The 10 “must” read book list for X-ray Crystallographers

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湘少版2024年四年级上册英语阅读理解专项竞赛题

湘少版2024年四年级上册英语阅读理解专项竞赛题班级：_____________ 姓名：_____________【阅读理解】1. 判断下面句子正确与否，正确的写'T'，错误的写“F”。

You might(可能)go to the hospital if you’re ill. You may think it is alittle scary(害怕的)to go to a hospital. But doctors and nurses in the hospital can help you feel better.What happens(发生)inside a hospital? What do the doctors do indifferent departments(科室)? How do the doctors treat(治疗)patients? Kids learn more about hospitals and doctors at the Teddy Bear hospital.There is a Teddy Bear hospital in Berlin, Germany(德国柏林). Kids can be doctors here. Their teddy bears are their patients.Real(真正的)doctors teach the kids a lot. The doctors help the kidsto examine(检查)patients and give them shots(打针). They learn to take careof patients.Otto is one of these kids. He lives in Berlin. He studies very hard. He is looking at an X-ray photo(X［1］We might go to the hospital if we''re ill.（____）［2］Doctors and nurses in the hospital can help patients feel better. （____）［3］There is no Teddy Bear hospital in China now. （____）2. 阅读短文，选择填空。

Blu-ray Disc DVD Player 产品说明书

OWNER’S MANUALNetwork Blu-ray Disc™/ DVD PlayerMODELBD570P/NO : MFL62881863Please read this manual carefully before operatingyour set and retain it for future reference.CAUTION RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCKDO NOT OPENCAUTION: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT REMOVE COVER (OR BACK) NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL.CAUTION:To ensure proper use of this product, please read this owner’s manual carefully and retain it for future reference. Shall the unit require maintenance,1Safety Information6Contents1Safety Information3 Cautions and Warnings2Preparation8 Introduction8 About the “” SymbolDisplay8 Symbols Used in thisManual8 Supplied Accesorries9 Playable Discs10 File compatibility11 Regional Code11 AVCHD (Advanced VideoCodec High Deﬁ nition)11 Certain SystemRequirements11 Compatibility Notes12 Remote control13 Front panel13 Rear panel 3Installation 14 Connecting to Your T V 14 HDMI Connection 15 What is SIMPLINK?16 Component Video Connection 16 Video/Audio (Left/Right) Connection 17 Resolution Setting 18 Connecting to an Ampliﬁ er 18 Connecting to an Ampliﬁ er via HDMI Output 19 Connecting to an Ampliﬁ er via Digital Audio Output 19 Connecting to an Ampliﬁ er via 2 Channel Audio Output 20 Connecting to your Home Network 20 Wired network connection 21 Wired Network Setup 22 Wireless Network Connection 22 Wireless Network Setup 25 USB device connection 25 Playback content in the USB device 27 Settings 27 Adjust the Setup Settings 27 [DISPLAY] Menu 29 [LANGUAGE] Menu29 [AUDI O ] Menu30 [L O CK] Menu32 [NETW O RK] Menu32 [O THERS] Menu2 Preparation IntroductionAbout the “” Symbol Display “” may appear on your TV display during3Installation Connecting to Your TV Make one of the following connections,Use U/u to select [DISPLAY] option thenpress i to move to the second level.Use U/u to select the [Resolution] option then press ENTER () to move to the third level.5. Use U/u to select the desired resolutionthen press ENTER () to confi rm yourselection.PC PCThe [Connection Setting] menu appear on the screen. Use U/u to select the [Wired] and press ENTER ().Use U/u/I/i to select the IP mode between [Dynamic] and [Static]. Normally, select [Dynamic] to allocate an IP address automatically.NOTEIf there is no DHCP server on the network and you want to set the IP address manually, select [Static] then set [IP Address], [Subnet Mask], [Gateway] and [DNS Server] using U/u/I/i and numerical buttons. If you make a mistake while entering a number, press CLEAR to clear the highlighted part. Select [OK] and press ENTER () to apply network settings.The player will ask you to test the network connection. Select [OK] and press ENTERSelect [Yes] and press ENTER () to continue. The new connection settings reset the current network settings.The player scans the all available access points or wireless routers within range and display them as a list. Use U/u to select an access point or wireless router on the list, and then press ENTER ().If you have security on your access point or wireless router, verify that the WEP or WPA key that was entered into the player matches the router’s information exactly. You need to input the security code as necessary.4. Select the [USB] option using I/i, andpress ENTER ().Select a fi le using U/u/I/i, and press PLAY or ENTER () to play the fi le.Withdraw the USB device carefully.2. Use I/i to select the [Setup] and pressENTER (). The [Setup] menu appears.Use U/u to select the fi rst setup option, and press i to move to the second level.5. Use U/u to select a desired setting, andpress ENTER () to confi rm your selection.[DISPLAY] MenuTV Aspect RatioSelect a TV aspect ratio option according to your TV type.[LANGUAGE] Menu [AUDIO] Menu[LOCK] Menu[NETWORK] Menu [OTHERS] MenuGeneral PlaybackPlaying Discs1. Press Z (OPEN/CLOSE), and place a disc on4. Select [Movie], [Photo] or [Music] usingI/i, and press ENTER ().This step is needed only when a disc and a USB device are connected simultaneously in this unit.Select a fi le using U/u/I/i, and press B (PLAY) or ENTER () to play the fi le.NOTE4 Operation2. Press u to highlight a marker number. UseI/i to select a marked scene that youwant to delete.2. Press I/i to skip the playback 15 secondsforward or backward. You can select apoint that you want to skip by pressing and holding I/i button.– current title number/total number of titlesChapter – current chapter number/total number of chaptersTime – elapsed playing time/total playback timeAudio – selected audio language or channelSubtitle – selected subtitle/u/I/i to adjust the [Picture Mode] options.Select [Default] option then press ENTER ) to reset the all video adjustments.2. Select [Movie] using I/i, and press ENTER().3. Select [Disc] or [USB] option using I/i, andpress ENTER ().This step is needed only when a disc and aUSB device is connected simultaneously tothis unit.Select a fi le using U/u/I/i, and press B(PLAY) or ENTER () to play the fi le.Press ENTER () again to deselect thesubtitle fi le. Selected subtitle fi le will bedisplayed when you play the movie fi le.Press RETURN (O) to exit the On-Screen display.Select [Photo] using I/i, and press ENTER ().Select the [Disc] or [USB] option using I/i and press ENTER ().This step is needed only when a disc and a USB device is connected simultaneously on this unit.Select a fi le using U/u/I/i, and press ENTER () to view the photo in full screen.Select [Photo] or [Home Link] using I/i, and press ENTER ().Select the [Disc] or [USB] option using I/ and press ENTER ().Selecting a server or a share folder is needed for [Home Link] menu.Select a fi le using U/u/I/i, and press ENTER () to view the photo.Press INFO/DISPLAY () to display the option menu.Use U/u to select [Music Select] option,Select a folder and press ENTER () to display the lower directory.Select and press ENTER () to display the upper directory.NOTEWhen selecting music from [Home Link], folder selection is not available. Only fi le selection is available on the [Home Link].Use i to select [OK], and press ENTER ( to complete music selection.Select [Music] using I/i, and press ENTER ().Select the [Disc] or [USB] option using I/i and press ENTER ().This step is needed only when a disc and a USB device is connected simultaneously on this unit.Select a music fi le or audio track usingU/u/I/i, and press ENTER () to play the music.If you want to create a new folder, useU/u/I/i to select [New Folder] and press ENTER ().Enter a folder name using the virtual keyboard, and press ENTER () while [OK] is selected.Use U/u/I/i to select [OK], and press ENTER () to start Audio CD Recording.If you want to stop the Audio CD Recording, press ENTER () while [Cancel] is highlighted.。

高中英语(新人教版)选择性必修一同步习题：UNIT 3单元达标测评(同步习题)【含答案及解析】

单元达标测评(满分:120分;时间:100分钟)第一部分阅读(共两节,满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

AThe Hearst CastleHearst Castle is a park on the central California coast and a National Historic Landmark(地标).It was designed by Julia Morgan for William Randolph Hearst from1919to1947.In1957,the owner donated the fortune(大笔的钱)to the state of California.Since that time it has been a state historic park where its large collection of art and antiques(古董)are open for public tours.Despite its location far from any urban center,the site attracts roughly one million visitors per year.Guided Tours•Tour One is recommended for first time visitors.It now includes the movies,Hearst Castle and Building the Dream.•Tour Two gives visitors a closer look at the main house's upper floors,Mr. Hearst's private(私人的)suite,the libraries and the kitchen.•Tour Three looks at the Castle's North Wing,guest rooms and guest houses Casa Del Monte.•Tour Four includes the impressive gardens and grounds,the largest guesthouse(宾馆),the wine basement(地下室),and the Hidden Terrace.•The evening tour is a special tour that allows visitors to experience the Castle at night as one of the Hearst's own visitors might have.Ticket PricesHearst Castle accepts VISA,Master Card,American Express and Discover. Free day use parking is available for automobiles,motorcycles,tour buses and recreational vehicles(车辆).Tours Adult Ages6—17Tour1$24$12Tours2,3or4$24$12Evening tour$30$15*Children under6are free when accompanied by a paying adult.Reservation(预订)InformationWhile tickets may be bought at the Visitor Center upon arrival,tour reservations can be made online now or by calling1-800-444-4445,see below for times.Reservation Call Center HoursDates Monday—FridaySaturday—SundayMarch—September 8am to6pm8am to6pmOctober—February 9am to5pm9am to3pmVisit for more information.1.If you are quite interested in wine,which tour will you choose?A.Tour Two.B.Tour One.C.Tour Four.D.Tour Three.2.If a couple take Tour One with their5-year-old son,how much will they pay for the tickets?A.$36.B.$60.C.$48.D.$75.3.Which of the following is the available time to book tickets by phone?A.At8am on Monday in February.B.At6pm on Saturday in October.C.At7pm on Friday in September.D.At9am on Sunday in March.BOne week after I started working in Beijing,I decided to visit a place of interest called the Summer Palace.Before setting off,I researched into it on the Internet.The Summer Palace is composed mostly of a lake,but it's surrounded by beautiful greenery(青葱的草木)and a walkway that circles the lake.It isrecommended that you give the Summer Palace about three hours.If you try to walk around it,it could take five or six hours.With that knowledge of it,I set off.The highlight of the tour had to be the view from the Tower of Buddhist Incense.It sits on the top of a large hill overlooking the lake and that is worth the climb.It was built as a place to worship(敬奉)Buddha.And in the Summer Palace,unlike most of other places,photography isn't allowed in most of the building.Most of the statues of Buddha and the other artifacts(手工艺品)areoff-limits to photos.Another highlight was seeing the stage created for the Dowager Empress where she watched the opera and other theater items.There are box seats(包厢座位)that surround the stage and it is the largest stage created in all of Imperial China.You could almost imagine royalty(王室成员)reviewing the actors from the boxes and the stage.I do recommend taking a boat ride if you go,which takes you from one side of the lake to the other side where you can see another set of buildings. And it is fun.You can also rent an electric or paddle boat if you want.But since it was just me,I went on one of the biggest boats with other people.I spent another four hours wandering around the Summer Palace.But I didn't see all of it because it was getting dark.How I wish I could visit it again.4.Before setting off to the Summer Palace,the author.A.asked others about itB.didn't think it was largeC.didn't think it was smallD.learned something about it5.What does the underlined word“off-limits” in Paragraph2probably mean?A.Forbidden.B.Allowed.C.Charged.D.Limited.6.What do we know about the second highlight mentioned in the text?A.It sits on the top of a hill.B.It is the largest stage all over China.C.Operas are performed there at times.D.It was for royalty to watch performances.7.Which of the following correctly describes the author's tour?A.She spent4hours in the Summer Palace.B.She didn't enjoy the trip because it was too late.C.She took a boat by herself.D.She only toured parts of the Summer Palace.CMany of us know about Russia's Lake Baikal from our textbooks,or by listening to Chinese singer Li Jian's hit song,Lake Baikal(《贝加尔湖》).But over the past decade,the world's deepest freshwater lake has been in the spotlight for an extreme sport.Each March since2005,about150people from around the world sign up for the Baikal Ice Marathon.They come to explore the lake's breathtakingbeauty and challenge themselves in unpredictable(不可预测的)conditions.The26-mile(41.84-kilometer)journey starts on the lake's eastern shore.In March,the ice is a meter thick and iron-hard.Runners cross this frozen surface, finishing on the western side of the lake.Known as“the blue eye of Siberia”,Lake Baikal has exceptionally clear waters.This means its ice is almost perfectly transparent(透明的).“Seen from above,a runner on the ice looks as if he or she were jogging through space.” The New York Times noted.The landscape might be beautiful,but it's also harsh.Strong winds blast(猛吹)across the lake and frostbite(冻伤)can occur within half an hour.Runners say the cold climate is what draws them.They want to test(测试)their limits.“When you are in such an environment,you don't have cars around you, and you don't have the noise around.I think these extreme races allow you to be alone with nature.”Alicja Barahona,a64-year-old runner from the US,told ABC News.The location offers some strange and unique characteristics for this marathon. The finishing line is visible from the start,but the endless white offers no progress markers.The race also ends with little fanfare(隆重的欢迎).Tourists crowding the ice are mostly addicted to snapping selfies(自拍照)and just ignore the runners.For some runners,the absence(不存在)of spectators makes the race more challenging,because it's lonely.They must fight with themselves.“You are alone on Baikal.It is your race.You are alone with yourself.All you need todo is to defeat yourself.” Veronique Messina,a French runner,told The Telegraph.8.What can we know about the Baikal Ice Marathon from the article?A.It takes runners from the northern end to the southern end of the lake.B.It involves extreme weather and beautiful scenery.C.It attracts more and more participants each year.D.It is about26kilometers in length.9.How does the Baikal Ice Marathon differ from other marathons?A.Only men are allowed to run in this race.B.The runners are often distracted by tourists.C.There are many progress markers on the ice.D.The runners can see the finishing line from the start.10.What is the most challenging part of the race for Messina?A.The cold climate.B.The long distance.C.Noisy surroundings.D.Loneliness.11.How many reasons are listed to show the loneliness?A.5.B.4.C.3D.2.DSydney's Royal Botanic Gardens are to start a war on gray-headed flying foxes.These super bats(蝙蝠)have invaded(入侵)one of Australia's most famouspublic spaces.Officials have said that animals are destroying trees and have to be moved on.The unwanted guests at Sydney's Royal Botanic Gardens look like tiny foxes with wings.Officials have estimated there are about11,000of them living in the harbor-side park.After inspecting the damage to dozens of trees they now believe there are twice as many as previously thought.Branches have been breaking under the weight of these furry invaders and their droppings have been poisoning(毒害)plants.Help may well be at hand,however,in the shape of the ordinary garbage bin.The Gardens'director Dr.Tim Entwistle hopes the unpleasant sounds of crashing bin lids(垃圾箱盖)will agitate the flying foxes and force them to move on.“The way to disturb them is to use noises,so we've used the loud noises made by rubbish bins in the past.You can also use speakers as long as you move the noise around,and what we'll do is to have a series of noise,at the beginning and end of the day.What we've found in the past is that the flying foxes leave the Gardens and go somewhere else,” said Tim.The gray-headed flying fox is Australia's largest bat.It flies around at night using its eyes and a powerful sense of smell to search for fruit and flowers. Officials at the Roval Botanic Gardens in Sydney have said they're optimistic that the unwelcome colony can be uprooted(使离开家园).If and when the batsdo move to other parts of the city they will of course then become someone else's problem.12.Why do people want to get rid of the flying foxes?A.Because the gardens are important public places.B.Because they are polluting the city.C.Because many garbage bins have been damaged by them.D.Because they're threatening the survival of trees and other plants.13.What are people doing to get rid of the flying foxes?A.Shooting them.B.Making loud noises.C.Shaking the trees hard.D.Cutting some trees down.14.Which of the following can replace the underlined word“agitate” in Paragraph3?A.Excite.B.Kill.C.Disturb.D.Discourage.15.What does the writer imply form the last paragraph?A.The bats will still stay in the gardens.B.Some other areas will have to deal with the bats.C.The grey-headed flying fox often eats trees.D.The damage caused by the bats is serious.第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

肺炎上级医师查房记录范文

肺炎上级医师查房记录范文英文回答：Pneumonia Attending Physician's Progress Notes.Patient Name: [Patient's Name]Medical Record Number: [Medical Record Number]Date of Admission: [Date of Admission]Date of Examination: [Date of Examination]Chief Complaint: Pneumonia with [Specify associated symptoms]History of Present Illness:The patient is a [Age]-year-old [Sex] with a past medical history of [List of past medical history] whopresents with a [Duration] history of [List of symptoms]. The patient reports [Describe the onset of symptoms], including [List of symptoms]. The patient has [Describe any associated risk factors] that may have contributed to the development of pneumonia.Physical Examination:General: The patient is in [Describe the patient's general appearance], [Describe the patient's vital signs].Respiratory: Auscultation of the chest reveals [Describe any abnormal breath sounds], including [List of abnormal breath sounds]. Percussion of the chest reveals [Describe any dullness or hyperresonance].Cardiovascular: Auscultation of the heart reveals [Describe any abnormal heart sounds], including [List of abnormal heart sounds].Gastrointestinal: Examination of the abdomen reveals [Describe any abnormalities], including [List ofabnormalities].Neurological: Examination of the nervous system reveals [Describe any abnormalities], including [List of abnormalities].Laboratory and Imaging Studies:Chest X-ray: The chest X-ray shows [Describe thefindings on the chest X-ray], including [List of findings].Blood tests: The blood tests show [Describe the results of the blood tests], including [List of results].Sputum culture: The sputum culture shows [Describe the results of the sputum culture], including [List of results].Assessment:The patient has pneumonia based on the [List ofclinical findings] and [List of laboratory or imaging findings]. The patient is at [Describe the patient's riskfor complications] of pneumonia.Plan:The patient will be treated with [List of medications], including [List of medications and dosages]. The patient will also receive [List of other treatments], including [List of other treatments]. The patient's progress will be monitored closely, and [Describe any necessary follow-up appointments].中文回答：肺炎上级医师查房记录。

2023年6月六级考试真题(三)(1)

2023年6月大学英语六级考试真题(三)Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay explaining why it isunwise to judge a person by their appearance . You can give examples to illustrate your point.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.PartⅡListening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. Atthe end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both theconversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be apause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decidewhich is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a singleline through the centre.1.A) Surfing the net. C) Packing abirthday gift.B) Watching a talk show. D) Shopping at a jewelrystore.2.A) He enjoys finding fault with exams.A) He is sure of his success in the exam.B) He doesn’t know if he can do well in the exam.C) He used to get straight A’s in the exams he took.3.A) The man is generous with his good comments on people.A) The woman is unsure if there will be peace in the world.B) The woman is doubtful about newspaper stories.C) The man is quite optimistic about human nature.4. A) Study for some profession. C) Stay in business.B) Attend a medical school. D) Sell his shop.5. A) More money. C) A college education.B) Fair treatment. D) Shorter workhours.6. A) She was exhausted from her trip. C) She was impressed by Mexicanfood.B) She missed the comforts of home. D) She will not go to Mexico again.7. A) Cheer herself up a bit. C) Seek professional advice.B) Find a more suitable job.D) Take a psychology course.8. A) He dresses more formally now. C) He has ignored hisfriends since graduation.B) What he wears does not match his position. D) He failed to do well atcollege.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) To go sightseeing. C)To promote a new champagne.B) To have meetings. D)To join in a training program.10.A) It can reduce the number of passenger complaints.B) It can make air travel more entertaining.C) It can cut down the expenses for air travel.D) It can lessen the discomfort caused by air travel.11.A) Took balanced meals with champagne. C) Refrained from fish ormeat.B) Ate vegetables and fruit only. D)Avoided eating rich food.12.A) Many of them found it difficult to exercise on a plane.B) Many of them were concerned with their well-being.C) Not many of them chose to do what she did.D) Not many of them understood the program.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.13. A) At a fair. C) In a computer lab.B) At a cafeteria. D) In a shopping mall.14. A) The latest computer technology. C) The purchasing of some equipment.B) The organizing of an exhibition. D) The dramatic changes in the job market.15. A) Data collection. C) Corporate management.B) Training consultancy D) Information processing.Section BDirections:In this section , you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Passage OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) Improve themselves. C) Follow the cultural tradition.B) Get rid of empty dreams. D) Attempt something impossible.17. A) By finding sufficient support for implementation.B) By taking into account their own ability to change.C) By constantly keeping in mind their ultimate goals.D) By making detailed plans and carrying them out.18. A) To show people how to get their lives back to normal.B) To show how difficult it is for people to lose weight.C) To remind people to check the calories on food bags.D) To illustrate how easily people abandon their goals.Passage TwoQuestions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) Mi chael’s parents got divorced.C) Karen’s mother died in a car accident.B) Karen was adopted by Ray Anderson. D) A truck driver lost his life in a collision.20. A) He ran a red light and collided with a truck. C) He was killed instantly in a burning car.B) He sacrificed his life to save a baby girl. D) He got married to Karen’s mother.21. A) The reported hero turned to be his father. C) Such misfortune should have fallen on him.B) He did not understand his father till too late. D) It reminded him of his miserable childhood.Passage ThreeQuestions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) Germany. B) Japan. C) The US. D) The UK.23. A) By doing odd jobs at weekends. C)By putting in more hours each week.B) By working long hours every day. D)By taking shorter vacations each year.24. A) To combat competition and raise productivity. C) To help them maintain their living standard.B) To provide them with more job opportunities. D) To prevent them from holding a second job.25. A) Change their jobs. C) Reduce their working hours.B) Earn more money. D) Strengthen the government’s role.Section CDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read forthe second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read forthe third time, you should check what you have written.Nursing, as a typically female profession, must deal constantly with the false impression that nurses are there to wait on the physician. As nurses, we are 26 to provide nursing care only. We do not have any legal or moral 27 any physician. We provide health teaching, assess physical as well as emotional problems, 28 patient-related services, and make all of our nursing decisions based upon what is best or suitable for the patient. If, in any circumstance, we feel that a physician’s order is inappropriate or unsafe, we have a legal 29 to question that order or refuse to carry it out.Nursing is not a nine-to-five job with every weekend off. All nurses are aware of that before they enter the profession. The emotional and 30 stress, however, that occurs due to odd working hours is a 31 reason for a lot of the career dissatisfaction. It is sometimes required that we work overtime, and that we change shifts four or five times a month. That disturbs our personal lives, 32 our sleeping and eating habits, and isolates us from everything except job-related friends and activities.The quality of nursing care is 33 dramatically by these situations. Most hospitals are now staffed by new graduates, as experienced nurses finally give up trying to change the system. Consumers of 34 related services have evidently not been affected enough yet to demand changes 35 . But if trends continue as predicted, they will find that most critical hospital care will be provided by new, inexperienced, and sometimes inadequately trained nurses.PartⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified bya letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.Millions of Americans are entering their 60s and are more concerned than ever about retirement. They know they need to save, but how much? And what exactly are they saving for—to spend more time 36 the grandkids, go traveling, or start another career? It turns out that husbands and wives may have 37 different ideas about the subject.The deepest divide is in the way spouses envisage their lifestyle in their later years. Fidelity Investments Inc. found 41 percent of the 500 couples it surveyed 38 on whether both or at least one spouse will work in retirement. Wives are generally right regarding their husbands’ retirement age, but men 39 the age their wives will be when they stop working. And husbands are slightly more 40 about their standard of living than wives are.Busy juggling (穷于应付)careers and families, most couples don’t take the time to sit down, 41 or together, and think about what they would like to do 5, 10 or 20 years from now. They2.What If Middle-Class Jobs Disappear?[A] The most recent recession in the United States began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009,according to the National Bureau of Economic Research. However, two years after the official end of the recession, few Americans would say that economic troubles are behind us. The unemployment rate, in particular, remains above 9%. Some labor market indicators, such as the proportion of long-term unemployed, are worse now than for any postwar recession.[B] There are two widely circulated narratives to explain what’s going on. The Keynesian narrativeis that there has been a major drop in aggregate demand. According to this narrative, the slump can be largely cured by using monetary and fiscal (财政地）stimulus. The main anti-Keynesian narrative is that businesses are suffering from uncertainty and over-regulation. According to this narrative, the slump can be cured by having the government commit to and follow a more hands-off approach.[C] I want to suggest a third interpretation. Without ruling out a role for aggregate demand orfor the regulatory environment, I wish to suggest that structural change is an important factor in the current rate of high unemployment. The economy is in a state of transition, in which the middle-class jobs that emerged after World WarⅡhave begun to decline. As Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee put it in a recent e-book Race Against the Machine: "The root of our problems is not that we’re in a great recession, or a great stagnation (停滞）,but rather that we are in the early throes(阵痛）of a great restructuring. ’’[D] In fact, I believe the Great Depression of the 1930s can also be interpreted in part as an economictransition. The impact of the internal combustion engine(内燃机）and the small electric motor on farming and manufacturing reduced the value of uneducated laborers. Instead, by the 1950s,a middle class of largely clerical (从事文秘考必工作地）workers was the most significant partof the labor force. Between 1930 and 1950, the United States economy underwent a great transition.Demand fell for human effort such as lifting, squeezing, and hammering. Demand increased for workers who could read and follow directions. The evolutionary process eventually changed us from a nation of laborers to a nation of clerks.[E] The proportion of employment classified as "clerical workers" grew from 5.2% in 1910 to a peakof 19.3% in 1980. (However, by 2000 this proportion had edged down to 17. 4%.) Overall, workers classified as clerical workers, technical workers, managers and officials exceeded 50% of the labor force by 2000. Corresponding declines took place in the manual occupations. Workers classified as laborers, other than farm hands or miners, peaked at 11. 4% of the labor force in 1920 but were barely 6% by 1950 and less than 4% by 2000. Farmers and farm laborers fell from 33% of the labor force in 1910 to less than 15% by 1950 and only 1.2% in 2000.[F] The introduction of the tractor and improvements in the factory rapidly reduced the demand foruneducated workers. By the 1930s, a marginal farm hand could not produce enough to justify his employment. Sharecropping, never much better than a subsistence occupation, was no longer viable （可行地）。

Rossby波光路追踪V0.6.0用户指南说明书

Package‘raytracing’October14,2022Title Rossby Wave Ray TracingVersion0.6.0Date2022-06-06Description Rossby wave ray paths are traced froma determined source,speciﬁed wavenumber,and directionof propagation.``raytracing''also works with a set ofexperiments changing these parameters,making possible theidentiﬁcation of Rossby wave sources automatically.The theory used here is based on classical studies,such as Hoskins and Karoly(1981)<doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038%3C1179:TSLROA%3E2.0.CO;2>,Karoly(1983)<doi:10.1016/0377-0265(83)90013-1>,Hoskins and Ambrizzi(1993)<doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050%3C1661:RWPOAR%3E2.0.CO;2>,and Yang and Hoskins(1996)<doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053%3C2365:PORWON%3E2.0.CO;2>.License GPL-3Encoding UTF-8LazyData noImports ncdf4,graphics,sf,units,utilsSuggests testthat,covr,lwgeomURL https:///salvatirehbein/raytracing/BugReports https:///salvatirehbein/raytracing/issues/ RoxygenNote7.2.0Depends R(>=3.5.0)NeedsCompilation noAuthor Amanda Rehbein[aut,cre](<https:///0000-0002-8714-7931>), Tercio Ambrizzi[sad],Sergio Ibarra-Espinosa[ctb](<https:///0000-0002-3162-1905>), Lívia Márcia Mosso Dutra[rtm]Maintainer Amanda Rehbein<*********************>1Repository CRANDate/Publication2022-06-0623:30:02UTCR topics documented:betaks (2)betam (4)coastlines (6)Ks (6)Ktotal (7)ray (9)raytracing (11)ray_path (12)ray_source (13)trin (15)wave_arrival (16)ypos (17)Index18 betaks Calculates Beta and KsDescriptionbetaks ingests the time-mean zonal wind(u),transform it in mercator coordinates(um);calculates the meridional gradient of the absolute vorticity(beta)in mercator coordinates(betam);and,ﬁnally, calculates stationary wavenumber(Ks)in mercator coordinates(ksm)(see:Hoskins and Ambrizzi, 1993).betaks returns the um,betam,and lat,for being ingested in ray or ray_source.Usagebetaks(u,lat="lat",lon="lon",uname="uwnd",ofile,a=6371000,plots=FALSE,show.warnings=FALSE)Argumentsu String indicating the input dataﬁlename.Theﬁle to be passed consists in a netCDFﬁle with only time-mean zonal wind at one pressure level,latitude inascending order(not a requisite),and longitude from0to360.It is requiredthat the read dimensions express longitude(in rows)x latitude(in columns).ualso can be a numerical matrix with time-mean zonal wind at one pressure level,latitude in ascending order(not a requisite),and longitude from0to360.Itis required that the read dimensions express longitude(in rows)x latitude(incolumns).lat String indicating the name of the latitudeﬁeld.If u is a matrix,lat must be numeric.lon String indicating the name of the longitudeﬁeld.If u is a matrix,lon must be numeric from0to360.uname String indicating the variable nameﬁeldofile String indicating theﬁle name for store output data.If missing,will not return a netCDFﬁlea Numeric indicating the Earth’s radio(m)plots Logical,if TRUE will produceﬁlled.countour plotsshow.warnings Logical,if TRUE will warns about NaNs in sqrt(<0)Valuelist with one vector(lat)and3matrices(um,betam,and ksm)Examples{#u is NetCDF and lat and lon charactersinput<-system.file("extdata","uwnd.mon.mean_200hPa_2014JFM.nc",package="raytracing")b<-betaks(u=input,plots=TRUE)b$ksm[]<-ifelse(b$ksm[]>=16|b$ksm[]<=0,NA,b$ksm[])cores<-c("#ff0000","#ff5a00","#ff9a00","#ffce00","#f0ff00")graphics::filled.contour(b$ksm[,-c(1:5,69:73)],col=rev(colorRampPalette(cores,bias=0.5)(20)),main="Ks")#u,lat and lon as numericinput<-system.file("extdata","uwnd.mon.mean_200hPa_2014JFM.bin",package="raytracing")u<-readBin(input,what=numeric(),size=4,n=144*73*4)lat<-seq(-90,90,2.5)lon<-seq(-180,180-1,2.5)u<-matrix(u,nrow=length(lon),ncol=length(lat))graphics::filled.contour(u,main="Zonal Wind Speed[m/s]")b<-betaks(u,lat,lon)b$ksm[]<-ifelse(b$ksm[]>=16|b$ksm[]<=0,NA,b$ksm[])cores<-c("#ff0000","#ff5a00","#ff9a00","#ffce00","#f0ff00")graphics::filled.contour(b$ksm[,-c(1:5,69:73)],col=rev(colorRampPalette(cores,bias=0.5)(20)),main="Ks")}betam Calculates Meridional Gradient of the Absolute Vorticity(beta)inmercator coordinates(betam)Descriptionbetam ingests the time-mean zonal wind(u),transform it in mercator coordinates(um)and then calculates the meridional gradient of the absolute vorticity(beta)in mercator coordinates(betam) using equation Karoly(1983).betam returns a list with the u,betam,and lat for being ingested in Ktotal,Ks,ray or ray_source.Usagebetam(u,lat="lat",lon="lon",uname="uwnd",ofile,a=6371000,plots=FALSE,show.warnings=FALSE)Argumentsu String indicating the input dataﬁlename.Theﬁle to be passed consists in a netCDFﬁle with only time-mean zonal wind at one pressure level,latitude inascending order(not a requisite),and longitude from0to360.It is requiredthat the read dimensions express longitude(in rows)x latitude(in columns).ualso can be a numerical matrix with time-mean zonal wind at one pressure level,latitude in ascending order(not a requisite),and longitude from0to360.Itis required that the read dimensions express longitude(in rows)x latitude(incolumns).lat String indicating the name of the latitudeﬁeld.If u is a matrix,lat must be numeric.lon String indicating the name of the longitudeﬁeld.If u is a matrix,lon must be numeric from0to360.uname String indicating the variable nameﬁeldofile String indicating theﬁle name for store output data.If missing,it will not returna netCDFﬁlea Numeric indicating the Earth’s radio(m)plots Logical,if TRUE will produceﬁlled.countour plotsshow.warnings Logical,if TRUE will warns about NaNs in sqrt(<0)Valuelist with one vector(lat)and2matrices(u and betam)Examples{#u is NetCDF and lat and lon charactersinput<-system.file("extdata","uwnd.mon.mean_200hPa_2014JFM.nc",package="raytracing")b<-betam(u=input,plots=TRUE)cores<-c("#ff0000","#ff5a00","#ff9a00","#ffce00","#f0ff00")graphics::filled.contour(b$betam/10e-12,zlim=c(0,11),col=rev(colorRampPalette(cores)(24)),main="Beta Mercator(*10e-11)")#u,lat and lon as numericinput<-system.file("extdata","uwnd.mon.mean_200hPa_2014JFM.bin",package="raytracing")u<-readBin(input,what=numeric(),size=4,n=144*73*4)lat<-seq(-90,90,2.5)lon<-seq(-180,180-1,2.5)u<-matrix(u,nrow=length(lon),ncol=length(lat))graphics::filled.contour(u,main="Zonal Wind Speed[m/s]")}6Ks coastlines CoastlinesDescriptionGeometry of coastlines,class"sfc_MULTILINESTRING""sfc"from the package"sf"Usagedata(coastlines)FormatGeometry of coastlines"sfc_MULTILINESTRING"MULTILINESTRING Geometry of coastlines"sfc_MULTILINESTRING"data(coastlines)Sourcehttps:///downloads/10m-physical-vectors/10m-coastline/ Ks Calculates Total Wavenumber for Stationary Rossby Waves(Ks)DescriptionKs ingests the time-mean zonal wind(u)and calculates the Total Wavenumber for Stationary Rossby waves(Ks)in mercator coordinates(see:Hoskins and Ambrizzi,1993).Stationary Rossby waves are found when zonal wave number(k)is constant along the trajectory,which leads to wave fre-quency(omega)zero.In this code Ks is used to distinguish the total wavenumber for Stationary Rossby Waves(Ks)from the total wavenumber for Rossby waves(K),and zonal wave number(k).Ks returns a list with Ks in mercator coordinates(ksm).UsageKs(u,lat="lat",lon="lon",uname="uwnd",ofile,a=6371000,plots=FALSE,show.warnings=FALSE)Argumentsu String indicating the input dataﬁlename.Theﬁle to be passed consists in a netCDFﬁle with only time-mean zonal wind at one pressure level,latitude inascending order(not a requisite),and longitude from0to360.It is requiredthat the read dimensions express longitude(in rows)x latitude(in columns).ualso can be a numerical matrix with time-mean zonal wind at one pressure level,latitude in ascending order(not a requisite),and longitude from0to360.Itis required that the read dimensions express longitude(in rows)x latitude(incolumns).lat String indicating the name of the latitudeﬁeld.If u is a matrix,lat must be numeric.lon String indicating the name of the longitudeﬁeld.If u is a matrix,lon must be numeric from0to360.uname String indicating the variable nameﬁeldofile String indicating theﬁle name for store output data.If missing,will not return a netCDFﬁlea Numeric indicating the Earth’s radio(m)plots Logical,if TRUE will produceﬁlled.countour plotsshow.warnings Logical,if TRUE will warns about NaNs in sqrt(<0)Valuelist with one vector(lat)and1matrix(Ksm)Examples{#u is NetCDF and lat and lon charactersinput<-system.file("extdata","uwnd.mon.mean_200hPa_2014JFM.nc",package="raytracing")Ks<-Ks(u=input,plots=TRUE)Ks$ksm[]<-ifelse(Ks$ksm[]>=16|Ks$ksm[]<=0,NA,Ks$ksm[])cores<-c("#ff0000","#ff5a00","#ff9a00","#ffce00","#f0ff00")graphics::filled.contour(Ks$ksm[,-c(1:5,69:73)],col=rev(colorRampPalette(cores,bias=0.5)(20)),main="Ks")}Ktotal Calculates Total Wavenumber for Rossby Waves(K)DescriptionKtotal ingests the time-mean zonal wind(u)and calculates the Rossby wavenumber(K)(non-zero frequency waves)in mercator coordinates.In this code Ktotal is used to distinguish the total wavenumber(K)from zonal wave number(k).For stationary Rossby Waves,please see Ks.Ktotal returns a list with K in mercator coordinates(ktotal_m).UsageKtotal(u,lat="lat",lon="lon",uname="uwnd",cx,ofile,a=6371000,plots=FALSE,show.warnings=FALSE)Argumentsu String indicating the input dataﬁlename.Theﬁle to be passed consists in a netCDFﬁle with only time-mean zonal wind at one pressure level,latitude inascending order(not a requisite),and longitude from0to360.It is requiredthat the read dimensions express longitude(in rows)x latitude(in columns).ualso can be a numerical matrix with time-mean zonal wind at one pressure level,latitude in ascending order(not a requisite),and longitude from0to360.Itis required that the read dimensions express longitude(in rows)x latitude(incolumns).lat String indicating the name of the latitudeﬁeld.If u is a matrix,lat must be numericlon String indicating the name of the longitudeﬁeld.If u is a matrix,lon must be numeric from0to360.uname String indicating the variable nameﬁeldcx numeric.Indicates the zonal phase speed.Must be greater than zero.For cx equal to zero(stationary waves see Ks)ofile String indicating theﬁle name for store output data.If missing,will not return a netCDFﬁlea Numeric indicating the Earth’s radio(m)plots Logical,if TRUE will produceﬁlled.countour plotsshow.warnings Logical,if TRUE will warns about NaNs in sqrt(<0)Valuelist with one vector(lat)and1matrix(ktotal_m)ray9 Examples{#u is NetCDF and lat and lon charactersinput<-system.file("extdata","uwnd.mon.mean_200hPa_2014JFM.nc",package="raytracing")Ktotal<-Ktotal(u=input,cx=6,plots=TRUE)cores<-c("#ff0000","#ff5a00","#ff9a00","#ffce00","#f0ff00")graphics::filled.contour(Ktotal$ktotal_m[,-c(1:5,69:73)],col=rev(colorRampPalette(cores,bias=0.5)(20)),main="K")}ray Calculates the Rossby waves ray pathsDescriptionray returns the Rossby wave ray paths(lat/lon)triggered from one initial source/position(x0,y0), one total wavenumber(K),and one direction set up when invoking the function.ray must ingest the meridional gradient of the absolute vorticity in mercator coordinates betam,the zonal mean wind u,and the latitude vector(lat).Those variables can be obtained(recommended)using betaks function.The zonal means of the basic state will be calculated along the ray program,as well as the conversion to mercator coordinates of u.Usageray(betam,u,lat,x0,y0,K,dt,itime,direction,cx=0,interpolation="trin",tl=1,a=6371000,verbose=FALSE,ofile)10rayArgumentsbetam matrix(longitude=rows x latitude from minor to major=columns)obtained with betaks.betam is the meridional gradient of the absolute vorticity in mer-cator coordinatesu matrix(longitude=rows x latitude from minor to major=columns)obtained with betaks.Is the zonal wind speed in the appropriate format for the ray.Itwill be converted in mercator coordinates inside the raylat Numeric vector of latitudes from minor to major(ex:-90to90).Obtained with betaksx0Numeric value.Initial longitude(choose between-180to180)y0Numeric value.Initial latitudeK Numeric value;Total Rossby wavenumberdt Numeric value;Timestep for integration(hours)itime Numeric value;total integration time.For instance,10days times4times per daydirection Numeric value(possibilities:1or-1)It controls the wave displacement:If1, the wave goes to the north of the source;If-1,the wave goes to the south of thesource.cx numeric.Indicates the zonal phase speed.The program is designed for eastward propagation(cx>0)and stationary waves(cx=0,the default).interpolation Character.Set the interpolation method to be used:trin or ypostl Numeric value;Turning latitude.Do not change this!It will always start with a positive tl(1)and automatically change to negative(-1)after the turning latitudea Earth’s radio(m)verbose Boolean;if TRUE(default)return messages during compilationofile Character;Outputﬁle name with.csv extension,for instance,"/user/ray.csv"Valuesf data.frameSee Alsoray_sourceExamples{#For Coelho et al.(2015):input<-system.file("extdata","uwnd.mon.mean_200hPa_2014JFM.nc",package="raytracing")b<-betaks(u=input)rt<-ray(betam=b$betam,u=b$u,raytracing11 lat=b$lat,K=3,itime=10*4,x0=-130,y0=-30,dt=6,direction=-1,cx=0,interpolation="trin")rp<-ray_path(rt$lon,rt$lat)plot(rp,main="Coelho et al.(2015):JFM/2014",axes=TRUE,cex=2,graticule=TRUE)}raytracing raytracing:Rossby Wave Ray TracingDescriptionRossby wave ray paths are traced from a determined source,speciﬁed wavenumber,and direction ofpropagation.’raytracing’also works with a set of experiments changing these parameters,makingpossible the identiﬁcation of Rossby wave sources automatically.Authors•Amanda Rehbein(ORCID:https:///0000-0002-8714-7931-mantainer:*********************)•Tercio Ambrizzi(ORCID:https:///0000-0001-8796-7326)•Sergio Ibarra Espinosa(ORCID:https:///0000-0002-3162-1905)•Livia Marcia Mosso Dutra(ORCID:https:///0000-0002-1349-7138)ReferencesHoskins,B.J.,&Ambrizzi,T.(1993).Rossby wave propagation on a realistic longitudinallyvaryingﬂow.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,50(12),1661-1671.Hoskins,B.J.,&Karoly,D.J.(1981).The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere tothermal and orographic forcing.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,38(6),1179-1196.Karoly,D.J.(1983).Rossby wave propagation in a barotropic atmosphere.Dynamics of Atmo-spheres and Oceans,7(2),111-125.Yang,G.Y.,&Hoskins,B.J.(1996).Propagation of Rossby waves of nonzero frequency.Journalof the atmospheric sciences,53(16),2365-2378.12ray_path ray_path Calculate the ray paths/segment of great circlesDescriptionThis function calculates the segments great circles using the(lat,lon)coordinates obtained with ray or ray_source.It returns a LINESTRING geometry that is ready for plot.Usageray_path(x,y)Argumentsx vector with the longitude obtained with ray or ray_sourcey vector with the latitude obtained with ray or ray_sourceValuesfc_LINESTRING sfcExamples{#Coelho et al.(2015):input<-system.file("extdata","uwnd.mon.mean_200hPa_2014JFM.nc",package="raytracing")b<-betaks(u=input)rt<-ray(betam=b$betam,u=b$u,lat=b$lat,K=3,itime=30,x0=-135,y0=-30,dt=6,direction=-1)rp<-ray_path(x=rt$lon,y=rt$lat)plot(rp,axes=TRUE,graticule=TRUE)}ray_source Calculate the Rossby waves ray paths over a source regionDescriptionray_source returns the Rossby wave ray paths(lat/lon)triggered from one or more initial source/position (x0,y0),one or more total wavenumber(K),and one or more direction set up when invoking the function.ray_source must ingest the meridional gradient of the absolute vorticity in mercator coordinates betam,the zonal mean wind u,and the latitude vector(lat).Those variables can be obtained(recommended)using betaks function.The zonal means of the basic state will be calcu-lated along the ray program,as well as the conversion to mercator coordinates of u.The resultant output is a spatial feature object from a combination of initial andﬁnal positions/sources,total wavenumbers(K),and directions.Usageray_source(betam,u,lat,x0,y0,K,cx,dt,itime,direction,interpolation="trin",tl=1,a=6371000,verbose=FALSE,ofile)Argumentsbetam matrix(longitude=rows x latitude from minor to major=columns)obtainedwith betaks.betam is the meridional gradient of the absolute vorticity in mer-cator coordinatesu matrix(longitude=rows x latitude from minor to major=columns)obtainedwith betaks.Is the zonal wind speed in the appropriate format for the ray.Itwill be converted in mercator coordinates inside the raylat Numeric vector of latitudes from minor to major(ex:-90to90).Obtained withbetaksx0Vector with the initial longitudes(choose between-180to180)y0Vector with the initial latitudesK Vector;Total Rossby wavenumbercx numeric.Indicates the zonal phase speed.The program is designed for eastward propagation(cx>0)and stationary waves(cx=0,the default).dt Numeric value;Timestep for integration(hours)itime Numeric value;total integration time.For instance,10days times4times per daydirection Vector with two possibilities:1or-1It controls the wave displacement:If1, the wave goes to the north of the source;If-1,the wave goes to the south of thesource.interpolation Character.Set the interpolation method to be used:trin or ypostl Numeric value;Turning latitude.Do not change this!It will always start with a positive tl(1)and automatically change to negative(-1)after the turning latitude.a Earth’s radio(m)verbose Boolean;if TRUE(default)return messages during compilationofile Character;Outputﬁle name with.csv extension,for instance,"/user/ray.csv"Valuesf data.frameExamples##Not run:#do not runinput<-system.file("extdata","uwnd.mon.mean_200hPa_2014JFM.nc",package="raytracing")b<-betaks(u=input)rt<-ray_source(betam=b$betam,u=b$u,lat=b$lat,K=3,itime=10*4,cx=0,x0=-c(130,135),y0=-30,dt=6,direction=-1,interpolation="trin")#Plot:data(coastlines)plot(coastlines,reset=FALSE,axes=TRUE,graticule=TRUE,col="grey",main="Coelho et al.(2015):JFM/2014")trin15 plot(rt[sf::st_is(rt,"LINESTRING"),]["lon_ini"],add=TRUE,lwd=2,pal=colorRampPalette(c("black","blue")))##End(Not run)trin Performs trigonometric interpolationDescriptionThis function performs trigonometric interpolation for the passed basic state variable and the re-quested latitudeUsagetrin(y,yk,mercator=FALSE)Argumentsy Numeric.The latitude where the interpolation is requiredyk Numeric vector of the data to be interpolated.For instance,umz or betammercator Logical.Is it require to transform theﬁnal data in mercator coordinates?Default is FALSE.ValueNumeric valueNoteThis function is an alternative to ypos and is more accurateSee Alsoypos ray ray_sourceOther Interpolation:ypos()Examples{input<-system.file("extdata","uwnd.mon.mean_200hPa_2014JFM.nc",package="raytracing")b<-betaks(u=input)umz<-rev(colMeans(b$u,na.rm=TRUE))*cos(rev(b$lat)*pi/180)betamz<-rev(colMeans(b$betam,na.rm=TRUE))16wave_arrival y0<--17trin(y=y0,yk=umz)}wave_arrival Filter the ray paths that arrives in an area of interestDescriptionwave_arrival ingests the ray paths toﬁlter by determined area of interest.Default CRS4326.Usagewave_arrival(x,aoi=NULL,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,ofile)Argumentsx sf data.frame object with the LINESTRINGS to beﬁltered.aoi String giving the path and theﬁlename of the area of interest.By default is NULL.If no aoi is not provided,the xmin,xmax,ymin,and ymax must beprovided.xmin Numeric.Indicates the western longitude to be used in the range-180to180.xmax Numeric.Indicates the eastern longitude to be used in the range-180to180.ymin Numeric.Indicates the southern longitude to be used in the range-90to90.ymax Numeric.Indicates the northern longitude to be used in the range-90to90.ofile Character;Outputﬁle name with.csv extension,for instance,"/user/aoi_ray.csv"Valuesf data.frameExamples{}ypos17 ypos Interpolation selecting the nearest neighborDescriptionThis function get the position in a vector of a given latitute y.Usageypos(y,lat,yk,mercator=FALSE)Argumentsy numeric value of one latitudelat numeric vector of latitudes from minor to majoryk numeric vector to be approximatedmercator Logical.Is it require to transform theﬁnal data in mercator coordinates?Default is FALSE.ValueThe position where the latitude y has the minor difference with latSee AlsoOther Interpolation:trin()Examples{input<-system.file("extdata","uwnd.mon.mean_200hPa_2014JFM.nc",package="raytracing")b<-betaks(u=input)ykk<-rev(colMeans(b$betam))ypos(y=-30,lat=seq(90,-90,-2.5),yk=ykk)}Index∗Interpolationtrin,15ypos,17∗datasetscoastlines,6betaks,2,9,10,13betam,4coastlines,6Ks,4,6,8Ktotal,4,7ray,2,4,9,15ray_path,12ray_source,2,4,10,13,15raytracing,11trin,10,14,15,17wave_arrival,16ypos,10,14,15,1718。

新目标八年级下册英语Unit1单项选择专项训练试题及答案

新目标八年级下册英语Unit1单项选择专项训练试题单项选择( )1. A ________ player set a new record at the sports meeting.A. 16yearsoldB. 16 year oldC. 16yearoldD. 16 years old ( )2. My brother often ______ his spare time to help me with my spoken English.A. puts upB. gives upC. opens upD. tidies up( )3. I don't have much money, but I'd like to buy my dad something really special, if you know what I ________.A. wantB. careC. meanD. prefer( )4. —Jack's uncle has got the COVID19.Now he is in hospital.—________.A. It doesn't matterB. That's all rightC. I'm sorry to hear thatD. Be careful next time( )5. ________ our surprise, Larry came here earliest today.A. ToB. WithC. WithoutD. In( )6. You look too tired. You ______ rest and _____work too hard. A. should; should B. shouldn't; shouldn'tC. shouldn't; shouldD. should; shouldn't( )7. Lucy is used ________ a walk after dinner.A. to takeB. takingC. to takingD. take( )8. Did you agree ________ a party for him?A. hasB. to haveC. haveD. had( )9. Please let me tell you again ________ you won't forget.A. as long asB. ifC. so thatD. because( )10. His joke is ________ to make us all ________.A. enough funny; laughB. funny enough; laughC. enough funny; to laughD. funny enough; to laugh( )11. --- _________--- I have a headache.A. What’s the matter, Judy?B. Where are you, Judy?C. Who are you?D. What are you doing, Judy?( )12. He _______ stay at home and look after mother yesterday. A. needed to B. must C. have to D. has to( )13. I think walking is ________ our health.A. good atB. bad atC. well inD. good for( )14. We should not eat ________ junk food.A. too manyB. too muchC. many tooD. much too ( )15. --- How is the young man?--- ______A.He is twelve.B. He’s much better.C. He is a doctor.D. He’s Allan.( )16. It’s important to eat a ________ diet.A. balancedB. balanceC. balancingD. balances( )17. He often has sports. ________, football, basketballand ping-pong.A.For an exampleB. For exampleC. For the exampleD. For a example( )18. You should not eat _______ 24 hours.A.something inB. nothing forC. anything forD. everything at( )19. --- My mother is ill. --- ______A.Don’t worry.B. No hurry.C. I’m sorry to hear that.D. OK.( )20. ---I feel stressed out. I have so much work to doevery day.--- You’d better not work too hard. It’s good for you to takesome _______, I think.A. healthB. exerciseC. lessonD. work( )21. If I spend _______ more minutes on it, now I cansave your leg.A. littleB. a littleC. fewD. a few( )22. Before she got to Canada, she didn’t hear a singleEnglish _______.A. speakingB. spokenC. saidD. to say( )23. The day before yesterday the man gave me _______advice.A.a goodB. such a goodC. so good aD. a piece of good( )24. Please _____the door and ___you get into the hall.A. close, beforeB. close, afterC. open, whileD. open, until( )25. Such a officer _______ be honest, she got hermoney in a dishonest way.A. can’tB. may notC. shouldn’tD. mustn’t()26. My daughter has ____ stomachache. I'm afraidshe should get ____ Xray.A. a; aB. a; anC. an; theD. /; /()27.—Judy, did you take your____？—Yes, I have a fever. What should I do?A. troubleB. orderC. matterD. temperature()28. It was so cold. Jane was afraid she would get ____ if shestayed here for a long time.A. tiredB. comfortableC. sunburnedD. sick()29. I'm sorry to hear that you cut ____ while cooking. You shouldbe careful.A. myselfB. yourselfC. herselfD. himself()30. My grandpa is used ____ a newspaper at the table for a whilebefore breakfast.A. to readingB. to readC. readingD. read()31. —I think I am the shyest in my class. What should I do?—Be more active in class ___you can improve your ability to expressyourself.A. so thatB. UnlessC. OrD. although()32. I didn't go mountain climbing with you because I ____ myback when playing soccer. I had to rest at home.A. PressedB. hurtC. cutD. moved()33. To have a good living environment, all of us ____ fightpollution. A. mustn't B. needn't C. should D. may()34. It seems that we are in a very difficult situation. However, wewon't____ hope.A. run outB. lie downC. get intoD. give up()35.—Hi, Peter. ____?—Not really. I have the flu and I can't sleep well at night.A. Are you availableB. Did you hurt yourselfC. Are you jokingD. Are you OK（）36.As people’s life is getting better and better, so how to________ is becoming more and more important.A. play sportsB. keep healthyC. have a coldD. drink coffee（）37.You are tired, so you ________ go to the party.A. shallB. needC. shouldn’tD. aren’t（）38.The little girl has a fever. The doctor is __________.A. taking her temperatureB. putting some medicine on itC. getting an X-rayD. putting a bandage on it（）39.—I’d like a cup of tea ____nothing in it.—OK. What else?A. haveB. hasC. withD. and（）40.—I have a toothache.—I think you should___________ . A. lie down and rest B. drink hot tea with honeyC. listen to soft musicD. go to see a dentist（）41.—What was the matter with you?—___________.A.I passed my math examB.I found my library bookC.I broke my bikeD.He lost his dictionary（）42.You shouldn’t eat____food, or you’ll be ___ fat.A. too much; much tooB. too much; too muchC. much too; too muchD. much too; much too（）43.Tony is thinking about _______ a new bike.A. buy B .to buy C. buys D.buying（）44.Alice is interested in ______ the Internet.A. useB. using C .to use es（）45. _____her surprise, she felt better after having a rest.A .In B. On C. To D .At（）46.Linda has trouble ____________ Chinese history.A. learningB. learnC. to learnD. learned（）47.Ben is used to __________ to school. He used to __________ the bus to school last year.A. walking;takingB. walk; takeC. walking;takeD. walk;taking（）48.Where will you ____________?A. get outB. get off C .get out of D. get of（）49.His money______________ . He asked his mother for some.A. ran out ofB. is run outC. was run outD. ran out（）50.If you keep on ______________, you’ll succeed.A. tryB. to tryC. tryingD. tries( )51. —Does your sister have _______ _ fever？—Yes, she does. I think she should go to________ hospital.A. an；/B. a；theC. /；aD. the；an( )52. If we just think about________，the boat of friendship will be overturned(倾覆)anytime.A. myselfB. himselfC. yourselfD. ourselves( )53. —I failed my driving test again.—Don't ________. Keep trying and you'll pass it.A. put upB. give upC. tidy upD. look up ( )54. I took the subway and ____at the downtown station.A. got throughB. got overC. got onD. got off( )55. ______our surprise, Larry came here earliest today.A. ToB. WithC. WithoutD. In( )56. You look too tired. You ___rest and __work too hard.A.should; shouldB. shouldn't; shouldn'tC. shouldn't; shouldD. should; shouldn't( )57. Lucy is used ________ a walk after dinner.A. to takeB. takingC. to takingD. take( )58. Did you agree ________ a party for him？A. havingB. to haveC. haveD. had( )59. Please let me tell you again ___you won't forget.A. as long asB. ifC. so thatD. because( )60. — My cousin has a sore throat. —She should ____.A. drink water with honeyB. see a dentistC. take a showerD. get an X ray( )61. ---What’s the matter __________you?---I fell off the bike and hurt my leg.A. ofB. withC. forD. by( )62.---I had a______ .---You should go to see a dentist.A. headacheB. feverC. coldD. toothache( )63.They agreed __________to a picnic on a sunny day.A. wentB. goingC. to goD. go( )64.They are used to ______popular music and it madethem feel relaxed.A. listenB. listen toC. listeningD. listening to( )65.---Mum, I have a cold. ---You ______ go to adoctor. I’ll take you to hospital.A. shouldB. shouldn’tC. needD. needn’t( )66.I saw Li Ming _____near the river on my way home.A. playsB. playingC. to playD. played( )67.My uncle was _______ control of a small company.A. forB. inC. toD. on( )68.The lady took ___X-ray and she showed ____X-rayto the doctor.A. a; theB. an; theC. a; aD. an; an( )69. ---I have a cold. ---_____________ .A.That sounds greatB. Good ideaC. Thank youD. I’m sorry to hear that( )70. I couldn’t do it ____your great help. Thanks a lot.A. withB. withoutC. forD. to( )71.We should be careful when we___________the bus.A. get downB. get outC. get upD. get off( )72.Don’t always think_____ yourself, young man.A. aboutB. ofC. outD. over( )73.Aron_____water five days later.A. ran outB. used outC. ran out ofD. used out of( )74. Smoking is bad for your health. You should_________.A. give up itB. give up themC. give it upD. give them up( )75.____her husband, she has now become a famous film star.A Because B. Thanks to C. Thanks for D. With the help( )76. I think I should keep on____the guitar at home.A. playB. to playC. playedD. playing( )77. He is too heavy. He decided _______too much food.A. to eatB. not to eatC. to not eatD. eat( )78. The problem is _____ hard ____ students can solve it.A. so, and fewB. so, that littleC. so, that fewD. so, that a little( )79. ---What happened ______Mike? ---Oh, the basketball hithim ____ the nose.A. to, onB. to, inC. with, atD. with, for( )80. Jenny’s mother ____a small piece of bread and gave it to her.A. turned upB. cut upC. cut offD. took off( )81. A ____woman was saved from the ship on June 2nd, 2023.A. 65 year oldB. 65-year-oldsC. 65-year-oldD. 65-years-old( )82. The doctor could save the old man _________ because allthe passengers helped him.A. on timeB. in timeC. at timesD. by the time( )83. The little boy is too young, so he has problems ____with you.A. talkingB. talkC. to talkD. talks( )84. He could do nothing without ____ TV.A. watchB. watchesC. watchingD. will watch( )85. —You swim so well. Who taught you? — Nobody. I learnedby____________.A. myselfB. herselfC. himselfD. itself参考答案单项选择1-5 CBCCA 6-10 DCBCB11-15 AADBB 16-20 ABBCB21-25 DADBD26-30 BDDBA31～35: ABCDD36—40 BCACD 41—45 CADBC46—50 ACBDC51-55 BDBDA 56-60 DCBCA61-65 BDCDA 66-70 BBBDB 71-75 DACCB 76-80 DBCAC 81-85 CBACA。

excel中hlookup函数的用法

excel中hlookup函数的用法HLOOKUP函数用法一、基本用法1. 在Excel中，HLOOKUP函数就像一个超级侦探，能在表格的水平方向查找特定的值。

比如说，我有一个数据表，表头是各种商品的名称，下面是不同店铺对这些商品的价格。

如果我想知道某个店铺某种商品的价格，就可以用HLOOKUP函数。

它的基本语法是HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num, [range_lookup])。

这里的lookup_value就是你要查找的值，就像你给侦探的线索。

Table_array是包含数据的表格区域，这是侦探要搜索的范围。

Row_index_num是返回结果所在的行号，就像是告诉侦探在哪个房间能找到答案。

而range_lookup是一个可选参数，用来指定查找方式是精确匹配还是近似匹配。

2. 想象你有一个学生成绩表，行是不同的学生，列是不同的科目成绩。

如果你想知道某个学生的数学成绩（假设数学成绩在表格的第二列），你可以用HLOOKUP函数。

你把学生的名字当作lookup_value，整个成绩表当作table_array，2当作row_index_num，因为数学成绩在第二列对应的行里。

如果没有特殊要求，range_lookup可以设为FALSE表示精确查找。

3. 我在做一个销售数据统计，有一个大表格，第一行是月份，下面是每个销售员在每个月的销售额。

我想查找某个销售员在特定月份的销售额。

那这个销售员的名字就是lookup_value，整个销售数据表格就是table_array，月份对应的行号就是row_index_num。

这时候，HLOOKUP 函数就像一把精准的钥匙，能快速打开我想要的数据之门。

二、固定搭配1. 与IF函数搭配：“哇，你知道吗？有时候我们可以让HLOOKUP函数和IF函数一起玩耍呢。

”比如，在一个员工考勤表中，第一行是日期，下面是员工的出勤情况（出勤用“1”表示，缺勤用“0”表示）。

牛津上海版中考英语语法专练《数词和冠词》

牛津上海版中考英语语法专练《数词和冠词》语法:数词、冠词一、数词知识梳理考纲要求1. 基数词；2. 序数词；3. 分数；4. 日期和月份；5. 时间和钟点；6. 数字运算表达7. 编号1.基数词11 __________ 12 __________ 13 __________ 15 __________18 __________ 19 __________ 20__________ 30__________40 __________ 50 __________ 80 __________100 __________ 1, 000 __________2.序数词1st __________ 2nd __________ 3rd __________ 5th __________8th __________ 9th __________ 12th __________ 20th __________21st __________ 99th __________ 100th __________3.分数、小数和百分比写出以下分数、小数和百分比的读法三分之一：__________ 五分之三：__________0.82:__________ 45%: __________4.日期和年份on May 27：__________ on 27th May: __________in 1933:__________ in 2000: __________in 2005: __________ in March, 2009: __________on July 20, 2008: __________5.钟点表达法11:15: eleven fifteen或a quarter past eleven9:30: nine thirty或half past nine7:35: seven thirty-five或twenty-five (minutes) to eight11:45: eleven forty-five或a quarter to twelve6.基本数学运算表达A: How much is 8 plus 9?B: 8 plus 9 is/equals 17.(8+9=17)18-3=15 18 minus 3 is/equals 15.6×5=30 6 multiplied by 5 equals/is 30.15÷5=3 15 divided by 5 equals/is 3.7.其他Lesson Twelve/ the Twelve Lesson Class One, Grade ThreeNo. 46 bus Channel 8/EightRoom 402☆编号可以用序数词也可以用基数词，数字较大一般用基数词。

江阴南闸实验学校2025届英语九年级第一学期期末经典模拟试题含解析

江阴南闸实验学校2025届英语九年级第一学期期末经典模拟试题请考生注意：1．请用2B铅笔将选择题答案涂填在答题纸相应位置上，请用0．5毫米及以上黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将主观题的答案写在答题纸相应的答题区内。

写在试题卷、草稿纸上均无效。

2．答题前，认真阅读答题纸上的《注意事项》，按规定答题。

Ⅰ. 单项选择1、— Is the food enough? — I think so. It will _______ four hungry peopleA．support B．serve C．sore D．cover2、Cindy, did you watch the Airshow （航展）2018 on TV?You mean the one that _______in Zhuhai? Of course I did!A．held B．is held C．was held3、This is the most beautiful sight ________ I have ever seen since I came to England.A．which B．that C．where D．what4、Elvis Presley was famous the king of rock and roll (摇滚)while Bruce Lee was famous his kung fu. A．for; for B．as; asC．for; as D．as; for5、The popular restaurant is always crowded with people. You need to make a booking in advance.A．order food B．pay the bill C．arrive there D．make a reservation6、—Do you know ________? I’m going to visit him.—Sorry, I don’t know.A．where does Mr Li live B．where did Mr Li liveC．where Mr Li lives D．where Mr Li lived7、—Is this restaurant a good place to eat at?—________.A．I hope not B．That’s all right C．I hope so D．Never mind8、We work together to achieve our common purpose: ________ world that is safer, cleaner and healthier than ________ one we are living in．A．the; /B．a; /C．the; theD．a; the9、—Why didn’t Jane come to the party yesterday?—She was ill and suffered a lot ________ a bad headache.A．for B．at C．from10、We all know that we won't enjoy good health ______ we often exercise.A．though B．if C．when D．unlessⅡ. 完形填空11、完形填空（本题共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）It all started at the beginning of the ninth grade. Carmen found she couldn’t see things 1 all the time. She became very worried, but she hoped 2 would know that. When her mother asked her to see the eye doctor, she did n’t3 . But her mother’s mind was made up.Three days later, Carmen got new glasses and instructions from her doctor. “All of the kids will think I’m 4 ” Carmen said. Her mother 5 and shook her head. “You look just as beautiful as before”, she said. But Carmen didn’t believe her.The next day, Carmen kept the 6 in her pocket as she walked into the schoolyard. She stood alone away from her friends, feeling 7 . Suddenly, she heard her friend Theresa shout. Carmen ran over to the other girl s. “What’s the 8 ?” she asked.“My ring is gone!” Theresa cried. “My sister sent it to me from California. It’s very9 and I can’t lose it.”Carmen and her friends began to 10 the ring in the grassy area of the playground. Carmen realized that she could do better 11 she could see better. She took the glasses out and put them on. Everything looked so 12 ! So clear! She looked down at the ground and a bright light caught her eyes. It was the 13“Here it is,” she shouted. She handed it to Theresa.“Thanks, Carmen,” she said. “I14 thought we’d find it.” she paused (停顿). “Hey, I didn’t know you wore glasses. They look great!”Carmen had 15 that she was wearing the new glasses. “Thanks,” she replied.“Maybe wearing glasses won’t be so bad after all.” Carmen thought.1．A．clearly B．carefully C．freely D．quickly2．A．everybody B．anybody C．somebody D．nobody3．A．explain B．mind C．agree D．understand4．A．cool B．silly C．proud D．pretty5．A．relaxed B．cheered C．smiled D．shouted6．A．watch B．keys C．gift D．glasses7．A．tired B．unhappy C．angry D．nervous8．A．matter B．reason C．question D．secret9．A．special B．common C．cheap D．heavy10．A．ask for B．wait for C．look for D．pay for11．A．though B．if C．because D．until12．A．natural B．new C．interesting D．different13．A．ball B．ring C．present D．glass14．A．still B．ever C．never D．often15．A．heard B．found C．imagined D．forgottenⅢ. 语法填空12、Bruce and Kelly are brother and sister. They enjoy 1．(play) sports. In just a month they 2．(be) high school students. Bruce is deciding between badminton and volleyball. Kelly is thinking about whether to try a sport she never played, or go with one she knows, like baseball.Maybe many students face the same problem. For most students,3．(choose) which sports to do in high school is hard because they never played an 4．(organize) sport before, and they are not sure what they will most enjoy.Sports 5．(mean) to be fun. If there is a sport you really enjoy but you aren't sure if you can play it well, just 6．(try) out. What's the worst that can happen? If you don~t like it, you can always try another sport.Ⅳ. 阅读理解A13、Do you enjoy reading? Here readers of your age from all over the United States recommend (推荐) great books for you to read:My favorite book is Don’t Die, My Love by Lurlene McDaniel. I love all her books, but this was the first one I read and I have to say, it is by far my favorite. It doe sn’t end like other books, and I cried while reading.I think Nancy Drew is great! Nancy is a detective (侦探) who has many fantastic ideas! I love it because it’s a book from when my grandma was my age, and I can share the fun with her!I highly recommend Skinny Bones by Barbara Park. It is funny so please add it on your book list. You don’t want to miss out funny stories！I would suggest ______ by Judy Blume. It is based on real things that happened to Judy Blume. It is about a girl, Alice, who meets some girls at a new state. They become friends, make a club and meet once a week. They stop after two weeks because they all like a boy in their class and put him as number one. I think every girl should read this because it is about our growing up.I read a book called Neela: Victory Song and it was so good I read it twice! It takes place in India in 1936 and this 12-year-old girl named Neela tries to save her father! It has lots of history in it! I also learned a lot about different cultures! The author’s n ame is Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni.1．According to the reader, Skinny Bones can be described as a ________ story.A．sad B．history C．funny D．detective2．From which book can we learn different cultures?A．Skinny Bones. B．Nancy Drew. C．Don’t Die, My Love. C．Neela: Victory Song. 3．Who is most probably an Indian author?A．Judy Blume. B．Barbara Park.C．Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. D．Lurlene McDaniel.4．The best name of the 4th book is ________.A．My Secret B．Growing TroubleC．Three Friends D．Alice Learns a Lesson5．Which is TRUE about Nancy Drew?A．It doesn’t have a common ending like other books.B．It’s based on real things that happened to the author.C．It’s about a12-year-old girl who tries to save her father.D．Both the reader and t he reader’s grandma love this book.B14、1．（小题1）The tour to Xi’an will last for ______.A．two nights B．four nightsC．five days D．twenty-four hours2．（小题2）When you are in Chang’an Hotel, you can ______.A．go swimming with your friendsB．see some old things nearbyC．eat some Italian foodD．go shopping in Datang Shopping Mall3．（小题3）You want to spend the least money, you can join the tour group on ______.A．Jun 24, 2016 B．Jul 16, 2016C．Aug 25, 2016 D．Sep 30, 20164．（小题4）We can’t book the tour gr oup by ______.A．calling them on 0555—93276888B．sending an email to C．visiting the company at 1578 Yuhu RoadD．contacting them at 8:30 am on SaturdayC15、Mr. and Mrs. Smith have just opened a small restaurant. In order to attract customers, they put a notice in front of the restaurant, which said: “Meals on the house for three days.”A foreign student who didn’t know much English passed by the restaurant on the second day. It was lunchtime and he felt hungry. “Well, here is a restaurant. I’m going to have something to eat,” he said.He saw the notice when he walked towards the restaurant. “American people are really strange. They even eat dinners on the house! But how can I get onto the top of the house?” he asked himself. He looked arou nd and found a ladder(梯子) against a tree nearby. He was very glad. But as he reached the top, he heard someone shouting at him, “Hey, what are you doing up there?”Mr. Smith was looking at him angrily. Beside him was a policeman. “Doesn’t your notice say …Meals on the house for three days’? Is it just a joke?” the foreign student answered. On hearing this, both Mr. Smith and the policeman burst into laughter. Do you know the meaning of “on the house”?1．The Smiths have __________.A．opened a restaurant B．built a houseC．climbed onto the top D．been policemen2．Why do Mr. and Mrs. Smith put up the notice?A．Because they wanted to attract policemenB．Because they wanted people to eat on the roofC．Because they wanted to attract more customersD．Because they liked to play jokes3．The student walked past the restaurant ___________.A．when the Smiths started their businessB．when the Smiths put on the noticeC．when the policeman came to the restaurantD．when it was time to have lunch4．The student _________, so Mr. Smith shouted at him.A．was very hungry B．knew little about EnglishC．climbed onto the top of the house D．took away the ladder5．“On the house” may mean that the meal _____________.A．is taken on the house B．is paid on the houseC．is made on the house D．is free for the customersD16、The airport in Boswell is twenty-one miles from the city. The banks and business offices are in the centre of the city. Read the notes from the diary of Mr Simpson.12th. MON. Groups of 35 Australian students visiting Boswell---want cheap holiday.13th. TUES. Mr and Mrs J. Grant arriving from Sydney --- need overnight stop at Boswell --- leaving early on the 15th by air.14th. WED．Mr Nagashima, Tokyo, arriving for two days’ business trip.15th. THURS. 65 German students need two days in a cheap hotel.16th. FRI.17th. SAT. Mr and Mrs Johnson, from New York City, arriving by air.18th. SUN.19th. MON. Mr and Mrs F. Ray, small inexpensive hotel needed for two days.1．How far is it from the city to the airport in Boswell?A．21km. B．31km. C．21m. D．21 miles.2．Mr Nagashima is from ________.A．Australia B．Japan C．America D．Germany3．Mr and Mrs J. Grant will leave Boswell on ________.A．Tuesday B．Wednesday C．Thursday D．Friday4．How many travelers will Mr Simpson meet in just over a week?A．107. B．65. C．35. D．131.5．Mr Simpson is probably ________.A．a headmaster B．a travel managerC．a traveller D．an engineerE17、Enjoy real American jazz from Herbie Davis, the famous trumpet player. He is known to play well into the early hours, so you won’t want to get sleep.PLACE: The Jazz Club DATES:1—15AugustPRICE: ￥150 TIME:10pm till late!TEL: 3946578PLACE: The Jazz Club DATES:1—15AugustPRICE: ￥150 TIME:10pm till late!TEL: 3946578Scottish DancingScottish dancing is nice and easy to learn. The wonderful dance from England will be given.PLACE: Jack Stein’s DATES: 10--28 JunePRICE: ￥200 weekdays TIME: 1pm-10 pmTEL: 44916 weekends TIME: 8am-8pmPLACE: Jack Stein’s DATES: 10--28 JunePRICE: ￥200 weekdays TIME: 1pm-10 pmTEL: 44916 weekends TIME: 8am-8pmShows-Renmin MuseumThere are 10,000 pieces on show here. You can see the whole of Chinese history.PLACE: Renmin Museum TIME: Monday-FridayPRICE: ￥80(￥40 for students) 9am-9pmDATES: 1Mar.-30June. TEL: 4928713PLACE: Renmin Museum TIME: Monday-FridayPRICE: ￥80(￥40 for students) 9am-9pmDATES: 1Mar.-30June. TEL: 4928713Your pen pal is coming from Singapore to your city for a holiday. You send him this E-mail to tell him something about hotels.根据材料内容选择最佳答案，并将其标号填入题前括号内。

【实用文档】X-Ray Validation Report

Process Validation ReportX-Ray Inspection SystemMead Johnson (Guangzhou) Ltd.Guangzhou Economic & Technological Dev’t ZoneGuangzhou, ChinaDistribution:Local QA Manager : Mrs. Elena Wang Local Production Manager : Mr. Simon LiuLocal Supply Chain Director : Mr. Gene CuiTable of Contents1.0. 验证报告审批1.1.报告准备Prepared by:Reviewed by:1.2.报告批准Approved by:2.0.验证范围2.1.背景为加强对产品中潜在的异物、特别是金属和玻璃形成的危害进行有效控制，特购买一台X-Ray检测器对黄埔工厂袋装生产线产品进行在线检测。

2.2.目的2.2.1.验证X-Ray检测器对不同材质异物剔除的灵敏度，确认设备能否有效剔除0.8mm不锈钢标准样本和2.5mm玻璃标准样本。

2.2.2.通过验证设定X-Ray检测器对不同产品的灵敏度参数。

2.3.接受标准2.3.1.能成功检测出分别含有不锈钢和玻璃的标准样本，连续30次检测不得出现一次漏报。

2.3.2.产品误报率不超过0.5% 。

2.4.验证原则2.4.1.根据X-Ray的特性，小包装的检验与大包装的检验相比，其灵敏度较高，因此只需对400g袋装产品进行验证。

2.4.2.按产品特性，现将公司所有袋装产品分为四大类：证：EFM、EFP A+、EFK A+、ALA1。

2.5.步骤2.5.1.验证场所验证将在设备安装现场进行。

2.5.2.检测样品的准备2.5.2.1.标准样本：由供应商提供0.8mm不锈钢和2.5mm玻璃标准样本。

2.5.2.2.产品样本：400g EFM、400g EFP A+、400g EFK A+、400g ALA1。

2023年吉林省四平市统招专升本英语自考预测试题(含答案)

2023年吉林省四平市统招专升本英语自考预测试题(含答案)一、单选题(20题)1.The price of houses goes up again, partly _______ the requirement of young people（）A.in addition toB.withC.becauseD.due to2.Jack, the boss, asked Steven to leave—, he was fired（）A.what’s moreB.in other wordsC.on the contraryD.in addition3.We arranged to meet at the station but she did not（）A.break upB.turn upC.bring upD.set up4.Speaker A: Please don’t bring food to this room, OK?Speaker B: _____（）A.Extremely sorry, don’t mention itB.Sorry, but I didn’t know the rulesC.Sorry, go aheadD.Sorry, I am really busy at the moment5.He is very ______ about his ugly appearance（）A.sensibleB.sensitiveC.senselessD.sentimental6.The first question we will discuss is _____ we should go there so early tomorrow（）A.whetherB.whereC.whatD.whom7.When asked by news reporters, the Prime Minister ______ that he would visit France next month（）A.discoveredB.confirmedC.ascertainedD.inquired8.Thank you for the you did me to move the sofa upstairs（）A.favorB.goodC.helpD.kindness9.The patient’s progress was very encouraging as he could_____get out of bed without help（）A.nearlyB.onlyC.merelyD.barely10.The traditional approach with complex problems is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems（）A.to dealingB.in dealingC.dealingD.to deal11._____ some more time, and I will find a solution to the problem（）A.Giving meB.Given to meC.Give meD.Give to me12.I won’t call you,（）something unexpected happensA.unlessB.whetherC.becauseD.while13.A.SB.TC.UD.V14.The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,________ is often the case in other countries（）A.asB.whatC.soD.that15.I got a splitting headache. It kept me____ the whole night（）A.wakenB.awareC.awakeD.waking16.I need one more stamp before my collection（）A.has completedpletesC.will be completedD.is completed17.The alarm o’clock didn’t ring this morning, you（）it last nightA.need to have forgotten to windB.may have forgotten windingC.ought to have forgotten to windD.must have forgotten to wind18.Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get _____ by a car（）A.run outB.run overC.run awayD.run after19.will come and lend us a helping hand on such an awkward occasion（）A.Do you suppose whoB.Whom do you supposeC.Who do you thinkD.Whom do you think20.You didn't take his advice. _____ his advice, you ______ such a mistake （）A.Had you taken; wouldn't have madeB.If you had taken; would makeC.Were you to take; shouldn't have madeD.Have you taken; won't have made二、选词填空题(10题)21.3.____Students at university can learn and make friends 1 will last a lifetime.However,the cost of studying is on the rise.This increase means that most students can get into money trouble 2 they do not know how to manage their money. It is not just the course fees.Students must also 3 for room and board.In addition,they may spend money 4 clothes,travel,and other things. Thus,students need to budget 5 .At most universities teachers can give students suggestions on how to spend their money.The first thing they suggest is to write down your 6 ,for example,the money you will get from your family or a part-time job.Then list all of your expenses.Put your expenses into two 7 : those that change (food,books,travel),and those that will stay the same (tuition,room and board).Add together all of your expenses. When you do this,you find it is 8 to plan out your budget.This means you can save your money,rather than trying to 9 from others.As you can see,there is more to learn at university than just 10 is taught in the classroom.____23.Researchers have found that people who go to concerts,shows and museums can live longer than 1 who do not.Experts from University College London have been examining the lifestyles of over 6,700 British people 2 15 years.They 3 how often the people went out and what kinds of events they attended.They found that people over 50 years old 4 regularly went to concerts were about 30 percent 5 likely to die over the next 14 years.The researchers said the over50s could extend their life 6 engaging with the arts.In addition to living longer concertgoers could also have more fun. The UK Health Secretary Matt Hancock believes there could be a lot of 7 in the research.He said arts and culture could 8 things like mental health,aging and loneliness.He 9 announced plans for the UK’s National Health Service to use the arts to help people live a healthier life.One researcher said,“Our results highlight the importance of 10 to explore new social factors that affect our health.” 1.____三、情景对话(10题)24.67.____（）25.69.____（）26.M: Lovely day, isn’t it?W: Yes,1And it’s supposed to get warmer.M: Yes, that’s true. You know, though, I’m always a little worried to see winter go.W:2M: Well, I love skating. In fact, I used to teach skating for a living.W: Oh! That sounds interesting. 3M: I work at Bank of America. How about you?W:4M: Here?W: No, I’m from Chicago. I’m just visiting here for the wedding.M: Oh, I see.W: By the way, 5I’m Helen Keller.M: Nice to meet you. My name is John Smith1（）A.But what do you do now?B.It’s really warmC.I guess I should introduce myselfD.I’m on the radio stationE.Really27.W: Would you please read this letter of application I've written? 66M: Oh, let me have a look.67But I have one suggestion.W: Good! What's that?M: If I were you, I'd change the beginning. 68W: Good idea, Jack. What do you think about the second part?M: Since you've asked me, I think it's too short. You should write much more information about your work experience.W: 69I'll change it. How do you feel about the last part of the letter?M: Very good.70W: I agree. I really appreciate your help. Do you think the end is all right? M: Oh, yes.A. I suppose you're right.B. You should write about your education first.C. It looks fine to me.D. I'd like to have your advice.E. But you should say something about your family, too66.____（）28.75.____（）29.8.____（）30.5（）A.But what do you do now?B.It’s really warmC.I guess I should introduce myselfD.I’m on the radio stationE.Really31.70.____（）32.3（）A.That suits us very well actuallyB.Why do you want to leave?C.Um, have you worked as a waitress before?D.On what days are you free?E.Is the first of next month all right with you33.2（）A.Where did you buy it?B.You look so attractiveC.Are there any other colors?D.I see, thank youE.Since her birthday is coming四、翻译(10题)34.坦率地讲，能在这么短的时间内完成这项任务，实在令人安慰35.He is the only one of the sons in the family who speaks English36.请勿在此喧哗37.We should try to advise these children to resist the temptation of playing video games38.There are many coal reserves in China, Russia and the United States, along with over 260 thousand million barrels of oil reserves in the Middle East39.Please raise your hands whoever agree on this suggestion40.I have no doubt that he will win41.Now, it is likely that you have come across situations like these more than once in your life42.我们将尽可能多地改进我们的工作43.Shortly after the scholar returned to his motherland, he was appointed asconsultant of the company with a good reputation五、阅读理解(10题)44.According to the second paragraph, co-operation skills _________（）A.require special qualities and abilitiesB.are learned while working in a teamC.need exceptional mental abilitiesD.are quite complicated to learn45.The reason why the lobsters migrate is _______（）A.the bad weatherB.the depth of the oceanC.scientist’lack of interestD.unkown46.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is most important for the development of computers（）A.Bill Gates’ dropping out of schoolB.The penetration of personal computingC.Bill Gates’ fledgling companyD.The software47.In Korea, people _____（）A.value their youth mostB.are afraid of old ageC.are longing for old ageD.think being young is the same as being old48.What happens to a credit card user if he fails to pay each month according to the passage（）A.He will pay a bill with interest chargedB.He will be dismissed by the companyC.He will be charged as a criminalD.He will be accused of cheating49.The author believes that television in the United States has become important to most people because ______（）A.it promotes family unityB.it helps them develop their speaking abilityC.it affects their life in many waysD.it challenges society50.In recent years a new and serious problem has arisen for international airlines and their passengers. This is the relatively new crime of hijacking. Once an unheard-of event, it has now become a common occurrence.There is not very much anyone can do once a hijacker is on board an aeroplane. He may be carrying a gun or hand grenades, which, if used, would cause a disaster. The only thing to do is try to ensure that these people never get on the plane in the first instance. So airlines all over the world have security procedures. Before any passenger can get on an airplane at the airport, he must go through a series of security checks to make sure he isn’t carrying anything that is potentially dangerous or could be used as a weapon on board.The security measures vary from airport to airport. At some airports there is very little security. At other airports the security checks are very strict and it can take up to half-an-hour to get through them all.Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong, China, has a good security system. No aircraft starting its journey from Hong Kong has ever been hijacked.At Kai Tak, when a passenger first checks in, his or her name is matched with the computer list of passengers booked on that particular flight. If the name is not recognized, the passenger will be taken aside and questioned by security guards and may not be allowed on the plane. Next, every suitcase is X-ray checked before it goes into the plane. Any suitcase that seems to have something dangerous in it is not put on the plane. Then the hand baggage which the passengers will carry on to the plane is checked.Each passenger has to open his or her bag and the security clerk examines the contents. Cameras may be opened, even babies taken out of their prams and carry-cots. If there is anything that could be used as a weapon, a penknife for example, the security staff take it away and keep it in a safe place on the plane until the flight is over. The passenger can then collectit.Finally there is a body check of all passengers. They must pass through a door where X-rays will show if they are carrying anything made of metal, like a gun. If anything suspicious is found, they will be asked to explain. It is only after all these checks that a passenger is allowed to board the planeAccording to the first paragraph which of the following will the author disagree（）A.Hijacking is a relatively new crimeB.Hijacking is practically unheard ofC.The number of Ｈijacking is increasingD.Hijacking is a serious problem facing international airlines51.The writer tends to think highly of the people who sleep on their side because（）A.they are strongerB.they are careful and confidentC.they often like annoying peopleD.they always show sympathy for people52.Which is the best title for this passage（）A.Why People LieB.Making False ClaimsC.Lying With the TruthD.How to Win a Lottery53.Why might the author have written this passage（）A.To tell people what a healthy diet actually isB.To prove people's diets are increasingly unhealthyC.To encourage people to cut down on processed foodD.To introduce some experts on the research team六、作文题(1题)54.Directions: For this part, you are required to write A Letter of Suggestion to one of your lecturers. You should write in about 100 words according to the outline given below.1. 表达喜欢讲师授课的地方；2. 建议应当如何提高；3. 表达感激之情参考答案1.D房价又上涨了，部分原因是年轻人的需要。

2022年安徽省合肥市统招专升本英语摸底卷(含答案)

2022年安徽省合肥市统招专升本英语摸底卷(含答案)学校:________ 班级:________ 姓名:________ 考号:________一、单选题(20题)1.the plan carefully, he rejected it（）A.To have consideredB.To considerC.Having consideredD.Considering2.For what _______ did he come here（）A.aimB.purposeC.goalD.object3.Where do you normally have your hair _______（）A.being doneB.doC.to be doneD.done4.Only by shouting at the top of his voice_____（）A.he was able to make himself hearB.he was able to make himself heardC.was he able to make himself heardD.was he able to make himself hear5.Evidence came up ______ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old（）A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whose6.This plant was severely punished by the government for _____ pollutant into water（）A.relievingB.relaxingC.releasingD.recycling7.If you are happy and enjoying life, you are automatically and people around want to be with you（）A.creativeB.attractiveC.humorousD.honest8.The hotel couldn’t offer（）for all four of usA.a large enough roomB.a large room enoughC.an enough large roomD.a room enough large9.Realizing that he hadn’t enough money and _____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch（）A.not wantedB.not to wantC.not wantingD.wanting not10._____，we went swimming in the river（）A.The weather being very hotB.It was a very hot dayC.The weather was very hotD.Being a very hot day11.the effective method, I answered all the questions correctly（）A.Thanks toB.In case ofC.As well asD.Apart from12.Most people make such mistakes（）in their whole lifeA.some timeB.sometimeC.some timesD.sometimes13.If you suspect that illness might be serious，you should not（）going to the doctorA.pick outB.make outC.put offD.give off14.He remembered（）the zoo by his father when he was littleA.being takenB.takingC.have been takenD.to have taken15.It is the third time that she has won the race, _____ surprised us all（）A.thatB.whereC.whichD.what16.China is a ________ country, but America is a ________ country（）A.developing; developingB.developed; developedC.developing; developedD.developed; had developed17.No one should blind himself（）the well-known factA.withB.toC.forD.over18.The doctors successfully completed a 20hour operation to（）the one-year-old twins at the headA.isolateB.separateC.divideD.remove19.Mary like to surf the Internet. She often spends hours online（）A.didB.doesC.doD.is20.Only under special circumstances _____ to take make-up tests（）A.freshmen are permittedB.are freshmen permittedC.permitted are freshmenD.are permitted freshmen二、选词填空题(10题)21.3.____22.Researchers have found that people who go to concerts,shows and museums can live longer than 1 who do not.Experts from University College London have been examining the lifestyles of over 6,700 British people 2 15 years.They 3 how often the people went out and what kinds of events they attended.They found that people over 50 years old 4 regularly went to concerts were about 30 percent 5 likely to die over the next 14 years.The researchers said the over50s could extend their life 6 engaging with the arts.In addition to living longer concertgoers could also have more fun. The UK Health Secretary Matt Hancock believes there could be a lot of 7 in the research.He said arts and culture could 8 things like mental health,aging and loneliness.He 9 announced plans for the UK’s National Health Service to use the arts to help people live a healthier life.One researcher said,“Our results highlight the importance of 10 to explore new social factors that affect our health.” 1.____23.Students at university can learn and make friends 1 will last a lifetime.However,the cost of studying is on the rise.This increase means that most students can get into money trouble 2 they do not know how to manage their money. It is not just the course fees.Students must also 3 for room and board.In addition,they may spend money 4 clothes,travel,and other things. Thus,students need to budget 5 .At most universities teachers can give students suggestions on how to spend their money.The first thing they suggest is to write down your 6 ,for example,the money you will get from your family or a part-time job.Then list all of your expenses.Put your expenses into two 7 : those that change (food,books,travel),and those that will stay the same (tuition,room and board).Add together all of your expenses. When you do this,you find it is 8 to plan out your budget.This means you can save your money,rather than trying to 9 from others.As you can see,there is more to learn at university than just 10 is taught in the classroom.____三、情景对话(10题)24.2（）A.The population is only about 50,000B.Wow, it sounds like a nice place to live inC.Which part of England is that?D.Do you have modern stuff, like a health club, a movie theatre or things like that?E.Can you introduce yourself, please25.5（）A.Who won?B.How hard they practice!C.They are cool, aren’t they?D.Did you go to see the basketball game yesterday?E.I know that both John and Tim are on the team26.Task 1（每小题2分，共10分）W：Good morning，Mr. Zhang. I am Chen Hua，and I'll be interviewing you. How are you today?M：66W：Can you tell me something about your experiences in this kind of work? M：Well，for many years，I managed a department for the Redstone Company in London. Now I work part-time because I also go to school at night. I'm getting a business degree.W：Oh，how interesting.67M：I'll finish school in a few months，and I'd like a full-time position with more responsibility.W：And why would you like to work for our company?M：68W：Could you please tell me about your special skills and interests?M：Of course，I'm good at computers and I can speak French. I used to take French classes at the local college.69W：Can you give me any references?M：Yes，certainly. You can talk to Mr. Wang，my boss，at the Redstone Company. I could also give you the names and numbers of several of my teachers.W：All right，Mr. Zhang.70M：Yes, I wonder when I'll be informed about my application for the job? W：Well，we'll let you know as soon as possible. Let's keep in touch. Thank you very much for your coming.M：Thank you.A. I am fine. Thank you.B. Would you like to ask me any questions?C. And I like travelling a lot.D. Because I know your company's work，and I like it.E. Tell me, why do you want to leave your present job66.____（）27.70.____（）28.Task 1（每小题2分，共10分）M: What were you doing yesterday afternoon?W:66 It was really interesting.M:67W: By the river. A lot of children were flying kites there.M: It was windy yesterday, wasn't it?W:68M: Whom did you fly kites with?W:69M: Did you enjoy yourselves?W: Yes.70 After that we also had a picnic together.A. We had a good time.B. Yes, the wind was strong.C. I was flying a kite yesterday afternoon.D. Where did you fly the kite?E. With Li Lei and Tom66.____（）29.75.____（）30.13.____（）31.72.____（）32.Miss Wu: Can I help you?Li Gang: Yes, I’d like to return this book, please.Miss Wu: ____1____Li Gang: No, I couldn’t read it. I had a hard time reading a few pages, and then I decided to give up.Miss Wu:____2____Li Gang: It wasn’t the language. It was the words. They are too small for me. Miss Wu: ____3____ What can I do for you then?Li Gang: Well, I’d be glad if you could find me another book.Miss Wu: ____4____Li Gang: Yes, but one with bigger words.Miss Wu: ____5____Li Gang: Oh, Oliver Twist. This one is fine. And the words are much bigger. Thank you very much.Miss Wu: You’re welcome1（）A.What about this one?B.Another English storybook?C.Oh?But I know you are good at EnglishD.Did you enjoy the book?E.Yes, they are really small33.73.____（）四、翻译(10题)34.她还太小，不能回答这个问题35.如果有机会，约翰也许就已经成为一位杰出的画家了36.To prove this to yourself, look at an object out of one eye; then look at the same object out of your other eye37.这家商店似乎属于我叔叔工作的那家公司38.She couldn’t wait to go home to tell the good news to her family39.如果你当时意识到问题的严重性并采取措施，结果就完全两样了40.In this age of equality, sameness between the sexes is emphasized as if differences have to mean problems41.政府已经采取积极措施防止空气污染42.建设和谐校园的关键在于让每个学生都能积极参与进来43.To some extent, the fast-paced life of today has greatly affected its quality, so many people want to move to countryside五、阅读理解(10题)44.（84）Flying over a desert area in an airplane, two scientists looked down with their trained eyes at trees and bushes. After an hour’s flight one of the scientists wrote in his book, Look here for probable metals. Scientists in another airplane, flying over a mountain region, sent a message to other scientists on the ground, Gold possible. Walking across hilly ground, four scientists reported, This ground should be searched for metals. From an airplane over a hilly wasteland a scientist sent back by radio one word, Uranium.None of the scientists had X-ray eyes: they had no magic powers for looking down below the earth’s surface. They were merely putting to use one of the newest methods of locating minerals in the ground—using trees and plants as signs that certain minerals may lie beneath the ground on which the trees and plants are growing.（85）This newest method of searching for minerals is based on the fact that minerals deep in the earth may affect the kind of trees and bushes that grow on the surface. At Watson Bar Creek, a brook six thousand feet high in the mountains of British Columbia, Canada, a mineral search group gathered bags of tree seeds. Boxes were filled with small branches from the trees, and roots were dug out and put into boxes with each bag and box carefully marked.In a scientific laboratory, the parts of the forest trees were burned to ashes and tested.Each small part was examined to learn whether there were minerals in it. Study of the roots, branches, and seeds showed no silver. But there were small amounts of gold in the roots and a little less gold in the branches and seeds. The seeds growing nearest to the tree trunks had more gold than those growing on the ends of the branches.If the trees had not indicated that there was gold in the ground, the scientists would not have spent money to pay for digging deeper. They did dig and found more gold below. When they dug deeper, they found large quantities of goldScientists were flying over a desert, or hilly wasteland, or a mountain region in order to search for _____ in the ground（）A.treesB.bushesC.seedsD.minerals45.What does the author think about creating one’s own Web site（）A.It’s very complicatedB.It’s expensive by American standardC.It’s much easier than we thinkD.It’s just too simple46.What can be a suitable title for the text（）A.Night Milk and SleepB.Fat, Sugar and HealthC.An Experiment on Micek Drinking and Health47.· ____：People who raise a young cat 50 to let it play inside48.The writer______（）A.likes the parrotB.dislikes the parrotC.doesn't care about the parrotD.values the parrot highly49.Which of the following statements is true according the article（）A.Men do better than women when it comes to learning EnglishB.Women stand out at remembering people’s namesC.Men excel at typing as many words in a particular category as possible in the given timeD.Women excel at dealing with mathematical problems50.Which is one thing that scientists would like to find out about the wood frog（）A.Whether it becomes frozen in the springB.How its heart starts again when it unfreezesC.Which parts of its body freeze in cold weatherD.Why it takes so long to unfreeze at the end of winter51.Task 3Directions:After reading the following passage, you should complete the information by filling in the blanks marked 46 to 50 in the table below. You should write your answers in no more than 3 words on the Answer Sheet correspondingly.If you think you are too shy and want to be a little bit braver, just try the following things:Be open to others. Tell people you are shy. There is no need to hide it. When they get to know you are a shy kid, they will understand you better. This also helps you feel more comfortable in talks.Try to smile more. When you smile, people think you are friendly and easy to talk with. Remember that other people have feelings, too; most people will stay away from an angry-looking face.Learn to be a good talker. If you find it hard to start a conversation, say something nice about people around you. Think about how great you feel when someone says something nice to you. Doesn't it make you want to keep talking to that person?Get your attention elsewhere. Think more about ways to enjoy parties or games. Don't waste time worrying about your look or whether people like you or not. You will become relaxed and find it's not so hard to talk with others. Take one small step at a time. Each time you say Hi! or smile at someone, say to yourself You can make it. Keep trying and one day you'll never feel shy when you talk to othersAdvice on ____ to Be a Little Braver52.When those unhappy people meet others, they will _______（）A.have a good taste of the pleasures of societyB.feel depressed about the pleasures of societyC.be happy with the pleasures of societyD.enjoy the pleasures of society53.It’s a great pity that ____（）A.man hasn’t found out that he has lost all treesB.man is eager to profit from treesC.man hasn’t realized the importance of trees to himD.man is only interested in building empires六、作文题(1题)54.Directions:For this part, you are required to write A Letter of Recommendation for your student Li Weihua. You should write at least 100 words based on the following information given in Chinese below.假如你是李明，你的学生李伟华想在你的美国朋友约翰逊教授的大学申请一个职位，请写一封推荐信以帮助他成功通过申请参考答案1.C经过仔细考虑之后，他拒绝了这项计划。

X射线貌相术

vii
◆ X-Ray Topography
List of Figures Figure 1. A (111) transmission topograph of an isotopically-pure diamond crystal, approximately 0.75 mm thick, showing four of the defects commonly seen in X-ray topography, e.g., individual dislocations (D), stacking faults (SF), inclusions (I), and surface damage (SD) ..................................................................................... 1 Figure 2. A back-reflection Laue camera used to orient single crystals is shown in (A) and a typical Laue pattern is shown in (B). A divergent white X-ray beam from the laboratory source impinges the sample and the diffracted beams from a variety of lattice planes form Laue spots on the film. Because the source is divergent, the structure in the spots may be smeared ....... 3 Figure 3. The geometry for white radiation topography is shown in (A) and typical images in (B). A collimated white X-ray beam from a synchrotron radiation source impinges on the sample and the diffracted beams form images on the film. It is convenient to define the principle plane of diffraction to be vertical. In general, the Laue images will not lie in the vertical plane and so will be skewed. The shape of each spot, amount of foreshortening, will depend on the angle of incidence to the film. The sample imaged in (B) was smaller than the incident beam cross section, and, thus, images of the entire crystal are produced ........... 5 Figure 4. The geometry for section topography. A narrow X-ray beam is incident on the sample crystal, and the transmitted diffraction image from a restricted region is recorded. The same geometry is used for projection topography where the sample and the film are scanned synchronously as indicated by the double arrows ............................................................................................... 7 Figure 5. The Berg–Barrett geometry is shown in (A). Asymmetric diffraction in the expansion or magnification geometry is illustrated in (B) and in the reduction or demagnification geometry in (C) ................................................................................. 8

mit phdeconomics 专业phd英文书单

mit phdeconomics 专业phd英文书单Based on extensive research, here is a recommended book list for those pursuing a Ph.D.in Economics at MIT:Based on extensive research, here is a recommended book list for those pursuing a Ph.D.in Economics at MIT:1."Microeconomic Analysis" by Jere R.Behrman and Mark R.Rosenzweig2."Macroeconomics" by N.Gregory Mankiw3."Econometric Analysis" by William H.Greene4."Game Theory and Economic Behavior" by Martin J.Osborne and Ariel Rubinstein5."The Analytics of Uncertainty and Information" by Kenneth J.Arrow and Philip J.Devlin6."The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money" by John Maynard Keynes7."Economic Policy: Theory and Practice" by B.Douglas Bernheim, Debraj Ray, and Sanjeev Rajendra Aneja8."The Logic of Economic Research" by Knut Wicksell9."The Price of Inequality: How T oday"s Divided Society Endangers Our Future" by Joseph E.Stiglitz10."The Handbook of Modern Economic Analysis" edited by Volumeeditor: J.V.Nehru and R.H.Lissner以上书籍涵盖了经济学领域的各个核心概念和理论，包括微观经济学、宏观经济学、计量经济学、博弈论、信息经济学、就业和利率理论、经济政策等。

高中英语作文万能模板书籍推荐

高中英语作文万能模板书籍推荐Book Recommendation。

As a high school student, finding the right books to read can be a daunting task. With so many options available, it can be difficult to know where to start. That's why I've put together a list of book recommendations that I think every high school student should read. These books cover a wide range of genres and topics, so there's something for everyone on this list.1. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee。

This classic novel is a must-read for high school students. Set in the American South during the 1930s, it tells the story of a young girl named Scout and her father, Atticus Finch, who is a lawyer defending a black man accused of raping a white woman. The book deals with important themes such as racism, injustice, and morality, and it's a powerful and thought-provoking read.2. 1984 by George Orwell。

纠错试题——精选推荐

纠错试题⼋年级下册期末复习词汇与语法：1. Of my parents likes seeing film. of them like watching TV.A.Neither....BothB.Neither....NeitherC.Both....BothD.Both....Neither1.Knives is used fruits.A.to cuttingB.for cutC.for cuttingD.to cut2.I really don't know .A.how to do nextB.when to do nextC.where to do nextD.what to do next3.You should read to add your knowledge.A.anything moreB.more somethingC.something moreD.more anything4.They will invite some friends of to dinner.A.themB.theirC.theirsD.they5.The rain has stopped,why not go and play outside?A.As soon asB.AfterC.Now thatD.WhenB.how he is getting onC.how he was getting onD.how was he getting on7.To everyone's surprise,Alex play chess very well when he was only four.A.mightB.shouldC.wouldD.could8.The woman feels that she should let her son his own decision this time.A.makesB.makeC.to makeD.making9.John failed to climb to the top of the mountain several times,he didn't give up.A.AlthoughB.BecauseC.WhetherD.Unless10.Did Mary visit that old town by last week?A.herB.sheC.hersD.herself11.her great joy, her daughter was finally saved by the doctors.A.InB.ToC.AtD.For12.Have try, you are so close to the answer.A.the otherB.one anotherC.otherD.another13.Everyone likes Kevin because he talks to others .14.Which one is heavier, the wooden ball the iron ball?A.orB.andC.butD.so15.Soon you a senior high school student. Is not it exciting!A.becomeB.will becauseC.becameD.have become/doc/0174854cc850ad02de8041de.html nding on the moon sounds . I hope I can go there one day.A.wonderfulB.wonderfullyC.terribleD.terribly17.Tim didn't have dinner he finished watching the cartoon.A.whileB.unlessC.untilD.since18.I a copy of Yi zhongtian's book yet. I might buy one tommorrow.A.hadn't boughtB.don't buyC.won't buyD.haven't bought19.You write the poem down.Our teacher will give us a copy.A.can'tB.shouldn'tC.needn'tD.mustn't20.I would rather at home and watch TV.21.After Donghai Bridge , it became a new tourist attraction./doc/0174854cc850ad02de8041de.html pleted /doc/0174854cc850ad02de8041de.html pleteC.is completedD.was completed22.How long can I this magazine?A.borrowB.returnC.buyD.keep23.The Oriental Pearl TV Tower is all shanghai citizens.A.famous forB.familiar toC.pleased withD.interested in24.There were people in the park.A.hundreds ofB.two hundreds ofC.two hundredsD.two hundreds of25.He know where her house is.A.maybeB.may beC.mayD.must be26.He doesn't have any money, .A.tooB.alsoC.eitherD.neither27.I am going to time with my grandparents this vacation.28.They TV at ten o'clock last night.A.was watchingB.were watchingC.watchedD.watches29.I was watching TV, the telephone rang.A.WhileB.WhenC.WhatD.Why30.Would you mind your CD so loud?A.not playB.not to playC.not playingD.don't play31.Could you me how to it in chinese?A.say,speakB.speak,sayC.tell, sayD.say,tell32.Some people like tea, do not.A.otherB.othersC.anotherD.the others33.If you make friends with more people, you will not feel .A.worriedB.aloneC.happyD.lonely34.The electricity in the thin wire gave the naughty boy a .C.frightenedD.fight35.Pumps push water from the lower places to the higher ones. /doc/0174854cc850ad02de8041de.html e to /doc/0174854cc850ad02de8041de.html ed toC.are used toD.were used to36.nice music it is!A.HowB.What aC.WhatD.What an37.I would like my good friend to my party.A.to come/doc/0174854cc850ad02de8041de.html e /doc/0174854cc850ad02de8041de.html ingD.will come38.The government food and clothes for the poor people.A.offeredB.providedC.gaveD.brought39.Almost everyone today uses electricity in one or .A.otherB.othersC.the otherD.another40.Before a room, you should knock at the door first.A.to enterB.enteringC.to enter intoD.entering into41.Where is my report card? I can't find it .B.everywhereC.nowhereD.anywhere42.I finished my exam last week.A.end of yearB.end of year'sC.end-of year'sD.end-of -year43.have been chosen.A.I, you and heB.He,you and IC.You, he and ID.You, he and me45.The twins corrected the mistakes on the test paper .A.themB.theyC.themselvesD.theirs46. of us has read the story.A.someB.BothC.AllD.None47.Parents don't allow their children out alone at night.A.not to goB.goC.goingD.to go48.We must the factories from producing harmful gases.A.protectB.stopC.provideD.offer49.Many chinese are familiar names such as Dior, Piere Cardin in clothes.B.onC.withD.of50.In UK, Sprite is one of in summer.A.most popular drinkB.most popular drinksC.the most popular drinkD.most popular drinks 阅读练习：完形填空：One night a young American doctor was sleeping at home when his doorbell began to ring. When he opened the door he saw a man 36 outside.“Excuse me, Doctor,”said the man. “Can you come at once to a place out of town. It’s quite far but you have a car and I can 37 you the way”“Certainly,”said the doctor, “I’m ready. I’ll come soon.”38 a few minutes, the car came. The man got into the car and they 39 off.They drove for a 40 time, and then the man said, “Here we are. This is my home. Now I can pay y ou and you can go 41 to town.”“But I must 42 the patient,”the doctor said. “Where’s the patient?”“There’s 43 patient,”answered the man. “Nobody is ill. I live here, you see, and I must 44home from the town. There are no taxis at this time of the night. Here’s the money for you. Thank you, doctor. Good 45 ! ( )1. A. listening B. standing C. sitting D. watching( )2. A. take B. pass C. see D. show( )3. A. After B. For C. In D. With( )4. A. drove B. left C. got D. went( )5. A. short B. long C. hard D. late( )6. A. away B. quickly C. back D. slowly( )7. A. watch B. look for C. see D. know( )8. A. my B. no C. a D. your( )9. A. go B. lose C. find D. ask( )10.A. evening B. night C. idea D. for you阅读理解：AFor many people the subject of hiccups (嗝) is a joke, but for Harry Mendes, a fifteen-year-old schoolboy from Birmingham, it was something quite different.His hiccups began one Sunday lunch time and continued day and night for two weeks. After the first week, Harry's parents took him to hospital, but it took another week for the doctors to curehis attack.Harry, who is now back at school, described what happened to him.After a week of sleepless nights, he went to hospital. The doctors took an X-ray of his chest but they couldn't find anything wrong.“They gave me some medicine and my hiccups slowed down, but it was another week before the medicine worked completely and my hiccups stopped.”Harry was very lucky. The world record holder is the American farmer Charles Osborne, who hiccupped for sixty-eight years. He stopped in 1990 at last, but nobody knows why.（）1.Harry's hiccups lasted ____.A. a weekB. fourteen daysC. twenty-eight daysD. one month（）2.His hiccups started after he ____.A. drank a glass of waterB.went to hospitalC. ate an Indian mealD. finished his homework （）3.His parents decided to take him to hospital when he ____.A. hiccupped for four secondsB. held his breathC. hiccupped at nightD. couldn't stop hiccupping（）4.His hiccups completely stopped one week after the doctor ____.A. gave him some medicineB. took an X-ray of his chestC.gave him a shockD. let him drink cold drinks（）5.What does “shock”in this passage mean？A.震惊B. 休克C. 喷嚏D. 哈⽋BCome and see the Indian elephants and the new tigers from America. The bears are waiting to meet you, and the monkeys from China are waiting to throw things at you. The lovely dogs from Australia are waiting to laugh at you, and the giraffes from Zambia are waiting to look down on you.TicketsGrown-ups：＄2.00Opening time 9:00 a.m.—4:00 p.m.Except Friday 10:00 a.m. —3 :00 p.m.Keep the zoo clean！Do not touch，give food or go near the animals.（）1.How many kinds of animals are talked about in the passage？A. FourB. Five.C. Six.D. Seven.（）2.Now Mr. Smith is in the zoo with his two sons, one aged 14 and the other 10, how much are the tickets together？A. $4.00B. $2.00C. $3.00D. $1.00（）3.Which of the following is the visiting time？A. 8:30 a.m. MondayB. 9:30 a.m. FridayC.3:00 p.m. SundayD. 5:00 p.m. Tuesday （）4.From the passage we can guess the animal “giraffe”must be very _______.A. fatB. longC. strongD. tall（）5.Which of the following can we do in the zoo？A. To give some food to the dogs.B. To touch the monkey on the head.C. To throw things everywhere.D. To take a few nice photos.CYang Liwei circled the earth 14 times in 21 hours on October 15 and 16, 2003, landing on the grasslands of Inner Mongolia. Looking a little tired, Yang stepped out of Shenzhou V, smiling and waving at the waiting people. “I feel very good.”Yang said to Premier Wen Jiabao on the phone. Yang said to a newspaper, “For our motherland and me, this is a great moment.”China’s launch of Shenzhou V shows a higher starting point. It has two special systems（系统）to protect the spaceman, but neither Russian rockets（⽕箭）nor American ones have.Yang didn’t know that he was chosen as China’s first spaceman until just before the launch. Although Yang was excited at the news, he still slept at 8p.m. as usual and was woken up at 8p.m. the next morning. Before the launch, Yang ate ChineseA stamp Success of China First Manned Space Flight was issued（发⾏）on October 16, 2003, making China the third country to send a spaceman into outer space.( )1. It took Yang Liwei_____ to travel around the earth every circle.A. 6 hoursB. 90 minutesC. 2 daysD. 21 hours( )2. How did Yang Liwei feel after he came back to the earth?A. Quite tired.B. A little scared.C. Tired but excited.D. A little nervous( )3. Which of the following statement is right?A. There is no difference between China’s spaceship and other countries.B. Yang Liwei knew he would be China’s first spaceman long before.C. From the news, Yang Liwei was too excited to fall asleep.D. Yang was proud of the flight.( )4. What does the underlined word “launch”mean?A. 发射B. 出发C. 制造D. 设计( )5. China issued the stamps to _________.A. leave them in spaceB. give them to Yang Liwei as a rewardC. celebrate the successD. give them to Russian and American spacemen.DExperts(专家) say that students usually need eight to ten hours’sleep at night, but most Chinese students do not get enough sleep. Some Chinese parents are usually glad to see their children studying late. They will think their children work very hard, but not all parents are happy about this. Once a mother told us that every morning her 10-year-old boy put up one finger (⼿指) with his eyes still closed, begging(请求) for one more minute to sleep. Like thousands of students “early birds”in China, he has to get up before six every morning.A report shows that without a good night’s sleep, students seem to be weaker (虚弱) than they should be. Many students have fallen asleep during class at one time or another. Too much homework is not the only reason why students stay up late. Some watch TV or play the computer games late into the night.Experts have ever said that the students should develop good study habits. So some clever students never study late, they are able to work well in class.( ) 1. The 10-year-old boy begged for more minute to sleep because__________.A. he didn’t have enough sleepB. it wasn’t time for him to get upC. he didn’t want to go to schoolD. he wanted his mother to wake him up( )2. In this passage we know if students don’t get enough sleep, they may________.A. become too weak to sleepB. not work well in classC. go to bed earlyD. be weak in English( )3. In this passage “early birds”means “persons who ______________”A. get up earlyB. get up lateC. sleep lessD. don’t want to sleep( )4. “Stay up late”here means “_____________”A. study lateB. watch TV lateC. not go to bed until lateD. stay outside( )5. According to the passage, which of the following is right?_________A. If you want to study better, you must work hard at night.B. Sleeping less means working hard.C. Some clever students are able to work well in class because they have good study habits.D. Students don’t have enough sleep because they have lots of homework to do.EFred,a young man of twenty-five, was an able worker. He worked in this factory since he finished middle school six years ago. (3)At first he spent much time in studying all machines .in his workplace and learned to repair them. His boss Mr dick liked the clever young man and paid him more than any other worker.Four years later the young man got into the habit of (养成……习惯)drinking and was often drink. He couldn’t go to work on time and didn’t work so hard as before. Sometimes he slept when he was on duty. It made Mr Dick angry and told him not to drink. He agreed but soon forgot it. His friend Henry often helped him and tried to stop him drinking, but he failed. And one afternoon something was wrong with an expensive machine. The workplace had to stop working. Fred was found in a bar(酒吧)but he was drunk. He broke the machine when repairing it. Henry had to take him home. The next morning, as soon as he got up, the telephone rang and Henry said,“Two pieces of news for you, Fred. One piece is good and the other is bad.”“Tell me the good one first, please,”said Fred.“(4)You’ll be given double pay next month.”“Oh, wonderful!”called out Fred.“Mr Dick told me to take your place.”根据短⽂内容回答下⾯的问题：1.Why did Mr Dick pay Fred more than any other worker?_____________________________________________________________________ 2.Why was Mr Dick angry with Fred later?_____________________________________________________________________将⽂中的划线句⼦翻译成汉语：3.___________________________________________________________________4.___________________________________________________________________5.What’s the main idea of this passage?_____________________________________________________________________。

定冠词使用语法教案

定冠词使⽤语法教案课程名称：定冠词教学内容：定冠词教学对象：初中教学⽬标：能够准确掌握定冠词的⽤法教学重难点：定冠词的⽤法Teaching StepsStep 1: Warming-upa回顾anapple hour universityelephant MP5 X-rayStep 2: Leading-in（学⽣造句，辨别“⼀个⼈”和“这个⼈”，”⼀只⽺“和”这只⽺“）Step 3: Teaching and Drills知识卡⽚11.基础定义：具有确定的意思，⽤以特指⼈或事物，表⽰名词所指的⼈或事物是同类中的特定的⼀个。

翻译成“那个”或“这个”。

例：a girl the girlan apple the apple2.⽤法1). ⽤以特指某（些）⼈或某（些）事物The girl in red is his sister.I like the music of the film.例句1.-Look!Who's –_ girl over there？-Oh，she's my sister Mary．She's –_ honest girl．（）A./； aB./； anC.the； aD.the； an2.-Do you know _______ lady with long black hair？-Yes．She is my daughter's maths teacher．（）A.theB./C.aD.an2). ⽤于指谈话双⽅都明确所指的⼈或事物Open the door, please.Has he returned the book?例1.-How far is it from our school to seaside？-It is 8-kilometer walk from here．（）A./，aB./，anC.the，aD.the，an2. Excuse me,please hand me book?A. aB.theC.anD./3). ⽤以复述上⽂提过的⼈或事物（第⼀次提到⽤“a或an”，以后再次提到⽤“the”）Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for him. There was once an old fisherman. The old fisherman had a cat. The cat was white.例1.-There's ______ ball on the ground．Would you please pass ______ ball to me？-With pleasure．（）A.the； theB.the； aC.a； aD.a； the4). ⽤在序数词和形容词和最⾼级前January is the first month of the year.This may be the last chance.Tom is the tallest boy in our class.例1.Yao Ming is one of ________ most popular ________ in China．（）A.a，playersB.the，playersC.an，runnersD.much，runners2. -Do you know Peng Liyuan，_______ first lady of China？-Of course．It's said that she made a visit to ______ European country last month．（）A.a； a B.the； a C.the； an D./；an5). 表⽰世界上独⼀⽆⼆的事物the sun 太阳the moon ⽉亮the West Lake 西湖the Great Wall 长城例1._______moon is very bright at night．（）A.AB.AnC.TheD./2. earth is round.A.TheB.AC.AnD./6). 在海洋、江河、湖泊、⼭脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前the Pacific Ocean 太平洋the Yellow River 黄河例_______ Yellow River is home to many fishes and animals.A.theB. aC. anD. /7). 表⽰⽅向、⽅位in the east 在东⽅in the west 在西⽅例1.It is reported that a terrible rainstorm hit_____ south of our country last night．（）A.theB.aC.anD./2.China lies on west of Japan.A.theB.aC.anD./8). 在姓⽒复数前，表⽰⼀家⼈The Bakers came to see me yesterday.The Greens are watching TV now.例1.____ Smiths are form America.A.theB. aC. anD. /2.We invited _____ Whites to our party.A. theB. aC. anD. /9). 和某些形容词连⽤，使形容词名词化，代表⼀类⼈或物the poor 穷⼈the rich 富⼈the young 年轻⼈例1.Many people gave away much money to ______ poor after the earthquake in Nepal．（）A．the B．a C．an D./2.____ wounded and _____ sick must be taken to _____ hospital at once. （）A. The; the; a B．/; /; theC. The; the;/D. The;/; the10). 表⽰演奏西洋乐器时，乐器的前⾯要加theplay the pianoplay the violin例1. I can play ______ guitar, but I can't play _______Erhu.A.a, theB.the,theC.the,/D.the, a2.-Can you play ______Chess?-No,I can't. But I can play _______drumA./, theB.the,theC.the,/D.the, a11).某些固定的表达法in the morning 在早上in the afternoon 在下午in the evening 在晚上go to the cinema 去看电影例1.I get up at ______six O'clock in _______ morning.A./, theB.the,theC.the,/D.the, a2.number of the students in Class Eight，Grade One is 40．（）A./B.AnC.AD.The练习⼀．⽤适当的冠词填空1.There’s _________ umbrella behind the door.2.There is _______ picture of _______ elephant on _______ wall．3.This is _______ useful book．I've read it for _______ hour．4. It takes us _________ hour or more to go to my home town by _________ train.5. More college graduates would like to work in ________ west part of our country ________ next year.6.Several years later, John’s aunt made ________ second trip to China.7.--Mary, it’s going to rain. Better take ________ raincoat with you.--Well, but I can’t find ________ raincoat I put yesterday.8.I like watching ____ TV and listen to ____ radio.⼆、单项选择1.______old man beind Tom is _______ university teacher.A . An; an B. A; the C. The; a D. The;an2.______ man in a gray shirt is Tom's father.A. TheB. AC. AnD. /3.Can you see_____sun at night?A. aB. theC. anD. /4.Mary was born in 1998 and she began to play____guitar at the age of seven.A. aB. anC. /D. the5.Brazil,____ country in south America, held_____31st Olympic Games in August ,2016 .A. a; aB. a; theC. the; aD. the; the6.Do you often play _____ piano？-Yes．I want to be _____ musician （⾳乐家）like Lang Lang.（）A. the；aB.a；theC.the；anD.a；an7.-Who is ______ girl behind the tree？A. -Which one？The one with ______ umbrella？（）B. A.a；the B.the；anC.the；a8.---Do you know____girl with long curly hair？---Yes．She is Mary．She plays____piano very well．（）A．a；/ B．the；/ C．the；the D．a；the9.-What did you do last night，Bob？-First I did my hom ework，and then I played ______ piano for half ______ hour．（）A．the；a B．/；an C．the；an D．a；the10.-Have you heard the song Little Apple？-Is it _____ one Chopsticks Brothers sang last year？Maybe it’s ____ most popular god song in 2014．（）A．the；a B．the；the C．/；the D．the；/⼩结定冠词⽤法顺⼝溜特指双熟悉，上⽂已提及；世上独⽆⼆，序数最⾼级；某些专有名，习语及乐器。

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See ACA Newsletter, SPRING 2008The 10 “must” read book list for X-ray Crystallographers.As I was sitting in my office, at Texas A & M University, pondering where I was going to go for lunch, a student approached and we began a conversation on X-ray crystallography. The student asked a very interesting question, he said, "Given my limited lifespan (only 70 or so more years), I can only afford to read ten books on any given subject. What ten books on X-ray crystallography would you recommend?" Unfortunately the answer that I gave the student was unsatisfactory, due to the fact I was overwhelmed by hunger and I vowed to find a better answer.With this in mind, I posted the same question to my colleagues on a user group newserver. The response that I saw was fantastic and here is the list that we produced. Keep in mind that this is an informal survey of very wise old masters with many years of research and teaching under their ever-expanding belts and as such there may be a few good books that we have not included. I call this the "must read book list" and I recommend that students and experts alike should consider this list when choosing their top ten books to read on the subject of X-ray crystallography.The books are listed in no particular order. The remarks are from actual readers and do not necessarily reflect my opinion, but who am I to disagree with the old masters.1. Crystal Structure Determination by: Werner Massa (March 31, 2004)ISBN-10: 3540206442“My favorite introduction to Crystallography.”“It's the one book I would force into a student hands!”2. Crystal Structure Analysis by: Jenny Glusker and Kenneth Trueblood (August 1992)ISBN-10: 0195035313“A good starter for the common scientist.”3. Crystal Structure Analysis: Principles and Practice (International Union ofCrystallography Monographs on Crystallography) by Peter Main, William Clegg, Alexander J. Blake, Robert O. Gould. (January 28, 2002)ISBN-10: 019850618X“One of my favorite and informative book(s).”“Crystallographers should read this book first.”4. The Determination of Crystals Structures by: H. Lipson & W. Cochran (June 1966)ISBN-10: 080140276X“It is still an amazing book!”“Today's crystallographers could garner a new perspective and appreciation of the subject.”5. Fundamentals of Powder Diffraction and Structural Characterization of Materials by:Vitalij Pecharsky and Peter Zavalij (March 3, 2005)ISBN-10: 0387241477“Only book that I know of that explains indexing and indexing programs.”“A must own book for the powder and single-crystal diffractionist!”“A gota-have book for people interested in the bigger picture.”6. Structure Determination by X-ray Crystallography by: Mark Ladd and Rex Palmer(September 30, 2003)ISBN-10: 0306474549“I have given Ladd and Palmer to non-crystallographers who needed to gaina basic understanding of the process.”7. X-ray Structure Determination by: George Stout and Lyle Jensen (April 24, 1989)ISBN-10: 0471607118“A good, practical book for the student after they are into the subject.”“My first book and the most recent book I have re-read on crystallography!”8. X-ray Analysis and the Structure of Organic Molecules by: Jack Dunitz (December16, 1996)ISBN-10: 3906390144“A great book (even for an inorganic chemist) and it is filled Jack's usual wit!” “The section on weighting schemes in least squares is a must read”9. Protein Crystallography by T.L. Blundell and L. Johnson (January 28, 1976)ISBM-10: 0121083500“It is required reading for the scientist in the area of protein crystallography.”10. Fundamentals of Crystallography edited by C. Giacovazzo (July 15, 2002)ISBN-10: 0198509588“A MUST HAVE for a lab!”“For more advanced students Giacovazzo is a must.”Short books that are quite useful for beginners areIntroduction to Crystallography by Donald E. Sands (January 7, 1994)ISBN-10: 0486678393“A good addition to a practical methods course.”Cystallography Made Crystal Clear by: Gale Rhodes (February 16, 2006) ISBN-10: 0125870736"For the Novice/macromolecular user."Crystal Structure Determination by: William Clegg (June 18, 1998)" First time crystallographers should read this book."ISBN-10: 0198559011For General X-ray Powder DiffractionIntroduction to X-Ray Powder Diffractometry by Ron Jenkins and Robert L. Snyder (June 28, 1996)ISBN-10: 0471513393“A bit dated but still a good read.”Elements of X-Ray Diffraction by B.D. Cullity and S.R. Stock (February 5, 2001) ISBN-10: 020*******“This book is very inclusive on the subject of X-ray Diffraction.”And finally a good book for SHELXL users isCrystal Structure Refinement: A Crystallographer's Guide to SHELXL by Peter Muller, Regine Herbst-Irmer, Anthony Spek, Thomas Schneider, Michael Sawaya (August 14, 2006)ISBN-10: 0198570767“Regine’s section on twinning is a marvelous!”This list is certainly not all inclusive and is specific for X-ray diffraction and in particular to small molecule crystallography. This list should not be considered the only list the reader could consult. Every scientist is unique and will require their own personal library tailored to their needs. This list is a starting point to build or expand that library and to give the investigator the information they need to do their science.Joseph Reibenspies。