The history of Britain political parties
British Political System
BACKGROUND HISTORYThe single most important fact in understanding the nature of the British political system is that Britain has not been invaded or occupied for almost 1,000 years. The last successful invasion was in 1066 by the Normans.Is this true of any other country in the world?This explains why:∙we have had no revolution∙we have no written constitution∙our political system is not neat or logical ∙change has been very gradual and pragmatic and built on consensusTo simplify our political history very much, it has essentially been a struggle to shift political power and accountability from theall-powerful king who claimed that he obtained his right to rule from God to a national parliament that was increasingly representative of ordinary people and accountable to ordinary people. A key date in this evolution was 1215 when King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta which involved him sharing power with the barons. The so-called Model Parliament was summoned by King Edward I in 1295 and is regarded as the first representative assembly. The bicamerical nature of the British Parliament - Commons and Lords - emerged in 1341 and the two-chamber model of the legislature has served as a model in very many other parliamentarysystems.Another important feature of our political history is that three parts of the United Kingdom ?Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland ?have a special status and have local administrations with a wide range of responsibilities. However, England - which represents about 84% of the total UK population of around 60 million ?does not have a clear and strong sense of regionalism. So the British political system does not have anything equivalent to federal system of the 50 states in the USA.The final important part of political history is that, since 1973, we have been a member of what is now called the European Union (EU). This now has27 member states covering most of the continent of Europe. The UK Government and Parliament are limited in some respects by what they can do because certain areas of policy or decision-making are a matter for the EU which operates through a European Commission appointed by the member governments and a European Parliament elected by the citizens ofthe member states.THREE ARMS OF THE STATEThe British political system is headed by a monarchy but essentially the powers of the monarch as head of state - currently Queen Elizabeth II- are ceremonial. The most important practical power is the choice of the Member of Parliament to form a government, but invariably the monarch follows the convention that this opportunity is granted to the leader of the political party with the most seats in the House of Commons.The monarch is determined on the heritary and primogeniture principles which means that the oldest male child of a monarch is the next in line to the throne. Under the terms of the Act of Settlement of 1701, the monarch and the monarch's spouse cannot be Catholics because the UK monarch is also the Head of the Church of England. These archaic arrangements arecurrently under review.In classical political theory, there are three arms of the state:1.The executive ?the Ministers who run the country and propose newlaws2.The legislature ?the elected body that passes new laws3.The judiciary ?the judges and the courts who ensure that everyoneobeys the lawsIn the political system of the United States, the constitution provides that there must be a strict separate of powers of these three arms of the state, so that no individual can be a member of more than one. So, for example, the President is not and cannot be a member of the Congress. This concept is called 'separation of powers', a term coined by the French political, enlightenment thinker Montesquieu.This is not the case in the UK:∙all Ministers in the government are members of the legislature ∙some very senior judges sit in the upper house of the parliament ∙the formal head of the judiciary is a senior minister This is an illustration of how pragmatic and flexible the Britishpolitical system is.THE U.K. PARLIAMENTThe British Parliament is often called Westminster because it is housed in a distinguished building in central London called the Palace ofWestminster.The British Parliament ?like most in the world ?is bicameral, that is there are two houses or chambers. The only exceptions to this practice around the world are some small countries such as Israel and New Zealand.The House of CommonsThis is the lower chamber but the one with the most authority. I worked there as a Research Assistant to Merlyn Rees MP, then Labour's Opposition spokesperson on Northern Ireland, from 1972-1974.∙The House of Commons sits each week day for about half of the weeks of the year. The precise hours of sitting are:o Monday 2.30 - 10 pmo Tuesday 2.30 - 10 pmo Wednesday 11.30 am - 7 pmo Thursday 10.30 am - 6 pmo Friday 9.30 am - 2.30 pm∙The Commons is chaired by the Speaker. Unlike the Speaker in the US House of Representatives, the post is non-political and indeed, by convention, the political parties do not contest theParliamentary constituency held by the Speaker.∙The House of Commons currently comprises 650 Members of Parliament or MPs (the number varies slightly from time to time to reflect population change). This is a large legislature by international standards. For instance, the House of Representatives in the USA has 435 seats but, of course, each of the 50 US states has its own legislature. Before the last General Election, the Conservative Party said that it wished to reduce the number of Commons seats byaround 10% (65 seats) and the Liberal Democrats said that theCommons should be reduced by 150 MPs. The new Coalition Government has now announced that it plans legislation to to reduce the number from 650 to 600 as part of a wider change to the number and sizeof constituencies.∙Rather oddly (but deliberately), there is insufficient seating capacity in the chamber of the House of Commons for all the MPs.Members do not sit at desks (like most legislatures) but on long, green-covered benches and there is only seating capacity for 437MPs out of the total of 650.∙Each member in the House of Commons represents a geographical constituency. Typically a constituency would have around 60,000-80,000 voters, depending mainly on whether it is an urban or rural constituency. The largest constituency in the country is the Isle of Wight with 108,253 electors at the last General Election, while the smallest is Na h-Eileanan an Iar (formerly known as theWestern Isles) with an electorate of only 21,884. The currentCoalition Government intends to make the size of constituenciesmore equal in terms of electors.∙Every citizen aged 18 or over can vote once in the constituency in which they live. Voting is not compulsory (as it is in Australia).In the last General Election of June 2010, 65% of the electorate actually voted. Most democratic countries use a method of election called proportional representation which means that there is a reasonable correlation between the percentage of votes cast for a particular political party and the number of seats or representatives won by that party. However, most of the Anglo-Saxon world ?the USA, Canada, Australia, and the UK but not New Zealand ?use a method of election called the simple majority system or 'first past the post'. In this system, the country is divided into a number of constituencies each with a single member and the party that wins the majority of votes in each constituency wins that constituency regardless of the proportion of the vote secured. The simple majority system of election tends to under-represent less successful political parties and to maximise the chance of the most popular political party winning a majority of seats nationwide even if it does not win a majority of the votes nationwide.∙In the UK, unlike many countries, there are not fixed termparliaments. A General Election ?that is, a nationwide election for all 650 seats ?is held when the Prime Minister calls it, but the election cannot be more than five years after the last one and it is usually around four years after the last one. I fought the General Elections of February 1974 and October 1974 as the Labour candidate for the north-east London constituency of Wanstead & Woodford. The new Coalition Government plans to introduce legislation providing for fixed five-year parliaments which implies that the next GeneralElection will be on 7 May 2015.The last General Election was held in May 2010 and the result was asfollows:∙Conservative Party: 306 seats (up 97) with a voting share of 36.1%(up 3.8%)∙Labour Party: 258 seats (down 91) with a voting share of 29.0% (down6.2%)∙Liberal Democrat Party: 57 seats (down 5) with a voting share of23.0% (up 1.0%)∙Other parties: 28 seats (down 3) with a voting share of 11.9% (down1.4%)∙Total turnout nationwide was 65.1% up 4.0% on 2005Note 1: In practice, the Speaker - notionally Conservative - is not counted against any political party because he is required to be neutral.Note 2: One constituency has still not voted because the death of acandidate postponed that election.Link: House of Commons site click hereThe House of LordsThis is the upper chamber but the one with less authority. Its main roles are to revise legislation and keep a check on Government by scrutinising its activities. Ultimately it cannot block the will of the House ofCommons.It is an utterly bizarre institution that has no parallel anywhere in the democratic world. The explanation for its unusual nature goes back to the beginning of this essay: the British political system has evolved very slowly and peacefully and it is not totally logical or democratic.∙There is no fixed number of members in the House of Lords, butcurrently there are about 750 members.∙Historically most members of the House of Lords have been what we called hereditary peers. This mean that years ago a king or queen nominated a member of the aristocracy to be a member of the House and, since then, the right to sit in the House has passed through the family from generation to generation. Clearly this is totally undemocratic and the last Labour Government abolished the right of all but 92 of these hereditary peers to sit in the House.∙Almost all the other members of today's House of Lords are what we call life peers. This means that they have been chosen by the Queen, on the advice of the Government, to sit in the House for as long as they live, but afterwards no member of their family has the right to sit in the House. There is no fixed number of life peers, butthe current number is 629. Many are former senior politicians.Others are very distinguished figures in fields such as education,health and social policy.∙ A small number of other members - 26 - are Archbishops and Bishopsof the Church of England.∙House of Lords reform is unfinished business. There is a cross-party consensus that it should become a mainly elected body although there is as yet no agreement on the details of the next stage of reform.Link: House of Lords site click hereSome distinguishing features of the British Parliamentary system∙Much of the work of Parliament is done in Committees rather than on the floor of the chamber. The House of Commons has two types ofcommittee:o Select Committees are appointed for the lifetime of aParliament, 'shadow' the work of a particular GovernmentDepartment, conduct investigations, receive written and oralevidence, and issue reports. Membership is made up only ofbackbenchers and reflects proportionately the balance of theparties in the Commons.o General Committees (previously known as Standing Committees) are temporary bodies, most of them Public Bill Committeesformed to examine the detail of a particular piece of proposedlegislation and consider amendments to the Bill. Membershipincludes Government and Opposition spokepersons on thesubject mater of the Bill and overall membership reflectsproportionately the balance of the parties in the Commons.o The House of Lords only has Select Committees (it does not need Standing Committees because the details of Bills areconsidered on the floor of the chamber).o Finally there are some Joint Committees of the Commons andthe Lords.∙Discussion and debate involve quite a gladatorial or confrontational approach. This is reflected in the physical shape of the chambers. Whereas most legislatures are semi-circular, both the House of Commons and the House of Lords are rectangular with the Government party sitting on one side and the Opposition parties sitting on the other side. The House of Lords alone has cross-benches for independent peers. It is quite normal for speakers in debates to be interrupted by other members, especially of another party, and, in the Commons, cheering and jeering is aregular occurrence.∙In the Commons, there is a Prime Minister's Question Time for 30 minutes at 12 noon every Wednesday. Questions can be asked on any subject. This is frequently a heated affair with the Leader of the Opposition trying to embarrass the Prime Minister and it is the one part of the week's proceedings guaranteed to attract the interestof the media.∙The official record of the proceedings of the Commons and the Lords is called Hansard. The press and broadcasters are present all the time and live audio and visual broadcasting can take place at anytime.THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESSIn the British political system, almost all legislation is proposed by the Government and much of it comes from promises made in the manifesto of the relevant political party at the last election. At the beginning of each annual session of the Parliament, the main Bills to be considered are announced by the Queen in a speech opening that year's session ofParliament.All legislation has to be approved by both Houses of Parliament.In each House of Parliament, a proposed piece of legislation ?called a Bill ?goes through the following stages:∙First Reading ?the Bill is introduced with simply a reading by aMinister of the long title of the Bill ∙Second Reading ?the general principles of the Bill are debated by all the members of the House and a formal vote is taken ∙Committee Stage ?each clause and schedule of the Bill, plusamendments to them and any new clauses or schedules, is examined in detail, in the Commons by a small, specially chosen group ofmembers meeting as Public Bill Committee, in the Lords by the members as a whole on the floor of the House ∙Report Stage ?the changes made to the Bill in the Committee are reported to and debated by the whole House which is invited toconsider the Bill as a whole, approve the changes by the Committee, and consider any further proposed changes that might be suggested ∙Third Reading ?the final version of the Bill is considered by the whole House in a short debate (in the Commons without the facilityfor further amendments)∙Royal Assent - the Crown gives assent to the Bill which then becomes an Act, the provisions becoming law either immediately or at a date specificed in the Act or at a date specified by what is called aCommencement OrderSeveral points are worth noting about the legilsative process:∙Under normal circumstances, all these stages must be completed in both Houses in one session of Parliament; otherwise the process mustbegin all over again.∙Debates on most Bills are timetabled through a programme motion (when Government and Opposition agree) or an allocation of timemotion which is popularly known as a 'guillotine' motion (whenGovernment and Opposition do not agree).∙As well almost all legislation coming from the Government, almost all successful amendments originate from the Government.∙The House of Lords has much more limited legislative powers than the House of Commons. Money Bills can only be initiated in theCommons and the Lords can only reject legislation from the Commonsfor one year. Furthermore there is a convention - called theSalisbury Convention - that the Lords does not block legislature in fulfillment of the election manifesto of the elected Government.Link: Bill stages click herePOLITICAL PARTIESThe idea of political parties first took form in Britain and the Conservative Party claims to be the oldest political party in the world. Political parties began to form during the English civil wars of the 1640s and 1650s. First, there were Royalists and Parliamentarians; then Tories and Whigs. Whereas the Whigs wanted to curtail the power of the monarch, the Tories - today the Conservatives - were seen as the patriotic party.Today there are three major political parties in the British system ofpolitics:∙The Labour Party (often called New Labour) ?the centre-Left party currently led by Harriet Harman (in an acting capacity) ∙The Conservative Party (frequently called the Tories) ?the centre-Right party currently led by David Cameron ∙The Liberal Democrat Party (known as the Lib Dems) ?the centrist, libertarian party currently led by Nick CleggIn addition to these three main parties, there are some much smaller UK parties (notably the UK Independence Party and the Green Party) and some parties which operate specifically in Scotland (the Scottish Nationalist Party), Wales (Plaid Cymru) or Northern Ireland (such as Sinn Fein for the nationalists and the Democratic Unionist Party for the loyalists).Each political party chooses its leader in a different way, but all involve all the Members of Parliament of the party and all the individual members of that party. By convention, the leader of the political party with the largest number of members in the House of Commons becomes the Prime Minster (formally at the invitation of the Queen).Political parties are an all-important feature of the British politicalsystem because:∙The three main political parties in the UK have existed for a century or more and have a strong and stable 'brand image'.∙It is virtually impossible for someone to be elected to the House of Commons without being a member of an established political party.∙All political parties strongly 'whip' their elected members which means that, on the vast majority of issues, Members of Parliamentof the same party vote as a 'block'.Having said this, the influence of the three main political parties is not as dominant as it was in the 1940s and 1950s because:∙The three parties have smaller memberships than they did since voters are much less inclined to join a political party.∙The three parties secure a lower overall percentage of the total vote since smaller parties between them now take a growing shareof the vote.∙Voters are much less 'tribal', supporting the same party at every election, and much more likely to 'float, voting for differentparties at successive elections.∙The ideological differences between the parties are less than they were with the parties adopting more 'pragmatic' positions on manyissues.In the past, class was a major deteminant of voting intention in British politics, with most working class electors voting Labour and most middle class electors voting Conservative. These days, class is much lessimportant because:∙Working class numbers have strunk and now represent only 43% of theelectorate.∙Except at the extremes of wealth, lifestyles are more similar.∙Class does not determine voting intention so much as values, trustand competence.In the British political system, there is a broad consensus between themajor parties on:∙the rule of law∙the free market economy∙the national health service∙UK membership of European Union and NATO The main differences between the political parties concern:∙how to tackle poverty and inequality∙the levels and forms of taxation∙the extent of state intervention in the economy ∙the balance between collective rights and individual rightsTHE U.K. GOVERNMENTHistorically most British governments have been composed of ministers from a single political party which had an overall majority of seats in the House of Commons and the 'first-past-the-post' (FPTP) electoral system greatly facilitates and indeed promotes this outcome. However, occasionally there have been minority governments or coalitiongovernments.Currently the UK has its first coalition government in 65 years since, in May 2010, the Conservatives went into coalition with the Liberal Democrats because in the General Election they did not secure a majority of the seats. In this coalition, the Lib Dems have 17 ministers led by the Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg.The Prime MinisterThe UK does not have a President. Constitutionally the head of state is the monarch who is a hereditary member of the Royal Family. However, the monarch has very few formal powers and stays above party politics.So, in practice, the most important person in the British political system is the Prime Minister. The first modern Prime Minister was Sir Robert Walpole who served from 1721-1742, so the current PM - David Cameron - is the 53nd (and, on first taking office, the youngest since 1812, a few months younger than when Tony Blair became PM in 1997). In theory, the Prime Minister simply choses the ministers who run Government departments and chairs the Cabinet ?the collection of the most senior of those Ministers. In practice, however, the Prime Minister is a very powerful figure and increasingly has been behaving much like a president in other political systems, especially in the area of foreign policy. The official residence of the Prime Minister is at 10 Downing Street.Link: Prime Minister click hereGovernment DepartmentsThe most important political departments are called: ∙The Treasury ?In most countries, this would be called the Ministry of Finance. It is responsible for the raising of all taxes and thecontrol of all government expenditure plus the general management of the economy. The head of the Treasury is called the Chancellor of the Exchequer and is currently George Osborne (who, on takingoffice, was the youngest Chancellor for more than 180 years).Link: Treasury site click here∙The Home Office - In most countries, this would be called theMinistry of the Interior. It is responsible for criminal matters, policing, and immigration. The Head of the Home Office is called the Home Secretary and is currently Teresa May.Link: Home Office site click here∙The Foreign and Commonwealth Office ?In most countries, this would be called the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It is responsible for all our international relationships, especially our membership of the European Union. The head of the Foreign Office is called the Foreign Secretary and is currently William Hague.Link: Foreign Office site click hereMany other UK Government Departments are similar to those in other countries and cover subjects such as education, health, transport, industry, and justice. However, there are also departments for Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland.When talking about the British Government, the media will often use the term Whitehall because a number of Government Departments are located along a central London street very close to Parliament called Whitehall.Government MinistersAll Government Departments are run by Ministers who are either Members of the House of Commons or Members of the House of Lords. We have threeclasses of Minister:∙Secretary of State ?This is usually the head of a Department.∙Minister of State ?This is a middle-ranking minister.∙Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State ?This is the most juniorclass of minister.The Prime Minster and all the Secretaries of State together comprise an executive body of government called the Cabinet. The Cabinet meets usually once a week on Tuesday morning. Cabinet meetings are confidential and allmembers are bound by any decision that it takes in a practice called collective responsibility. An extensive system of Cabinet Committees considers matters either before they go to Cabinet or (more usually)instead of them going to Cabinet.Although all Ministers are appointed by the Prime Minster and report to him, ultimately all Ministers are accountable to Parliament:∙About once a month, they have to face questions in the House of Commons about the work of the Department.∙Each government department has a special committee of the House of Commons which watches the work of that Department.∙Any government initiative or important statement concerning a Department must be the subject of an appearance in the House of Commons by a minister from that Department.Link: full list of current ministers click hereThe civil serviceEach Secretary of State is able to appoint a couple of political advisers ?formally known as Special Advisers ?to serve him or her. I was a Special Adviser to Merlyn Rees in the Northern Ireland Office from 1974-1976 and in the Home Office from 1976-1978, while my son Richard was a Special Adviser to Ruth Kelly in the Department for Education & Skills in 2005 and a Special Adviser to Douglas Alexander at the Department for International Development in 2009-2010.But Special Advisers are simply advisers. They have no line management responsibilities in respect of the staff of the Department. Besides these tiny number of Special Advisers, Government Departments are run by civil servants who are recruited in a totally open manner and serve governments of any political parties. The independence and professional of the British civil service is a fundamental feature of the British political system. My son Richard once worked as a civil servant in what was then the Department of Trade & Industry and my half-brother Chris was an officialin the Treasury for five years.DEVOLVED GOVERNMENTThe UK has a devolved system of government, but this is categorically not a system of federal government such as in the United States [click here] or Australia, partly because less than a fifth of the citizens of the UK are covered the three bodies in question and partly because the three bodies themselves have different powers from one another.The three devolved administrations are:The Scottish ParliamentThis came into operation in May 1999 and covers the 5M citizens of Scotland. It has 129 members elected by a system of proportional representation known as the mixed member system. As a result, 73 members represent individual geographical constituencies elected by the 'first past the post' system, with a further 56 members returned from eight additional member regions, each electing seven members. All members are elected forfour-year terms.The Scottish Parliament meets in Holyrood, Edinburgh. It has legislative powers over those matters not reserved to the UK Parliament and it haslimited tax-raising powers.Link: Scottish Parliament click hereThe Welsh AssemblyThis came into operation in May 1999 and covers the 3M citizens of Wales. It has 60 members elected by a system of proportional representation known as the mixed member system. As a result, 40 members represent individual geographical constituencies elected by the 'first past the post' system, with a further 20 members returned from five additional member regions, each electing four members. All members are elected for four-year terms.It meets in the Senedd, Cardiff. When first created, the Assembly had no powers to initiate primary legislation. However, since 2006, the Assembly now has powers to legislate in some areas, though still subject to the veto of the Westminster Parliament. The Assembly has no tax-varying powers. The Welsh Assembly, therefore, has less power than either the Scottish Parliament or the Northern Ireland Assembly because ?unlike Scotland and Northern Ireland ?Wales does not have a separate legal system fromEngland.Link: Welsh Assembly click hereThe Northern Ireland AssemblyThe present version of the Assembly came into operation in May 2007 and covers the 1.5M citizens of Northern Ireland. It has 108 members - six from each of the 18 Westminster constituencies - elected by a system of proportional representation known as the single transferable vote.。
8级英语国家概况必看
8级备考“英语国家概况”部分地理英国地理国土由大不列颠Britain（其中包括南边的England, 最北的Scotland & 英格兰西侧的Wales）和西边的北爱尔兰组成。
英格兰和苏格兰之间以哈德良长城（Hadrain’s Wall）为界，当初罗马人为阻止凯尔特人南下而建。
英格兰首府是伦敦（London）。
苏格兰首府是爱丁堡（Edinburgh）。
威尔士首府是卡迪夫（Cardiff）。
北爱尔兰首府是贝尔法斯特（Belfast）。
Birmingham是英国第二大城市，仅次于伦敦，被称为“工业革命的发源地”（the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution）。
Manchester被誉为棉都（Cottonopolis），是英国的棉纺织业中心，也是英国的交通枢纽。
伦敦是英国的行政中心、金融中心、最重要的港口城市。
英国最长河流是塞文河（Severn River）。
英国的第二大河是泰晤士河（Thames River）。
英格兰人约占英国总人口的80%。
英格兰人口最为稠密，而苏格兰人口最为稀少。
不列颠群岛被天然分成两部分：高地和低地。
高地地区包括北部和西部的高山和丘陵，低地地区位于南部和东部，大部分是起伏的平原。
多数英国人生活在气候温和、土壤肥沃的低地地区（lowland zone）。
本宁山（The Pennine Chain）被称为“英格兰的屋脊”（the backbone of England）。
英国最高的山峰是本尼维斯山（Ben Nevis）。
美国地理五大湖：Superior（苏必利尔湖）, Huron（休伦湖）, Erie（伊利湖）, Ontario（安大略湖）, Michigan （密歇根湖）, 除Michigan外，其他四个为美加共享。
新英格兰(New England) 包括Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island。
高中历史英国史知识点总结
高中历史英国史知识点总结The history of Britain is a long and complex one, with many key events and periods that have shaped the country and its people. In this article, we will explore some of the key points in British history, from the earliest settlements to the modern era.Early HistoryBritain has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with evidence of human settlement dating back to the Stone Age. The first known inhabitants were the Celts, who arrived in Britain around 500 BC. The Celts were a tribal people, and they lived in small communities and engaged in agriculture, hunting, and trading.Roman BritainIn 43 AD, the Roman general Claudius invaded Britain and brought the island under Roman control. The Romans built roads, towns, and forts, and introduced new technologies and cultural practices to Britain. Roman rule lasted for nearly 400 years, and during this time, Britain became a part of the Roman Empire and adopted many aspects of Roman culture.The Anglo-Saxon PeriodAfter the fall of the Roman Empire, Britain was invaded by a series of Germanic tribes known as the Anglo-Saxons. These tribes came from what is now Germany and Denmark, and they settled in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries. The Anglo-Saxons established several kingdoms, and they brought their language, customs, and laws with them. This period is known as the Anglo-Saxon period, and it laid the foundations for the English language and culture.The Viking InvasionsIn the 8th and 9th centuries, Britain was invaded by the Vikings, who came from Scandinavia. The Vikings raided and settled in many parts of Britain, and they had a significant impact on the country’s culture and society. The Vikings also introduced new technologies and trade routes to Britain, and they made a lasting impression on the country. The Norman ConquestIn 1066, the Norman king William the Conqueror invaded England and defeated the Anglo-Saxon king Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings. This event, known as the Norman Conquest, marked the beginning of a new era in English history. The Normans brought with them a new system of government, a new language (French), and a new set of cultural and social practices. The Norman Conquest had a profound impact on Britain and laid the foundations for the modern English state.The Tudor and Stuart ErasThe Tudor and Stuart eras were periods of great change and turmoil in British history. The Tudor dynasty, which ruled from the late 15th to the early 17th centuries, saw the reigns of famous monarchs such as Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The Tudors brought about the Reformation, a religious and political movement that transformed the country and led to the establishment of the Church of England.The Stuart dynasty, which ruled from the early 17th to the early 18th centuries, was marked by civil war, political upheaval, and social change. The Stuarts were involved in several conflicts, including the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution, and their reigns saw the rise of parliamentary government and the expansion of the British Empire.The British EmpireThe British Empire was a vast and powerful empire that spanned the globe and lasted for several centuries. The empire was built on a combination of military conquest, trade, and colonization, and it brought great wealth and power to Britain. The empire had a profound impact on the world, and it brought about significant changes in culture, politics, and economics.The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrialization and technological advancement that took place in the 18th and 19th centuries. The revolution transformed Britain from an agrarian society into an industrial powerhouse, and it brought about major changes in the country’s economy, society, and culture. The Industrial Revolution also led to the rise of new social classes, urbanization, and the spread of new ideas and philosophies.The World WarsBritain played a major role in both World War I and World War II, and these conflicts had a profound impact on the country and its people. World War I saw the loss of many lives and the end of the British Empire, while World War II brought about significant changes in the country’s economy, politics, and society. The wars also led to the rise of new global powers and the emergence of new political and social movements.Modern BritainIn the post-war period, Britain underwent a series of social, economic, and political changes. The country experienced the rise of the welfare state, the decolonization of its empire, and the rise of new political movements and ideologies. Modern Britain is a multicultural and cosmopolitan society, and it continues to be a major player on the global stage.In conclusion, British history is a rich and complex tapestry of events, people, and movements that have shaped the country and its people. From the earliest settlements to the modern era, Britain has been a key player in world history, and its influence has been felt around the globe. Understanding the key points in British history is essential for understanding the country and its place in the world.。
英语国家概况(英国部分)
Chapter 1 The Land and History英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。
面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。
英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。
受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。
公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。
随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。
公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。
罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。
到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。
1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。
不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。
1688年，“光荣革命”爆发，确立了君主立宪制。
18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。
19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。
到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。
第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。
随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。
I. General IntroductionMap of British Isles1. Location and the Four NationsThe full name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. It is located to the northwest of continental Europe, separated by the English Channel. Geographically, it is an island country, covering an area of about 244,019 km2, and consists of Great Britain and northeastern part of Ireland, together with many small islands of British Isles.Great Britain accounts for over 90% of the country’s tota l landmass. It is the largest island off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe with England, Scotland and Wales on it. Ireland is the second largest island of British Isles located to the northwest of Great Britain. It is divided into two parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (an independent country).England is the largest part of the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. The total area of England is 130,410 km2 with a population of around 53.9 million (Mid-2013 estimated), which covers more than 84% of the total UK population. It is the most populous and highly urbanized part of the UK. London, the capital of the UK and England, as well as the seat of government, is located in its southeastern part.Scotland is the second largest and most mountainous part of the UK in the north of Great Britain. Compared with that of England, the population density is quite low. There are only 5.3 million people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinburgh, its largest city, is the capital of Scotland. Scotland is famous for its beautiful natural scenery, such as Scottish Highlands1and Loch Ness2, as well as many historical places, like the Edinburgh Castles.Wales is on the western side of central southern Great Britain. The total area of Wales is 20,779 km2, which accounts for 1/4 parts of the UK. It is also a mountainous part of Great Britain, particularly in the north and central regions. The southeast region is the most built up region of Wales, and the majority of its population live there and a large proportion of its industry is based there. Its capital city, Cardiff, is also in this region.Northern Ireland lies in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering14,139 km2, which constitutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smallest part among the four nations of the UK, as well as the second sparsely populated part after Scotland. The capital is Belfast, the largest city in Northern Ireland both in population and in area. It is the center for government, economic, arts, higher education, business, law of Northern Ireland. Additionally, it is the birthplace of Titanic, and voted one of the world’s top destinations.2. ClimateThe overall climate in the UK is temperate maritime, which means that it is mild with temperatures neither much lower than 0℃in winter nor much higher 32℃in summer. Generally, the UK has warm summers and cool winters, with July and August as the warmest month, and January and February as the coldest. However, due to the influence of Gulf Stream3, the summers are cooler than those in continent while the winters are milder. Normally, the temperature in summer is around 20℃，with the high rarely going above 30℃. The average temperature in winter is around 0℃and seldom go below -10℃even in the most northern part of the country.Meanwhile, since Britain is an island country and surrounded by the sea, the climate is considerably changeable compared with other countries. Since the variable climate changing day to day, it is hard for people to predict what the weather will be like the next day. Additionally, the unique geographical position is also the reason for the dampness of the climate. The rainfall is fairly distributed throughout the year. Although it does not rain every day, it is always advisable for people to bring an umbrella or waterproof clothing every day.II. History1. The Founding of the NationThe recorded history of the UK begins with the Roman invasion in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britain was twice invaded by Julius Caesar and his Roman troops. However, it was not until 43AD that the Roman led by Claudius I finally successfully invaded and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The native Celtic were driven to the mountain regions of Scotland and Wales, which remained unconquered by the Romans.The Romans have great impact on many aspects of the British culture. The Roman civilization was introduced to the Britain during this period. For example, Roman style baths and temples were built, cities like London and towns were constructed, and the system of government was also introduced. With the decline of the Roman Empire, when the Germanic troops attacked Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdraw in order to protect their own nation, which led to the end of Roman occupation.After the leave of the Romans, three groups of Germanic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britain from the European continent in the mid-4th century. They conquered different regions of Britain:1Scottish Highlands：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。
高二英语政治制度单选题40题(答案解析)
高二英语政治制度单选题40题(答案解析)1.The United States has a ____ system.A.presidentialB.parliamentaryC.monarchicalD.socialist答案：A。
美国是总统制国家，presidential 是总统制的；parliamentary 是议会制的；monarchical 是君主制的；socialist 是社会主义的。
美国不是议会制、君主制和社会主义国家，所以选A。
2.Britain has a ____ system.A.presidentialB.parliamentaryC.monarchicalD.socialist答案：B。
英国是议会制君主立宪制国家，parliamentary 是议会制的；presidential 是总统制的；monarchical 是君主制的，英国是君主立宪制，不完全是君主制；socialist 是社会主义的。
英国不是总统制、君主制和社会主义国家，所以选B。
3.Canada is a ____ country.A.republicB.monarchyC.federalD.socialist答案：C。
加拿大是联邦制国家，federal 是联邦制的；republic 是共和国；monarchy 是君主制；socialist 是社会主义的。
加拿大不是共和国、君主制和社会主义国家，所以选C。
4.Australia has a ____ government.A.federalB.unitaryC.centralizedD.decentralized答案：A。
澳大利亚是联邦制政府，federal 是联邦制的；unitary 是单一制的；centralized 是集中的；decentralized 是分散的。
澳大利亚不是单一制、集中制和分散制国家，所以选A。
5.Switzerland is known for its ____ system.A.direct democracyB.representative democracyC.monarchyD.socialist答案：A。
关于英国历史的英语作文高中
关于英国历史的英语作文高中The history of the United Kingdom is a rich tapestry of events, people, and cultures that have shaped the nation into what it is today. From the ancient Celtic tribes that first inhabited the land to the Roman occupation, the Viking invasions, the Norman conquest, and the establishment of a powerful empire, Britain's history is one of resilience, innovation, and adaptation.The early history of Britain is shrouded in mystery, with conflicting accounts of the first inhabitants and the origins of the Celtic tribes that eventually settled in the area. The Roman occupation of Britain in 43 AD brought with it new technologies, architecture, and culture that influenced the development of the region for centuries to come. The Romans established cities, roads, and fortresses throughout Britain, leaving a lasting legacy that can still be seen today.Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, Britain was invaded by various Germanic tribes, including the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who established the kingdoms of Mercia, Wessex, and Northumbria. The Vikings also raided and settled in Britain, bringing with them their own culture and customs. The Norman conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror foreverchanged the course of British history, introducing feudalism, French influence, and a new social hierarchy.The Middle Ages saw the rise of powerful monarchs such as Henry II, Richard the Lionheart, and Edward I, who expanded their territories and centralized their power. The Black Death, which swept through Europe in the 14th century, decimated the population and led to social upheaval and economic changes. The Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars between rival factions for the throne of England, further destabilized the country.The Tudor period marked a period of cultural and political flourishing, with monarchs such as Henry VIII and Elizabeth I leading the country to new heights of power and influence. The British Empire, which began to take shape during the reign of Elizabeth I, would become one of the largest empires in history, encompassing vast territories in North America, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries transformed Britain into an industrial powerhouse, with innovations in manufacturing, transportation, and technology driving economic growth and urbanization. The British Empire reached its zenith during the Victorian era, with Queen Victoria ruling over a vast empire that spanned the globe.The 20th century saw Britain emerge victorious from two World Wars, but also witnessed the decline of the empire and the rise of new challenges, such as decolonization, economic restructuring, and social change. The end of the British Empire and the formation of the Commonwealth of Nations signaled a new chapter in British history, as the country adapted to a changing world and forged new relationships with former colonies and global partners.Today, Britain is a diverse and multicultural society, with a rich heritage that reflects its complex history. From the ancient ruins of Stonehenge to the modern skyscrapers of London, the United Kingdom is a land of contrasts, where tradition and innovation coexist in perfect harmony. The legacy of Britain's past lives on in its people, its language, its culture, and its institutions, shaping the nation's identity and influencing its future. The history of the United Kingdom is a testament to the resilience, adaptability, and creativity of the British people, who have overcome countless challenges and setbacks to build a nation that is truly remarkable in every way.。
英语国家概况(1)(2)100问及答案-推荐下载
英语国家概况（1）（2）100问1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ?3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain.4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?6. What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?7. Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have different solutions to the political problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes.8. Has the author offered a solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?9. What is the oldest institution of government?10. What is the name of the charter of liberty and political rights granted by King John in 1215?11. Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature? Who is the most important figure in Elizabethan Drama? What are some of his major works?12. What do we call the group of important Parliamentarians?13. Which party forms the government and who becomes Prime Minister?14. What are some of the changes that have take place recently in the Chinese attitude towards sports? How do you account for these changes?15. For how many years is a general election held once in the UK?16. Who can stand for election as an MP?17. What are the three major parties? Which party is the party that spent most time in power?18. Which party does Tony Blair belong to?19. When was the British economy dominant in the world?20. By what time was the UK overtaken by other countries, such as the US and Germany?21. Which country does it refer to as "the Jewel in the Crown"? When did it gain its independence?22. What are some of the positive and negative effects of non-white immigrants on British society according to the author?23. What is the general situation of racial relations in the UK?24. Why is Geoffrey Chaucer, who wrote in Middle English, still read and studied today?25. When was the term "parliament" first used officially?26. The author says that "the media are central to British leisure culture", why does the author say so?27. What are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture? In what way is it different from the United States?28. Is the British press free from the government control and censorship? What is the relationship between the British press and politics or business?29. How does the BBC operate? How is it different from American broadcasting systems?30. What are some of the features of Romantic Literature?31. What is Modernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?32. What is Postmodernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?33. How has the Christian church influenced British sports? Please pick up some examples from the text.34. What is the origin of football?35. How is the violence of "football hooligans" related to the British history of football?36. Why is cricket very English? Why does the author believe that cricket was associated with a set of English moral values?37. Christmas is the biggest and best-loved British holiday? How do the British celebrate this holiday?38. How do the British celebrate the Queen's Birthday? What is the origin of this holiday?39. Bonfire Night is one truly English holiday. How and why do the English celebrate this holiday?40. How do the Protestants and Catholics celebrate their own holidays in Northern Ireland? What traditions are behind their celebrations?41. How is Hogmanay celebrated in Scotland? What other festivals are celebrated in Scotland?42. Which are the two most important and famous universities in Britain?43. What is the goal of education in the U.K.?44. Is the British education system run by the state or the private sector?45. Where do British universities receive their funds besides students tuition?46. Why does the author say that "the way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society"?47. What are the four main types of home in Britain? How do they reflect the cost and status of homes? What are some of the major types of home in China?48. How are people in the UK divided into different classes?49. Is the class system similar with the United States?50. What and how did the British empire end? How did the British react to this reality?51. What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policy?52. How is Britain's foreign policy made? Does the government's foreign policy represent the desires of British citizens?53. Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remains controversial in Britain?54. Why does the author think that Britain has the "special relationship" with the United States? Does this relationship still exist?55. What are some of the general characteristics of Australia in terms of land, people and culture?56. Discuss the climate in Australia. What are some of the major differences between Australia and China in terms of the climate?57. What are the six states of Australia? What are some of the major similarities or differences in terms of population, early settlement and economy in the six states?58. Can you point out some main differences between the Australian government system and the British government system?59. Discuss the Australian education system. What are some of the features in the system that are specifically Australian?60. What are some of the distinct features of New Zealand's geography? Find out similarities and differences in terms of geography between New Zealand and Australia.61. What are some of the similarities between New Zealand and Britain in the government system?62. How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?63. What was the unique American phenomenon ? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?64. In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?65. What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different?66. What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution?67. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States at the time?68. What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation?69. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?70. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think there are still so many people involved in it?71. What promotes the diversity in American religion?72. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?73. What is the relationship between government and religion in America?74. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?75. What is the main theme in American literature according to the author? How does the author illustrate his point?76. Why did Mark Twain win so many readers both at home and abroad?77. What are the major characteristics of education in America?78. What are some of the major themes in novels written by the "Lost Generation"?79. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.80. What does an American student learn?81. What were the major social movements of the 1960s? And what was the historical background of the social movements of that decade?82. The black political movement that began as a force for integration changed course in the mid-1960s and began to emphasize black uniqueness and even black separatism. What caused this transformation?83. Draw analogies between the black revolution and the women's movement. What common assumptions do they share?84. The author says that the United States was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice the nation has fallen far short of that ideal. Illustrate this point with what you have learned from this book.85. What does poverty mean in the United States ? Why is poverty a social problem in America?86. Why does the author emphasize that the invention of one technology has to be supported by a number of related technologies which form a supporting system? Give examples.87. When are the American football matches held?88. Why did a musical form of black origin gain acceptance in all classes in America and spreadthroughout the country?89. What are the contributions made by Louis Armstrong to the early jazz music?90. Why Canada is regularly rated as having the best standard of living in the world?91.What is the distinct feature in Canadian modern literature?92. Discuss the similarities and differences in the government systems between the U.K. and Canada.93. What are some of the characteristics of the Canadian party system?94. What are some of the things that make Canada a unique and interesting country?95. How do you understand "multiculturalism"?96. Why do you think the author says that Canada has avoided the worst excesses of intolerance and prejudice?97. What is the Canada's Place in the World Economy?98. Do you think the Canadian government should subsidize the inefficient Canadian farmers or import foodstuff from neighbouring American states?99. Why is the idea of survival thought of as the central symbol of Canadian literature? What does cultural survival mean in Canadian literature?100. What are the major reasons for Canada's active role in international organizations? And how does Canada play its active role?外国语学院：曾倩英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores….2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again.Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century.3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation.4.Yes, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use.5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, andone of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.6. Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.7. Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".8. The problem lay in the "commitment to peaceful methods" aspect of the possible talks. Province-wide elections are planned under a complex formula to ensure a wide range of representation on the body which will carry out these talks, in an attempt to give them legitimacy. Without the participation of Sinn Fein and the IRA it is hard to see them succeeding. Northern Ireland is poised on the brink—a new peaceful future, or a return to the violence that has claimed 3150 lives so far.9. The oldest institution of government is the Monarchy (rule by the king).10. It was a gang of feudal barons and the Church which opposed some of King John's (1199—1216) policies. This opposition was so powerful that the king finally granted them a charter of liberty and political rights, still known by its medieval Latin name of Magna Carta. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britain's key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.11. Shakespeare is the most important figure at that time. He excels in each kind. The tragedies include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Among the comedies are The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, and The Tempest. His history plays, based on English history, include Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V.Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra are tragedies on classical themes.12. The House of Commons.13. The party that wins most votes in general election and the leader of this winning party would become Prime Minister.14. They more and more like sports….15. For five years.16. Anyone who is eligible vote to can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds (a quite easily obtainable amount in the UK) which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.17. There are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to about 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so. The Conservative Party spent most time in power18. Tony Blair belong to Labor Party.19. By the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world's manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton.20. But even by 1900 this was no longer the case, the UK having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany; and certainly from 1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline.21. India, popularly known as "The Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947.22. This has a number of consequences for British society, mainly positive, though with some indirect negative effects. On the positive side such immigrant groups bring their culture with them,which increases the variety and interest within British culture: for example, the UK, which used to have a bad reputation for food, now has a cuisine as varied as any, with Indian and Chinese restaurants in every community, as well as many other varieties in bigger cities. This variety in restaurant food has resulted in more experimentation at home, so that shops now carry a much wider variety of goods to supply the demand, and there are many TV programmes and books devoted to all kinds of different cooking. The negative side of things lies largely in the attitude of some of their white neighbours.23. While there is a growing ethnic minority middle-class, and many individual success stories, by most measures the immigrant population is worse-off economically speaking than the white population as a whole. Individuals from ethnic minorities are more likely to be unemployed; and they are under-represented in politics too, though there are now a number of black and Asian MPs. But there are also a number of small political parties in the UK with overtly racist policies.24. With the Norman Conquest in 1066 Britain entered the Middle Ages (1066—1485), and the language of the royal court became French. So literature of that period was written in French or Latin. But one work from these times often studied today by middle school and college students is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1343—1400). He was the first court poet to write in English.25. The word "parliament" comes from the verb "to parley", that is, to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money.26. On an average day, 90 per cent of Britons over the age of 15 read a national or local paper. And in the evening, most Britons settle down to watch some television: 96 percent of the population watch TV at least once a week, making it Britain's most popular leisure activity. The third most popular pastime, after watching telly and reading newspapers, is listening to the radio, an activity in which 73 per cent of the population engages in on a weekly basis. It is obvious, then, that the media are central to British leisure culture.27. British newspaper culture is unusual in the extent to which class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read. In other developed countries like Japan and the United States, newspaper reading is a mainly middle-class habit, but in Britain the "lower classes" are also regular readers.28. While officially speaking the British press is "free" from government control and censorship and can print what it likes, there are limits to what will appear in the daily paper.29. The British Broadcasting Corporation - more familiarly known as the BBC or even "the Beeb" - is Britain's main public service broadcaster The BBC is funded by licence fees and viewers must buy a license each year for their TV set.30. Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature's romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason, which marked the 18th century. Perhaps the rather violent and ugly world about them drove 19th-century writers to a literary refuge.31. Modernism in literature can be seen as a reaction against the nineteenth century forms discussed above, which can be thought of as assuming understanding between writer and reader, resulting in the simple communication of an agreed version of the "world". This approach to writing is known as "Realism." Instead, Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, therefore, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action….32. Postmodernists can be thought of as abandoning that search. Meaning does not exist outside of the human head, likewise it does not exist inside a book, waiting to be discovered, instead it is made in the process of reading a book, or of making sense of the world….33. Tennis was invented in Britain and it owes its origins, literally, to the Church. Church records indicate that by the mid-fifteenth century, people were making a game of bouncing a ball off the side of their local churches or cathedrals, first using the hand, and later a racquet. This was called "tenys". Such antics sometimes offended the clergy who complained that the dignity and tranquility of the church was shattered by such games, but they also illustrate how central the church was to community life.34. There are legends that suggest that games like football and rugby actually derived from the "sport" of ancient warriors celebrating victory by kicking around the decapitated head of an enemy.There is a similar grisly tale told about origins of bowling: it is said that in ancient times, Scottish warriors rolled the skulls of their enemies along the grass for sport.35. Today, violence is still associated with football. "Football hooligans", supporters of rival teams, sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town, breaking windows and beating each other up. Some football fans paint their faces and sing or chant football songs and it is not too difficult to imagine their warrior-ancestors.36. As generations of public school boys grew up to become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colonies, cricket became associated with a set of moral values, in particular the idea of "fair play" which characterised British government. Sir Ian Bancroft, a high level civil servant in the 1980s, remembered that when he began his career in Whitehall, one day his government minister was so angry that he threw the telephone at him. Sir Ian said he knew exactly how to respond: "having played cricket I was able to catch it and hand it back to him politely."37. Yes. Nowadays, Christmas is celebrated by most Britons by exchanging gifts and Christmas cards, preparing holiday foods, and decorating homes and workplaces with coloured lights, Christmas trees and ornaments.38. One of Britain's most impressive and colourful festivals happens on the second Saturday in June when the Queen's Birthday is officially celebrated by "trooping the colour" around Buckingham Palace in London.39. The English do not celebrate their famous writers or battles or patron saints, although they have all these things. However, one truly English holiday is Bonfire Night—sometimes called Guy Fawkes Night—celebrated in the early autumn.40. Another festival which comes from the 17th century battles between Catholics and Protestants is the Protestant celebration of their victory at the Battle of the Boyne (12 July) in 1690. Northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland, St Patrick, on March 17 each year.41. While most British people welcome the coming of the New Year with parties, in Scotland, New Year's Eve called Hogmanay (31 December)—is the major winter celebration, and overshadows Christmas (called Yule in Scotland) which is a very quiet affair. How Hogmanay iscelebrated varies throughout Scotland, but one widely practised custom is "first footing". There is a superstitious belief that the first person to cross the threshold of a household in the New Year can bring luck and prosperity: the appearance of a young, preferably dark haired and handsome man, is considered particularly lucky. First footers often bring a bottle of spirits, alcohol, a lump of coal or a peat as a gift and are given a "dram of whisky" as their reward.42. Cambridge University and Oxford University.43. The goal of British education is to socialize children.44. The British education system run by the state.45. In the UK, the amount of funding each university receives is based on its size, the number of students it teaches, and the research it conducts. So far, the UK has only one privately funded university, the University of Buckingham.46. For individual members of any society the home they live in is of great importance in their lives. The way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society—its standard of living, its social and familial structure, the distribution of wealth in a society—both in terms of geography and social hierarchy—and even something about that society's values and dreams.47. There are, broadly speaking, four main types of home. The first kind are "flats" (or apartments), of varying size, often in modern multi-storey purpose-built buildings, though sometimes made by sub-dividing big old houses. Flats are often publicly owned. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row; the fourth one is “detached.”48. The British people are divided into classes economically, culturally, educationally and etc.49. What is distinctive about the British class-system, and which marks it as different from the American or Chinese social structure, is that it has also retained a hereditary aristocracy.50. Two world wars had seriously influenced its empire position. The end of the great British empire was surprisingly rapid. In 1946, Jordan, in the Middle East, was granted independence.The following year, India and Pakistan followed suit. In 1948, Burma and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) were granted independence and left the Commonwealth as well, refusing to recognise the British monarch as the head of their new states. Throughout the next few decades, the process of decolonisation continued as other territories and possessions received their independence or were returned to their rightful rulers.51. The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.52. The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain's foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government's decisions.53. The decision to join the EEC was very controversial; and today, Britain's participation in the European Union, as it is now called, remains controversial. At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear what the European Union(EU) is and what it will become. The UK has always been very interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.However, the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty (that is, its control over national decision-making) to a European government.54. Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with the United States. This was quite natural, as the two were closely allied during World War II, and continued to work together closely in the post war years because they shared many of the same worries about the Soviet Union. Even today, in many respects British and American policy-makers agree generally on, for example, how the global economy should be managed, how a warlike state should be dealt with, issues about arms control and so on.55. Australia is the world's smallest continent and largest island, a relatively young nation established in an ancient land. Its development represents a triumph over remoteness and a harsh landscape…56. Australia is the driest inhabited continent and its rainfall varies extremely geographically and。
为什么称18世纪的英国是理性时代
British political parties Yingguo zhengdangBritish political partiespolitical parties in BritainBritain is the world's first appeared on the bourgeois parties, and the first country to establish and implement two-party system.History of the United Kingdom Stuart Restoration, formed within the Parliament representing different class interests and political factions. 1679, the Council on James Duke (later James II) succession rights issue heated debate, against James, Duke has succession rights of members who are political opponents denounced Whig (Whig, Scotland bandits), in favor of James Duke has succession rights other lawmakers were scolded for Tory (Tory, the Irish Catholic bandits). After the two factions gradually as claimed, the formation of two political factions. Whig Party and the new aristocracy of the emerging interests of the bourgeoisie, in favor of limiting sovereignty, increased parliamentary power; Tory party landed nobility interests, safeguard the sovereign prerogative. In 1688, the same two parties as opposed James II and to cooperate in a coup launched by the "Glorious Revolution." Whig Party played a major role in the coup, the coup became the ruling party. With the development of British capitalism, the gradual change in composition Tories, some of the Whig party of the landed aristocracy, bankers, arms dealers and bureaucrats and politicians to join the Tory party, the party's strength, but because of the Whig Party split gradually lost its political life in the country's dominant position. 1783 - 1830 Tory party. Whig Party and the Tory party turns cabinet period, the internal party activities are restricted to Parliament. 1830s, the basic completion of the British Industrial Revolution, the British social class structure changed significantly, the formation of two antagonistic classes of bourgeois and industrial ─ ─ industrial proletariat. Meanwhile, the British ruling class has also changed, forming a representative of the landed aristocracy, nobility and merchants, the financial interests of conservative forces representing the industrial interests of the bourgeoisie with the reform forces. The former landed aristocracy as the core, in the original composition on the basis of Tory Tory; the latter eager to free trade as its core factory owners, in the original Whig Party formed on the basis of the Liberal Party. After the 1832 electoral reform, expansion of universal suffrage. The competition for voters to obtain a parliamentary majority, the two parties competing to develop their own extra-parliamentary organization, the establishment of constituency associations, as a campaign organization. With Parliament and the establishment and development of two-party system, parties in the 19th century, Ye Ducheng to have strict central and local organizations, national political parties, the late 19th, early 20th century, liberal capitalism has been replaced by monopoly capitalism, the Conservative Party gradually by the landed aristocracy of the party into the monopoly bourgeoisie party. At the same time, the gradual decline of the Liberal Party, the party of free trade policies advocated by the British lost the "world factory" monopoly, a large number of industrial capitalists turned to the Conservative Party. Early 20th century, with the development of the industrial revolution and the growing ranks of workers, the rise of the Labour Party. From 1924, the Labor Party replaced the Liberal Party, and Conservative Party turns in power. By the late 1980s, the British Conservative Party and the Labour Party in addition to the two major political parties, there are social Liberal Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party, Communist Party of Britain, co-party, Welsh National Party, Scottish National Party, National Front and the British Revolutionary Communist League and so on.Two-party system formation, development and characteristics of the British two-party systemformation and development in general through three stages: the first is the Whig party and the Tory party has came to power. 1714 George I's reign, the king did not attend the British gradually formed a cabinet meeting, chaired by the parliamentary majority leader of the constitutional conventions cabinet, so that was the parliamentary majority party control of the Cabinet. Whig Party and the Tory party based on changes in the number of parliamentary seats in turn form a cabinet, the formation of two-party basis. The second stage is the Conservative Party and Liberal Party came to power in turn. At this stage, the two parties from the parliamentary political parties within the development of national, mass political party, which is the basic condition for the formation of two-party system and an important symbol. After several parliamentary reform, completely changed the lower house and upper house, the balance of power between the royal family, the king became a virtual monarch, weakened the power of the House of Lords, to improve the status of the lower house. On this basis, established a two-party system. The third stage, from the late 19th century early 20th century, two-party system gradually complete. Conservative shadow cabinet in 1907, first, who later received in the general election the majority of seats in the House of times the legal opposition political party has become. Opposition parties in Parliament vote of no confidence may be replaced by the ruling party.British two-party system, combined with the cabinet, has the following characteristics: ①The Cabinet consists of the lower house election the party won the majority seats in a separate component. ②by the lower house majority leader as prime minister. ③only one-party cabinet and the cabinet members responsible for the lower house, such as loss of confidence in the House, Cabinet resigns; or the Prime Minister drew the king to dissolve parliament, re-election and form a new one-party cabinet. ④House of the largest opposition party can create a shadow cabinet. Have appeared in British history by the two parties or three-party coalition cabinet, mainly in the special circumstances of war took place.Britain's main political parties in the main political parties are:British Conservative Party, formerly known as the Tory party in 1833 to its present name in 1912, merged with National Unity Party, said the Conservative Unity Party, referred to as the Conservative Party. 1868 with the ruling Liberal Party, in turn, gradually become the big bourgeoisie, representing the interests of large landowners and nobles. During World War I and the Liberal Party coalition partners. After 1924, with the Labor Party turns in power. July 1945 general election, except 1923 ~ 1929 ~ 1924 and 1931, twice in the short term by the ruling Labour Party, the Conservative Party has been in the ruling coalition government position or as the largest political party. However, in 1945 to 1979, except from 1951 to 1964 and from 1970 to 1974, the ruling, but are in the opposition position. February 1975, MH Margaret Thatcher was elected party leader, the proposed self-reliance, free enterprise and less government intervention policy. May 1979 general election, the party obtained an absolute majority of seats, Margaret Thatcher became the United Kingdom and Western Europe's first woman prime minister in 1983 and twice reelected prime minister in 1987. Re-election victory in 1990. Party came to power in 1979, further emphasized that "against the socialist system and the centralized state, to defend individual freedom," this traditional doctrine has changed 30 years successive governments to implement the post-war Keynesian, monetarist-oriented implementation of economic policy, re- are conservative, traditional features. [MH Conservative Party leader Margaret Thatcher, prime minister of 11 years (May 1979 - November 1990)]Organization of the Conservative Party leader, parliamentary groups, the National Union andformed the central office. Leaders great power, not the party bound by any organization, came to power as prime minister, the opposition when the opposition leader. By the lower house parliamentary group composed of all the conservative party, by which a cabinet or shadow cabinet. Setting Business Committee (also known as 1922 Committee), the Steering Committee and the backbenchers will. Conservative National Union is the extra-parliamentary organization, which includes the Conservative Party Conference 2007, the Central Council, Executive Committee, district organizations and constituency associations. National Union only play the role of discussion and proposals, no right to decide the party's policy, whose main task is outside the legislature and organizations engaged in advocacy work to expand the party's power and influence. The party's central office administration. In addition, the Conservatives have the Carlton Club, Primrose Club, and other peripheral tissue. Conservative party members never published the number, it is estimated that one million in 1945, 2.8 million in 1954, 1970, 225 million and 200 million people since the 1980s. 1990 J. Major office leaders.British Labour Party in February 1900 by the Trades Union Congress (ie Union) initiated the creation, the beginning of labor representatives said the Commission, by the TUC affiliated trade unions and Fabian Society, Independent Labour Party and Social Democratic coalition. 1906 renamed the Labour Party. 1906 - 1914, attached to the Liberal Party in Parliament. After the outbreak of World War I, support the Government's war policy, and joined the Liberal Party's coalition cabinet. After the war, joined the Berne International. Early 20th century, the growing strength, and gradually replaced the Liberal Party. February 1918 by the founder of the Fabian Society by SJ Webb helped draft the new constitution, the provisions of the collective members in addition to keeping the existing system, each constituency has also set up organizations to absorb the individual members. In June 2002, by Weber drafted by a programmatic statement, "Labor and the new social order", the first time to bury private ownership. January 1924, in support of the Liberal Party the first time under cabinet, and take turns with the Conservative Party began ruling. Before 1945, only in 1923 ~ 1929 ~ 1924 and 1931, two short-term power. 1945 election to 1951, organized two Cabinet. During this period, initiate re-establishment of the Socialist International. 1964 - 1970, 1974 to 1979, has organized a 4 th Cabinet, which is the longest ruling Labour Party's history twice. 1979, 1983, 1987 and April 1990 presidential election suffered a failure. Labor Party platform is based on the traditional theory of Fabian socialism. Advocates of production, distribution methods and means of exchange of public ownership, the implementation of project management to achieve equitable distribution. After World War II, this Attlee Labour government implemented in 1948, announced the completion of the welfare state. But 50 years, with the British economy, ideological differences emerged within the party workers. Right that capitalism has changed, socialism should be "to increase social welfare, social equality", rather than the purpose of production into public ownership; opposition to the new social system to replace the existing social system, and holds that the existing system based on the pursuit of a higher degree of maturity. 50 to 60 years, these ideas prevail in the Labour Party. However, the nationalization of the Left insisted that there would be no socialism without nationalization. The early 1960s, "New Left" from the cultural criticism of capitalism, that the rule of the bourgeois cultural alienation of people in the state overall, so must the culture of the bourgeoisie launched a full attack on the capitalist society in general practice transformation. This is active again after 70 years of left-wing Labour Party produced a certain effect, which should be added and then proposed the nationalization of industry and lifestyle of democratization democratization of thetraditional socialist Labor Party was supplemented.Organized by the Labor Party leader, parliamentary groups, composed of extra-parliamentary organizations and headquarters. When the annual election of opposition leader and a deputy leader; in office from time to re-election, not based deputy. All the lower house of parliament by the Labor caucus members. Start of each parliamentary elections that leaders, supervisors, deputy leader and total. Opposition, by the leader, deputy leader, the lower house parliamentary group chairman, the House of Lords Labour Party leaders, supervisors and both houses of the total Labour MPs parliamentary committee composed of representatives of leading parliamentary group activities. To power, instead of by the Labour cabinet, a separate Liaison Committee to keep in touch with backbenchers. In parliament, the National Congress (the annual Labour Party) is the highest authority of the Labor Party. Under the National Executive Committee, regional meetings, constituency organizations and the National Labour Council. Labour Party headquarters administration. Number of members: 1947 is 500 million people in 1957 was 660 million, 650 million in 1975, 1984, 622 million people. Leader N. Kinnock (1983).Liberal Democratic Party of British society in March 1988 by the Liberal Party and Social Democratic Party supported the merger with the Liberal Party formed a majority. Domestic and foreign policies primarily in the former Liberal Party policy on the basis of adjustment, more emphasis on domestic economic development and social justice, the balance between the importance assigned areas of "fairness" issues and the environmental and ecological protection; of foreign opposition to racial discrimination, and advocating to improve Third World relations, emphasizing the maintenance of peace and common development. There are about more than 100,000 members. P. Ashdown, leader (since 1988).British Social Democratic Party March 26, 1981 was established. Founder of a splinter from the Labor Party in the four right-wing. On behalf of the interests of small and medium bourgeoisie. Most of the participants is the manager, staff, business executives, professionals and private practitioners. Advocates reform parliamentary electoral system, the implementation of public and private sectors co-exist "mixed economy" system, to encourage SMEs to expand employment opportunities. In September 1983, with the Liberal Party reached an agreement to form electoral coalitions. 1987 general election after the failure, disintegration of the Union. In March 1988 the party split, the majority and the Liberal Party merged to form the Social Liberal Democratic Party, leaving about 3 million members continue to use the name of the Social Democratic Party. The new Social Democratic Party of nuclear deterrence, defense, social market economy and parliamentary elections, proportional representation in policy making for the subject. Leaders D.A. Owen (1983).Communist Party of Britain July 31, 1920 by the British Socialist Party, Socialist Labour Party and the Communist Committee merged to form South Wales. After the establishment of the Third International, a British branch of the Third International. In 1936, the organization went to Spain to participate in the British Detachment F. Franco against the war. Later, it launched a solidarity against the Chinese Anti-Japanese War and AN Chamberlain's "appeasement" policy, requiring alliance with the Soviet Union formed a peace movement. During World War II, fully support the anti-fascist war and promote the early open a second front, the party's strength has great development in 1942, the number was increased to 5.6 million members. After the war the party's strength continues to drop. In 1947 the British proposed to go a different from the Soviet October Revolution of the British-style socialism. 1951 published the first peaceful transition program,"the British road to socialism", announced by the British Parliament can be transformed into truly represent the will of the people's democratic institutions and the establishment of People's Government of the road, the transition to socialism. In 1977, some party members because they did not agree to resign from the party line and, a separate new British Communist Party. In September 1988, the British were published in "the future" document, proposed to give up the old form of "class struggle" in order to adapt to consumer and technological revolution arising from the "new order." The British were held every two years the party congress. Organization into the national executive committee, district committees and branch three. In 1988 members of about 9700 people. Party General Secretary N. Temple (1990). Central organ for the "Morning Star newspaper," (Journal); theoretical journal "Marxism Today" (monthly).。
高二英语政治制度单选题60题
高二英语政治制度单选题60题1. The United Kingdom is a country where the head of state is a _____.A. presidentB. prime ministerC. king or queenD. governor答案：C。
英国是君主立宪制国家，国家元首是国王或女王。
选项 A 总统通常是共和制国家的元首；选项B 首相是政府首脑；选项D 州长一般是美国州一级的行政长官。
2. In the UK, the power of making laws belongs to _____.A. the QueenB. the ParliamentC. the Prime MinisterD. the local governments答案：B。
在英国，立法权属于议会。
选项 A 女王更多是象征意义；选项C 首相主要负责行政事务；选项D 地方政府没有立法权。
3. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the British political system?A. Bicameral legislatureB. Presidential systemC. Constitutional monarchyD. Unwritten constitution答案：B。
英国政治制度不是总统制。
选项 A 两院制立法机构是英国的特点；选项 C 君主立宪制是英国的政治体制；选项 D 不成文宪法也是英国的特点之一。
4. The British Prime Minister is appointed by _____.A. the QueenB. the ParliamentC. the publicD. the opposition party答案：A。
英国首相由女王任命。
虽然首相的任命需要基于议会多数党的支持，但形式上是由女王任命。
2023年最新的英语国家概况答案
2023年最新的英语国家概况答案Unit 1Ⅰ.Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True orFalse.1. The island of Great Britain is geographically divided into three parts: England, Scotlandand Wales. (T)英伦三岛包括英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
2.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country.(F)British3. Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language. (F)4.In terms of population and area，Northern Ireland is the second largest part of the UnitedKingdom. (F)英格兰是面积最大，人口最多的5. The longest river of Britain originates in Wales. (T)The River Severn:赛文河6. Because of political troubles，Northern Ireland has been quite significant among the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom. (T)Ⅱ. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.1. The two main islands of the British Isles are.不列颠群岛是由两个大岛组成的：不列颠和爱尔兰A.Great Britain and IrelandB.Great Britain and ScotlandC.Great Britain and WalesD.Great Britain and England2. is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom，is the smallest.A.EnglandB. ScotlandC.WalesD. Northern Ireland4. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element ofwords to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek5. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by theinfluence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish6. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of.A. grammarB. handwritingC.spellingD. pronunciation7. At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. aquarterC. One thirdD. one fifthIII. Give brief answers to the following questions·1. What is the full name of the U.K.The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and NorthernIreland2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to ScotlandThey like to enjoy the beautifulScottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to seeScotsman wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided intoand what are theyThe development of the English language can be divided into three periods: Old English, MiddleEnglish and Modern English.4. Why did English become more important after the Black Death(黑死病)The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French.Ⅳ. State your understanding of the following questions in about 100words.1. who are British peopleThe first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of welsh, Scottish and Irish people. Then came the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes who brought with them English language. Many people from other European countries came later, and in modern times there are a lots of immigrants from many formerCommonwealth(共和国) countries from every part of the world, and the British people are also composed of people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds.2. What is StandardEnglishStandard English is based on the speech of the upper class of the southeastern England; it is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. Is has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct BritishEnglish. It is also the norm(标准) carried overseas. Today, StandardEnglish is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.Unit 2I. Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False.1. The British history before 55 BC is basically undocumented. (T)2. The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC. (T)3. The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe— the Britons. (T)4. The Anglo—Saxons came to Britain in the mid-5th century. (T)(不考)5. The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.(F)6. The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T)7. Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France(T)8. The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged classand the townspeople. (F)9. The Hundred Years’ War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans for trade and territory. (F)10. in an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions，Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation.(T)Ⅱ. Choose the one that best completes each of the followingstatements.1．Theattack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410．A．Norman B．DanishC．Celtic D．Germanic2．By the late 7th century，became the dominant religion in England．A．Celtic Christianity B．Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC．Germanic Christianity D．Roman Christianity3．Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂) was built at the time of.A．St．Augustine B．Edward the Confessor(忏悔者爱德华)C．William the Conqueror D．Alfred the Great4．Themarked the establishment of feudalism(封建制度) in England．A．Viking invasion B．signing of the Magna CartaC．Norman Conquest D．Adoption of common law5．The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of.A．the House of Valois B．the House of YorkC．the House of Tudor(都铎楼) D．the House of Lancaster出身于族徽为红玫瑰的兰开斯特家族的亨利·都铎结束了玫瑰战争，登上了英国王位，称亨利七世6．The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’S effort to.A．divorce his wife B．break with RomeC．support the Protestants D．declare his supreme power over the church7. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between.A．Protestants and PuritansB．Royalists and ParliamentariansC．nobles and peasantsD．aristocrats and Christians8．was passed after the Glorious Revolution(光荣革命)．A．Bill of Rights B．Act of SupremacyC．Provisions of Oxford D．Magna Carta9.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of thecentury．A．17th B．18th C．19th D．20th10．Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of the century．A．17th B．18th C．19th D．20thIII. Give brief answers to the following questions.1. What are the two components of the British parliament2. What were s ome of Queen Victoria’s major achievements3. What were the two camps in Europe in World WarⅠ4. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World WarⅡ Answers:1. They are the House of Commons and the House of Lords.2. Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, Britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass.3. The Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the Allied Powers which were mainly comprised of France, theRussian Empire, the British Empire, Italy and the United States.4. Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union.Ⅳ. State your understanding of the following questions.1. What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain2. The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireAnswers:1. The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused great changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed. The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians became the most important political issue.2. Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas,in 1583 marked the 第一文库网beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, Britain had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Before World WarⅠ, Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain’s colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall of the Empire.Unit4 Politics and Government of UKI．Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False．1．Conventions(党代会) are regarded less important than common law in the working of the British government．F2．The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history．F3．In reality，the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers．F4．British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations(英联邦国家)．F5．Lords Spiritual(上议院神职议员) and Lords Temporal(上议院世俗议员) are all members in the British Upper House(上议院).T6．The members in the House of Commons(下议院) are appointed rather than elected．F 上议院是指派的，下议院是选举的。
英语国家概况第二章知识点
英语国家概况第二章知识点Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation第01讲Early Settlers & Roman Britain & The Anglo-SaxonsI. Early Settlers （5000 BC—55 BC）Britain was originally a part of the Europeancontinent. When the last Ice Age ended 7,000 years ago, melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea, and turning Britain into an island. 【译文】早期居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）不列颠原是欧洲大陆的一部分。
7000年前的冰川时代结束时，融冰淹没了低地，形成了英吉利海峡和北海，不列颠变成了岛屿。
1） Iberians （伊比利亚人）（the first known settlers）① At about 3000 BC, these short, dark and long-headed people came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Peninsula, now Spain. ② They were farming folk who kept animals and grewcrops.【译文】1）伊比利亚人（所知道的最早的英国居民）①大约在公元前3000年的新石器时代，这些身材矮小、黑皮肤、长脸庞的人来到英国，他们很可能来自伊比利亚半岛，即现在的西班牙。
②作为农民他们饲养动物、种植庄稼。
2） The Beaker Folk （宽口陶器人）① At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland. ② These people took their name from their distinctive bell-shaped drinking vessels with which they were buried in crouching positions in individual graves. ③ They brought with them the art of pottery making, the ability to fashion bronze tools and the custom of individual burial. 【译文】2）宽口陶器人①大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来到这里。
人教部编版九年级历史上册第17课君主立宪制的英国课件(27张PPT)
宪制度，从人治转向法治。
【政治民主】
⑵营造了和平、宽松的社会环境，维护和社会稳定
【政局稳定】
2.经济 3.世界
促进英国资本主义发展，为工业革命提供了政治保
障。
【经济发展】
英国是世界上第一个建立君主立宪制的国家，为其
他国家树立了一种新模式。推动了世界政治民主化
的进程。
【榜样引领】
日本天皇 德仁
柬埔寨国王 西哈莫尼
革
命
1640
革命爆
发
克伦威尔 就任“护 国主”
斯图亚特 王朝复辟
1660
2004年，克伦威尔入选BBC评选的最伟大的100名英国人第10名
克伦威尔在内战中崛起，成为议会军统帅 。共和国成立后掌权，1653年底宣布为“ 护国主”,独揽大权多次解散议会，成为军 事独裁者。1658年病死后政局混乱。
克伦威尔 1599—1658
②国王不经议会许可：
不能随意废除法律 限制立法司法权
也不能停止法律的执行
影响
不得征收捐税。
限制财政权
③今后任何天主教徒都不能担任英国
国王，英国国王也不能与天主教徒结
婚。
《权利法案》颁布前后英国国王 和议会的权力各有什么变化？
前:“君权神授”，王权无限，不受制约 英国国王
后: 法律从各方面限制王权
国王的议会
“无地王约翰” John Lackland
12世纪初，英格兰出现了一位好战却 又屡战屡败的国王约翰。为了维持战 事，约翰王加紧了对市民和贵族的盘 剥。愤怒的贵族们集结起来，武装讨 伐国王。面临绝路的约翰王，不得不 同意与25位贵族代表举行谈判。刀光 剑影下，双方进行了整整四天的交锋 和妥协，《大宪章》——这份和平停 战宣言终于签署了。
英语国家概况谢福之各章选择题
选择题Unit1 英国Chapter 1 地理、民族、语言1. The two main islands of the British Isles are （）.A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2. （）is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom,（）is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland4. English belongs to the （）group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman5. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of （）words to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek6. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the （）influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish7. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of （）.A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD. pronunciation8. At present, nearly （）of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifthChapter 2 历史1. The （）attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2. By the late 7th century, （）became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3. The （）marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law4. The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of （）.A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster5. The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to（） .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church6. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between （）.A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians7.（）was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta8. The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the （）century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20 thChapter 3 政府和英联邦1. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of the following branches with the exception of the （）.A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive2. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on （）.A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude3. As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to （）the House of Commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect4. （）is at the center of the British political system.A. The CabinetB. The House of LordsC. The House of CommonsD. The Privy Council5. The main duty of the British Privy Council is to （）.A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet6. Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a （）system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party7. The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and （）.A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism8. In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every （）years.A. threeB. fourD. sixChapter 4 经济1. The （）in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem2. Of the following practices, （）does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions3. The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except （）.A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality4. Britain has devoted （）of its land area to agriculture.B. 60%C. 70%D.80%5. Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except （）.A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain andIreland6. Coal mining industry in Britain provides （）of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/37. The car industry in Britain in mostly（） .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD.privately-owned8. Of the following sectors in Britain, （）has experienced spectaculargrowth since the end of Word War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industryChapter 5 教育、媒体和节日1. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the （） .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s2. About （）of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%3. Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remaining funds from all the following sources except （）.A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions4. To be admitted to the Open University, one needs （） .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National Vocational Qualifications5. Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three”with the exception of （）.A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily T elegraph6. Life on Earth is a kind of （）program produced by the BBC and is popular among 500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera7.（）is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB8. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except （）.A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomimeChapter 6 文学1. The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is——.A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. pamphlet2. ——is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of independence”.A. “I Wonder Lonely as a Cloud”B. Don JuanC. The preface to Lyrical BalladsD. Prometheus Unbound3. Of Dicken’s novels, ——is considered most autobiographical.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. Davied CopperfiedC. Oliver TwistD. Great Expectations4. ——is a representative of English Critical Realism in the turn of the 19 thcentury.A. Robert Louis SetevensonB. John MiltonC. Joseph ConardD.Thomas Hardy5. Of the following books, ——is NOT written by Thomas Hardy.A.Jude the ObscureB.Tess of the d’UrbervillesC.Adam BedeD.The Return of the Native6. ——is not included in the modernist group.A.Oscar WildeB.Virginia WoolfC.William Bulter YeatsD.T.S.Eliot7. Of the following writers, ——is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A.Samuel BeckettB.James JoyceC.William GoldingD.V.S.Naipual8. Waiting for Godot is written by——.A.Samuel BeckettB.Geroge OrwellC. William GoldingwranceUnit2 爱尔兰Chapter 7 社会和文化1. ---- established a unified Irish culture and language in the 6 th century BC.A. Hunter-gatherers from BritainB. Celtic tribesC. British invadersD. The Vikings2. Divergent views about ----resulted in the Irish Civil War.A. the Act of UnionB. the Unilateral Declaration of IndependenceC. the Anglo-Irish TreatyD. the Anglo-Irish Agreement3. -----was the first Irish President to visit Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ .A. Eamon de ValeraB. John A. CostelloC. Mary RobinsonD. Albert Reynolds4. -----brought Anglo-Irish relations to a new height.A. The British recognition of the Irish RepublicB. The signing of the Downing Street DeclarationC. The signing of the Belfast AgreementD. The IRA’s formal declaration of the disarmament in 20055. In Ireland, the head of state is-----A. the Prime MinisterB. the PresidentC. the British monarchD. the General Governor6. ------has been the dominant party in Ireland since 1930s and supports peaceful reunification of the island of Ireland.A. Fine GaelB. The Labor PartyC. Fianna FailD. The Progressive Democrats7. Emigration in Ireland started since the ----A. medieval periodB. 17 th centuryC. Great Potato FamineD. early 18 th century8. Ireland now has a ---- economy.A. agriculture-basedB. knowledge-basedC. industry-basedD. foreign investment-basedUnit3 美国Chapter 8 地理和民族1. The U. S. lies in North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, the Atlantic to its and the Pacific to its （）.A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, east, west2. The continental United States has （）statesA. 50B. 49C. 48D. 353. The state of （）is the largest in area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida4. The largest river in the U. S. is （）.A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River5. Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT are located in （）.A. the SouthB. the WestC. New EnglandD. the Midwest6. San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego all belong to （）.A. MontanaB. UtahC. MaineD.California7. The Immigrants Act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into theUnited States, particularly from （）.A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America8. The characteristic of the dominant American culture are （） .A. English-speaking, northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classB. English-speaking, western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-class Chapter 9 历史1. The first successful English colony in North America was founded at（）in（）.A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia2. The Seven Years’War occurred between the （）.A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians3. “No taxation without representation”was the rallying slogan of （）.A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies4. In May 1775, （）was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of a national government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation5. Abraham Lincoln issued （）to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights6. The policy of the United States was （）at the beginning of the two world wars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement7. President （）applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the Great Depression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy8. The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continued throughout the terms of Presidents （）.A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and JohnsonChapter 10 政府1. The U. S. Constitution came into effect in （）.A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 17932. The Constitution of the United States （）.A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court3. The Bill of Rights （）.A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution4. The terms for a Senator and Representative are （）and （）years respectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two5. All the following except （）can make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President6. The following except （）are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders7. The Supreme Court is composed of （）justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine8. The President is directly voted into office by （）.A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representativesChapter 11 经济1. America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fields except （）.A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals2. The modern American economy progressed from（）to（）, and eventually, to（）.A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy3. Chartered companies were NOT granted the （）by the British King or Queen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority4.（）urged the federal government to establish a national bank.A. George WashingtonB. President RooseveltC. Abraham LincolnD. Alexander Hamilton5. The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution”except （）.A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator6. President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society”by introducing various programs like the following except （）.A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension7. The following statements are all true except （）.A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural imports andexports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.8. Employment in the （）sector has been increasing in the U.S. since the 1970s.A. serviceB. agricultureC. manufacturingD. high-tectChapter 12 教育、媒体和节日1. Formal education in the United States consists of （）, secondary and higher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private2. Of the following subjects, （）are NOT offered to elementary school students.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education3. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of （）.A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University4. Of the following, （）are NOT among the categories of American higher education.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges5. To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are requiredto do the following except （）.A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits6. （）is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has a reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News7. Of the following, （）is NOT among the three major radio and TV networks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American Broadcasting System (ABS)8. The National Day of the United States falls on （）.A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14thChapter 13 文学1.Of the following writer, --------are from the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods .A. Benjamin Franklin and Edgar Allan PoeB. Edgar Allan Poe and Jonathan EdwardsC. Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan EdwardsD. Edgar Allan Poe and Washington Irving2. ----- is regarded as the “father of American literature”A. James Fenimore CooperB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Thomas JeffersonD. Washington Irving3. Of the following , ---- is considered Herman Melville’s masterpieceA. The Last of the MohicansB. The Legend of Sleepy HollowC. Mody DickD. Daisy Miller4. Of the following ,-----is NOT characteristic of Mark Twain’s worksA. colloquial speechB. a sense of humorC. a realistic viewD. an idealistic view5. Of the following writer, ----- is NOT included in the group pf naturalistsA. Stephen CraneB. Frank NorrisC. Theodore DreiserD. Herman Melville6. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s finest novel is ---- ,and its theme is about ---A. The Great Gatsby , the American DreamB. Tender Is the Night , loveC. Tales of the Jazz Age , the loss of oneselfD. The Beautiful and Damned , the evil of human nature7. Of the following writer, ----- is NOT a Nobel Prize winnerA. Alice WalkerB. Ernest HemingwayC. William FaulknerD. Eugene O’Neill8. -----is the first African –American winner of the Noble Prize for LiteratureA. Ralph EllisonB. Ernest HemingwayC. William FaulknerD. James BaldwinUnit4 加拿大Chapter 14 地理和历史1. Canada’s fur trade , later fur monopoly , gradually began to take shape in the -----centuryA. 15 thB. 16 thC. 17 thD.18 th2. The Liberal government led by Mackenzie King did the following to lay the foundations of the Canadian welfare state EXCEPT----A. increasing the old age pensionsB. promoting federal-provincial welfare programsC. expending unemployment benefitsD. introducing health insurance3. -----won the Nobel Prize for Peace in1957 for organizing a peacekeeping force to defuse the Suez CrisisA. Pierre TrudeauB. Lester PearsonC. Jean ChretienD. Brian Mulroney4. In the ----, Canada was obsessed with economic recessionA. 1950sB. 1960sC. 1970sD. 1980s5. Pierre Trudeau retired from his post as head of the government and party leader partly because ----A. he opposed the American war in VietnamB. he agreed Quebec to be an independent French-speaking nationC. he had not been able to reverse the declining economic trendD. he weakened government intervention in the national economy6. ----- recognized Quebec as a “distinct society”A. The Meech Lake AccordB. The Quebec ActC. The Constitutional ActD. The British North America Act7. -----was Canada’s first woman Prime MinisterA. Pierre TrudeauB. Brian MulroneyC. Jean ChretienD. Kim Campbell8. Martin’s Liberal government tried to do the following EXCEPT---A. legalizing same-sex marriage in CanadaB. giving the Quebec city sovereigntyC. improving Canadian- US relationsD. forging a closer relationship with ChinaChapter 15 政府和社会1. On average, members of the House of Commons are elected for a maximum of -----yearsA. 3B. 4C. 5D. 62. ----holds the highest position in the Canadian parliamentary systemA. The Britain CrownB. The Governor GeneralC. The PresidentD. The Prime Minister3. In each province, ----represents the British CrownA. a Lieutenant GovernorB. a Governor GeneralC. a PrimeD. a Governor4. -----of Canada serve(s) as the final court of appeals in CanadaA. The provincial courtsB. The Federal CourtC. The Supreme CourtD. The Federal Court of Appeal5. In Canada , the largest religious denominations is ----A. the Protestant churchB. the Roman Catholic churchC. the Puritan churchD. the Anglican church6. If applicants meet the basic requirement for immigration to Canada , they need to do the following EXCEPT----A. applying for citizenshipB. taking a medical examC. paying an application feeD. paying a landing fee7. In the 19 th century , ---was the principal export item of CanadaA. fishB. furC. timberD. wheat8. Canada’s major trading partners include the following EXCEPT---A. BritainB. AmericaC. MexicoUnit5 澳大利亚Chapter 16 地理和历史1.____ is the lowest point in Australia.A. Lake EyreB. The Great Artesian BasinC. Mount KosciuszkoD. The Great Victoria Desert2.____ is Australia’s capital.A. SydneyB. MelbourneC. BrisbaneD. Canberra3.Britain’s first permanent colony was founded in ____ .A.1606B.1770C.1787D.17884.The Commonwealth of Australia was established in ____ .A.1847B.1885D.19015.The movement to gain recognition of Aboriginal rights was started in the ____ .A.1950sB.1960sC.1970sD.1980s6.Australia completely abolished the White Australia Policy during the government of ____ .A. Earle PageB. Gough WhitlamC. Joseph LyonsD. Stanley Bruce7.The following were all aspects of the economic reforms which took place between 1983 and 1996 EXCEPT ____ .A. enlarging the scale of the mining industryB. deregulating the financial marketC. reducing tariffsD. privatizing the state-owned enterprises8.The Howard government’s foreign policies were based in relations with four key countries, namely, ____ .A. the U.S. ,Japan, Britain, ChinaB. the U.S. ,Japan, China, IndonesiaC. the U.S. ,Japan, Britain, ChinaD. the U.S. , Britain, China, ChinaChapter 17 政府和社会1.Of the following, ____ is NOT among the three major Australian political parties.A. the Australian Labor PartyB. the NationalsC. the Liberal PartyD. the United Australia Party2. Australia tries to attract immigrant from any country with ____ .A. a good family backgroundB. education or work skillsC. high social statusD. adequate work experience3. Australia’s high economic performance is due to its ____ and ongoing structural reform.A. open-up policyB. effective economic managementC. historical developmentD. proper investment4. Australia is a leading supplier of ____ to international markets.A. hi-tech productsB. agricultural productsC. industrial productsD. mineral resources5. Australia’s foreign capital mainly comes from ____ .A. the United States and JapanB. Britain and GermanyC. Japan and Republic of KoreaD. Britain and the United States6.Among the following tourist attractions, ____ can be seen from the moon.A. the Gold CoastB. UluruC. the Great Barrier ReefD. the Sydney Opera House7. ____ is/are mainly responsible for education in Australia.A. the federal governmentB. the individual statesC. the territory assembliesD. the municipal government8.The Australian system of teaching and school discipline puts emphasison the following EXCEPT ____ .A. learning by discovery and questioningB. self-disciplineC. preparing for testD. encouraging students’interest in learningUnit6 新西兰Chapter 18 社会和文化1. ____ is often referred to as “our third island”of New Zealand.A. PolynesiaB. The North IslandC. The South IslandD. The Stewart Island2.The climate in New Zealand is ____ .A. subtropicalB. arcticC. temperateD. tropical3.The ____ were the first group of people who arrived on the island of New Zealand.A. MaorisB. EuropeansC. AustraliansD. Chinese4. New Zealand was granted internal self-government in ____ .A. 1804B. 1852C. 1893D. 19075.During World War Ⅱ, New Zealand strengthened its relationship with ____ .A. BritainB. the United StatesC. AustraliaD. France6. ____ is the head of the New Zealand government.A. The British monarchB. The Governor GeneralC. The Prime MinisterD. The President7.The Cabinet is responsible to ____ in New Zealand.A. ParliamentB. the Prime MinisterC. the British monarchD. the Governor General8.Schooling in New Zealand is compulsory for all children ____ .A. from ages 6 to 12B. from ages 6 to 14C. from ages 6 to 16D. from ages 6 to 18。
uk history英国历史(英语国家概况)
– The Battle of Waterloo – The Battle of Trafalgar
中弹阵亡。
1815 1805，英军在这场海战中击败了拿破仑的
法国西班牙联合舰队,法国海军司令被俘虏,英国海军司令纳尔逊海军上将
• The Industrial Revolution
Bloody Mary
Elizabeth Ⅰ
Tudor Dynasty • Henry Ⅶ 1485--1509 • Henry Ⅷ 1509--1547 • Edward Ⅵ 1547--1553 • Mary 1553-1558 • Elizabeth Ⅰ 1558—1603
Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ
Back
The Black Death
• 3 plagues
• 在1348年，一场瘟疫 或者黑死病通过从亚 洲来的商人来到欧洲， 并被在那些商人的商 船里的老鼠传播开来。 黑死病在1348年到 1353年这短短的五年 时间里夺去了欧洲大 陆近三分之一的人口。
The 16th Century
• The Wars of the Roses • A New Monarchy • The Reformation Movement / Protestant Movement Bloody Mary The Reign of Queen Elizabeth I)
Return
The Crusades 十字军东征
• A series of wars (from 11th to 14th centuries) in which armies from all over Europe tried to snatch the “Holy Land” (i.e. Palestine, where Jesus Christ once lived) from the “Infidels”异教徒；不 信正统宗教者 (i.e. the Back Muslims).
英语国家概况英国Politics资料
John Major (约翰·梅杰) Tony Blair (托尼·布莱尔) Gorden Brown (戈登·布朗)
David William Donald Cameron4
John Major
Tony Blair
Tony Blair
Tony Blair Gordon Brown
Conservative Labour Labour
Conservative Conservative Conservative
Conservative Labour Labour Labour
A government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances (it happened twice last century, when elections were delayed until the end of WWI and WWII.)
At the end of the session you should know:
British elections and electoral system The political parties
1. For how many years is a general election held once in the UK? Five years 2. Who can stand for election as an MP? Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. 3. What are the three major parties? The Conservative, Labour and Liberal Democrats 4. Which party is the party that spent most time in power? The Conservative Party 5. Which party does Tony Blair belong to? The Labour Party
英语国家概况之 英国 翻译(English translation of English speaking countries)
英语国家概况之英国翻译（English translation of Englishspeaking countries）Fifth unitjudicialThe British justice system in Britain's oldest and most traditional organ system, due to historical reasons, England, Welsh, Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own independent, legal system, law has been recorded in the difference between them, and the name of the court process. There are, however, many modern laws that are applied throughout britain.However, on the main functions of the state and power, such as the development of legal, administrative and judicial on these political theory has been controversial, that they should keep a clear separation, some constitution is mandatory, especially the constitution of the United States, but these do not exist in the uk. Britain's law and politics are almost linked together. Legal language, concepts and standards are reasonable, penetration in the implementation of theory and policy, not just department in the UK, is the highest law enforcement in the house of Lords and the house of Lords in England Welsh, the minister responsible for all assume management laws, government departments and agencies are responsible for the control of the legal system, including the Department and the Ministry of interior.Legal standardsBritish legal standards have long been regarded as one of the most basic principles of the unwritten constitution of the United Kingdom. Now these principles of law involve many basic assumptions. 1. everyone is limited by the law. No one can override the law. Ministers and social officials are also restricted by the law and have no right to do anything outside the bounds of the law. 2. everyone is equal before the law. Every citizen has the right to turn to the law. The law is equal to every citizen. 3., laws and orders must be maintained through government personnel and state organs, the state should protect citizens in violence and political chaos, on the other hand, citizens must be strongly forbidden to talk about the merits of the law privately. 4, when they feel that they have an unfair experience, citizens can, within reasonable limits, complain and complain against others, organizations, or countries. 5, law and reasonable process and staff should not be disturbed by politics. In practice, the law should be independent and free from political interference.Sources of lawThe three main source of the laws of Britain and Welsh is common law. Britain's written laws and European combined law and the laws derived from the laws of Rome are the very different laws prevailing in the continent. The English law may extend it on the basis of common law on the basis of court decisions, but a previous case, that is, a precedent, is changed. Now it retains the foundation of British law, except that it has been replaced by legislation. The rules of England and Welsh were usually made by the house of Lords and the Supreme court. The current law ruling state by each court application, social lawis another major source of the law, statute law is officially written law, is to go through the British Parliament, by the government and the Scotland parliament. This statute is the ultimate source of British law, and it shows how it affects the whole nation's civil life. They are supreme, exceeding other forms of law, including common law. In 1973, when the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community, the European Union Law became part of British law. It is mainly restricted to economic and social problems, in particular environment, the European Union is legal in Britain before parliament, when the two conflict, the British court will be forced to accept the European Union Law, even if it cannot compel other countries to do better or impose their rule to other countries, but it is still the highest authority entrusted by the European Court of justice, and above all, British citizens can Strasbourg according to the European Court of human rights to enjoy their human rights.In Scotland, reasonable moral principles, legal rules and the legal concepts of Scotland can be traced to different sources, including Rome law, British religious law and influential European system. The main sources of the laws of Scotland are the British, the Scotland Parliament and the common law prescribed by the European Union Act and the legislation, including the actions of the British government and the parliament of the Scotland relating to the development of Scotland. The legal system of Northern Ireland and Scotland and Welsh the same, in addition to the British regulations affecting Northern Ireland, the Northern Ireland Assembly with legislation, from 2000 has the authority for all issues of development, also can make laws in northern ireland.legal systemIn the corresponding legal procedures, the court system at all levels is divided into criminal and civil courts. Criminal and civil are two different legal effects. The criminal is the most violent rule of the state and the citizen. The act of executing punishment, such as theft and murder. Government and civil law relations, and private parts of the transaction, individuals, organizations,Or company, dealing with issues and disputes. Such as loss or damage compensation. The administration, the law and the civil law are a bit special. The criminal law focuses on the actions of the citizens that have a greater impact on the state. In particular, a decision made by the state affects individual citizens. On this issue, the rights of citizens are undoubtedly brutal and corrected.In Britain, there are four different countries, using common law rules and civil laws. Or both of them exist. They are not dependent on the legal system. Britain and Welsh, and Ireland, use the common legal system. However, Scotland's rule is based on a different traditional law, using a mixed system consisting of two systematic elements, general law and civil law. Within these different judicial systems, Britain and Welsh had a court system. This is a rule in britain. However, Scotland and Northern Ireland each have their own legal system. In addition to these rules, there are still. For example, immigration laws, court decisions, asylum and immigration apply throughout the British empire. However, the employment act in the UK, Welsh,the Scotland employment tribunal is a single system.criminal tribunalIn Britain and Welsh, criminal cases are dealt with in two main ways. A minor criminal offense, such as a minor theft or violent act. A trial by the local magistrates' court can also be passed by the 3 officers through a legitimate, qualified one. Clerk。
英语国家概况unit8
本单元重点内容
• Because the UK had a strong military power and prestige ,it had a big influence on the postwcolonies –Australia and Canada-still looked to Britain as the center of their political and cultural world.)
Britain and International Institutions
Nowadays its foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in a number of important international institutions. 1.Britain is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, along with Russia , China , the US ,and France.
Britain and the United States
3.The special relationship with the United States has gone through many ups and downs. The major test of Anglo-American relations occurred during 1965 Suez Crisis.
•
•
本单元重点内容
• After the Second World War ,the British empire began to decline as more and more former colonies declared their political independence • Today the age of British imperialism is gone. But the British foreign policy in still influenced by Britain’s imperial past. (Why?)
英国政体
The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, though several senior judges are also members of the House of Lords.
Central Government
The Monbinet
The House of Lords
The House of Commons
Prime Minister and
other ministers
The Monarchy ---She reigns, but does not rule.
Politics of Britain
The Politics of Britain takes place in the framework of a constitutional monarchy, in which the Monarch is head of state and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government.
The Cabinet
The Cabinet , composed of the most senior government ministers chosen by the Prime Minister, is the nucleus of the Government.
Political Parties
There are two major political parties in Britain: the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. The Labour Party represents the interests of the middle and lower-middle classes while the Conservative Party represents for the smaller gentry and tradesmen. If a major party wins enough seats in the Parliament, it gets the power to form the government and the party becomes known as the Government, leaving the other party to be called the Opposition.
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are not the modern sense of the political parties, but different political factions.
1679 Exclusion Bill
James
Pros
the First and
antis
Tory(托利党）
meaning of Political parties
Britain
political parties: birthplace implementation influence
The occurrence of political parties
Political
parties come from parliament
Grand
remonstrance 1641 大抗议书
pros
and antis
Grand remonstrance 1641
The Grand Remonstrance was a long, wide-ranging document that listed all the grievances perpetrated by the King's government in Church and State since the beginning of his reign. Rather than blaming the King himself, the Remonstrance emphasised the role of bishops, papists and "malignant" ministers and advisers who were alleged to have deliberately provoked discord and division between King and Parliament. In contrast, the Remonstrance described the measures taken by the Long Parliament towards rectifying these grievances during its first year in office, including the abolition of prerogative courts and illegal taxes, legislation for the regular summoning of Parliament, and a partial reform of the Church.
The history of Britain political parties
Brief
introduction The occurrence of political parties In 18 century In 19 century
Brief introduction
The
In 19 century
Strengthen
party organization Supervisor system 1832 Parliamentary reform Two new political parties: Conservative Party (保守党） and Liberal party （自由党）
Opposition(反对派）
In 18 century
George
III
Temple loomsbury 布鲁茨伯里帮
Newcast e 纽卡斯尔 派
In 18 century
French
Revolution Disruption of Whig Tory reigned for a long time
The occurrence of political parties
Grand
remonstrance 1641 大抗议书
pros
and
antis
The
Cavaliers (骑士党） Round Head （圆 颅党）
The Cavaliers (骑士党）and Round Head （圆颅党）
Conservative Party and Liberal party
Originated
from Tory and Whig
But
have many differences
Whig（辉格党） Prototype(雏形） of the British parties Not the formal organizations
In 18 century
Whig arrogated all authority to itself(辉 格党独揽大权）
existed, but they didn’t have a popular leader.