cono considerable 大量的、值得考虑的cons consolidated 固结的consol conspicuous 明显的、显著的conspiccontact 接触Ctc ，cont contamination (-ed) 污染Contam , contam,contm content 含量、容量、内容Contcontorted 扭曲、cntrt,contrtcoquina (-iod) 贝壳灰岩Coq , coqidcoral , coralline 珊瑚的Cor , corln core 岩心、核心 Ccorrect 校正corr coring 取心crg covered 覆盖（着的）cov cream 奶油色、米色crm creams 钻井用特级金刚石Crm crenulated 褶皱的cren crevice 裂隙crev crinkled 成波纹的crnk crinoid (-al) 海百合Crin , crinal cross 十字形的、交叉的xcross-bedded 交错层x-bd , xbdd cross-laminated 交错纹理x-lam , xlam cross-stratified 交错层理的x-strat , xstrat cryptograined 隐粒的crpgr cryptocrystalline 隐晶质的crpxl crumpled 揉皱的crpld crystocrystalline 结晶的、晶质的crpxln crystal (-line) 晶体Xl , xln cube , cubic 立方体的Cub , cub cuttings 岩屑Ctgs cypridospsis 介形类Cypdark (-er) 暗的dk , dkr dead 死的、静的dddebris 碎屑、岩屑Deb decrease (-ing) 减少、减小Decr , decr degree 度degrdense 致密的、密集的dns depauperate 发育不全的depau description 描述、说明Descr determine 确定、决定dtrm detrital 碎屑的detr , dtrl devitrified 失去玻璃光泽的devitdiabase 辉绿岩Db diagenesis (-etic) 成岩作用Diagn , diagn diameter 直径Diadiatoms 硅藻Diat difference 差别Dif disseminated 散布、浸染dissem dism distillate 蒸馏Distditto 同上的、同前的do , dto dolomite (-ic) 白云石、白云岩Dol , dol dolocast 白云石晶模dolc dolomold 白云石穴dolmd dolostone 白云岩Dolst dominant (-ly) 占优势的、支配的domdrill collar 钻铤Dcdrilling 钻井drlg drillpipe 钻杆Dpdrill stem test 钻杆测试DSTdrusy 晶簇状druearthy 土状的ea , ethyeast 东、东方、东部 Eechinoid 海胆ech elevation 高程、高度、海拔Elev elliptical 椭圆的elip elongate 延伸、伸长elong , elg embedded 埋入的、嵌入的embd ,embdd enlarged 扩大、放大enlrgequant 相eqnt equivalent 相等的、相当的Equiv estimated 估计的est euhedral 全形的、自形的euhd , euhed euxinic 静海（相）的eux evaporite (-itic) 蒸发盐（岩）Evap , evap excellent 卓越的、优良的exexposed 暴露的expextraclast (-ic) 外来碎屑Exclas , exclas extremely 极端的extrextrusion 挤压extrextrusive rock, extrusive 喷出岩Exv , exvfacet (-ed) 刻面Fac , facfaint 不明显的fntfair 中等的frfault (-ed) 断层Flt , fltfauna 动物（群）Faufeet 英尺（复数）Ftfeldspar (-athic) 长石Fspr , fspr , fld fenestra (-al) 窗、模孔、透明斑点Fen，fen ferruginous 含铁的ferr，fefinal flowing pressure 最终流动压力FFPfinal hydrosfatic pressure最终流体静压力FHPfinal shut-in pressure 最终关井压力FSIPfibrous 纤维状的fibr，fibfigure 形状figfill 充满flfine (-ly) 细的、细粒状的 f , fnlyfissile 易剥裂的fisflaggy 板层、薄层flgflake , flaky 薄片、片状、鳞片状Flk , flkflat 平的、平坦的flflesh 一切生物flsflint 电石、黑燧石flntfloating 漂浮的fltgflora 植物群、植物区系Flo fluorescence (-ent) 荧光Fluor , fluor ，flor foliated 叶片状folfoot 英尺Ftforaminifer , foraminiferal 有孔虫（的）Foram , foram formation 地层Fmfossil (-iferous) 化石（含化石的）Foss , foss ，fosfracture (-d) 裂隙、破裂Frac , frac fragment (-al) 碎片Frag , frag frequent 频繁的freqfresh 新鲜的、淡的frsfriable 易碎的、脆的frifringe (-ing) 边缘、条纹Frg , frgfrosted 结水、霜状条纹frosfrosted quartz grains 霜状表面石英颗粒 F.Q.G.fucoid (-al) 树枝状Fuc , fuc fusulinid 纺锤蜓Fusgabbro 辉长石Gabgastropod 腕足类Gastgas 天然气Ggenerally 一般地gengeopetal 向地性geptgilsonite 硬沥青Gilglass (-y) 玻璃（的）Glas , glas , gl glauconite (-itic) 海绿石Glauc , glauc , glau globigerina (-inal) 抱球虫属Glob , glob globular 球状glblrgloss (-y) 光泽（的）Glos , glos gneiss (-y) 片麻岩的Gns , gnsgood 好的gd , ggrade 等级grdgrading 粒级变化、分选gradgrain (-s , -ed) 粒、颗粒Gr , grgraiu 颗粒grgrainstone 粒状灰岩Grstgranite 花岗岩Grt , grnt granite wash 花岗砂岩G.W.granule (-ar) 粒状（的）Gran , gran ，grnl grapestone 葡萄状灰岩grapst graptolite 笔石Grapgravel 砾石、沙砾Grv , gvlgray , grey (-ish) 灰色的gry , grysh ,gy greywacke 灰瓦岩、杂砂岩、硬砂岩Gwke , gywk greasy 油脂的gsy , grsy green (-ish) 绿色（的）gn , gnshgrit (-ty) 粗砂岩Gt , gt , grty gypsum (-iferous) 石膏Gyp , gyphackly 锯齿状hklhalite (-iferous) 石盐（的）Hal , hal hard 硬的hdheavy 重的hvy hematite (-ic) 赤铁矿Hem , hem heterostegina 异盖虫属Het heterogeneous 非均质hetr hexagonal 六角形的hexhigh (-ly) 高hi homogeneous 均质的hom horizontal 水平的hor , hrznl hydrocarbon 烃Hydcigneous rock (igneous) 火成的Ig , ig impregnated 浸泽的imprg impression 印膜、痕迹、影响Impinitial hydrostatic pressure 初始流体静压力IHPinch 英寸In inclusion (-ded) 包体、包括Incl , incl increasing 增加incr indistinct 不清楚的indst indurated 固结的ind inoceramus 叠瓦蛤属Inocin part 在某种程度上的I.P. insoluble 不溶的insl interbedded 互层的intbd , intbdd intercalatey 夹层、插入层intercal interclast 层间碎屑intclintercrystalline 晶间的intxln , intxl interfragmantal 碎片间的intfrag intergranular 粒间的intgran intergrown 共生的、交互生长的intgn interlaminated 层间的intrlam interpartical 粒间的intpar interpretation 解释intpt intersticies (-itial) 间隙的Intst , intst interval 间隔、层段Intvl , intv interaclast (-ic) 内碎屑Intclas , intclas intraparticle 粒内的intrapar intrusion 侵入作用intrIntrusive rock , intrusive 侵入岩Intr , intr invertebrate 无脊椎的Invtb , Invrtb iridescent 彩虹的、闪光色的iridiron 铁Fe ironstone 富铁岩石、铁石Fe-st irregular (-ly) 不规则的、紊乱的irr , ireg isopachous 等厚的isojasper 碧玉Jaspjoint (-ed,-ing) 节理、接头、连接Jt , jtkaolin (-itic) 高龄土Kao , kao kelly bushing 方补心KB kerogen 干酪根Kerkick off 初始造斜KOlacustrine 湖成的laclamina (-tions , -ated) 薄的、薄层Lam , lam large 大（量）的lge , lrg laterite (-itic) 砖红壤Lat , lat lavender 淡紫色lavlayer 层Lyr leached 过滤的lchd , lchlens , lenticular 透镜状的Len , lentlight 光、淡色的、浅色的ltlignite (-itic) 褐煤Lig , lig limestone 灰岩Lslimonite (-itic) 褐铁矿Lim , lim , lmn limy 石灰质的lmylithic 石质的、岩性的lit , ltc lithographic 石印的、致密晶质的lithgr ,lith lithology (-ic) 岩性学Lith , lithlittle 小、少Ltl , ltllittoral 滨海的littlocal 局部的loclong 长的lgloose 松散的lselower 下部的、早期的、较低的l , lowlumpy 块状的lmpyluster , luster 光泽Lstrlutite 泥质岩、细屑岩Lutmacrofossil 大化石Macrofos ,macfos magnetite , magnetic 磁铁矿、磁性的Mag , mag manganese , manganiferous 锰、含锰的Mn , mn marble 大理石（岩）Mblmarl (-y) 泥灰岩（含泥灰质的）Mrl , mrl marlstone 泥灰岩Mrlstmarine 海的marnmaroon 栗色、紫酱色marmassive 块状的mass , mas material 物质Matmatrix 基质Mtrx , mtx maximum 最大的maxmedium 中等的、介质m , med member 段、成员Mbr meniscus 新月形的men metamorphic rock 变质岩Metametamorphic (-osed) 变质的meta , metaph metasomaticous 交代msmmica (-ceous) 云母Mic , mica micrite (-ic) 微晶灰岩Micr , micr microcrystalline 微晶质microxln , micxl microfossil (-iferous) 微体化石Microfos , microfos ,micfos micrograined 微粒的micgrmicro-oolite 微鲕状灰岩Microol micropore (-osity) 微孔隙Micropor , micropor microspar 微亮晶Microspr microstylolite 微缝合线Microstyl middle 中部、中间Midmiliolid 小栗虫目Milidmilky 乳状的mkymineral (-ized) 矿物Min , min , mnrl minimum 最小minminor 较小的、次要的mnrminute 分钟mnut moderate 中等的modmold (-ic) 模、印膜Mol , mol mollusc 软体动物Moll , mol mosaic 镶嵌mosmottled 斑点、杂色mott , mot mud (-dy) 泥、泥浆的md , mdy mudstone 泥岩Mdst muscovite 白云母Muscnacreous 珍珠的nacno 不、无nnodules (-ar) 结核Nod , nod north 北、北部Nno sample 无样品n.s.no show 无显示n/snovaculite 致密石英岩Novacno visible porosity 无可见孔隙N.V.P.numerous 许多的numobject 目的obj occasional 偶见的occochre 赭石ochodor 气味odoil 石油O , oiloil source rock 生油岩OSRolive 橄榄色、茶青色olvooid (-al) 鲕石、鲕粒Oo , oo oolicast (-ic) 空鲕粒Ooc , ooc oolite (-itic) 鲕状岩、鲕状的Ool , ool oomold (-ic) 鲕状模Oomol , oomol ,oom oncolite (-oidal) 核形石Onc , onc opaque 不透明的op , opqopen hole 裸眼井OHopposite 对应的opporange (-ish) 橙色or , orsh , orng orbitolina 园笠虫Orbitorganic 有机的orgorigin 起点orig orthoclase 正长石Orth orthoquartzite 正石英岩O-Qtz ostracod 介形亚纲Ostr , Ost overgrowth 增生、次生加大ovgth oxidized 氧化oxoyster 牡蛎Oystpacker 封隔器pkr packstone 泥砾状灰岩Pkstpaper (-y) 纸状的Pap , pap part (-ly) 部分的Pt , pt particle 颗粒Par , par parting 裂缝、断口Ptgparts per milliom 百万分之一PPMpatch (-y) 斑点、斑纹Pch , pch , pchy pearly 珍珠状、碎片状prlypebble (-ly) 细砾、卵石Pbl , pbl pelecypod 瓣鳃纲Pelec , plcy pellet (-al) 球粒、团粒Pel , pel pelletoid (-al) 似球粒Peld , peld perforate 射孔perf permeability (-able) 渗透率Perm , K , perm pendular (-ous) 悬垂的Pend , pend petroleum,petroliferous 石油Pet , pet phlogopite 金云母Phlog phosphate (-atic) 磷酸盐Phos , phos phyllite , phyllitic 千枚岩Phyl , phyl phreatic 潜水的、蒸汽喷发的phrpink 粉红的pkpinkish 粉红的pkishpin-point (porosity) 极微小的p.p.pisoid (-al) 豆状的Piso , piso pisolite , pisolitic 豆状岩Pisol , pisol pitted 多坑的pit plagioclase 斜长石Plagplant 植物pltplastic 塑性的plasplaty 片状的pltyplugged & abandoned 填井P&A plugged back 回堵PBpolish , polished 抛光Pol , pol pollen 花粉Poln polygonal 多边形的polypoor 劣质的p porcelaneous 瓷质的porcel , porc porosity , porous 孔隙、孔隙度、孔隙的Por , por , Φpossible (-ly) 可能的poss , pos predominant (-ly) 占优势的pred preserved 保存的prespresent depth 现深度PDprimary 原生的、主要的prim probable (-ly) 大概的、可能的prob production 生产、产量Prod prominent 突起的、显著的prom pseudo- 假-- ps , psdo pseudo oolite (-ic) 假鲕Psool , psool pumice-stone 浮石岩Pstpurple 紫红色purppyrite (-itized , -itic) 黄铁矿Pyr , pyr pyrobitumen 焦沥青Pybit , pyrbit pyroclastic 火山碎屑岩pyrcl , pyrclasquartz (-ose) 石英（质）Qtz , qtz quartzite (-ic) 石英岩的Qtzt , qtztradial (-ating) 放射状的Rad ,rad random 随机的randrange 范围rngrare 稀少的r , rr recemented 再胶结的recem recovery (-ered) 回收Rec , rec recrystallized 重结晶的rexlzdred (-ish) 红的rd , rdsh , r reef (-oid) 礁Rf , rf reguler 正规的reg remains 遗体、残留物Rem , rmn reaming 划眼、扩眼rmg replaced (-ment) 交代、置换Repl , rep residue (-ual) 残余物Res , res , resd resinous 树脂的rsnsrhomb (-ic) 菱形的Rhb , rhb , rhmb ripple 波纹、波痕Rplrock 岩石Rkround (-ed) 圆的rnd , rnddrubble (-bly) 碎石Rbl , rblsacks 袋、包sxsalt (-y) 盐Sa , sasalt water 盐水S.W.same as above 同上 a.a. sample 样品Spl , smpl sand (-y) 砂（质）Sd , sdy sandstone 砂岩sst , Ss saturation (-ated) 饱和Sat , sat scales 尺度、比例scscarce 稀有的scs scattered 散布的scatschist (-ose) 片岩、片状岩Sch , sch secondary 次生的sec sediment (-ary) 沉积物（的）Sed , sed shadow 阴影shadshale (-ly) 页岩Sh , sh shell 贝壳Shlshow 显示Shw siderite (-itic) 菱铁矿Sid , sid sidewall core 井壁取心S.W.C. silica (-iceous) 二氧化硅Sil , sil silky 丝一样的slkysilt (-y) 粉砂Slt , slty siltstone 粉砂岩sltst similar 相似的simsize 大小、尺寸szskeletal 骨骼的skelslabby 板状的slbslate (-y) 板岩Sl , sl slickenside (-d) 擦痕面Slick , slick,sks slight (-ly) 轻微的sli , slily , sl slow 慢的slosmall 小的sml , ssmooth 光滑的，平滑的smsoft 软的sft solution , soluble 溶解，可溶解的Sol , sol , solb somewhat 有点，轻微的smwt sorted (-ing) 分选srt , srtg south 南，南部Sspar (-ry) 晶石，粘土细脉Spr , spr sparse (-ly) 稀疏的sps , spsly speck (-led) 斑点Spk , spk , spec sphalerite 闪锌矿Sphal spherule (-itic) 球粒（状的）Spher ,spher , sph spicule (-ar) 针状的Spic , spic splintery 裂片状的Splin , splty sponge 海绵Spgspore 孢子Spo, spr spot 点、滴spspotted (-y) 斑点（状）sptd , spty squeeze 挤压squstain (-ed,-ing ) 色斑、浸染、着色Stn , stn stalactitic 钟乳石Stalstrata (-ified) 地层、成层的Strat , strat streak (-ed) 条痕Strk , strk striae (-ted) 擦痕、条痕Stri , stri stringer 沉积薄层strgr , strg stromatolite (-itic) 叠层石Stromlt , stromlt stromatoporoid 层孔虫属Strom structure 构造Str , struc stylolite (-itic) 缝合线Styl , styl subangular 次棱角状sbang sublithic 次石质的sblit subrounded 次圆状的sbrndd sucrosic 糖粒状sucsulphur , sulphurous 硫、多硫的Su , su , s superficial oolite (-ic) 表层的、鲕表Spfool , spfool surface 表面Surfswab 抽吸swb syntaxial 共轴的syntabular (-ate) 板、横隔、表格式的tabtan 棕黄色tn terrininous 陆源的、陆生的tertesting 测试tstg texture (-d) 结构Tex , tex think 厚的、粗大的thkthin 薄的、细小的thnthin-bedded 薄层的t.b.thin section 薄片T.s. throughout 遍及thrutight 致密的ti , tttop 顶、盖层Tptop of 顶部T/total depth 总深度TD tough 坚韧的tghtrace 痕迹、痕量、记录道Tr translucent 半透明的trnsl transparent 透明的trnsp trilobite 三叶虫tril , Trilo tripoli (-itic) 硅藻土Trip , trip tube (-ular) 管Tub , tub tuff (-aceous) 凝灰岩Tf , tf , tuf true vertical depth 实际垂直深度TVD type (-ical) 类型Typ , typunconformity 不整合Unconf unconsolidated 未固结的uncons underclay 底粘土层Uc underlying 下伏的undly uniform 一致的、均匀的uni upper 上部的、上面的u , upvadose 渗流Vad , vad variation (-able) 变种、变化Var , var variegated 杂色的、班驳的vgt varicolored 杂色的varic , vcol varved 纹泥、季候泥vrvdvein (-ing , -ed) 脉、岩脉Vn , vn veinlet 细脉Vnlet vermillon 朱红石榴石verm vertebrate 脊椎动物门vrbt vertical 垂直的vert , vrt very 十分vvery poor sample 质量极差样品V.P.S vesicular 多孔状、多泡状ves violet 紫色vi vitreous 玻璃质、透明的vit volcanic 火山岩volcvug 晶洞vugwaiting on 等候wo water 水wtr water cushion 水垫w/c wavy 波状wvy waxy 蜡的wxy weak 弱的wk weather 气候wthr well 井wwhite 白色whwith 同w/ yellow 黄色yelzeolite 氟石zeo zone 带zn备注：1、名词性缩略词均以大写字母开始。
_声纳测量技术在盐穴储气库中的应用
声纳测量技术在盐穴储气库中的应用李玮1秦小荣1余志成2郑植隆2(1.华北石油管理局油气井测试公司河北廊坊065007; 2.华北石油管理局井下作业公司河北任丘062552)摘要为建好盐穴储气库,引进并采用声纳测量技术。
该技术主要仪器为声纳测距仪,它包括地面仪器、井下仪器及各种辅助设备。
利用声纳测量数据,通过计算机处理和解释,得出腔体信息,为后期造腔采卤提供指导。
该技术应用范围广,功能强大,具有三维模拟与演示功能,是盐穴储气库造腔过程中不可缺少的新工艺。
关键词盐穴储气库声纳测量应用数据评价前言随着西气东输工作全面开展,天然气已经成为人们生活中不可缺少的一部分,进行天然气战略储备已势在必行,西气东输地下储气库是保证西气东输管道长期、平稳、安全供气的重要设施和保障。
在盐穴储气库造腔及注采过程中,利用声纳测量技术,准确、及时地测量溶腔的形状与体积,对储气库建设具有十分重要的意义。
华北油田油气井测试公司率先在盐穴储气库采用了声纳测量技术。
声纳测量技术1.原理通过用一体化测井绞车的电缆将BSF2声纳测距仪沿钻井井筒下放,声纳测距仪的声纳探头出套管鞋后进入盐穴腔体,在某一水平剖面上向盐穴腔体发射声脉冲,声纳接收装置检测接收回波信号,经连接井下仪器的电缆传回地面数据处理系统,得到某一深度上的腔体水平剖面图,改变测量深度,可获得不同深度的腔体水平剖面图;对盐穴腔体的顶部、底部、异常部分,使用倾斜测量功能,得到不同倾斜角度下的测量距离;两种原始测量数据经计算机处理及后期解释,最终得到整个腔体的体积、深度、三维图象及各种相关参数。
2.仪器组成声纳测距仪由地面仪器、井下仪器、及各种辅助设备组成。
地面仪器主要包括:¹测井一体化电缆车;º地面计算机控制系统;»6500kW发电机、吊车等辅助设备。
井下仪器主要包括:¹电缆接头(铠装马龙头);º陀螺稳定系统;»深度定位系统;¼声速调校系统;½方位定位系统(定北向);¾探头水平旋转系统(水平旋转角度0~360b);¿探头倾斜系统(倾斜角度0~90b);À声波传感器系统。
遗传育种相关名词中英文对照
中英文对照的分子育种相关名词3'untranslated region (3'UTR) 3'非翻译区5'untranslated region (5; UTR) 5'非翻译区A chromosome A 染色体AATAAA 多腺苷酸化信号aberration 崎变abiogenesis 非生源说accessory chromosome 副染色体accessory nucleus 副核accessory protein 辅助蛋白accident variance 偶然变异Ac-Ds system Ac-Ds 系统acentric chromosome 无着丝粒染色体acentric fragment 无着丝粒片段acentric ring 无着丝粒环achromatin 非染色质acquired character 获得性状acrocentric chromosome 近端着丝粒染色体acrosyndesis 端部联会activating transcription factor 转录激活因子activator 激活剂activator element 激活单元activator protein( AP)激活蛋白activator-dissociation system Ac-Ds 激活解离系统active chromatin 活性染色质active site 活性部位adaptation 适应adaptive peak 适应高峰adaptive surface 适应面addition 附加物addition haploid 附加单倍体addition line 附加系additive effect 加性效应additive gene 加性基因additive genetic variance 加性遗传方差additive recombination 插人重组additive resistance 累加抗性adenosine 腺昔adenosine diphosphate (ADP )腺昔二鱗酸adenosine triphosphate( ATP)腺昔三憐酸adjacent segregation 相邻分离A-form DNA A 型DNAakinetic chromosome 无着丝粒染色体akinetic fragment 无着丝粒片断alien addition monosomic 外源单体生物alien chromosome substitution 外源染色体代换alien species 外源种alien-addition cell hybrid 异源附加细胞杂种alkylating agent 焼化剂allele 等位基因allele center 等位基因中心allele linkage analysis 等位基因连锁分析allele specific oligonucleotide(ASO)等位基因特异的寡核苷酸allelic complement 等位（基因）互补allelic diversity 等位（基因）多样化allelic exclusion 等位基因排斥allelic inactivation 等位（基因）失活allelic interaction 等位（基因）相互作用allelic recombination 等位（基因）重组allelic replacement 等位（基因）置换allelic series 等位（基因）系列allelic variation 等位（基因）变异allelism 等位性allelotype 等位（基因）型allohaploid 异源单倍体allopatric speciation 异域种alloploidy 异源倍性allopolyhaploid 异源多倍单倍体allopolyploid 异源多倍体allosyndesis 异源联会allotetraploid 异源四倍体alloheteroploid 异源异倍体alternation of generation 世代交替alternative transcription 可变转录alternative transcription initiation 可变转录起始Alu repetitive sequence, Alu family Alu 重复序列，Alu 家族ambiguous codon 多义密码子ambisense genome 双义基因组ambisense RNA 双义RNAaminoacyl-tRNA binding site氨酰基tRNA接合位点aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase 氨酰基tRNA连接酶amixis 无融合amorph 无效等位基因amphipolyploid 双多倍体amplicon 扩增子amplification 扩增amplification primer 扩增引物analysis of variance 方差分析anaphase (分裂）后期anaphase bridge (分裂）后期桥anchor cell 锚状细胞androgamete 雄配子aneuhaploid 非整倍单倍体aneuploid 非整倍体animal genetics 动物遗传学annealing 复性antibody 抗体anticoding strand 反编码链anticodon 反密码子anticodon arm 反密码子臂anticodon loop 反密码子环antiparallel 反向平行antirepressor 抗阻抑物antisense RNA 反义RNAantisense strand 反义链apogamogony 无融合结实apogamy 无配子生殖apomixis 无融合生殖arm ratio (染色体)臂比artificial gene人工基因artificial selection 人工选择asexual hybridization 无性杂交asexual propagation 无性繁殖asexual reproduction 无性生殖assortative mating 选型交配asynapsis 不联会asynaptic gene 不联会基因atavism 返祖atelocentric chromosome 非端着丝粒染色体attached X chromosome 并连X 染色体attachment site 附着位点attenuation 衰减attenuator 衰减子autarchic gene 自效基因auto-alloploid 同源异源体autoallopolyploid 同源异源多倍体autobivalent 同源二阶染色体auto-diploid 同源二倍体；自体融合二倍体autodiploidization 同源二倍化autoduplication 自体复制autogenesis自然发生autogenomatic 同源染色体组autoheteroploidy 同源异倍性autonomous transposable element 自主转座单元autonomously replicating sequence(ARS)自主复制序列autoparthenogenesis 自发单性生殖autopolyhaploid 同源多倍单倍体autopolyploid 同源多倍体autoradiogram 放射自显影图autosyndetic pairing 同源配对autotetraploid 同源四倍体autozygote 同合子auxotroph 营养缺陷体B chromosome B 染色体B1，first backcross generation 回交第一代B2，second backcross generation 回交第二代back mutation 回复突变backcross 回交backcross hybrid 回交杂种backcross parent 回交亲本backcross ratio 回交比率background genotype 背景基因型bacterial artification chromosome( BAC )细菌人工染色体Bacterial genetics 细菌遗传学Bacteriophage 噬菌体balanced lethal 平衡致死balanced lethal gene 平衡致死基因balanced linkage 平衡连锁balanced load 平衡负荷balanced polymorphism 平衡多态现象balanced rearrangements 平衡重组balanced tertiary trisomic 平衡三级三体balanced translocation 平衡异位balancing selection 平衡选择band analysis 谱带分析banding pattern (染色体)带型basal transcription apparatus 基础转录装置base analog 碱基类似物base analogue 类減基base content 减基含量base exchange 碱基交换base pairing mistake 碱基配对错误base pairing rules 碱基配对法则base substitution 减基置换base transition 减基转换base transversion 减基颠换base-pair region 碱基配对区base-pair substitution 碱基配对替换basic number of chromosome 染色体基数behavioral genetics 行为遗传学behavioral isolation 行为隔离bidirectional replication 双向复制bimodal distribution 双峰分布binary fission 二分裂binding protein 结合蛋白binding site 结合部位binucleate phase 双核期biochemical genetics 生化遗传学biochemical mutant 生化突变体biochemical polymorphism 生化多态性bioethics 生物伦理学biogenesis 生源说bioinformatics 生物信息学biological diversity 生物多样性biometrical genetics 生物统计遗传学（简称生统遗传学) bisexual reproduction 两性生殖bisexuality 两性现象bivalent 二价体blending inheritance 混合遗传blot transfer apparatus 印迹转移装置blotting membrane 印迹膜bottle neck effect 瓶颈效应branch migration 分支迁移breed variety 品种breeding 育种，培育;繁殖，生育breeding by crossing 杂交育种法breeding by separation 分隔育种法breeding coefficient 繁殖率breeding habit 繁殖习性breeding migration 生殖回游，繁殖回游breeding period 生殖期breeding place 繁殖地breeding population 繁殖种群breeding potential繁殖能力，育种潜能breeding range 繁殖幅度breeding season 繁殖季节breeding size 繁殖个体数breeding system 繁殖系统breeding true 纯育breeding value 育种值broad heritability 广义遗传率bulk selection 集团选择C0，acentric 无着丝粒的Cl,monocentric 单着丝粒C2, dicentric双着丝粒的C3,tricentric 三着丝粒的candidate gene 候选基因candidate-gene approach 候选基因法Canpbenmodel坎贝尔模型carytype染色体组型，核型catabolite activator protein 分解活化蛋白catabolite repression 分解代谢产物阻遏catastrophism 灾变说cell clone 细胞克隆cell cycle 细胞周期cell determination 细胞决定cell division 细胞分裂cell division cycle gene(CDC gene) 细胞分裂周期基因ceU division lag细胞分裂延迟cell fate 细胞命运cell fusion 细胞融合cell genetics 细胞的遗传学cell hybridization 细胞杂交cell sorter细胞分类器cell strain 细胞株cell-cell communication 细胞间通信center of variation 变异中心centimorgan(cM) 厘摩central dogma 中心法则central tendency 集中趋势centromere DNA 着丝粒DNAcentromere interference 着丝粒干扰centromere 着丝粒centromeric exchange ( CME)着丝粒交换centromeric inactivation 着丝粒失活centromeric sequence( CEN sequence)中心粒序列character divergence 性状趋异chemical genetics 化学遗传学chemigenomics 化学基因组学chiasma centralization 交叉中化chiasma terminalization 交叉端化chimera异源嵌合体Chi-square (x2) test 卡方检验chondriogene 线粒体基因chorionic villus sampling 绒毛膜取样chromatid abemition染色单体畸变chromatid break染色单体断裂chromatid bridge 染色单体桥chromatid interchange 染色单体互换chromatid interference 染色单体干涉chromatid tetrad 四分染色单体chromatid translocation 染色单体异位chromatin agglutination 染色质凝聚chromosomal aberration 染色体崎变chromosomal assignment 染色体定位chromosomal banding 染色体显带chromosomal disorder 染色体病chromosomal elimination 染色体消减chromosomal inheritance 染色体遗传chromosomal interference 染色体干扰chromosomal location 染色体定位chromosomal locus 染色体位点chromosomal mutation 染色体突变chromosomal pattern 染色体型chromosomal polymorphism 染色体多态性chromosomal rearrangement 染色体质量排chromosomal reproduction 染色体增殖chromosomal RNA 染色体RNA chromosomal shift 染色体变迁，染色体移位chromosome aberration 染色体畸变chromosome arm 染色体臂chromosome banding pattern 染色体带型chromosome behavior 染色体动态chromosome blotting 染色体印迹chromosome breakage 染色体断裂chromosome bridge 染色体桥chromosome coiling 染色体螺旋chromosome condensation 染色体浓缩chromosome constriction 染色体缢痕chromosome cycle 染色体周期chromosome damage 染色体损伤chromosome deletion 染色体缺失chromosome disjunction 染色体分离chromosome doubling 染色体加倍chromosome duplication 染色体复制chromosome elimination染色体丢失chromosome engineering 染色体工程chromosome evolution 染色体进化chromosome exchange 染色体交换chromosome fusion 染色体融合chromosome gap 染色体间隙chromosome hopping 染色体跳移chromosome interchange 染色体交换chromosome interference 染色体干涉chromosome jumping 染色体跳查chromosome knob 染色体结chromosome loop 染色体环chromosome lose染色体丢失chromosome map 染色体图chromosome mapping 染色体作图chromosome matrix 染色体基质chromosome mutation染色体突变chromosome non-disjunction染色体不分离chromosome paring染色体配对chromosome polymorphism 染色体多态性chromosome puff染色体疏松chromosome rearrangement染色体质量排chromosome reduplication 染色体再加倍chromosome repeat染色体质量叠chromosome scaffold 染色体支架chromosome segregation 染色体分离chromosome set 染色体组chromosome stickiness染色体粘性chromosome theory of heredity 染色体遗传学说chromosome theory of inheritance 染色体遗传学说chromosome thread 染色体丝chromosome walking 染色体步查chromosome-mediated gene transfer 染色体中介基因转移chromosomology 染色体学CIB method CIB法;性连锁致死突变出现频率检测法circular DNA 环林DNAcis conformation 顺式构象cis dominance 顺式显性cis-heterogenote顺式杂基因子cis-regulatory element 顺式调节兀件cis-trans test 顺反测验cladogram 进化树cloning vector 克隆载体C-meiosis C减数分裂C-metaphase C 中期C-mitosis C有丝分裂code degeneracy 密码简并coding capacity 编码容量coding ratio 密码比coding recognition site 密码识别位置coding region 编码区coding sequence 编码序列coding site 编码位置coding strand 密码链coding triplet 编码三联体codominance 共显性codon bias 密码子偏倚codon type 密码子型coefficient of consanguinity 近亲系数coefficient of genetic determination 遗传决定系数coefficient of hybridity 杂种系数coefficient of inbreeding 近交系数coefficient of migration 迁移系数coefficient of relationship 亲缘系数coefficient of variability 变异系数coevolution 协同进化coinducer 协诱导物cold sensitive mutant 冷敏感突变体colineartiy 共线性combining ability 配合力comparative genomics 比较基因组学competence 感受态competent cell感受态细胞competing groups 竞争类群competition advantage 竞争优势competitive exclusion principle 竞争排斥原理complementary DNA (cDNA)互补DNA complementary gene 互补基因complementation test 互补测验complete linkage 完全连锁complete selection 完全选择complotype 补体单元型composite transposon 复合转座子conditional gene 条件基因conditional lethal 条件致死conditional mutation 条件突变consanguinity 近亲consensus sequence 共有序列conservative transposition 保守转座constitutive heterochromatin 组成型染色质continuous variation 连续变异convergent evolution 趋同进化cooperativity 协同性coordinately controlled genes 协同控制基因core promoter element 核心启动子core sequence 核心序列co-repressor协阻抑物correlation coefficient相关系数cosegregation 共分离cosuppression 共抑制cotranfection 共转染cotranscript共转录物cotranscriptional processing共转录过程cotransduction 共转导cotransformation 共转化cotranslational secrection 共翻译分泌counterselection 反选择coupling phase 互引相covalently closed circular DNA(cccDNA)共价闭合环状DNA covariation 相关变异criss-cross inheritance 交叉遗传cross 杂交crossability 杂交性crossbred 杂种cross-campatibility 杂交亲和性cioss-infertility 杂交不育性crossing over 交换crossing-over map 交换图crossing-over value 交换值crossover products 交换产物crossover rates 交换率crossover reducer 交换抑制因子crossover suppressor 交换抑制因子crossover unit 交换单位crossover value 值crossover-type gamete 交换型配子C-value paradox C 值悖论cybrid 胞质杂种cyclin 细胞周期蛋白cytidme 胞苷cytochimera 细胞嵌合体cytogenetics 细胞遗传学cytohet 胞质杂合子cytologic 细胞学的cytological map 细胞学图cytoplasm细胞质cytoplasmic genome 胞质基因组cytoplasmic heredity 细胞质遗传cytqplasmic incompatibility 细胞质不亲和性cytoplasmic inheritance 细胞质遗传cytoplasmic male sterility 细胞质雄性不育cytoplasmic mutation 细胞质突变cytofdasmic segregation 细胞质分离cytoskeleton 细胞骨架Darwin 达尔文Darwinian fitness 达尔文适合度Darwinism 达尔文学说daughter cell 子细胞daughter chromatid 子染色体daughter chromosome 子染色体deformylase 去甲酰酶degenerate code 简并密码degenerate primer 简并引物degenerate sequence 简并序列degenerated codon 简并密码子degeneration 退化degree of dominance 显性度delayed inheritance 延迟遗传deletant 缺失体deletion 缺失deletion loop 缺失环deletion mapping 缺失作图deletion mutation 缺失突变denatured DNA 变性DNA denatured protein 变性蛋白denaturing gel 变性胶denaturing gel electrophoresis 变性凝胶电泳denaturing gradient polyacrylamide gel 变性聚丙稀酰胺凝胶density gradient centrifugation 密度梯度离心density gradient separation 密度梯度分离deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent DNA polymerase 依赖于DNA的DNA聚合酶derived line 衍生系derived type 衍生类型developmental genetics 发育遗传学developmental pathway 发育途径dicentric bridge 双粒染色体桥dicentric chromosome 双着丝粒染色体differential staining technique 显带技术differentiation center 分化中心dihaploid 双单倍体,dihybrid 双因子杂种dihybrid cross 双因子杂交dimorphism 二态性diploidization 二倍化diploidize 二倍化diploidized haploid 二倍化的单倍体direct cross 正交direct repeat 同向重复（序列）direct selection 正选择directed mutagenesis 正向突变discontinuous variation 不连续变异distant hybrid 远缘杂种distant hybridization 远缘杂交diversity center 多样性中心diversity curve 多样性曲线diversity gene ( D gene) D 基因diversity indices 多样性指数diversity of species 种的多样性diversity region ( D region) D 区；多变区DNA alkylation DNA 烧化DNA amplification DNA 扩增DNA amplification in vitro DNA 体外扩增DNA amplification polymorphism DNA 扩增多态性DNA breakage DNA 断裂DNA database DNA 数据库DNA degradation DNA 降解DNA denaturation DNA 变性DNA detection DNA 检测DNA distortion DNA 变形DNA duplex DNA 双链体DNA duplicase DNA 复合酶DNA element DNA 单元DNA evolution DNA 进化DNA fingerprint DNA 指纹DNA fingerprinting DNA 指纹分析DNA homology DNA 同源性DNA hybridization DNA 杂交DNA jumping technique DNA 跳查技术DNA melting DNA 解链DNA methylation DNA 甲基化DNA modification DNA 修饰DNA modification restriction system DNA 修饰限制系统DNA nicking DNA 切口形成DNA oxidation DNA 氧化DNA packaging DNA 包装DNA pairing DNA 配对DNA pitch DNA 螺距DNA polymorphism DNA 多态性DNA probe DNA 探针DNA puff DNA 泡DNA purification DNA 纯化DNA recombination DNA 重组DNA redundant 多余DNADNA repair DNA 修复DNA replication DNA 复制DNA replication enhancer DNA 复制增强子DNA replication origin DNA 复制起点DNA replication site DNA 复制点DNA sealase DNA 连接酶DNA sequence analysis DNA 序列分析DNA sizing gene DNA大小决定基因DNA strand exchange DNA 链交换DNA strand separation DNA 链分离DNA strand transfer protein DNA 链转移蛋白DNA template DNA 模板DNA thermal cycler DNA 热循环仪DNA topoisomerase DNA 拓扑异构酶DNA transcript DNA 转录物DNA transposon DNA 转座子DNA twist DNA 扭曲DNA typing DNA 分型DNA untwisting DNA 解旋DNA unwinding enzyme DNA 解旋酶DNA unwinding protein DNA 解旋蛋白DNA-agar technique DNA 琼脂技术DNAase I footprinting DNA 酶I 足迹法DNAase-free reagent 无DNA 酶试剂DNA-binding domain DNA 结合域DNA-binding motif DNA 结合基序DNA-binding protein DNA 结合蛋白DNA-polymerase DNA 聚合酶DNA-protein complex DNA -蛋白质复合体DNA-protein interaction DNA _ 蛋白质相互作用DNA-restriction enzyme DNA 限制酶DNA-RNA hybrid DNA-RNA 杂交体DNase-free 不含DNA 酶的dominance 显性dominance type 优势型dominance variance 显性方差dominant allele 显性等位基因dominant effect 显性效应dominant gene 显性基因dominant gene mutation 显'性基因突变dominant lethal 显性致死dominant phenotype 显性表型donor DNA 供体DNAdonor organism 供体生物dosage compensation 剂量补偿作用dotting blotting 点溃法double crossing over 双交换double fertilization 汉受精duplicate genes 重复基因duplication重复duplicon 重复子dyad 二分体dynamic selection 动态选择ecological genetics 生态遗传学ecological isolation 生态隔离ecological niche 生态小境ectopic expression 异位表达ectopic integration 异位整合effective population size 有效群体大小embryoid 胚状体embryonic stem cells( ES cells)胚胎干细胞endocrine signal 内分泌信号endogamy 近亲繁殖endomitosis 核内有丝分裂endonuclease 内切核酸酶endopolyploidy 核内多倍体environment 环境environmental variance 环境方差environmental variation 环境变异epigenesis 后成说epigenetic inheritance 后生遗传epigenetically silenced 后生沉默episome 附加体epistasis 上位性epistatic dominance 超显性epistatic gene 上位基因equal segregation 均等分离equational division 均等分裂equilibrium population 平衡群体Expressed Sequence Tag(EST)表达序列标签euchromatin 常染色质euchromatin常染色质eugenics 优生学euhaploid 整单倍体eukaryote 真核生物eukaryotic chromosome 真核染色体eukaryotic cell 真核细胞eukaryotic organism 真核生物eukaryotic vector 真核载体euphenics 优型学euploid 整倍体evolutional load 进化负荷evolutionary divergence 进化趋异evolutionary genetics 进化遗传学evolutionaiy rate 进化速率excision repair 切除修复exconjugant 接合后体excretion vector 分泌型载体exit site 萌发点exogenote 外基因子exogenous gene 外源基因exonuclease 外切核酸酶expression cloning 表达克隆expression library 表达文库expression mutation 表达突变expression plasmid 表达质粒expression product 表达产物expression screening 表达筛选extinguisher loci 消失基因座，灭绝基因座extirpated species 绝迹种extrachromosomal inheritance 染色体外遗传extra-chromosome超数染色体，额外染色体extranuclear inheritance 核外遗传F1 generation F1代，子一代F2 generation F2 代，子二代facultative heterochromatin 兼性异染色质familial trait 家族性状family selection 家系选择feedback suppression 反馈抑制female gamete 雌配子fertility factor 致育因子filial generation 子代fingerprint 指纹finite population 有限群体first division segregation 第一次分裂分离first division segregation pattern 第一次分裂分离模式flanking sequence 侧翼序列flow cytometry 流式细胞仪fluorescence in situ hybridization ( FISH )荧光原位杂交fluorescent primer 荧光引物fluorescent probe 荧光探针formyl methionine (fMet)甲酰甲硫氨酸foot printing 足迹法foreign DNA 外源DNAforward genetics 正向遗传学forward mutation 正向突变forward primer 正向引物founder effect 建立者效应four strand double crossing over 四线双交换full-sib 全同胞functional genomics 功能基因组学functional RNA 功能RNAgain-of-function mutation 功能获得性突变gamete 配子gametic 配子的gametic incompatibility 配子不亲和性gametic lethal 配子致死gametic linkage 配子连锁gametic meiosis 配子减数分裂gametic ratio 配子分离比gametoclonal variation 配子无性系变异gametophyte 配子体G-band G带；中期染色体带GC box GC 框GC tailing GC 加尾gel electrophoresis 凝胶电泳gemetic sterility 配子不育gene activation 基因激活gene activity 基因活性gene amplification 基因扩增gene analysis 基因分析gene arrangement 基因排列gene balance 基因平衡gene basis 基因基础gene batteries 基因群gene block 基因区段gene carrier 基因携带者gene center theory 基因中心学说gene cluster 基因簇gene combination 基因重组gene complex 基因复合体gene content 基因含量gene conversion 基因转换gene distribution 基因分布gene diversity 基因多样性gene dosage 基因剂量gene dosage compensation 基因剂量补偿gene dosage effect 基因剂量效应gene duplication 基因重复gene element 基因元件gene exchange 基因交流gene expression 基因表达gene expression system 基因表达系统gene family 基因家族gene fixation 基因固定gene flow 基因流gene frequency 基因频率gene fusion 基因融合gene inactivation 基因失活gene inoculation 基因接种gene interaction 基因相互作用gene isolation 基因分离gene knockout 基因敲除gene knock-out 基因失效法gene linkage 基因连锁gene localization 基因定位gene location 基因位置gene locus 基因位点gene magnification 基因扩增gene manipulation 基因操作gene map 基因图谱gene mapping 基因作图gene multiplication 基因重复gene mutation 基因突变gene mutation rate 基因突变频率gene order 基因次序gene organization 基因组构gene pool 基因库gene position effect 基因位置效应gene probe 基因探针gene product 基因产物gene rearrangement 某因重排gene reassortment 基因重新配对gene replication 基因复制gene repression 基因抑制gene resortment 基因重配gene silencing 基因沉默gene splicing 基因剪接gene string 基因线gene structure 基因结构gene substitute 基因置换gene substitution 基因置换gene suppression 基因抑制gene synthesis 基因合成gene tagged 基因标签gene tagging 基因标签gene targeting 基因导向，基因寻靶gene transfer 基因转移gene transfer agent 基因传递因子gene transfer vector 基因转移载体gene transposition 基因转座genealogical classification 系谱分类genera 属general transcription factor ( GTF )通用转录因子generalized transduction 普遍性转导generation 世代generative cell 生殖细胞generative reproduction 有性繁殖generic coefficient 种属系数generic cross 属间杂交generic name 属名genes in common 共同基因gene-specific transcription factor 基因特异性转录因子genetic ablation 基因缺损genetic advance 遗传进度genetic algebra 遗传代数genetic analysis 遗传分析genetic background 遗传背景genetic balance 遗传平衡genetic block 遗传性阻碍genetic compensation 遗传补偿genetic complementation 遗传互补genetic composition 遗传组成genetic continuity 遗传连续性genetic control 遗传控制genetic covariance 遗传协方差genetic cross 杂交genetic database 遗传数据库genetic death 遗传性死亡genetic deficiency 遗传缺损genetic deformity 基因变型genetic determinant 遗传决定因子genetic dimorphism 遗传二型现象genetic distance 遗传距离genetic divergence 遗传趋异genetic diversity 遗传多样性genetic dominance 遗传优势genetic donor 基因供体genetic drift 遗传漂变genetic element遗传因子，遗传成分genetic engineering 遗传工程genetic equilibrium 遗传平衡genetic erosion 遗传冲刷，遗传蚀变genetic expression 遗传表达genetic extinction 遗传灭绝genetic facilitation 遗传促进作用genetic factor 遗传因子genetic feedback 遗传反馈genetic fingerprint 遗传指纹genetic fingerprinting 遗传指纹分析genetic fitness 遗传适合度genetic flexibility 遗传可塑性genetic gain 遗传获得量genetic heterogeneity 遗传异质性genetic homology 遗传同源genetic immunity 遗传免疫genetic imprinting 遗传印记genetic inertia 遗传惰性genetic information 遗传信息genetic inoculation 基因接种genetic instability 遗传不稳定性genetic continuity 遗传连续性genetic control 遗传控制genetic covariance 遗传协方差genetic cross 杂交genetic database 遗传数据库genetic death 遗传性死亡genetic deficiency 遗传缺损genetic deformity 基因变型genetic determinant 遗传决定因子genetic dimorphism 遗传二型现象genetic distance 遗传距离genetic divergence 遗传趋异genetic diversity 遗传多样性genetic dominance 遗传优势genetic donor 基因供体genetic drift 遗传漂变genetic element遗传因子，遗传成分genetic engineering 遗传工程genetic equilibrium 遗传平衡genetic erosion 遗传冲刷，遗传蚀变genetic expression 遗传表达genetic extinction 遗传灭绝genetic facilitation 遗传促进作用genetic factor 遗传因子genetic feedback 遗传反馈genetic fingerprint 遗传指纹genetic fingerprinting 遗传指纹分析genetic fitness 遗传适合度genetic flexibility 遗传可塑性genetic gain 遗传获得量genetic heterogeneity 遗传异质性genetic homology 遗传同源genetic immunity 遗传免疫genetic imprinting 遗传印记genetic inertia 遗传惰性genetic information 遗传信息genetic inoculation 基因接种genetic instability 遗传不稳定性genetic interaction 遗传相互作用genetic isolating factor 遗传隔离因子genetic isolation 遗传隔离genetic knock-out experiment 基因失效试验genetic linkage 遗传连锁genetic linkage map 遗传连锁图谱genetic load 遗传负荷genetic manipulation 遗传操作genetic map 遗传图谱genetic mapping 遗传作图genetic marker 遗传标记genetic masking 基因组掩饰genetic material 遗传物质genetic mobilization 遗传转移genetic modification 遗传修饰genetic module 遗传组件genetic nomenclature 遗传命名法genetic parameter 遗传参数genetic polarity 遗传极性genetic polymorphism 遗传多样性genetic population 遗传群体genetic potential 遗传潜力genetic process 遗传过程genetic property 遗传特'性genetic ratio 遗传比genetic reactivation 遗传复活genetic reassortment 遗传重排genetic recipient 基因受体genetic recombination 遗传重组genetic regulation 遗传调节genetic relationship 亲缘关系genetic repair mechanism 遗传修复机制genetic replication 遗传复制genetic risk 遗传危险性genetic screening 遗传筛查genetic segregation 遗传分离genetic selection 遗传选择genetic sex 遗传性别genetic shift 遗传漂移genetic stability 遗传稳定性genetic sterility 遗传性不育genetic strain 遗传品系genetic suppression 遗传抑制genetic switch 遗传开关genetic system 遗传体系genetic transcription 遗传转录genetic transformation 遗传转换genetic translation 遗传翻译genetic transmission 遗传传递genetic typing 遗传分型genetic unit 遗传单位genetic value 遗传值genetic variability 遗传变异性genetic variance 遗传方差genetic vulnerability 遗传易损性genetic“hot spot” 遗传“热点”genetical marker 遗传标记genetical non-disjunction 遗传不分离genetical population 遗传群体genetically heterogeneous 遗传异质的genetically modified organism 基因修饰生物genetics correction 遗传修正genetics of resistance 抗性遗传genetype 基因型genic balance 基因平衡genome allopolyploid 基因组异质多倍体genome amplification 基因组扩增genome evolution 基因组进化genome mapping 基因组作图genome project 基因组计划genome rearrangement 基因组重排genome sequencing 基因组测序genomic exclusion 基因组排斥genomic fingerprinting 基因组指纹分析genomic footprinting 基因组足迹分析genomic imprinting 基因组印记genomic instability 基因组不稳定性genomic library 基因组文库genomic walking 基因组步查genotypic frequency 基因型频率genotypic ratio 基因型比值genotypic value 基因型值genotypic variance 基因型方差geographic speciation 地理型新种形成geographical isolation 地理隔离geographical polymorphism 地理多态现象germ layer 胚层germ line 种系germ nucleus 生殖核germ plasm 种质germinal mutation 生殖细胞突变germ-line gene therapy 种系基因治疗giant chromosome 巨型染色体global homology 总体同源性global region 全局调节子globular protein 球蛋白group selection 集团选择growth factor 生长因子GT-AG rule mRNA剪接识别信号规则gynandromorphy 雌雄嵌合体hairpin loop 发夹环hairpin structure 发夹结构half life 半寿期half sib mating 半同胞交配haplogenotypic 单倍基因型的haploid 单倍体haploidization 单倍体化haplotype 单元型hapostatic gene 下位基因Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 哈迪-温伯格平衡heat shock gene 热激基因heat sock protein 热激蛋白heavy chain 重链helical structure 螺旋结构。
103【收藏】最全建设用地土壤污染风险管控和修复术语
收藏】最全建设用地土壤污染风险管控和修复术语1.1建设用地land for construction 指建造建筑物、构筑物的土地，包括城乡住宅和公共设施用地、工矿用地、交通水利设施用地、旅游用地、军事设施用地等。
1.2土壤污染风险管控和修复risk control and remediation of soilcontamination 土壤污染风险管控和修复包括土壤污染状况调查和土壤污染风险评估、风险管控、修复、风险管控效果评估、修复效果评估、后期管理等活动。
1.3土壤soil 由矿物质、有机质、水、空气及生物有机体组成的地球陆地表面的疏松层。
1.4地下水groundwater 以各种形式埋藏在地壳空隙中的水。
1.5地表水surface water 流过或静置在陆地表面的水。
1.6室外空气outdoor air 一般指建筑物外部的空气，与室内空气相对应。
1.7室内空气indoor air 一般指建筑物内部或其他相对比较密闭的空间内的空气，与室外空气相对应。
2.1关注污染物contaminant of concern根据地块污染特征、相关标准规范要求和地块利益相关方意见，确定需要进行土壤污染状况调查和土壤污染风险评估的污染物。
2.2目标污染物target contaminant 在地块环境中其数量或浓度已达到对生态系统和人体健康具有实际或潜在不利影响的，需要进行修复的关注污染物。
2.3地块残余废弃物on-site residual material 地块内遗留遗弃的各种与生产经营活动相关的设备、设施及其他物质，主要包括遗留的生产原料、工业废渣、废弃化学品及其污染物，残留在废弃设施、容器及管道内的固态、半固态及液态物质，以及其它与当地土壤特征有明显区别的固态物质。
2.4挥发性有机化合物volatile organic compounds,VOCs沸点在50 ～260 ℃之间，在标准温度和压力（20 ℃和1 个大气压）下饱和蒸气压超过133.32Pa 的有机化合物。
专业外语英译汉_27653
1.Improper disposal of many of these chemicals resulted in health problems formany citizens, contaminated water supplies, and destruction of wildlife.不正规的化学物质排放导致了市民的健康问题，以及水源污染和野生动物的灭绝。
2.From the very early industrial period in the United States, which started about1920, until several years after the Second World War, there was little concern for the proper methods of disposal of waste materials that were generated as by-products during manufacturing processes.在美国工业阶段早期，大约起始于1920年，直到几十年后的第二次世界大战，很少有人关心生产过程中产生的副产品废弃材料的正确处理方法。
3.As a result, industries that generated large quantities of these waste materialsnow had to ensure that the materials were disposed of in the a manner that was safe for the environment.因此，产生了大量废弃材料的工业现在必须保证这些材料都以对环境无害的方式处理。
4.The problems were compounded by the inexperience and lack of insight by electedgovernmental officials and the governmental agencies charged with the task of regulation.这个问题因为决策的政府官员和负责这个管理任务的政府代理人的无经验以及缺乏洞察力从而变得更复杂。
SAE J1985-1993 燃料过滤器-最初的单一的-经过效率测试方法
3.3 Use automatic particle counter calibrated per ISO 4402-1977 or other approved calibration method.
使用自动颗粒计数器测定口径参考ISO4402-1977或者其他的认可的测定口径的办法
3.4 If bottle counting, use clean bottles containing less than 1.5 particles >5 µm/mL of bottle volume as qualified
lines of an operating system ISO 4402-1977Hydraulic fluid power—Calibration of liquid automatic particle count instruments—Method
试验设计词汇中英对照
试验设计词汇中英对照试验设计，也称为实验设计。
，经济地、科学地安排试验的一项技术。
接下来小编为大家整理了试验设计词汇中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦!SFDA Glossary： GCP，GLP，TRIALAccuracy 准确度CRF(case report form) 病例报告表Crossover design 交叉设计Cross-over study 交叉研究Css 稳浓度Cure 痊愈Data management 数据管理Database 建立数据库Descriptive statistical analysis 描述性统计分析DF 波动系统Dichotomies 二分类Diviation 偏差Documentation 记录/文件Dose-reaction relation 剂量-反应关系Double blinding 双盲Double dummy 双模拟Double dummy technique 双盲双模拟技术Double-blinding 双盲Drop out 脱落DSC 差示扫描热量计Effectiveness 疗效Electronic data capture， EDC 电子数据采集系统Electronic data processing， EDP 电子数据处理系统Emergency envelope 应急信件Active control， AC 阳性对照，活性对照Adverse drug reaction， ADR 药物不良反应Adverse event， AE 不良事件Adverse medical events 不良医学事件Adverse reaction 药物不良反应Alb 白蛋白ALD(Approximate Lethal Dose) 近似致死剂量ALP 碱性磷酸酶Alpha spending function 消耗函数ALT 丙氨酸氨基转换酶Analysis sets 统计分析的数据集Approval 批准Assistant investigator 助理研究者AST 天门冬酸氨基转换酶ATR 衰减全反射法AUCss 稳态血药浓度-时间曲线下面积Audit 稽查Audit or inspection 稽查/视察Audit report 稽查报告Auditor 稽查员Bias 偏性，偏倚Bioequivalence 生物等效应Blank control 空白对照Blind codes 编制盲底Blind review 盲态审核Blind review 盲态检查Blinding method 盲法Blinding/ masking 盲法，设盲Block 分段Block 层Block size 每段的长度BUN 尿素氮Carryover effect 延滞效应Case history 病历Case report form 病例报告表Case report form/ case record form， CRF 病例报告表，病例记录表Categorical variable 分类变量Cav 平均浓度CD 圆二色谱CL 清除率Clinical equivalence 临床等效应Clinical study 临床研究Clinical study report 临床试验的总结报告Clinical trial 临床试验Clinical trial application， CTA 临床试验申请Clinical trial exemption， CTX 临床试验免责Clinical trial protocol， CTP 临床试验方案Clinical trial/ study report 临床试验报告Cmax 峰浓度Co-investigator 合作研究者Comparison 对照Compliance 依从性Composite variable 复合变量Computer-assisted trial design， CATD 计算机辅助试验设计Confidence interval 可信区间Confidence level 置信水平Consistency test 一致性检验Contract research organization， CRO 合同研究组织Contract/ agreement 协议/合同Control group 对照组Coordinating committee 协调委员会Crea 肌酐End point 终点Endpoint criteria/ measurement 终点指标Equivalence 等效性Essential documentation 必须文件Ethics committee 伦理委员会Excellent 显效Exclusion criteria 排除标准Factorial design 析因设计Failure 无效，失败Final point 终点Fixed-dose procedure 固定剂量法Forced titration 强制滴定Full analysis set 全分析集GC-FTIR 气相色谱-傅利叶红外联用GC-MS 气相色谱-质谱联用Generic drug 通用名药Global assessment variable 全局评价变量GLU 血糖Good clinical practice， GCP 药物临床试验质量管理规范Good manufacture practice， GMP 药品生产质量管理规范Good non-clinical laboratory practice， GLP 药物非临床研究质量管理规范Group sequential design 成组序贯设计Health economic evaluation， HEV 健康经济学评价Hypothesis test 假设检验Hypothesis testing 假设检验International Conference of Harmonization， ICH 人用药品注册技术要求国际技术协调会，国际协调会议Improvement 好转Inclusion criteria 入选标准Independent ethics committee， IEC 独立伦理委员会Information consent form， ICF 知情同意书Information gathering 信息收集Informed consent， IC 知情同意Initial meeting 启动会议Inspection 视察/检查Institution inspection 机构检查Institution review board， IBR 机构审查委员会Intention to treat 意向治疗(——临床领域)Intention-to –treat， ITT 意向性分析(- 统计学)Interactive voice response system， IVRS 互动式语音应答系统Interim analysis 期中分析Investigator 研究者Investigator's brochure， IB 研究者手册IR 红外吸收光谱Ka 吸收速率常Last observation carry forward， LOCF 最接近一次观察的结转LC-MS 液相色谱-质谱联用LD50 板数致死剂量Logic check 逻辑检查LOQ (Limit of Quantitation) 定量限LOCF， Last observation carry forward 最近一次观察的结转Lost of follow up 失访Marketing approval/ authorization 上市许可证Matched pair 匹配配对Missing value 缺失值Mixed effect model 混合效应模式Monitor 监查员Monitoring 监查Monitoring report 监查报告MRT 平均滞留时间MS 质谱MS-MS 质谱-质谱联用MTD(Maximum Tolerated Dose) 最大耐受剂量Multicenter trial 多中心试验Multi-center trial 多中心试验New chemical entity， NCE 新化学实体New drug application， NDA 新药申请NMR 核磁共振谱Non-clinical study 非临床研究Non-inferiority 非劣效性Non-parametric statistics 非参数统计方法Obedience 依从性ODR 旋光光谱Open-blinding 非盲Open-label 非盲Optional titration 随意滴定Original medical record 原始医疗记录Outcome 结果Outcome assessment 结果指标评价Outcome measurement 结果指标Outlier 离群值Parallel group design 平行组设计Parameter estimation 参数估计Parametric statistics 参数统计方法Patient file 病人档案Patient history 病历Per protocol， PP 符合方案集Placebo 安慰剂Placebo control 安慰剂对照Polytomies 多分类Power 检验效能Precision 精密度Preclinical study 临床前研究Primary endpoint 主要终点Primary variable 主要变量Principal investigator 主要研究者Principle investigator， PI 主要研究者Product license， PL 产品许可证Protocol 试验方案Protocol 试验方案Protocol amendment 方案补正Quality assurance unit， QAU 质量保证部门Quality assurance， QA 质量保证Quality control， QC 质量控制Query list， query form 应用疑问表Randomization 随机化Randomization 随机Range check 范围检查Rating scale 量表Regulatory authorities， RA 监督管理部门Replication 可重复RSD 日内和日间相对标准差Run in 准备期Safety evaluation 安全性评价Safety set 安全性评价的数据集Sample size 样本含量Sample size 样本量，样本大小Scale of ordered categorical ratings 有序分类指标Secondary variable 次要变量Sequence 试验次序Serious adverse event， SAE 严重不良事件Serious adverse reaction， SAR 严重不良反应Seriousness 严重性Severity 严重程度Significant level 检验水准Simple randomization 简单随机Single blinding 单盲Single-blinding 单盲Site audit 试验机构稽查SOP 试验室的标准操作规程Source data verification， SDV 原始数据核准Source data， SD 原始数据Source document， SD 原始文件Specificity 特异性Sponsor 申办者Sponsor-investigator 申办研究者Standard curve 标准曲线Standard operating procedure， SOP 标准操作规程Statistic 统计量Statistical analysis plan 统计分析计划Statistical analysis plan 统计参数计划书Statistical analysis plan， SAP 统计分析计划Statistical model 统计模型Statistical tables 统计分析表Stratified 分层Study audit 研究稽查Subgroup 亚组Sub-investigator 助理研究者Subject 受试者Subject diary 受试者日记Subject enrollment 受试者入选Subject enrollment log 受试者入选表Subject identification code， SIC 受试者识别代码Subject recruitment 受试者招募Subject screening log 受试者筛选表Superiority 检验Survival analysis 生存分析SXRD 单晶X-射线衍射System audit 系统稽查T1/2 消除半衰期Target variable 目标变量T-BIL 总胆红素T-CHO 总胆固醇TG 热重分析TLC、HPLC 制备色谱Tmax 峰时间TP 总蛋白Transformation 变量变换Treatment group 试验组Trial error 试验误差Trial master file 试验总档案Trial objective 试验目的Trial site 试验场所Triple blinding 三盲Two one-side test 双单侧检验Unblinding 揭盲Unblinding 破盲Unexpected adverse event， UAE 预料外不良事件UV-VIS 紫外-可见吸收光谱Variability 变异Variable 变量Visual analogy scale 直观类比打分法Visual check 人工检查Vulnerable subject 弱势受试者Wash-out 清洗期Washout period 洗脱期Well-being 福利，健康。
不规则实变影英文文献
不规则实变影英文文献
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硅片表面球形粒子散射及微分散射截面的研究
硅片表面球形粒子散射及微分散射截面的研究崔品静;程兆谷【摘要】为了研究硅片表面球形粒子的光散射情况,根据Mie氏理论,采用相差模型,得到了球形粒子在任意线偏振光照射下的散射光光强空间分布的计算方法,给出了球形粒子在s偏振和p偏振光分别以0°和70°角照射下散射光微分散射截面的模拟计算结果,并与相关的实验结果进行了比较,对硅片缺陷自动检测仪的研制具有指导意义.【期刊名称】《激光技术》【年(卷),期】2006(030)006【总页数】4页(P561-563,580)【关键词】散射;光强空间分布;米氏理论;相差模型;微分散射截面【作者】崔品静;程兆谷【作者单位】中国科学院,上海光学精密机械研究所,上海,201800;中国科学院,研究生院,北京,100039;中国科学院,上海光学精密机械研究所,上海,201800【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O436.2引言目前，超大规模集成电路芯片上电路图形的最小线宽已达到0.1μm左右,甚至在短期内将跨入至数十纳米量级。
随着IC图形特征尺寸的急剧缩小，缺陷密度对成品率的影响显得越来越突出，因此在半导体行业中，自动检测并控制缺陷是一项非常重要的工作。
散射理论作为研制激光自动缺陷检测仪的理论基础，也越来越受到重视。
YOUNG等人的理论计算[1～4]多集中在入射平面范围内，未就整个上半平面空间的光强分布作细致地计算分析。
实际检测中，为了更具体地反映缺陷的信息，探测器应在各个不同散射平面(即不同的φ)接收散射光，同时感光平面具有一定大小，反映在模拟计算中为对空间角的积分，这些要求都同样需要计算任意空间点的散射光强。
作者即针对激光扫描散射硅片检测技术中的硅片表面玷污检测，根据Mie理论，应用相差模型(phase difference model,PDM)[5]，给出了模拟硅片表面球形粒子对扫描光散射的空间光强分布的计算方法，并对计算机模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较和分析。
电阻率异常提取 英文
电阻率异常提取英文English:Extracting abnormal resistivity values is a crucial task in geophysical surveys as it can indicate the presence of subsurface anomalies such as mineral deposits, groundwater, or environmental contamination. There are several methods to detect and extract abnormal resistivity values from geophysical data, including statistical analysis, visual inspection, and anomaly detection algorithms. Statistical analysis involves calculating the mean and standard deviation of the resistivity values and identifying values that fall outside a certain range. Visual inspection relies on examining the data graphically to identify any outliers or anomalies. Anomaly detection algorithms, such as clustering or machine learning techniques, can automatically identify abnormal resistivity values based on patterns in the data. Once abnormal values are extracted, further analysis can be conducted to determine the cause of these anomalies and their significance in the context of the survey area.中文翻译:提取异常电阻率数值在地球物理勘测中是一项至关重要的任务，因为它可以指示地下异常的存在，比如矿藏、地下水或环境污染。
在挖一口井时的英语
在挖一口井时的英语Requirements for Sinking a Well.The process of sinking a well involves creating a deep, narrow hole in the ground to access water-bearing aquifers. This requires careful planning, specialized equipment, and adherence to safety protocols. Here are the keyrequirements for sinking a well:1. Site Selection:Conduct a geological survey to identify potential aquifers and determine the depth and quality of groundwater.Consider factors such as soil conditions, topography, proximity to surface water sources, and potential contamination risks.Obtain necessary permits and approvals from local authorities.2. Drilling Equipment:Choose the appropriate drilling method (e.g., rotary, cable tool, air rotary) based on soil conditions and well specifications.Acquire a drilling rig capable of reaching the desired depth and diameter of the well.Equip the rig with necessary components such as drill bits, drilling fluids, and casing materials.3. Well Design:Determine the desired diameter and depth of the well based on water demand, aquifer characteristics, anddrilling constraints.Select appropriate casing and screen materials to prevent collapse and allow water flow.Design the wellhead to provide access for pumping equipment and prevent contamination.4. Drilling and Installation:Commence drilling using the selected method and carefully monitor subsurface conditions.Install casing and screens as the hole progresses to prevent collapse and access groundwater.Conduct necessary grouting operations to seal the well and prevent groundwater contamination.5. Well Development:After drilling and installation, develop the well to remove drilling fluids and fine particles.Use surge blocks, airlift systems, or chemical treatments to induce water flow and improve well yield.6. Testing and Monitoring:Conduct pumping tests to determine well yield, drawdown, and efficiency.Analyze water samples to assess water quality and identify any potential contaminants.Monitor the well regularly to ensure ongoing performance and prevent contamination.7. Safety Considerations:Follow strict safety protocols during all drilling and well installation operations.Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including hard hats, gloves, and safety glasses.Establish clear emergency procedures and train personnel on proper responses.Monitor for potential hazards such as underground utilities, gas leaks, and unstable soil conditions.8. Environmental Considerations:Minimize environmental disturbance during drilling and well construction.Use biodegradable drilling fluids and properly dispose of waste materials.Protect surface water and groundwater from potential contamination.Restore the drilling site to its original condition upon completion.9. Record Keeping and Documentation:Maintain accurate logs of drilling activities, including depth, drilling fluids, casing installation, and development procedures.Document all testing and monitoring results, including water quality and well performance data.Keep records of maintenance and repairs to ensure well longevity and water quality.Additional Considerations:Collaborate with a qualified hydrogeologist or well driller for professional guidance and support.Consider factors such as well maintenance, energy efficiency, and potential water treatment requirements.Adhere to local and regional regulations governing well construction, operation, and maintenance.。
水循环英语作文简 用上首先然后最后
水循环英语作文简用上首先然后最后Here is an English essay on the water cycle, with more than 1000 words, without any extra punctuation marks in the body. The title is not included in the word count.The Water Cycle: A Continuous JourneyFirst, let us explore the intricate process of the water cycle, the perpetual movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface. This remarkable cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, is a fundamental aspect of our planet's ecosystem, governing the distribution and circulation of water across the globe.The water cycle begins with the process of evaporation. As the sun's energy warms the Earth's surface, water from oceans, lakes, and even the soil and vegetation evaporates, transforming into water vapor. This invisible gas rises into the atmosphere, where it cools and condenses, forming tiny water droplets or ice crystals that make up clouds.As these water droplets or ice crystals in the clouds grow in size, they eventually become too heavy to remain suspended in the air. Thisprocess is known as precipitation, where the water falls back to the Earth's surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Precipitation can occur in various forms, depending on the temperature and atmospheric conditions.When precipitation falls on the Earth's surface, it follows different paths. Some of the water seeps into the ground, replenishing underground aquifers and groundwater reserves. This process is called infiltration. The water that does not infiltrate the soil flows across the surface, forming streams, rivers, and lakes, eventually making its way back to the oceans, where the cycle begins anew.The water that seeps into the ground can also emerge from the soil or rock as springs, feeding into streams and rivers. Additionally, some of the water stored underground may be extracted through wells for human use, such as for drinking, irrigation, or industrial purposes.The water cycle is not a simple linear process but rather a complex and interconnected system. It involves the continuous movement and transformation of water between the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the subsurface. This cycle is driven by the sun's energy, which provides the necessary heat to power the evaporation and precipitation processes.The water cycle plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate and weather patterns. The movement of water through the atmosphere, for instance, can influence temperature, humidity, and precipitation, which in turn affect the distribution of ecosystems and the availability of water resources.Moreover, the water cycle is not just a natural phenomenon but also a vital component of human life and activities. The availability and quality of water resources are essential for sustaining agriculture, industry, and domestic use. Understanding and managing the water cycle is crucial for ensuring the sustainable use of this precious resource.However, human activities, such as deforestation, urbanization, and the burning of fossil fuels, can disrupt the natural balance of the water cycle. These actions can lead to changes in precipitation patterns, the depletion of groundwater reserves, and the contamination of water sources, ultimately affecting the overall health of the water cycle.In conclusion, the water cycle is a continuous and dynamic process that is essential for the functioning of our planet's ecosystems and the sustenance of human life. By understanding and appreciating the intricacies of this cycle, we can better manage and protect our water resources, ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.Finally, the water cycle is a testament to the interconnectedness of the Earth's systems and the delicate balance that must be maintained to preserve the health and well-being of our shared home.。
监控自然衰减技术研究现状及应用进展
点的1,4-二噁烷的自然衰减过程，以评估其原位生 物修复的潜力。Bessinger等在研究中详细描述了 表征和建模用于证明MNA技术作为污染场地地下 水中碑污染的补救措施的有效性。
上的去除。出于监管目的对该过程进行监控,以证明 污染物在合理的时间和空间内持续衰减，达到特定 场地的监管目标，因此使用术语“监控自然衰减” （MNA）。MNA是一种原位修复方法，它依赖于对土 壤和地下水环境中自然过程的监测，无需人为干预 即可降低这些介质中污染物的质量、毒性、流动性、 体积或浓度⑵o MNA技术可能需要较长时间，但从 长远来看,它不需要挖掘和抽取地下水，比许多修复 技术更具可持续性和绿色安全性。
Neslihan等⑷对BTEX的自然衰减进行了定量 评估，其中包括污染物浓度的Mann-Kendall趋势分 析，他们成功地验证了 BTEX的自然衰减。Blum等3： 以德国3个具有代表性的油田为研究对象，分析了
73
主要污染物组(BTEX,PAH和HET)的化合物特定 羽流长度，以及使用中心线法(CLM)量化了 HET的 体积自然衰减率常数。Naidu等皿有关地球化学参 数、微生物分析、数据建模和特定化合物的稳定碳同 位素分析的多条证据线都表明，地下水中的碳氢化 合物通过固有的生物降解发生自然衰减，研究区域 发现目前形式的羽流从其源头延伸到大约170 m, 假设没有减速和退化，受污染的羽流在30年内将 移动1 096 m(最好的情况)到11 496 m(最坏的情 况)，表明了自然衰减正在发生，由此证明MNA技术 可以作为澳大利亚长期石油碳氢化合物污染场地地 下水补救方案。Lv等口监测了一年内石油碳氢化合 物的总浓度，并使用质量通量技术计算出衰减率在 0.004 6-0.006 4 d1之间，这表明仅通过自然衰减就 有可能在3年内实现污染场地的修复目标。Lee等」2： 通过水质监测分析、示踪试验、化学成分分析等水 文地质特征，对韩国某军区石油桂污染场地的自然 衰减效果进行了评价。Metcalf等口选择一处无人 为影响控制场地，监测甲基叔丁基醞迁移和消散
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Word-Searchable Version – Not a true copy
EPA/540/2-90/011 October 1990
SUBSURFACE CONTAMINATION
REFERENCE GUIDE
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
. . . . . . 3-1
Treatment Combinations
Contaminant Properties Affecting Subsurface Transport and Fate Table References
2.3.1 Chemical Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3. 4. Containment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
2.2.1 In-Situ Steam Extraction 2.3 Soil Flushing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.1.3 Reinjection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.2 Soil Vacuum Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
United States Environmental Protection Agency Superfund
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response Washington, D.C. 20460
EPA/540/2-90/011 October 1991
Subsurface Contamination Reference Guide
2.1.1 Continuous Pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1.2 Pulsed Pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Word-Searchable Version – Not a true copy
NOTICE
Development of this document was funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in part under Contract No. 68-C8-0058 to Dynamac Corporation. It has been subjected to the Agency's review process and approved for publication as an EPA document. The policies and procedures set out in this document are intended solely for the guidance of response personnel. They are not intended, nor can they be relied upon, to create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States. The Agency reserves the right to act at variance with these policies and procedures and to change them at any time without public notice.
Subsurface Remedial Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1 Pump and Treat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Word-Searchable Version – Not a true copy
CONTENTS
1. 2.
Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Word-Searchable Version – Not a true copy
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Ground water contamination is a significant concern at approximately 70% of the Superfund sites. The difficulties associated with cleaning up contaminated ground water arerience with this problem increases. A recent study of 19 ground water extraction systems (U.S. EPA, 1989, EPA/540/2-89/054) indicated several factors that can limit the effectiveness of the traditional pump-and-treat remediation systems and also identified possible enhancements than may improve the performance of these systems. Many of the factors limiting performance are a result of interactions between the contaminants and the subsurface environments and can be tied to particular contaminant properties (e.g., solubility, density) and/or the nature of the subsurface (e.g., low permeability, fractures). As a result of the referenced study several recommendations were made including a recommendation to collect more detailed data on the vertical stratigraphy of the subsurface, the vertical variations in contaminant concentration, and the proportion of contaminant sorbed to the soil in the saturated zone. To the extent possible potential limitations should be recognized even before the investigation begins; i.e. during scoping, to better focus remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) efforts. This guide was developed to provide a source of information pertaining to important fate and transport properties for a variety of contaminants commonly found in ground water at Superfund sites. This information may help to focus site investigation efforts and identify early-on potential remediation strategies. Knowledge pertaining to the magnitude of these properties can be used to help to project whether contaminants will sorb significantly to soils, dissolve and move with ground water flow, migrate downward as a separate phase, or float on the water table. Potential remedial technologies have been identified for various combinations of contaminant types and hydrogeological environments. Information pertaining to contaminant fate and transport properties have been presented in tabular form and provided as separately published charts for easy reference. This document was prepared as a task of the Subsurface Remediation Information Center located at the U.S. EPA Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory (RSKERL), Ada, Oklahoma. Questions pertaining to the information contained in this document should be addressed to John E. Matthews at RSKERL-Ada (405/332-8800).