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Listen this way听力教程第二册unit1原文

Unit 1 Under the Same Roof Part II A birthday present Tape script John: It's super, Mary. It's just what I wanted. Mary: Well, I know you said your old calculator was no good any more. John: Well, it wasn't that it was no good. It just wouldn't do all the things I need to do at work. And it certainly wouldn't remember telephone numbers for me like this one. Mary: I suppose you're going to start putting in numbers straightaway. John: I've put in one while we've been chatting. I've put in our solicitor 's number. You know how often I need to call him on company contracts. Mary: So what others are you going to put in? John: Well, number one. Accountant , I think. Mary: The company's accountant? John: Yes. Now just let me put in the number. That's it. Mary

听力教程第三册-2张民伦unit9听力原文

Listen this way 听力教程第三册-9Unit 9 Romancing the StonePart I Getting readyA museum is an institution that cares for a collection of artifacts and other objects of scientific, artistic, cultural, or historical importance and makes them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary. Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. The city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to the World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries.Audioscript：1. The LouvreParis is an ancient city, witness to revolution, celebration and war. At its center stands the Louvre, once a royal palace and now one of the world's greatest museums. The Louvre is home to the most famous painting in human history -- The Mona Lisa. Her enigmatic smile is saidto conceal many secrets.2. The Vatican MuseumIn the middle of Rome stands the Vatican, the epicenter of Catholicism. It is both a fortified city and a place the Pope calls home. (Gracias. Gracias.) It also houses one of the most famous museums in the world, full of timeless treasures, each one with a story to tell. Of all of these none are more famous than the Sistine Chapel. All who enter here gaze up at the luminous frescos of Michelangelo.3. Toronto's Royal Ontario MuseumIt's an eye-popping Canadian landmark, a national treasure chest and a place of mystery. This is the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, the ROM. For every object on display, thousands more are hidden in backrooms far from public view. Enter the hall of Ancient Egypt, and the hair stand up on the back of your neck. You feel a presence of the ghosts. How did they live and how did they die? If only the mummies could speak.4. Cairo's Egyptian MuseumEgypt, here the towering monuments of the Pharaohs stand silent amid the roar of a modern city. Cairo is the largest metropolis in Africa, home to more than 20 million people. But at its center is a refugee from urban chaos. This is the museum of Egyptian antiquities, the treasure chest of Asian civilization and one of the most spectacular museums in the world. Visitors flock here by the millions to gaze into the eyes oflong dead Pharaohs and marvel at their dazzling sarcophagi of silver and gold.5. London's Natural History MuseumThe Natural History Museum in London, England, it's a cathedral of nature housing over 70 million specimens. During the day, thousands of visitors tour the galleries. But at night, when they've all gone home, this place seems to come alive with unforgettable stories about where we came from and where we are going. The galleries and dark passage ways invite those who dare to venture behind the scenes. Take a closer look and discover secrets that are disturbing and sometimes brutal.Part II "The Scream"Painting is a fascinating subject. Every time when you visit a museum, you will find something new even in the same painting. While looking at a painting, you can enjoy it for its beauty alone. Its lines, forms, colors, and composition may appeal to your senses and linger in your memory. Apart from that, you can also try to figure out what the painting describes. Does it describe the artist's impression of a scene or a person? Or does it describe the artist's feeling about the art of painting itself?Audioscript：Speaker 1: This picture is "The Scream" by Edvard Munch, and it's a very powerful picture, it's in black and white as, as you see it here. And um I think it's particularly powerful because mainly because of that figure who um, who is, who seems to be running off this bridge here holding his or her head in her hands and screaming. And um, what's very interesting about the picture are the two, the two figures at the end of the bridge or further up this road. And it's difficult to understand whether the person is running from them or whether they're just er innocent bystanders.Um, so the reason I, I like this picture, the reason I find it powerful is because I think that the person is not actually running from the two dark figures at the end of the bridge, but in fact the person is suffering er perhaps some kind of terrible loneliness or sadness, and is, actually seems to be trying to hide that feeling from those people. And I think this is a common feeling, I think this is something which we all do sometimes when, when we feel some feeling, usually a bad feeling, something like loneliness or terrible unhappiness, we don't want other people to see that, and er so we, we have to try and hide that feeling from, from other members of the, of the public. And I feel that's what this man or woman is doing in the picture here.Audioscript：Speaker 2: As a design, the picture's very strong as well. The, the bridge or the street is a very strong diagonal line which goes through the, the picture. And then to the, to the right of the screamer's head there's a series of dark vertical lines -- it's difficult to know what that is, perhaps it's a field or maybe it could be a wall, it's difficult to know exactly what it is, but those dark vertical lines somehow depress the picture, which is exactly what the artist wanted. And then at the, at the top, you have the sky, which the artist has, has er made in the form perhaps of clouds, which are very strong horizontal lines, very, very bold black lines which again seem to push the whole picture down, and add to the depression of the, the experience which the, the screamer is er, is feeling.Part III Taj MahalThe Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built by Mogul emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage. Audioscript：There's no building more romantic or more tragic than the Taj Mahal. On June the 17th, 1631, Mumtaz Mahal, the wife of the Mogul Emperor, Shah Jahan, died while giving birth to her fourteenth child.So, in response to the death of his wife, Shah Jahan created one of the most famous buildings in the world, the Taj Mahal, a vision of perfection, of paradise on Earth. The emotional power of the Taj Mahal comes not just from its ruthless symmetry and its dazzling white material, but also from the purity and simplicity really of its forms. In line with Islamic thinking, it is not loaded with images of living beings, banned in the Koran, but by simple abstract decoration, lettering. In this sense very much less ornamentation gives more emotional power.As you approach nearer, the Taj Mahal, its scale, its craftsmanship become almost overwhelming. It took twenty thousand people twenty years to complete this great structure and its white marble is inlaid with twenty-eight different sorts of precious and semi-precious stones. But, this isn't a palace or a mosque. It's a mausoleum. It's a monument to grief. At this level and so near, I can see just how exquisite and subtle the Taj Mahal is. The inlay is amazing, like a jewel box. And the white marble is carved and the surface is mottled in architectural detail. It was a great surprise, being inside the Taj Mahal is like being inside a living being. It moans and it groans. There's no question about it, as a monument to grief and to heartbreak and the expression of agony and pain that lost all that was precious in this world and longing for the next, the Taj Mahal has no equal. It's unsurpassed.Audioscript：The twist to the story of the Taj Mahal is in the nearby Red Fort where the final tragic episode of Shah Jahan's life was played out. It's here that the myth of the Taj was born, where it enters the world of legend.Shah Jahan, the great emperor, became ill. He suffered a stroke and this provoked a ruthless, vicious struggle for power among his four sons. They fought, they battled and Aurangzeb, the most skilful, the most vicious I suppose of the four sons, prevailed. He killed his three brothers in battle and by treachery and when he had his father, Shah Jahan in his power, he imprisoned him here in the Fort. So for Shah Jahan his great empire had been reduced to the area of this courtyard, and he would stand where I am standing now, contemplating the view, looking at the great mausoleum over there. This is a spectacular view, but it could have been more spectacular still. It is said that Shah Jahan, if he hadn't lost control of his empire, would have built himself a mausoleum opposite that of his wife, and his one would have been clad in black marble, to match the white marble of the Taj Mahal.The story of the black Taj is an invention of the 18th century, but one that reflects, reinforces the fantasy surrounding a building dedicated to love and to what could have been.Part IV More about the topic:British Sculptures Now and ThenSculpture has changed more radically in the past 100 years than in the preceding 30 000. British sculptors have led the way thanks to their restless originality. Today British sculpture is a hugely expressive medium with almost limitless possibilities. Sometimes that sheer variety can be a bit bewildering but in British sculpture's long history, this may turn out to be the greatest chapter yet. Audioscript：Welcome to the British Museum, London, home to ancient art, and the unlikely birthplace of modern sculpture. Throughout the 19th century, British sculptors came here to study the famous ancient Greek marbles that once adorned the Parthenon in Athens. They went on show at the British Museum at the start of 1817 and were soon considered the epitome of what sculpture could and should be. Classical, heroic forms, they're naturalistic, harmoniously proportioned, completely devoid of distortion. They offer a vision of a highly sophisticated society -- the bedrock, if you like, of Western civilization.But at the beginning of the 20th century, a group of bohemian, bold, renegade young sculptors began to look elsewhere in the museum for inspiration. The hieratic art of Ancient Egypt, carved direct into stone. The carving of the Pacific, free of classical proportions. The reliefs of ancient Assyria, so different from the Parthenon. And the sculpture ofCentral America -- full of sex and death. Early in the 20th century,non-European works like these kick-started a revolution in British sculpture.Since then, in the search for new forms of self-expression, British sculptors have broken all the old rules. There's been controversy as their vision has clashed with convention.TV news: The sculptor of a house who won this year's Turner Art Prize has watched her work being demolished.There's been conservatism, whimsy, mass-production. But in a golden age of creativity, our artists have often led the way -- making British sculpture part of a new, international language. Instead of gods or heroes, they project their own inner world, leaving us to decide what their sculptures mean. They've pushed the boundaries so far, we're no longer even sure what sculpture is.It's been a story of revolution and liberation of the sculptor free to soar unfettered into the realm of the imagination, to the point where the concept behind the work, not the skill of its execution, has become king. Today, the sculptor isn't someone chipping away at a block of marble, but a kind of sage who can spot beauty and meaning in the world around us, and bring it to our attention in the gallery.Part V Do you know ...?Most of us like to hang beautiful things on our walls. They're statements of our personal taste or reflections of the things we love. But few of us can afford to go to swanky Mayfair galleries or posh auction houses to buy art. 1.5 million quid for a slice of abstract expressionism is a bit beyond most pockets in these recessionary times. In fact, half of Britain's living rooms have art on the walls which has been bought on the high street from stores like Ikea, Habitat, B&Q or Argos. Audioscript：Aside：Nowadays, art is all around us. It's in the streets, and it's part of the modern landscape. In the past few years, we've built greattemples to art up and down the country, whether it's theBaltic in Gateshead or the Tate Modern in London. Artgalleries have become people-friendly places drawing hugecrowds. Modern art is now something we can all participatein. It's fashionable, it's cool. Its artists are superstars. Butwhat sort of art do we want in our living rooms?Hostess：I'm going to venture into the domestic art galleries we all inhabit. It's a world where individuality meets mass marketand personal taste is more important than art history.Man 1：Yeah, I don't know anything about the history of these ...these pictures, but I just like the colors. Colors repre ...They're superb for what we wanted. WoMan 1：Natural landscapes I really like, so stormy seas and skies with wintry trees, just the skeletons, but I think they're moreeffective in black and white. Girl: It's the ... The sky's like ina nice color, and the sea is very beautiful.Man 2：I like mountains. I'm a mountain guy, so I like pictures with mountains on it. WoMan 2：I don't like Pollock, because it just seems a bit messy, but I do like that wild flinging, painter to canvas.Aside：If you want to buy art for your home, you could start at the top.This is London's Mayfair, where you can spend squillions onan original work of art. Down the road at Tate Modern,things are a little bit more user-friendly. There's fun to be hadfor all the family. And in the shop, there's a vending machinewhere you can order your own personal masterpiece to takehome. The mass reproduction of art is now big business, andone of the biggest players in town is the Art Group, whichsupplies art galleries, shops and superstores around the worldfrom its factory in Northampton. The Art Group started offwith just a single stall on Camden Market 25 years ago. Itsslogan was, "Art for all." Now it runs a 24-hour productionline and is a multimillion-pound business employing 300people.Hostess：So when people think of art, they think of these perfect white spaces, silent, contemplative, and here you've got thethunder of machinery, the vaulted warehouse ... DarrenBooker (Operation Director): Absolutely.Hostess：I like it, actually.Darren：This is ... This is art on a big scale. It doesn't matter if you make ten a day or 10 000 a week. It still has to be perfect. Hostess：Amazing how recognizable all these images are. I don't have any, I don't own any, but they've sort of seeped into myconsciousness from, you know, trips to Ikea or Habitat orArgos or wherever. So what's the effect of the price of thissort of art coming down?Darren：I think the real effect is that it's now in ... in more reach of everyone. People are now able to afford this, and in manyways it now becomes a disposable piece of artwork. Art'sbecoming more fashionable, and people will tend to decoratemore frequently, change their art more frequently, which isall so great for us.Hostess：Because they can.Hostess：I can see Klimt hanging on the wall. Is this a big ... is Klimta big guy for you?Darren：Yeah, he's a very successful artist, very well known, a good seller.Hostess：Do you think Klimt would have ever thought, as heanguished over that picture, that years later people in afactory would be nailgunning it to a piece of MDF? It's art aslifestyle, I guess.Part VII Watch and enjoyThe Sistine Chapel is a large and renowned chapel of the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in the Vatican City. The fame of the Sistine Chapel lies mainly in the frescos that decorate the interior, and most particularly the Sistine Chapel ceiling and The Last Judgment by Michelangelo. The fame of Michelangelo's paintings has drawn multitudes of visitors to the chapel, ever since they were revealed five hundred years agoVideoscript：In the middle of Rome stands the Vatican, the epicenter of Catholicism. It is both a fortified city and a place the Pope calls home. (Gracias. Gracias.) It also houses one of the most famous museums in the world, full of timeless treasures, each one with a story to tell. Of all of these none are more famous than the Sistine Chapel.All who enter here gaze up at the luminous frescos of Michelangelo. What few people know is that his masterpiece was an afterthought. When the chapel was constructed the walls were filled with monumental murals. But the ceiling was just decorated with a simple field of stars. Thirty years later Pope Julius II decided it needed a new paint job. When he gave the task to Michelangelo, he took a leap of faith because the artist was not then a famous painter, but an upcoming sculptor of the human form. His transformation of the ceiling, an area the size of two basketball courts, would be completed in just four years. How did a brilliant but inexperienced painter complete the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in such a short time? Five hundred years later when Vatican's staff embarked on the restoration project, they got the chance to uncover this museum secret.The restoration team spent nine years up onto the ceiling in the 1980s. It took them twice as long to clean the ceiling as it did Michelangelo to paint it.The largest figures on the ceiling are nearly 20 feet across. Michelangelo did not attempt to paint them freehand. Each figure started as a sketch or cartoon, followed by a procedure that art experts like William Wallace refer to as pouncing.Wallace: Pouncing is the means of transferring the cartoon to the plaster, so the cartoon is actually being pricked with little tiny holes and charcoal dust in a bag is actually pounced or pounded onto the cartoon. Okay. We see the head beautifully pounced and the hand beautifully pounced.But pouncing was a slow process and Michelangelo was under pressure for an aging Pope who wanted to see the ceiling completed before he died. So Michelangelo exchanged the charcoal for a blade, allowing him to quickly incise the lines of the sketch directly onto the plaster.On a scaffold 18 hours a day, seven days a week, constantly craning his neck up, paint dripping into his eyes, no one can say Michelangelo didn't suffer for art. In the fourth year of his labor, he even described it in a poem:"With my neck puffed out like a pigeon,Belly hanging like an empty sack,Beard pointed at the ceiling and,My brain fallen back within my head."Michelangelo kept going because he was tough and determined, but that doesn't explain how he could work on a scaffold just a few feet from the ceiling and yet paint figures in perfect perspective when seeing from far below. The answer may be because he started his career as a sculptor. Elizabeth (Art historian): When Michelangelo imagines a figure moving, it's moving inwards, outwards and space, and therefore creates this wonderful perspective. People ask all the time, "Is that real? Is the architecture real? Are they sticking out the ceiling? Are they 3D?"If one removes the frescos from the ceiling, Michelangelo's mastery of perspective becomes even more impressive. He works magic with his paints, creating lifelike 3 D figures even when the background tilts the wrong way.Elizabeth (Art historian): Jonah was painted on a piece of plaster that tilts towards us, and yet looking at the figure Jonah appears to tilt backwards. It was something that he knew would fly in the face of all the people that criticized him at the beginning of the assignment say, "Oh, but Michelangelo doesn't know anything about painting." Michelangelo denies the laws of physics through his painting. It's the same kind of special effect that people marvel at in something like Avatar.So how did Michelangelo complete his masterpiece in just 4 years? Determination, physical endurance and 3D virtualosity are only part of the answer. The rest is surely quite simply, genius.Every morning when the gates open, thousands of visitors head straight to the Sistine Chapel. To stand for a moment in a place that combines the power of god and the genius of man.。

listen-this-way4-unit3

Part I Getting readyA.B.Narrator: What would you reply to these people?Man: Well, as I see it, millions of people in the world are worse off than us, but there's nothing we can do about it.Woman: I'd say that if you do have plenty of money, there's no point in spending it on private education for your children.Man: It seems to me that the only way to help the poor in the world is to find ways of helping them to help themselves. … er … not … by … er … giving them free food.Women: If you ask me, taxes for rich people should be really high — 95% or something - so that everyone is at the same economic level.Man: Er … in my view it … it's worth making a lot of money … er … so that you can leave it to your children when you die.Man: Don't you agree that if people are starving or have nowhere to live, it's the duty of better-off people to give them food and shelter?Woman: Look, let's face it, there's only one reason why people work and that's to make as much money as possible.Man: Surely, as long as you've got enough to live on, there's no point in making more and more money.Woman: If you're earning a good salary, surely you should save as much as you can for a rainy day.Man: I must say that one thing is certain: money doesn't buy happiness.C.Narrator: You'll hear some people reacting to various opinions —decide if they are agreeing or disagreeing with the opinions expressed. Pay attention to the tone of voice they use.1. Woman: Aren't you glad you're not a millionaire?Man: Sure!2. Man: Don't you wish you could afford to spend our holidays in the Caribbean?Woman: Mm, ye-es.3. Woman: It's not worth saving your money, it's better to spend it.Man: Oh, sure!4. Man: It's better to be happy than rich.Woman: Hmm.5. Woman: Well, basically, in a job the most important thing is how much you earn.Man: Oh, yes!6. Man: It's really important to save a little money every month — you never knowwhen you might need it.Woman: I don't know about that!7. Man: The only way to survive on a tight budget is to keep a record of all yourexpenses.Man: I don't know about that!8. Woman: Children these days get far too much pocket money.Woman: Mmm!9. Woman: In a family it should be the mother that controls the budget.Woman: Yes!10. Man: If I inherited a lot of money it wouldn't change my life at all.Man: Oh, yes!Part II National teach children to save dayOn Thursday, April 17, "National Teach Children to Save Day," 2 500 bankers will make 5 000 presentations in elementary school classrooms across the country to teach children how to save money."Bankers are committed to investing in the future of children because we want them to be able to make smart financial decisions throughout their lifetime," said American Bankers Association Executive Vice-president Donald G. Ogilvie. "Education and money management skills are keys to a better life." The ABA Education Foundation declared "National Teach Children to Save Day" as a way to show banking industry support for teaching children money management skills and encouraging them to save money for the future. In 1996, Americans saved only 4.9% of their disposable incomes, compared to 1970 when they saved 8%. The Foundation coordinated a great effort with state bankers associations to encourage bankers to participate in "National Teach Children to Save Day." It also prepared a resource kit with tools to help bankers make presentations in classrooms. More than 125 000 students will be part of this national initiative. The ABA Education Foundation also offers tips for parents to foster the savings habit in their children:●Give them an allowance with the understanding that part of it goes into their own savings —a first step towards learning to budget.●To make their savings visible and real, have them build up savings in a piggy bank. Then helpthem open their own bank savings account, and have them make deposits each month.●Use their monthly statements, or the record in their savings passbooks, to show them howtheir money is multiplying.●For every dollar your children earn, encourage them to spend 25 cents on what they want orneed now, put 25 cents away for a bigger-item purchase later and save or invest the rest.(That's a 50% savings rate!)●Make savings and investing fun. Give your children play money to "invest" in stocks they cantrack in local newspapers. If the stocks go up, pay them in more play money; if the stocks decline, they pay you.Part III Credit cardsCredit cards are an important part of American life. Whether we have a positive or negative image of credit cards, they are an inescapable part of our finances, either now or in the future. Without a credit card, it's just about impossible to rent a car, make a hotel or airline reservation, or even get a membership at a video store. Since credit cards are so important, yet so many people are in financial trouble because of them, we feel education is extremely important. We want to show our customers that credit cards are not toys; they are an important responsibility.A credit card can be used to "charge" things like clothes, tapes or CDs, dinner at a restaurant, or maybe a hotel room while you're on vacation. When you charge something, you are agreeing to pay for your purchase at a later date. Basically, you are buying something now and paying for it later.Credit cards come with a "limit." Let's say your credit card has a limit of $100. That means you can charge up to $100.00 worth of items on your card. You will get a statement in the mail each month that lists the charges you have made. You will also have to make a payment every month that you have a balance owing. Since we're about educating our customers on the realities of credit and credit cards, we're going to be perfectly honest. First, using a credit card can be very expensive. Banks don't offer credit cards just because they like you. They offer them because they make money when customers use credit cards. How do they make money? When you charge something on a credit card, you not only will have to pay for what you bought, but you will also have to pay interest, or a finance charge, if you don't pay your bill in full by the due date. The finance charge is your extra cost for having something now and paying for it later. The interest rate on a credit card can be 15% or even higher. If, however, you pay your bill in full every month by the due date, you do not have to pay interest. And of course, we highly recommend you do that! It's very easy to make lots of purchases on your card and then be surprised at how quickly they add up when your bill arrives! If you're not careful when you use a credit card, you could find yourself in a lot of debt. And it always takes much longer to pay it off than to spend it. You will also want to be careful about buying things with credit card you wouldn't normally be able to afford. Again, you can get in over your head and end up paying a tremendous amount of interest.However, when used correctly, credit cards can be very helpful. It's sometimes hard to do certain things without a credit card. Credit cards are also helpful for emergencies and are good for travel.Some credit cards even insure your purchase, meaning if something is lost, stolen, or broken, it can be replaced. We believe the best way to become responsible with credit is to learn through hands-on experience. If you begin at a young age with a low limit, you won't be likely to blow it and get in financial trouble later on.Part IV More about the topic: Gulf Between the Rich and PoorA.Woman: In 1998, the United Nation's Human Development Report contains some interesting statistical comparisons about global wealth. For example the reportnotes that the world's three richest people own assets which exceed thecombined growth domestic products of the world's poorest 48 countries. Inanother amazing comparison the report says the statistics show that installingwater and sanitation for all the world's poor would cost roughly the sameamount of money as is spent annually on ice-cream in Europe. It also notes thatbasic education for everyone would cost slightly less than is spent annually forcosmetics in the United States. What's wrong with this picture? The author of anew book entitled Luxury Fever says the answer is "spending priorities". RobertFrank, a professor of economics at Cornell University in Ithyca, New York haswritten a book which says Americans are spending so much of their income onever larger houses and cars that they can't afford to spend on social programs orinfrastructure repairs.Frank: It's a strange position really when you look back on it. Over the last 25 years, we've been spending much more on building larger houses, we've beenspending vastly more on automobiles. People in the middle of the incomedistribution don't have any more money in terms of real purchasing power thanthey did 25 years ago. People near the bottom of the income distribution haveeven less than they had. People at the top of course have done spectacularlywell. There's been about a doubling in the real purchasing power that has beenexperienced by the top 1% of earners. So naturally, people at the top find it aperfectly reasonable thing to do to buy bigger houses or more expensive cars.But that's of the chain of imitative spending all the way down the income ladder,and many of the people in the middle who feel they desperately need largerhouses because others have them really could be spending their money in otherways if we look back.Woman: The time required as you put it to earn enough money to pay for a larger house could be used and could be freed up to use for family and friends.Frank: Well that's true. There is always a cost of buying more things. Instead of buildinga bigger house or buying a more expensive car, I can work fewer hours andspend time with family and friends. And what the behavioral studies show veryclearly is that if everyone did that, people would be happier. They'd have fewerdisputes of work. They'd have lower levels of stress hormones in their blood.They get sick less often. They die at an older age. (To) sum it up, there is no freelunch. If we spend more on one thing, that always means spending less onanother. And the best evidence we have such as that rich and poor life would beboth healthier and happier if we rearranged our spending patterns in theseways.B.Woman 1: Another economist and author, however, see the positive side to the increased prosperity of Americans. W. Michael Cox is the vice president of theFederal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Texas. And his book is entitled Myths of Richand Poor. Mr. Cox disputes the widely held notion that there's a huge gapbetween the rich and poor in America. He says all Americans are better offthan they were 30 years ago.Woman 2: Technological advances have created hundreds of gadgets that did not exit 30 years ago. Mr. Cox contains in his new book, appliances like cellular andcordless phones, computers, answering machines, microwave ovens. He saysthese new inventions make life today both easier and more pleasurable. Andhe says these conveniences are available to a broader cross-section of thegeneral public in the United States than in any other country in the world.That's because improvements in productivity and the openness of the U.S.market has made them affordable for just about anybody.Cox: Today of all the people in poverty in America, almost 3/4 have washing machines, half have clothes dryers, 97% have color televisions, 3/4 have VCRs,2/3 have microwaves and air conditioners, 3/4 own their own automobile, 40%own their own home, half have stereo systems.Part V Do you know…?Europe ranks as the most expensive region in the world in the latest survey by a prestigious London research group, the Economist Intelligence Unit.Seven of the world's 10 most expensive cities are in Europe, according to the report released Monday.The Economist Intelligence Unit ranks Oslo as the third most expensive city in the world. Other European cities in the top 10 include Zurich, Copenhagen, Geneva, Paris, Reykjavik and London. Tokyo and Osaka remain on top of the list, as they have for a decade. Hong Kong ranked fifth. The editor of the report, Bill Ridgers, says strong European currencies, led by the euro, account for the continent's high cost of living."We've seen an increase in the relative cost of living in the euro-zone countries as the euro has appreciated against the U.S. dollar, the prices have become relatively more expensive. And the flip side to that is that we've seen U.S. cities actually slipping down in the list because they are becoming relatively cheaper as the dollar becomes slightly weaker," Mr. Ridgers said.New York City has dropped out of the top 10, and now ranks as the 13th costliest city. Latin American cities also have slipped down the ranks amid persistent economic turmoil in the region.Mexico City is in 56th place and Sao Paulo is 120th, just fourth from the bottom of the list. Tehran remains the world's cheapest city, with a cost of living less than one-quarter that of Tokyo. The Economist team checks prices of a wide range of items, from bread and milk to cars and utilities, to compile the semi-annual cost of living report.Business clients use the service to calculate the amount of allowances granted to overseas executives and their families.。

Listen this way听力教程第三册unit3

Unit 3Part ID. warmer/ green house effect/ sea levels/climate zonesAs 1998 ends and people look forward to the last year of the century, the World Almanac spoke with experts about what comes next. Almanac editorial director says the experts believe the next century will bring lots of changes.Warm, of course, that our climate is going to continue getting warmer. That’s the subject, by the way, of another new article on the 1999 World Almanac. The greenhouse effect, exactly what causes it, and what steps to be taken to, perhaps to alleviate global warmings. I’ve seen recently that 1998 is going to go down as the warmest year ever on record. And so that’s going to be a major issue of the next century, and possible tremendous consequences of the global warmings, whether it is rising sea levels affecting th coastal areas; changes in climate zones affecting what crops can be grown, and in what regions. This is potentially a very significant trend to be watched.E. Cyclone: North or south of equator/Typhoon:/Hurricane: Eastern PacificMajor ocean storms in the northern part of the world usually develop in late summer or autumn over waters near the equator. They are known by several different names. Scientists call these storms cyclones when they happen just north or south of the equator in the Indian Ocean. In the western Pacific Ocean or the China Sea, these storms are called typhoons. In the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, they are called hurricanes.Part IIA. Outline1. A. weather pattern/global climateB. 1. twice a decade2. 12-18 monthsC. 1. warmer weather/2. wetter than usual/ drierD. the decline of windsII. 1. droughtsB. a cyclic weather pattern/ about twice a decade/ wetter/drier/ cold water away from South America’s west/ to expand eastwa rd toward the America’s / move eastward too/ the weatherarond the world/ droughts/ rains and flooding/ on the South American fishing industry/ tobecome depletive/ the strength of it/Satellite readings confirm that conditions are right for another El Nino, a cyclic weatherpattern that affects the global climate.El Nino’s normally show up about twice a decade and it lasts about 12 to 18 months,bringing warmer weather to parts of the earth. Some regions become wetter than usual,others drier. The El Nino, which began in 1991 has lingered through this year. Althoughseveral years might have been expected to pass before the next one, an American-Frenchsatellite observing the oceans has found a sign that El Nino may come back quicker thanexpected.These kinds of things still happen. This is Brig Jacker, an oceanographer of the US NavalResearch Laboratory in Mississippi.Every year is unpredictable. One year might be El Nino year, one year might not. GenerallyEl Nino’s come in four year cycles. But there’s nothing to say that you can’t have twoEl Nino years in a row.El Nino’s begin with the decline of winds pulling cold water away from South America’swest coast to around the equator. This allows warm water in the western Pacific Ocean toexpand eastward toward the America’s. At the same time, the clouds and rain over the warmwater move eastward too. Radar aboard the American-French satellite detected the hint thatsuch water movement began in early August and reached South America two months later. Itsaw a ripple called a “Calvin wave” moving slowly eastward. Such pulses sometimes give rise to El Nino conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific.El Nino’s can change the weather around the world, but how much d epends on its strength. Astrong one in 1982 and 1983 has been linked to droughts in Australia and Indonesia, rainsand flooding in South America, and unseasonably in 1991 has caused trouble. It has beenassociated with devastating floods in the US southeast last year and in the US Midwest thisyear. El Nino’s are hard on the South American fishing industry. The warm waters preventnutrients rich cold water from rising to the surface, causing fish stocks to becomedepletive. Mr. Jacker said a new El Nino apparently would be mild but he is not betting onit yet.The US Naval oceanographer says predictions are difficult because the strength of El Ninodepends on how winds affect the Calvin wave that has moved across the Pacific.Part III Lick ObservatoryB. location: an hour’s drive/ summit/Origin of the name: a wealthy businessmanSize: one meter diameter/ secondTime: 1888Present function: research/ an educational toolC. way of observation: human eyes;in the cold/TV screenGains and losses: Romance/ the sky/ efficiency/ reality/ universeQuestions:Because lick Observatory is near “Silicon Valley”, a region of the states high-technology.Because Lick Observatory was built on his estate and he was buried at the base of thetelescope at this won request.By using the 19th century telescope, you have a feeling of romance with direct viewing withthe human eyes. By sing the modern devices, you lose that romance but gain the efficiency.That’s an exchange.It’s about an hour’s drive from the outskirts of San Jose, California, near the upperside of the state’s high-technology region known as Silicon Valley. As a visitor drives upthe narrow winding road past red flowers, and eucalyptus trees, one of the first twos eismographic stations in the world, it’s almost a surprise to glimpsethe largest dome ofLick Observatory’s eight telescopes. Overlooking the world of computer age manufacturingare telescopes from the turn of the century which help shape our understanding of theuniverse.The huge dome, housing Lick Observatory’s giant, one meter wide reflecting telescope, isone of the few instruments in motion this morning on Mount Hamilton. At the 1260-metersummit of Mount Hamilton is a small village of 55 permanent residents, some of themstudents in a one-room school house. But most at the research complex are visitingastronomers catching their first hours of sleep in an old dormitory after a night’s workat the telescopes. Reminton Stone, director of operations at Lick Observatory has worked atthe top of Mount Hamilton for three decades. Now a part of the University of California,Lick Observatory got its name from a welthy businessman who never studied astronomy as MR.Stone explains: “Andh e came to San Francisco, just before the gold rush and he made a hugeamount of money on real estate. When he died, he specified that some portion of his estateshould be used to build the largest and most powerful telescope yet made and which was a 36inch at that time. And at his own request he is buried at the base of thetelescope. Sothis s a memorial to himself.”The telescope with its ode-meter-diameter reflecting lens was the largest telescope in theworld for seven years following its c ompletion in 1888. and today, its’ still the secondlargest telescope of its kind. Although the one meter reflecting telescope is still usedfor some research, its hard to adapt today’s electronic instruments to the old historictelescope. Now, it is used mostly as an educational tool for teachers and the thousands ofvisitors who come each year. While the other telescopes at Lick Observatory are connectedto electronic imagine devices that allow the astronomers to view celestial objects ontelevision screens, the 19th century telescope allows direct viewing with the human eye. It’s one of the few giant telescopes in the world tht still requires some users to sit outin the cold under the dark sky and the dome. That brings a feeling of nostalgia to RemintonStone.I really do miss being able to see the sky, and seeing these wonderful data appear in thecomputer screen is really nice, but it’s very divorced from the reality, from theuniverse. I miss a lot being in a dark place in these fields to look up to see the stars.We go out every now and then if we are working at…, we’re at the control room, we do goout to keep track of the skies, where the clouds are, and so forth, but one loses theromance and one gains greatly the effic iency. It’s a trade-off.Astronomer Reminton Stone, who manages the Lick Observatory complex at the top of mountHamilton, California.Part IV. The national climatic DataCenter.OutlineI. A. 1951B. headquartersC. satellites, radar, solar radiation system, airplanes, shipsII. B. collecting weather records from around the worldD. publications about earthenvironment. E. requests fro information from all over the world.questions.The Department of Defense, the National Weather Service, the coastguardThe office has written weather observations made by early American diplomat BenjaminFranklin and by the third President of the U.S.You can get the information by computer, microfilm and telephoneAmerican cities. Another publication has monthly reports from 1500 observation stationsaround the world.The center had more than 900,000 requests from government officials, business owners,weather researchers and the general public last year.More and more people need to know about the weather. Anyone wanting information about pastweather conditions can turn to a center supported by the United States government.The National Climatic Data Center reportedly has the world’s largest active collection ofweather information. The National Climatic Data Center or NCDC was formed in 1951. it wasestablished as a record center for America’s Department of Commerce. Its headquarters isin the southern city of Asheville, North Carolina.The NCDC collects weather records gathered by a number of weather observers and the UntiedStates government agencies. The Department of Defense, the National Weather Service and thecoastguard are among those providing weather information. The center also collects weatherrecords from around the world. Some information held by the NCDC is only a few hours old.Other records are a lot older. For example, the office has written weather observationsmade by early American diplomat Benjamin Franklin and by the third President of the UnitedStates Thomas Jefferson.Today modern scientific equipment including satellites, radar and solar radiation systemshelp people learn about the weather. Information collected by airplanesand ships also isused. The NCDC organizes this information and helps prepare it for publication and otheruses. The center assists in the production of written records, weather maps and pictures.The information also is shared by computer, microfilm and telephone. The NCDC producesseveral publications about earth environment. One has monthly and yearly records aboutweather conditions in about 270 American cities. Another publication has monthly reportsfrom 1500 observation stations around the world. It also has information from about 800pper air stations which measure weather conditions at all levels of the atmosphere. TheNational Climatic Data Center receives requests for information from all over the world.Last year the center reportedly had more than 900,000 requests from government officials,business owners, weather researchers and the general public.Part VDo you know…?Meaning: little girlTime: the western coast of South America / The Pacific coast of Peru and EcuadorTime: winter monthsDuration: one to two years.Evidence: the eastern Pacific oceanImpacts: those of EL Nino/ drier than normal and others wetter.Scientists say the weather event known as El Nino is ending. Scientific instruments haveshown that the Pacific Ocean waters warmed by El Nino are becoming cooler. Many weatherexperts are expecting the change in ocean temperatures to lead to conditions known as LaNina. El Nino means the little boy in the Spanish language, La Nina means the little girl.La Nina develops when winds near the western coast of South America strengthen. This causescold air to form near the Pacific coast of Peru and Ecuador. Unusually low watertemperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean are evidence of La Nina. Ocean surface temperatures there drop almost 4 degrees. La Nina is strongest during winter months in the northern part of the world. It usually lasts one to two years. La Nina’s effects can be just as severe as those of EL Nino.Recently weather experts met in Colorado to exchange their findings about La Nina. The National Center for Atmospheric Research organized the conference. The experts agreed that the colder Pacific Ocean waters might influence weather conditions around the world. La Nina could make some places drier than normal and others wetter. Some reports presented at the conference said Southeast Asia is likely to receive a lot of rain during the present la Nina, so could South America, Central America and Africa. The northwestern part of Canada and the United States could be wetter than normal. The studies found that the southern untied States could be warmer and drier and more severe storms are possible in the western Atlantic Ocean.。

Listenthisway听力教程第二册unit1原文

Listenthisway听力教程第二册unit1原文Unit 1 Under the Same Roof Part II A birthday present Tape script John: It's super, Mary. It's just what I wanted. Mary: Well, I know you said your old calculator was no good any more. John: Well, it wasn't that it was no good. It just wouldn't do all the things I need to do at work. And it certainly wouldn't remember telephone numbers for me like this one. Mary: I suppose you're going to start putting in numbers straightaway. John: I've put in one while we've been chatting. I've put in our solicitor 's number. You know how often I need to call him on company contracts. Mary: So what others are you going to put in? John: Well, number one. Accountant , I think. Mary: The company's accountant? John: Yes. Now just let me put in the number. That's it. Mary: And number two, the bank. John: OK. Bank. Now, that's 345674. Oh...And number 3, the doctor. Mary: Yes. His number's er, let me think. 76763. And then the dentist, of course. John: What's that? Number 4, isn't it? Dentist. Mary: Yes, the number's 239023. I remember, because I rang yesterday about Robbie's appointment. John: That's fine. And now -- the garage . 757412. Mary: And then how about the station number? You're always hunting around for that in a panic. John: Yes, you're right. What is the number anyway? Mary: Oh, I can't remember. I'll just look it up in the telephone directory . John: All right. Now, number 7, the flower shop, I think. Yes, florist. And that's 989024. Oh, I mustn't forget the new London office number. So that's number 8, new London office. Mary: John, here's the station number. 546534. John: 546534. Thanks. Now that was number 6 on my list. Mary: How far have you got now? John: Well, I've added a couple more. The next one will be 9. Mary: What about Bill and Sue ? John: No, I can alwaysremember their number. But I always have to look up John and Jane's number. What is it? Mary: John and Jane ... John and Jane (I)know,21463. John: OK, 21463. John and Jane. And one more perhaps? Mary: The hairdresser? John: Why do I need the hairdresser's number? No, I thought this was my pocket calculator. Oh, I tell you one number we do need quite often -- the sports club ! Mary: the sport club! John: Great minds think alike! OK, number 10. Sports club. And that's –Mary: 675645. Mary: 675645. Well that's enough for the moment. I think. Now, as it's my birthday, what about taking me out for a meal ? Mary: I don't think I can remember the telephone number of our favorite restaurant. Part III. Family life then and now Tape script:Josephine: We did feel far more stability in our lives, because you see…in these days I think there's always a concern that families will separate or something, but in those days nobody expected the families to separate . Gertrude: Of course there may have been smoking, drinking and drug-taking years ago, but it was all kept very quiet, nobody knew anything about it. But these days there really isn't the family life that we used to have. The children seem todo more as they like whether they know it's right or wrong. Oh, things are very different I think. Question: What was your parents' role in family life? Josephine: Well, my mother actually didn't do a tremendous amount in the house , but she did do a great deal of work outside and she was very interested, for example, in the Nursing Association collecting money for it. We had somebody who looked after us and then we also had someone who did the cleaning. Gertrude: Well, we lived in a flat, we only had three rooms and a bathroom. Father worked on the railway at Victoria Station and my mother didn't work obviously.My father's wage I think was about two pound a week and I suppose our rent was about twelve shillings a week, you know aw rent was – I'm going back a good many years. We didn't have an easy life , you know, and I think that's why my mother went out so much with her friends. It was a relief for her, you know really. Question: Did you have a close relationship with your parents? Josephine: In a sense I would say not very close but we, at that time, didn't feel that way, we didn't think about it very much I don't think . I think today people are much closer to their parents and talk about everything, which we didn't. Then, of course, we used to play a lot of games, because we didn't have a television or even a radio and we would play games in the evenings rather than have conversation, I think. Question: Was there more discipline in families in those days? Josephine: Oh yeas, I do think so, yes. We were much more disciplined and we went about as a family and it wasn't until I was probably about 18 before I would actually go out with any friends of my own. Statements: • 70years ago young people often smoked and drank in front of others. • Apart from a great deal of work outside, Josephine's mother also looked after her children and did the cleaning in the house. • Gertrude's father earned two pounds a week. • Gertrude's family had to pay ten shillings a week for their flat. • Young people seventy years ago deeply felt that they did not have a very close relationship with their pare nts. • Nowadays people are much closer to their parents and talk about everything to them. Part V. Memory test: Brother and Sisters 1. b 2. d 3. a 4.c 5. b 6. b Tape script:Woman: Well, my brother was six years younger than I, and er, I think that when he was little I was quite jealous of him. I remember he had beautiful red curls (mm)…my mother used to coo over him. One day a friend and I played, erm,barber shop, and erm, my mother must have been away, she must have been in the kitchen or something (mm) and we got these scissors and sat my brother down and kept him quiet and (strapped him down)… That's right, and cut off all his curls, you see. And my mother was so upset, and in fact it's the first…I think it's one of the few times I've ever seen my father really angry. Man: What happened to you? Woman: Oh…I was sen t to my room fro a whole week you know, it was terrible. Man: But was that the sort of pattern, weren't you close to your brother at all? Woman: Well as I grew older I think that er I just ignored him… Man: What about … you've got an older brother too, did … were they close, the two brothers? Woman: No, no my brother's just a couple of years older than I … so the two of us were closer and we thought we were bother very grown up and he was just a … a kid… so we deliberately, I think, kind of ignored him. And then I left, I left home when he was only still a schoolboy, he was only fifteen (mm) and I went to live in England and he eventually went to live in Brazil and I really did lose contact with him for a long time. Man: What was he doing down there? Woman: Well, he was a travel agent, so he went down there to work … And, erm, I didn't, I can't even remember, erm sending a card, even, when he got married. But I re…I do remember that later on my mo ther was showing me pictures of his wedding, ‘cause my mother and father went down there to the wedding, and er, there was this guy on the photos with a beard and glasses, and I said, “Oh, who's this then?” ‘cause I thought it was the bride's brother or so mething like them (mm) … and my mother said frostily, “That … is your brother!” (laughter) Questions for memory test: • According to the passage, how many brothers does the lady have? • When the sister saw her mother coo over her youngbrother how did she feel? • What's her father's reaction when he got to know that the sister had cut off her younger brother's hair? • How old was her younger brother when she left home? • Where did her brother eventually live? • Who was the buy on the photos with a beard and glasses? [NoPage]。

Listen_this_way2_Unit1-Unit6听力原文

Lisen this way. Book Two.Unit 1 Under the Same RoofPart Ⅰ Getting ready.A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listencarefully and study the definitions.1. kindergarten:2. nursery school:3. kid:4. stability:5. discipline6. divorce:7. care for:8. coo:9. wedding.10. bride:B You are going to hear some people talking about pictures of their families. Listen carefully and identify which one of the following pictures each person is talking about.Number 1 This is my family. I'm married. My husband's name is Bill. We have two children — a boy and a girl. Our little girl is six years old, and our little boy is four. Jennie goes to kindergarten, and Aaron goes to nursery school. My father lives with us. Grandpa's great with the kids. He loves playing with them and taking them to the park or the zoo.Numberer 2 This is a picture of me and my three sons. We're at a soccer game. Orlando is twelve, Louis is ten, and Carlos is nine. All three of them really like sports. Orlando and Louis play baseball. Carlos is into skating.Number 3 This is my wife June, and these are my three children. Terri on the right is the oldest. She's in high school. She's very involved in music. She's in the orchestra. Rachel —she's the one in the middle —is twelve now. And this is my son Peter. He's one year older than Rachel. Rachel and Peter are both in junior high school. Time really flies. June and I have been married for twenty years now.Number 4 This is a picture of me with my three kids. The girls, Jill and Anne, are both in high school. This is Jill on the right. She'll graduate next year. Anne is two years younger. My son Dan is in college. It seems like the kids are never home. I see them for dinner and sometimes on Saturday mornings, but that's aboutit. They're really busy and have a lot of friends.PartⅡQ: Parent Link is an organization that looks at the problemsthat parents and children face. Its director, Tim Kahn, told usabout the changing roles of parents and children.T: The authoritarian model was one in which the child had no rights and I guess in the 60s and parents the 70s many people rejectedthat and we had the sort of the permissive era — the age wheremany parents felt they had allow their children to do whatever theywanted to do and so in a sense the roles were reversed and it wasthe children who were the bosses and the parents who ran aroundbehind them. The ideas that we offer to parents are kind of a thirdposition in which we’re looking at equal, where parents andchildren are different but equal.Q: What about changes in the male-female roles?T: Society has changed a lot. As well as technology leading to great changes, people’s roles have changed very much, in particular thewomen’s movement has very much questioned the role of women andled many women to demand a freer choice about who they are and howthey can be. There’s a lot of frustration with how men haven’tchanged, and it seems to me that the more the frustration isexpressed the more stuck in and being the same men are and we neededto find ways of appreciating men for the amount of work that theyhave to do in being bread-winners and providers for families andappreciating the efforts men are making to be more involved withtheir children.Q: Are there any changes you would like to see in the attitude to family life in Britain?T: In the past there were arranged marriages and I wonder if part of having an arranged marriage is knowing that you have to work atit to create the love and that now people are getting married outof love and there’s a kind of feeling that your love is there andit will stay there for ever and we don’t have to work at it andwhen it gets tricky we don’t know how to work at it and so we optout. I think helping people learn to work at their relationshipsto make their relationship work be a significant thing that I’dlike to see happening.Part III Family life then and nowJosephine Davies and Gertrude Smith, two members of the older generation, are talking about their childhood in Britain 70 years ago.A Now listen to the following conversation. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, answer the questions.Josephine: We did feel far more stability in our lives, because you see ...in these days I think there's always a concern that families will separateor something, but in those days nobody expected the families to separate.Gertrude: Of course there may have been smoking, drinking and drug-taking years ago, but it was all kept very quiet, nobody knew anything about it. But these days there really isn't the family life that we used to have. The children seem to do more as they like whether they know it's right or wrong. Oh, things are very different I think.Question: What was your parents' role in family life?Josephine: Well, my mother actually didn't do a tremendous amount in the house, but she did do a great deal of work outside and she was very interested, for example, in the Nursing Association collecting money for it. We had somebody who looked after us and then we also had someone who did the cleaning.Gertrude: Well, we lived in a flat, we only had three rooms and a bathroom. Father worked on the railway at Victoria Station and my mother didn't work, obviously. My father's wage I think was about two pounds a weekand I suppose our rent was about twelve shillings a week, you know as rent was - I'm going back a good many years. We didn't have an easy life, you know and I think that's why my mother went out so much with her friends. It was a relief for her, you know really.Question: Did you have a close relationship with your parents?Josephine: In a sense I would say not very close but we, at that time, didn't feel that way, we didn't think about it very much I don't think.I think today people are much closer to their parents and talk about everything, which we didn't. Then, of course, we used to play a lot of games, because we didn't have a television or even a radio and we would play games in the evenings rather than have conversation, I think.Question: Was there more discipline in families in those days?Josephine: Oh yes, I do think so, yes. We were much more disciplined and we went about as a family and it wasn't until I was probably about 18 before I would actually go out with any friends of my own.B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the conversation and decide whether the statements after the conversation are True or False. Put "T" or "F" in the brackets.Josephine: We did feel far more stability in our lives, because you see ... in these days I think there's always a concern that families will separate or something, but in those days nobody expected the families to separate.Gertrude: Of course there may have been smoking, drinking and drug-taking years ago, but it was all kept very quiet, nobody knew anything about it. But these days there really isn't the family life that we used to have. The children seem to do more as they like whether they know it's right or wrong. Oh, things are very different I think.Question: What was your parents' role in family life?Josephine: Well, my mother actually didn't do a tremendous amount in the house, but she did do a great deal of work outside and she was very interested, for example, in the Nursing Association collecting money for it. We had somebody who looked after us and then we also had someone who did the cleaning.Gertrude: Well, we lived in a flat, we only had three rooms and a bathroom. Father worked on the railway at Victoria Station and my mother didn'twork, obviously. My father's wage I think was about two pounds a week and I suppose our rent was about twelve shillings a week, you know as rent was - I'm going back a good many years. We didn't have an easy life, you know and I think that's why my mother went out so much with her friends.It was a relief for her, you know really.Question: Did you have a close relationship with your parents?Josephine: In a sense I would say not very close but we, at that time, didn't feel that way, we didn't think about it very much I don't think.I think today people are much closer to their parents and talk about everything, which we didn't. Then, of course, we used to play a lot of games, because we didn't have a television or even a radio and we would play games in the evenings rather than have conversation, I think.Question: Was there more discipline in families in those days?Josephine: Oh yes, I do think so, yes. We were much more disciplined and we went about as a family and it wasn't until I was probably about 18 before I would actually go out with any friends of my own.Statements:1. Seventy years ago young people often smoked and drank in front of others.2. Apart from a great deal of work outside, Josephine's mother also looked after her children and did the cleaning in the house.3. Gertrude's father earned two pounds a week.4. Gertrude's family had to pay ten shillings a week for their flat.5. Young people seventy years ago deeply felt that they did not have a very close relationship with their parents.6. Nowadays people are much closer to their parents and talk about everything to them.Part Ⅳ More about the topic: Father's DayThe following passage is about the father's role in the family. Supply the missing words while listening.Father is a very formal word today. Most people use the word "Dad" or"Daddy" instead. On Father's Day children might take their dad out for a meal. They might send him a greeting card or call on the telephone, or they might buy him a present.Not all children however will see or speak with their dad on Father's Day. Studies say about 24% of American children live in a family without a father. This is three times more than in 1960. Back then only 8% of children lived in a family without a father.One reason is the increasing children born to women who are not married. Studies show the children growing up without a father are more likely to be poor. They are more likely to leave school before completing their education, and they are more likely to become involved in crime or illegal drugs.Another reason for the large number of American families without fathers is the increasing of the number of people who have ended their marriage. The divorce rate in the US has increased sharply in recent years. Today more than 50% of all marriages end in divorce. In 1960 the rate was only 6%. After a divorce, a judge decides which parent will care for the children. In about 70% of cases, the judge decides that the children will live with their mother. In about 8% of the cases, children live with their father after a divorce and in about 15% of the cases children live with each parent at different times.The image of fathers in America has changed especially since the 1960s. Before then, many people felt that fathers were not supposed to become involved with their children or to show love for them. This was not a part of a father's image as a strong and emotional man. Fathers were the leaders of the family. They earned the money. They made the rules. They punished the children when they were bad. Back then fathers did not always spend a lot of time with their children. Most mothers stayed at home to care for them. They also did all the shopping, cleaning and cooking.During the 1960s and 1970s, however, more American women began to work outside the home. As a result, more and more fathers became interested in taking care of their children and helping their wife. Yet, most studies today show that women still spend more time caring for their children and doing housework. This is true even if the wife works and earns the same amount of money as her husband.Several studies show that fathers who are involved with their children are usually more happy and in better health than fathers who are not involved. So celebrating fatherhood is important for men not only onFather's Day but throughout the year.Part Ⅴ Memory test: Brothers and SistersYou are going to hear a young lady talking about the relationship between brothers and sisters. After that several questions will be asked. Find the right answers as quickly a possible according to the notes you have taken while listening.Woman: Well, my brother was six years younger than I, and er, I think that when he was little I was quite jealous of him. I remember he had beautiful red curls (mm) ... my mother used to coo over him. One day a friend and I played, erm, barber shop, and, erm, my mother must have been away, she must have been in the kitchen or something (mm) and we got these scissors and sat my brother down and kept him quiet and (strapped him down) ... That's right, and cut off all his curls, you see. And my mother just was so upset, and in fact it's the first ... I think it’s one of the few times I've ever seen my father really angry.Man: What happened to you?Woman: Oh ... I was sent to my room for a whole week you know, it was terrible.Man But was that the sort of pattern, weren't you close to your brother at all?Woman: Well as I grew older I think that er I just ignored him ...Man: What about ... you've got an older brother too, did ... were they close, the two brothers?Woman: No, no my brother's just a couple of years older than I ... so the two of us were closer and we thought we were both very grown up and he was just a ... a kid ... so we deliberately, I think, kind of ignored him. And then I left, I left home when he was only still a schoolboy, he was only fifteen (mm) and I went to live in England and he eventually went to live in Brazil and I really did lose contact with him for a long time.Man: What was he doing down there?Woman: Well, he was a travel agent, so he went down there to work ... And, erm, I didn't, I can't even remember, erm sending a card, even, whenhe got married. But I re ... I do remember that later on my mother was showing me pictures of his wedding, 'cause my mother and father went down there (uh huh) to the wedding, and er, there was this guy on the photos with a beard and glasses, and I said, "Oh, who's this then?" 'cause I thought it was the bride's brother or something like this (mm) ... and my mother said frostily, "That ... is your brother!" (laughter)Questions for memory test:1. According to the passage, how many brothers does the lady have?2. When the sister saw her mother coo over her younger brother, how did she feel?3. What's her father's reaction when he got to know that the sister had cut off her younger brother's hair?4. How old was her younger brother when she left home?5. Where did her brother eventually live?6. Who was the guy on the photos with a beard and glasses?Unit 2Part IBWhen parents make a lot of rules about their children's behavior, they make trouble for themselves. I used to spend half my time making sure my rules were obeyed, and the other half answering questions like “Jake can get up whenever he like, so why can’t I?"or “Why can't I plays with Angela?"Jack's mum doesn't mind who he plays with"or"Jack can drink anything he likes. Why can't I drink wine too?"Jack's mum, I decided was a wise wom an. I started saying things like “Of course, dear. You can drink as much wine as you like” and "No, I don't mind how late you get up”and "Yes,dear,you can play with Angela as often as you like."The reault have been marvelous. They don't want to get up late any more, they’ve decided they don't like wine, and, most important, they’ve stopped playing with Angela. I’ve now realized(as Jack's mum realizeda long time ago)that they only wanted to do all these nasty things because they weren't allow to.Part II Radio phone-inRadio presenter: Good afternoon. And welcome to our midweek phone-in. In today's program we're going to concentrate on personal problems. And here with me in the studio I've got Tessa Colbeck, who writes the agony column in Flash magazine, and Doctor Maurice Rex, Student Medical Adviser at the University of Norfolk. The number to ring with your problem is 01, if you're outside London, two two two, two one two two. And we have our first caller on the line, and it's Rosemary, I think, er calling from Manchester. Hello Rosemary.Rosemary: Hello.Radio presenter: How can we help you, Rosemary?Rosemary: Well, it's my dad. He won't let me stay out after ten o'clock at night and all my friends can stay out much longer than that. I always have t o go home first. It's really embarrassing …Tessa: Hello, Rosemary, love. Rosemary, how old are you dear? Rosemary: I'm fifteen in two month's time.Tessa: And where do you go at night — when you go out?Rosemary: Just to my friend's house, usually. But everyone else can stay there much later than me. I have to leave at about quarter to ten.Tessa: And does this friend of yours … does she live near you? Rosemary: It takes about ten minutes to walk from her house to ours. Tessa: I see. You live in Bri ghton, wasn't it? Well, Brighton's …Rosemary: No. Manchester … I live in Manchester.Tessa: Oh. I'm sorry, love. I'm getting mixed up. Yes, well Manchester's quite a rough city, isn't it? I mean, your dad …Rosemary: No. Not really. Not where we live it isn't. I don't live inthe City Center or anything like that. And Christine's house is in a very quiet part.Tessa: Christine. That's your friend, is it?Rosemary: Yeah. That's right. I mean, I know my dad gets worried but it's perfectly safe.Maurice: Rosemary. Have you talked about this with your dad?Rosemary: No. He just shouts and then he says he won't let me go out at all if I can't come home on time.Maurice: Why don't you just try to sit down quietly with your dad —sometime when he's relaxed - and just have a quiet chat about it? He'll probably explain why he worries about you. It isn't always safe for young girls to go out at night.Tessa: Yes. And maybe you could persuade him to come and pick you up from Christine's house once or twice.Rosemary: Yes. I don't think he'll agree to that, but I'll talk to him about it. Thanks.Part II Radio phone-inRadio presenter: Good afternoon. And welcome to our midweek phone-in. In today's program we're going to concentrate on personal problems. And here with me in the studio I've got Tessa Colbeck, who writes the agony column in Flash magazine, and Doctor Maurice Rex, Student Medical Adviser at the University of Norfolk. The number to ring with your problem is 01, if you're outside London, two two two, two one two two. And we have our first caller on the line, and it's Rosemary, I think, er calling from Manchester. Hello Rosemary.Rosemary: Hello.Radio presenter: How can we help you, Rosemary?Rosemary: Well, it's my dad. He won't let me stay out after ten o'clock at night and all my friends can stay out much longer than that. I always have to go home first. It's really embarrassing …Tessa: Hello, Rosemary, love. Rosemary, how old are you dear?Rosemary: I'm fifteen in two month's time.Tessa: And where do you go at night — when you go out?Rosemary: Just to my friend's house, usually. But everyone else can stay there much later than me. I have to leave at about quarter to ten.Tessa: And does this friend of yours … does she live near you?Rosemary: It takes about ten minutes to walk from her house to ours.Tessa: I see. You live in Brighton, wasn't it? Well, Brighton's …Rosemary: No. Manchester … I live in Manchester.Tessa: Oh. I'm sorry, love. I'm getting mixed up. Yes, well Manchester's quite a rough city, isn't it? I mean, your dad …Rosemary: No. Not really. Not where we live it isn't. I don't live in the City Center or anything like that. And Christine's house is in a very quiet part.Tessa: Christine. That's your friend, is it?Rosemary: Yeah. That's right. I mean, I know my dad gets worried but it's perfectly safe.Maurice: Rosemary. Have you talked about this with your dad?Rosemary: No. He just shouts and then he says he won't let me go out at all if I can't come home on time.Maurice: Why don't you just try to sit down quietly with your dad —sometime when he's relaxed - and just have a quiet chat about it? He'll probably explain why he worries about you. It isn't always safe for young girls to go out at night.Tessa: Yes. And maybe you could persuade him to come and pick you up from Christine's house once or twice.Rosemary: Yes. I don't think he'll agree to that, but I'll talk to him about it. Thanks.Part Ⅲ Family discipline1. Discipline needs to be there in a certain amount but too much of it can be a bad thing I think and I certainly do get too much of it occasionally.2. I think talking to them, trying to explain why you're upset, what it is they have done wrong is better than hitting them, because if you hit them, they learn to hit other things, other people, you, and I don't think that is a solution to anything.3. My experience as, as, as a mother now is you can, you can talk witha child very much and, and the child is going to understand much more than you believe, even if it is a one-year-old or two-years-old child. And I think it's um it's a very bad thing punishing children, because it remains being er an awfully er dark experience, and so it was it for me too, because when I'm thinking about my parents I can't help thinking about these days where they punished me.4. I wouldn't be as strict as my dad was, definitely not, cos （because 的缩写）I don't think that works. That only makes you rebel.5. Well, there's smacking and smacking. I don't at all agree with beatinga child, but I do think sometimes a quick, short smack on the hand or arm is better than a long drawn-out moan. It's quick and the child understands it.6. I can't really defend it when I, when I hit my child, I don't do it often but something about it makes me think that it's not … a terrible thing to do. I mean, what are the alternatives? You can shout at your child, you can try to sit down and reason with your child, which is incredibly difficult if you're trying to talk to a two-year-old. Or what else can you do? You can send them out of the room, you can send them up to their room, you cannot let them … have any pudding for the dinner, or something, but I mean to me a little spank, to me it's quick, it's honest, it's physical, but having said all that I still try not to do it.PartⅣ填空题不传原文PartⅤA.Louisa: She doesn’t let me watch that much TV after school, which is really annoying because most of my friends watch Home and Away and Neighbors but I only get to watch one of them. I sometimes don’t — I mean I think that’s really unfair so sometimes I just watch both anyway.Mother: First and foremost, Louisa watches a fair amount of television whether she thinks she’s deprived or not, she must watch at least 45 minutes per day. And when I’m not around you know I know the child sneaks in a fair amount more than that. So she gets in a fair amount of television, certainly on the weekends. But I am of the opinion that television, very very very few programs will teach them anything. And I think when a child is under your care for 18 years i t’s the parents’ responsibility to make sure that the input is of value, and I don’t think television, much television is of any value at all, I think reading a book and doing her piano lessons are far more valuable than watching crummy American soap operas.Questions for memory test:1. How many TV plays are mentioned?2. For how long a time does Louisa watch TV per day?3. Does Louisa try to get more time to watch TV?4. Which activities does Louisa’s mother think are far more valuable?B. My parents gave me a lot of free time. After dinner, during the week when I was say even 15 years old they would let me go out until ten o’clock and they would never ask where I went. I would smoke cigarettes and drink beer, at 15 years old I would hang out in the ... in the local pubs and these were type of things that I don’t think were too good for me at that time. I think my parents should have, you know, maybe at least showed an interest as to where I was going. They never even asked where I was going and they, they gave me a lot of free time, and I think that they, they felt that this was a thing that was being a good parent. But I think that teenagers are very native, and I was as a teenager very native, and I think I could have used a little more direction from them. These days a lot of parents think they should be lenient with their children, they should let them grow and experience on their own. And I think that’s what my parents were doing, I think there’s a Biblical saying”Spare the rod, spoil the child” and I think that really applies. And I think you need to direct especially young people. They can be thrown into such a harsh world, especially if you live in a city. I lived in a very small village and it was still a rough crowd that I found in that village. And my parent never asked questions, and if they only knew they would be shocked.Statements:1. When the boy was 15 years old, he could stay out until ten o’clock.2. At the age of 15, the boy was not allowed to smoke cigarettes or drink beer.3. The boy thought his parents were very good because they gave him a lot of free time.4. The boy lived in a very crowd city.Unit 4 Going to School (Ⅰ)Part Ⅰ Getting readyA The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions.1. counselor:2. make the grade:3. quit:4. term:5. concentrate:6. intelligent:7. go to pieces:8. strict:9. requirement:10. goody-goody:B A school counselor in a high school is trying to understand exactly what Sam's problem is. Listen to their conversation and decide whether the following statements are true or false. Put "T" or "F" in the brackets.Sam: I won't be able to do the exam tomorrow. I just don't feel that I'm ready.Counselor: You say that you don't feel ready for tomorrow's exam ... what do you feel like right now?Sam: Well, I'm angry with myself because I'm going to have to quit the exam and, well, I guess I'm anxious. Yes, I feel very anxious.Counselor: When you think about this anxiety, what image do you have ofyourself?Sam: Well, I see myself trying to explain to my Dad why I didn't make the grade on this course ... and I see him getting angry ... and, well, I start to feel I've let him down again.Counselor: You don't feel ready for your exam, you feel anxious and you don't want to let your Dad down again. Tell me about the last time you let your Dad down.Sam: Oh, well, it was a year ago ... He'd entered me for a chess competition and I got knocked out in the first match ... he was angry because he'd told all his friends how good I was.Counselor: What did you tell him ... as an explanation when you lost the chess game?Sam: I told him that I wasn't ready to play in that league.Counselor: And now you are preparing to tell him that you're not ready to sit this examination?Sam: Yes, I suppose I am.Counselor: O.K. Sam, so what you are saying to me is that you feel reluctant to take the exam tomorrow because you do not like the thought of having to explain a poor grade or a failure to your father. Is that right, Sam?Sam: Yes. That's exactly it.C You are going to hear Mr. and Mrs. Thompson discussing their daughter's work in Parkway Secondary School with her class teacher. Listen carefully. Fill in the missing comments and information on the school report form. Write only one word for each blank.Mrs. Daniels: Oh, hello, you must be Tracey's parents?Mr. Thompson: Er, yes. Are you her class teacher, Mrs. Daniels?Mrs. Daniels: Yes, that's right. Now, just let me find my notes. As you know I don't actually teach Tracey, but I do see her every day before classes begin. Is there anything you want to ask me?。

2019年Listen This Way 1 Unit2

UNIT 2 Clear or CloudyPart I Getting readyA:pointhumiditypressurescatteredsnapB.freezing point of water is 0 or 32boiling point of water is 100 or 212normal body temperature is 37 ortemperature on a warm spring day is 15 or 59temperature on a hot summer day is 35 or 95C:This is NYBA. We'll report on weather around the world. Here in New York, it's 7:10. the temperature is a warm 30 degrees. The sun is shining. In Auckland, New Zealand, it’s 11:10, it's cloudy, and the temperature is a cool 7 degrees Centigrade. In Beijing, the time is 7:10 in the evening, it’s clear and the temperature is 19 degrees. The time While in Calcutta is 4:40 . It’s raining in Calcutta, but it's not cold. The temperature is 33 degrees. Honolulu time is 1:00 . It’s warm and windy. The temperature now is 30 degrees. Melbourne, Australia time now is9:10 . it's clear and the temperature is 10 degrees Centigrade. In Mexico City, it’s 5:10 in the morning, it’s raining in Mexico City. The temperature at 5:10 is 24 degrees. The time now in Moscow is 2:10 . It’s a sunny 26 degrees. Paris time is 12:10 in the afternoon. The sky is clear and it's 27 degrees. In San Francisco, the time now is 3:10 in the morning. Skies are cloudy and the temperature is 21 degrees. Sao Paulo, Brazil time now is 8:10 . it's raining in Sao Paulo. the temperature is 14 degrees.Part II A weather reportNow the weather report. It’ll be mainly clear. In the day the high will be 15 degrees. At six o'clock the temperature was 8 degrees, the humidity 45 percent. Tomorrow's forecast is not very promising. We can expect cloudy, cold, windy weather. The temperature will drop to 5 degrees in the morning. it'll get warmer in the afternoon with a high temperature of 10 the evening there's a good chance that we'll get some rain or snow. the temperature in the evening will drop to 0 degreesB & C:Good evening. Here is the National Weather Service forecast for the Chicago area. The ten .temperature: Lakefront 76 degrees, Midway 76 degrees, O’Hare humidity 66 per cent. The winds are calm, the barometric pressure thirty point oh eight and rising.Tonight partly cloudy, some widely scattered showers. Lows in the lower 70s and light and variable winds.Tomorrow partly sunny and very warm, Highs in the upper 80s,south winds five to ten miles per hour.Tomorrow night fair, with lows in the middle 60sTuesday hot and humid and mostly sunny, highs around 90.The extended forecast through Friday: hot, with daily highs 90 to 95 and daily lows in the upper 60sFair Wednesday and ThursdayPartly cloudy, chance of thunderstorms on FridayRepeating the ten p. m temperature: lakefront 76,Midway 76,O'Hare74.thank you for callingPart III At bus stopWoman: Oh, I wish that bus would come! my feet are freezing.Man: Have you been waiting long?Woman: It feels like hours---but I suppose I’ve only been here ten minutes or so.Man: That's long enough in this weather. this is awful. I hate winter'Woman: So do I. And this morning the sun was shinning and they were predicting light rain Man :I’ve been calling the weather report all day since it started to snow. They're still predicting one or(to)two inches but we've got at least three inches already, My shoes are full of snow Woman: Well, that's typical. Remember last year when they predicted four inches of snow and we ended up with four feet?Man: I wasn't here last year. but we had the same thing in Detroit. We were supposed to get a little rain one night, but when we woke up, guess what? there were six inches of snow on the ground and it was still coming down hard. I didn't go to work that dayWoman: Well ,if it's really bad, I won't go in to the office tomorrow---I'll work at home.Man: What kind of work do you do?Woman: I'm an attorney, My office is around the corner.Man: Oh, that's where I’ve seen you before. I work in the same building----in that travel agency off the lobby.Woman: Oh, of courseMan: And I’ve seen you walk by several times, stop in and have cup of coffee sometimes Woman: I wish i had a cup of coffee right nowMan: Well, listen, we’re standing right in front of a donut shop, why don't i get some coffee and bring it out for us.Woman: That sounds wonderful,----Oh, look, there's the bus. thanks anyway.Man: That's okay, Another time---Boy, am I glad to see that bus!Statements:man has been waiting longer than woman.the woman and the man hate winterare more than three inches of snow on the groundare in Detroitwoman's office is not far from the bus stopthey have coffee together're standing in the front of a doughnut shop.bus comes exactly when they get their coffee.man doesn't know whether he is glad to see that bus or not.Part IV More about the topic: is Earth Overheating?Evidence shows that over the past 160 000 years there has been a close correlation between global average temperature and the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.In 1800,before the Industrial Revolution began to take full effect, the carbon dioxide level was about 280ppm,By the 1890's the carbon dioxide level had risen to ,according to analyses of air samples, the level is more than 350ppm. 25 per cent higher than the 1800 level.At the same time, Scientist have noted that the global average temperature is steadily rising. Since the 1980's ,most summers have been unusually hot, in fact, the six warmest year since 1901 have occurred in the past two decades, and 1988 saw the century's highest global average temperature. the 1988 heat wave focused public attention on a possibility that had worried scientists for some time---the possibility of a disastrous rise in Earth's temperature. Scientists tell us that it is the burning of coal, oil, and other fuels that has increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, Factories account for 29 per cent of the carbon dioxide added by the burning of fuels; electric power plants,28 per cent; motor vehicles,27 per cent; and heating equipment for homes and business,16 per cent.As Stephen Schneider, a climatologist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research puts it, "it is often said that we do not so much inherit the world from our forebears, but rather we borrow it from your children .it is increasingly urgent that we act to prevent our debt from growing out of control.Part V Memory test: Weather ForecastA:Announcer:....and now for the weather forecast. Tomorrow will be another cold day generally in all parts of the country, with maximum temperatures of five degrees above zero. Around London and the southeast of England it will be a dry day, with some sunshine on the southeast coast in the afternoon. In the southeast the morning will be sunny, but during the afternoon it will be cloudy, with some rain on the southeast coast. the north of England and Scotland will be very cold and windy all day. While on the northeast coast of Scotland there will probably be some snow during the evening...Well, that's the weather outlook for tomorrow. And that's all from me. Good night.B:Newscaster:...and that's the end of the news. Now we'll go over to the weather center for the weather forecast for the whole of the United Kingdom.Weatherman: Good evening, Due to the depression lying off the north England and the high in the south of England, tomorrow's weather will be variable across the country. Starting ,then ,in the southwest, it'll start cool and become warm with long periods of sunshine. Around London and the southeast, the day will be dry but cloudy at times. In the Midlands, it'll be cloudy all day with showers at times. Moving over, then, to North Wales, there may be fog patches over themountains for probably much of the day, while in South Wales it'll be generally windy. In the northeast, it'll be cloudy all day, some rain everywhere and it'll be heavy at times. Further north in Scotland, we can expect sleet in those areas south of Edinburgh, while in the very north of Scotland and the Hebrides, there'll be snow on high ground. Now in Northern Ireland, there's a possibility of rain, and it'll certainly be very cold. that's the end of the weather forecast.。

listen this way (4)unit 1 译文参考

Listen this wayUnit oneWe have just two more days to "shop till you drop" till Christmas, and that typically means a lot of last minute shopping. And though buying with a mouse is still tiny compared to shopping with your feet, online retailing is more popular than ever.译文参考：圣诞节前夕，我们还有两天可以“尽情购物”，这通常是指最后一分钟的抢购。

用手操作鼠标，要比用脚逛商店轻松多。

网上零售比以往更加普及了。

Christmas shopping in the street is great sometimes. But when you've just got to get a bunch of shopping done and you want to have something to send to a third-party location, it's much better online.译文参考：街头销售在圣诞节有时候也很可观。

但当你必须购买大批量物品时和当你想把某礼物送到第三方手里时，最好还是在线购买。

In the U.S., online shopping is predicted to be 30 percent ahead of last December, while malls can expect less than a 6 percent increase in sales. In Britain, Europe's biggest e-tailing market, online gift-buying is expected to grow by 50 percent, with $8 billion worth of goods sold through the net in the November to January period.译文参考：在美国，据测在线购物将比去年12月份增长百分之三十，大型商场的销售增长不到百分之六。

unit 1 原文 listen this way

Part ⅠGetting readyThe environment is the natural world of land, sea, air, plants, and animals that exists around towns and cities. Since there is only one globe where we're living, more and more people realize the importance of protecting the total global environment. A 1989 UK Department of the Environment survey showed public concern about the environment was second only to worries about the National Health Service.A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions.1. vicious circle: a set of events in which cause and effect follow each other ina circular pattern2. monsoon season: the season of heavy rains that fall in India and neighboring countries3. hygiene: the study and practice of how to keep good health, esp. by paying attention to cleanliness4. accelerate: (cause to) move faster5. summit: a meeting between heads of state6. think tank: a research institute or other organization of scholars, social or physical scientists, etc. esp. one employed by government to solve complex problems or predict future developments in military and social areas7. trigger: start (esp. a chain of events)8. impediment: a fact or event which makes action difficult or impossible9. bore hole: a hole made by drilling or digging10. incentive: an encouragement to greater activityB Listen to two short extractions. Write down the environmental issuesmentioned in them.1. _____________________________________________2. _____________________________________________Part ⅡThe Earth at risk (Ⅰ)Do you know what happens to a rainforest when the trees are chopped down? About 80% of the rain forests nutrients come from trees and plants. That leaves 20% of the nutrients in the soil. The nutrients from the leaves that fall are instantly recycled back into the plants and trees. When a rain forest is clear-cut, conditions change very quickly. The soil dries up in the sun. When it rains, it washes the soil away.A Listen to the first part of an interview. Note down the key words in the notes column. Then answer the questions.Questions1. What is the vicious circle mentioned by Brian Cowles?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Why is the rain so important to soil?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. What are some of the reasons that tropical forests are being cut down?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the first part of the interview. Complete the outline.Outline (Ⅰ)Ⅰ. Environmental problems in different continentsA. Africa1. ______________ expansion2. no grass for animals to eat (East Africa)B. _____________________________1. situation -intensive farming/agriculture2. potential problem- _____________________C. South America, Central Africa & Southern Asia1. problem- _________________________2. consequencesa. soil -> thin -> unproductive -> wastelandb. _____________________________________c. _____________________________________Part ⅢThe Earth at risk (Ⅱ)As early as in 1984, the United Nations created a special environmental agency, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. In 1992, the United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro aroused great media interest in tackling difficult global environmental issues.A Listen to the second part of the interview. Note down the key words in the notes column. Then answer the questions.Questions1. Why is some flooding man-made?__________________________________________________________________________________________2. What does Brian imply when he says that the national governments have to be forward-looking?__________________________________________________________________________________________B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the second part of the interview. Complete the outline.Outline (Ⅱ)Ⅱ. Reasons for some "natural" disasters-mainly man-madeA. __________________________________B. flooding in SudanⅢ. _____________________________________A. national governments-forward-lookingB. __________________________________C. stopping using hardwood for furniture-makingD. educating people to realize the consequencesPart ⅣMore about the topic: The Effects of Global WarmingThe world is getting warmer. It matters because it changes a lot of things to do with our everyday life. We can also say because the Earth is warming up wecould simply not have enough to eat. Do you know what some of the effects of global warming are?Listen to the material. Complete the outline.OutlineⅠ. __________________________________A. average temperatureB. yearly increaseⅡ. Causes of global warmingⅢ. __________________________________A. great changes in rainfallB. rise in the sea levelC. _______________________________D. health and social problems1. environmental refugees2. change of patterns of distribution of insects and infective agents3. ___________________________________Ⅳ. Time to take actionPart ⅤDo you know ...?Water is abundant globally but scarce locally. Of the earth's 1360 million cubic kilometers of water, 97 percent is in the oceans. Three-quarters of the freshwater is in glaciers and icebergs, another fifth is groundwater, and less than 1 percent is in lakes and rivers. Almost two-thirds of the renewablefreshwater provided by annual rainfall over land evaporates. Much of the rainfall transformed into runoff is lost to floods.A Listen to the following news report. Decide whether the statements are true or false. Put "T" or "F" in the brackets.( ) 1. Water consumption in some parts of the world has increased ten fold. ( ) 2. Oil will he the cause of warfare in the next century.( ) 3. The number of people affected by water shortage will increase five fold over the next 20 years.( ) 4. The main reason why water is becoming a scarce resource is agriculture since it now accounts for 90% of water consumption worldwide. ( ) 5. In some regions water shortage is now the biggest impediment to feeding the population.B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the report.Nowadays energy is too expensive to waste. It costs the country, and you, too much. What have you done to conserve existing energy resources? Here are some tips to help you slim your waste ?save energy. Always remember that energy sense is common sense.C Now listen to some simple tips to help you Save It ?save energy. Complete the do's and don'ts.Do's● Rough-dry ________ and nylon things.● ________ unnecessary lighting.● Do without ________ if you can.● Defrost the ________ regularly.● Before using your washing machine, ________________.● Cook ________ in the oven and Save It on the rings and grill.Don'ts● Don't attempt to ________.● Don't turn ________ too high.● Don't le ave ________ to boil away.● Don't fill the kettle ________ for only a cup of tea.● Don't put ________ in the fridge.Part ⅥReminder of key points in this unitVerb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase OtherPart Ⅰsponsor Amazonimplement rain forestsummitemissionpart Ⅱexpand continent at riskstabilize impact at an alarming rateblow away the Sahara Desert unproductivecut down vicious circlemake way for domestic animalconvert intensive agricultureranchhardwoodrare plantrainfallpart ⅢBangladesh depressingIndia forward-lookingNepalmonsoon seasonSudanthe NileEthiopiapart Ⅳput stress on global warming potential accelerate pole heat-relatedtake action lower/higher latitudedeclineenvironmental refugeeinfective agentpart Ⅴhighlight the earth summitswitch from...to... think tankfeed the population consumptionboil away triggerdefrost barrierwarfarefoldhome markethigh yieldimpedimentextractionbore holefinancial incentivebrim build-up a full load ring。

listen this way 4 答案听力原文 ...

money with your money. First, you have to earn money. As a kid, you get money from allowance, gifts, services, or from selling goods such as lemonade. Try to save some, if not all of this money. The next step is to make your money grow through investing.There are two main reasons why you should invest. The first is to stay ahead of inflation and the second is to achieve financial goals. Inflation causes the increase of prices. When a Big Mac goes up from $1.20 to $1.50 or when gas goes up from $1.30 to $1.70 a gallon, we say that is inflation. Y ou need to make more money just to keep up with the rising cost of living.Financial goals can be separated into two types: short-term goals and long-term goals. The first refers to the things that you need or want now or within the year, such as a bike, a computer, or a video game. Generally, it takes less money to reach these short-term goals. However, long-term goals are expensive and require some planning. They are things you need or want in a few years or more, for example, going to college, buying a house, and even starting a business.Investing is like “planting” money. A small amount of money invested will often grow to a larger sum over time. Y ou’ve heard the phrase, “ Time is money.” With investing, time also makes money.Although investing can make money with money, the downside of investing is that there is a risk of losing your money. The key to investing is to minimize the risk and to maximize the financial reward.PART 2-BOn Thursday, April 17, “ National Teach Children to Save Day,” 2500 bankers will make 5000 presentations in elementary school classrooms across the country to teach children how to save money.“Bankers are committed to investin g in the future of children because we want them to be able to make smart financial decisions throughout their lifetime,” said American Bankers Association Executive Vice-president Donald G. Ogilvie, “ Education and money management skills are keys to a better life.”The ABA Education Foundation declared “ National Teach Children to Save Day” as a way to show banking industry support for teaching children money management skills and encouraging them to save money for the future. In 1996, Americans saved only 4.9% of their disposable incomes, compared to 1970 when they saved 8%.The Foundation coordinated a great effort with state bankers associations to encourage bankers to participate in “National Teach Children to Save Day”. It also prepared a resource kit with tools to help bankers make presentations in classrooms. More than 125 000 students will be part of this national initiative.The ABA Education Foundation also offers tips for parents to foster the savings habit in their children:Give them an allowance with the understanding that part of it goes into their own savings—a first step towards learning to budgetTo make their savings visible and real, have them build up savings in a piggy bank. Then help them open their own bank savings account, and have them make deposits each month.Use their monthly statements or the record in their savings passbooks, to show them how their money is multiplyingFor every dollar your children earn, encourage them to spend 25 cents on what they want or need now, put 25 cents away for a bigger-item purchase later and save or invest the rest. (That’s a 50% savings rate!)Make savings and investing fun. Give your children play money to “invest” in stocks they can track in local newspapers. If the stocks go up, pay them in more play money; if the stocks decline, they pay you.PART 3Credit cards are an important part of American life. Whether we have a positive or negative image of credit cards, they are an inescapable part of our finances, either now or in the future.Wit hout a credit card, it’s just about impossible to rent a car, make a hotel or airline reservation, or even get a membership at a video store.Since credit cards are so important, yet so many people are in financial trouble because of them, we feel education is extremely important. We want to show our customers that credit cards are not toys; they are an important responsibility.A credit card can be used to “charge” things like clothes, tapes or CDs, dinner at a restaurant, or maybe a hotel room while you’re on vacation. When you charge something, you are agreeing to pay for your purchase at a later date. Basically, you are buying something now and paying for it later.Credit cards come with a “limit’. Let’s say your credit card has a limit of $100.00 worth of items on your card. Y ou will get a statement in the mail each month that lists the charges you have made. Y ou will also have to make a payment every month that you have a balance owing.Since we’re about educating our customers on the realities of c redit and credit cards, we’re going to be perfectly honest. First, using a credit card can be very expensive. Banks don’t offer credit cards just because they like you. They offer them because they make money when customers use credit cards.How do they make money? When you charge something on a credit card, you not only will have to pay for what you bought, but you will also have to pay interest, or a finance charge, if you don’t pay your bill in full by the due date. The finance charge is your extra cost for having something now and paying for it later. The interest rate on a credit card can be 15% or even higher. If, however, you pay your bill in full every month by the due date, you do not have to pa interest. And of course, we highly recommend you do that!It’s very easy to make lots of purchases on your card and then be surprised at how quickly they add up when your bill arrives! If you’re not careful when you use a credit card, you could find yourself in a lot of debt. And it always takes much longer to pay it off than to spend it.Y ou will also want to be careful about buying things with credit card youwouldn’t normally be able to afford. Again, you can get in over your head and end up paying a tremendous amount of interest.However, when used cor rectly, credit cards can be very helpful. It’s sometimes hard to do certain things without a credit card. Credit cards are also helpful for emergencies and are good for travel. Some credit cards even insure your purchase, meaning if something is lost, stolen, or broken, it can be replaced.We believe the best way to become responsible with credit is to learn through hands-on experience. If you begin at a young age with a low limit, you won’t be likely to blow it and get in financial trouble later on.PART 4-BTeenagers and children everywhere like to buy toys and special treats if they have the money to spend. Indeed studies show there are quite a few young consumers in the world today. But there are some real differences from country to country. An American business school professor has been traveling around the world studying just how children tend to spend their money. He is trying to predict the international market place trends of the future.University Professor James McMill can tell you what type of consumers your economy is going to have in 15 years just by watching the way your children spend money today. He has been making spending predictions like that for thirty years now and is considered so accurate in the United States that advertising agencies frequently call upon his expertise. Over the last decade Mr. McMill began studying children in cultures outside the United States. His most recent stop was Beijing, China, where he studies the consumer behavior patterns of 780 children between the ages of 8 and 12, whose parents’ jobs range from professionals to unskilled workers. Mr. McMill said he anticipated finding very little consumer behavior among China’s children. But he was wrong.“Those children are participating in the market place. Typically there is one child in the household and the child has two, four, six parents. In other words there are two parents and four grandparents, and they’re receiving a great deal of money. But I think it was a surprise to me how robust the economy was, you know firsthand, and how robust the participation in the economy was by the children.”Mr. McMill says most of the money Chinese children spend comes from gifts from their parents and grandparents. In addition, he says, 15% of the (Beijing) children he surveyed are given money for performing household chores and other 6% receive money for work outside the home. China’s children average three and a half store visits a week during which they average one and a half purchase. He estimates children in China receive only 66% as much as children in the United States because Chinese children save more of their income than U.S children. Mr. McMill says the number one purchase for children in both the United States and China is the same thing---snacks.“But when you get to number two then, for our children it’s play, it’s toys, it’s play items; for their children it’s reading material we’ll call it. When you get to number three items, for the Chinese children, it will probably be school supplies and for our children it will be clothing. And when you get to the number four for theirchildren it’ll be toys, play items because they like to play too, and for our children it will probably be electronics of some sort.”PART 5When we think of money today, we picture it either as round, flat pieces of metal which we call coins, or as printed paper notes.However, the earliest method of exchange was barter in which goods were exchanged directly for other goods. Problems arose when either someone did not want what was being offered in exchange for the other good, or if no agreement could be reached over how much one good was worth in terms of the otherV aluable metals such as gold and silver began acting as a medium of exchange. Governments then decided to melt down these metals into coins. By the seventeenth century people were leaving gold with the local goldsmith for safe keeping. Receipts of ?1 and ?5 were issued which could then be converted back into gold at any time. Soon these receipts were recognized as being “as good as gold” and were readily taken in exchange for goods. Goldsmiths became the first specialist bankers and their receipts began to circulate as banknotes.Nowadays, however, notes are not usually used to buy expensive items such as cars. The buyer is more likely to write out a check which instructs his bank to transfer money from his account into the account of the seller. Hence bank deposits act as money.Unit 4 Loans for the DreamPart 1 Getting readyB: Dialogue One.Items ItemsEating out √Hobbies √ Antiques √Food and groceries √Dialogue Two:Items Same Up down figuresEntertainment √ 2566Depreciation √Secretarial expenses √…Motor expenses √2612Audit & accountancy costs √Telephone & postage √Part 2 Raising money for buying a carA: SummaryMr. Jackson … in the college… As… worth repairing, he … . Since… about a hundred pounds for …, … , three hundred fifty to four hundred….The bank … different interest rates and conditions: a Persona l Loan and an OrdinaryLoan. Mr. Jackson is expected to repay the money with 24 months.B.Security charge … Interest rate charged Interest rate …Personal Loan × 7%Ordinary Loan √ 7.5%(1.5%+6%) A day-to-day basis1. 透支额（贷款）overdraft2. 偿还repay3. 短期贷款（业务）lenders in the short term4. 付利息pay interest on5. 担保物collateral6. 寿险life policy7. 房屋的房契deeds of the houses8. 政府证券Government Securities9. 凭证certificate10. 按日计算on a day-to-day basisPart 3 Housing in the U. S. A.A. Outline1. A. cost of housing1. 1/4-1/3 of a family’s income2. depending on size and locationB. way to buy a house—mortgage2. B. easy to get things repaired3. Buying …1. mortgage: …2. condominium: …B. 1. Home buyer borrows money from Bank sells mortgages to Fannie Mae sells shares and mortgage-based securities to Investors2. They control about half the home loans in America.3. Hiding changes in its value, poor supervision and not carefully reporting its finances.4. The stock price of Fannie Mae has dropped.Part 4 More about the topicA: 1. a. merchantable qualityb. fitting for particular purpose/ sellerc. as described2. no / retailer’s responsibility/ take to shop3. item/ too large/ fragile4. evidence of purchase/ date of purchase5. go to court / sue the sellerB. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. FPart 5 Do you know …?B: Chart 1 Development of the idea of national taxesTime/ Number EventsApril 15th the last day to pay federal taxes1791 tax on whiskey and other alcoholic drink, farmers refused1794 George Washington, 13000 troops, defeated the Whiskey RebellionThe late 1800s people’s pay taxed by Congress, but rejected by the Supre me Court 1913 The 16th Amendment passed, legal for Congress to tax incomeMore than $312000 taxed at 35%, highest rateLess than $7000 no income taxChart 2 Composition of federal money in 20027%— income tax on businessesOver 40— personal income taxBelow 18%— other taxes, including customs35%— taxes for retirement programs and other servicesPart 1 Getting readyB.Sentences Key words Answersa 8000/half 4000b 2000/twice 4000c 2000/double ～4000d 8000/a quarter ≤2000e 4000/similar ～4000C.Dialogue one1. ￡30 000 24%2. overdraft3. sailingDialogue two1. A brand new video was stolen.2. Y es. The speaker paid the premium last week.Dialogue threeSimilarities DifferencesMan A Man Ba.b. A mortgage to payc. Same incomea.b. Never saving moneyc. Spending more on entertaining a. Investing far more in pension schemes.b. Spending more on insurancePart 2 Briefing on personal taxationA. Outline1. Structure of personal taxationA. rates1. lower rate: up to ￡23 700: 25%2. higher rate: above ￡23 700: 40%B. allowances1. single person: ￡32952. married person: ￡50153. pension: maximum 17.5% to 40%4. mortgage interest relief: 7%2. Collection of personal taxA. income tax — PAYEB. National Insurance1. employee’s contribution: 9%2. employer’s contribution: 5% to 10%B. 1. According … both simple and relatively low.2. The new … opt for separate taxation.3. The tax … pension is 40%4. PAYE stands for Pay As Y ou Earn. The scheme … from the employer before … bank transfer to the employee.5. Taxable income … deduction and the allowance have been excluded.Part 3. Should I buy an insurance policy?(1)A. insurance policy save money buying a houseB. 1. A. a fixed objective in mind/ how much to pay each monthB. a fixed objective each month in mind/ how much to produce over some years2. No/ regular & systematic/ short-term/ bank/ Building SocietyPart 4 More about the topicA. unmarried dependents no needAnswer the question with key wordsA. accumulate capital/ expand business/ end of termB. saving to produce a pensionPart 5 Do you know … ?1. T2. F3. F4. T5. TPart 1 Getting readyB: 这部分没有给答案C．Tone Agree?Sincere Doubtful Sarcastic Skeptical Surprised Emphatic Y N1 √√2 √√3 √√4 √√5 √√6 √√7 √√8 √√9 √√10 √√Part 2 National teach children to save dayA: Time: Thursday, April 17Purpose: teaching children how to save moneyWay of teaching: 2500 bankers making 5000 presentationsB: 1. Making savings visible and real: building up savings in a piggy bank/ opening children’s own bank savings account.2. Encouraging children to save as much as they can: putting 25 cents away for every dollar the children earn3. A first step toward learning to budget: giving children an allowance and part of it goinginto their own savings.4. Making savings and investing fun: giving children play money to “invest” in stocks they can track in local newspapersPart 3 Credit cardsA: Outline1. The importance of credit cards2. NatureA. “charge” —paying at a later dateB: “limit”3. The potential disadvantages—expensiveA. easy to make lots of purchases on cardB. likely to pay a tremendous amount of interest4. The benefitsB. helpful for emergenciesC. good for travelPart 4 More about the topicA: Exercise 1Column A Column B1. 32 13 2Exercise 2: Answer the following two questions.1. “Spending priorities” refe rs to the following situation:Americans are spending so much of their income on ever larger houses and cars that they can’t afford to spend on social programs or infrastructure repairs.2. By doing so, one would feel happier, would have fewer disputes of work and lower levels of stress hormones in their blood. One gets sick less often and dies at an older age.B: Summary:Mr. Cox, the vice president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas,…, of Myths of Rich and Poor, sees the positive side to the increased prosperity of … Americans arebetter off than they were 30 years ago. Here … :Technological … created hundreds of gadgets that … both easier and more pleasurable, for example, cellular and cordless phones, computers, answering machines, and microwave ovens;Today … about 3/4 have washing machines, half have clothes dryers, 97% have color televisions, 3/4 have VCRs, 2/3 have microwaves and air conditioners, 3/4 own their own automobile, 40% own their own home, half have stereo systems.Part 5 Do you know …?A. Tokyo, Osaka, Oslo, Zurich. Hong Kong, Copenhagen, Geneva, Paris, Reykjavik, LondonB. 1. The euro has appreciated against the US dollar.2. Persistent economic turmoil.3. Tehran.4. The Economist team checks prices of a wide range of items—from bread and milk to cars and utilities—to compile this report.5. Business clients use it to calculate the amount of allowances granted to overseas executive and their families.。

unit 3 听力原文 listen this way

Unit 3Unit3 part1 Looking here at Wednesday's weather forecast for Europe. It's certainly clear that winter is starting to take its grip on the continent. Berlin on Wednesday, mostly cloudy and very cold, and -2 degrees for your high. Brussels, Belgium, a little warmer at one degree, partly sunny. London, 5 degrees for your high, mostly cloudy throughout the day. In Paris, your high temperature is 0 degrees on Wednesday, partly cloudy as well. Rome, 8 degrees for your high, with periods of clouds and sunshine. And Vienna, Austria, -2 degrees on Wednesday, cloudy and of course cold. Athens, Greece, a little warmer at 10 degrees, periods of clouds and sunshine on Wednesday. Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1 degree for your high, mostly cloudy. Istanbul, 5 degrees, and partly sunny. And Kiev, Ukraine, -7 degrees, and you can expect snow. Moscow, -9 degrees on Wednesday, also snowy. And in Prague, the Czech Republic, -4 degrees with snow flurries, so sounds like typical of weather for that area of the world. Let's look at what we have here in Washington D.C., no snow yet, but it will be coming.As 1998 ends and people look forward to the last year of the century, the World Almanac spoke with experts about what comes next. Almanac editorial director says the experts believe the next century will bring lots of changes."Warm, of course, that our climate is going to continue getting warmer. That's the subject, by the way, of another new article on the 1999 World Almanac. The greenhouse effect, exactly what causes it, and what steps to be taken to, um, perhaps, to alleviate global warmings. I've seen recently that 1998 is going to go down as the warmest year ever on record. And so that's going to be a major issue of the next century, and possible tremendous consequences of the global warmings, whether it is rising sea levels affecting the coastal areas; changes in climate zones affecting what crops can be grown, and in what regions. This is potentially a very significant trend to be watched."Major ocean storms in the northern part of the world usually develop in late summer or autumn over waters near the equator. They are known by several different names. Scientists call these storms cyclones when they happen just north or south of the equator in the Indian Ocean. In the western Pacific Ocean or the China Sea, these storms are called typhoons. In the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, they are called hurricanes.Part2 Satellite readings confirm that conditions are right for another El Nino, a cyclic weather pattern that affects the global climate."El Nino's normally show up about twice a decade and it lasts about 12 to 18 months, bringing warmer weather to partsof the earth. Some regions become wetter than usual, others drier. The El Nino, which began in 1991 has lingered through this year. Although several years might have been expected to pass before the next one, an American-French satellite observing the oceans has found a sign that El Nino may come back quicker than expected."'These kinds of things still happen.' This is Brig Jacker, an oceanographer of the US Naval Research Laboratory in Mississippi."'Every year is unpredictable. One year might be El Nino year, one year might not. Generally El Nino's come in four year cycles. But there's nothing to say that you can't have two El Nino years in a row.'"El Nino's begin with the decline of winds pulling cold water away from South America's west coast to around the equator. This allows warm water in the westernPacific Ocean to expand eastward toward the America's. At the same time, the clouds and rain over the warm water move eastward too. Radar aboard the American-French satellite detected the hint that such water movement began in early August and reached South America two months later. It saw a ripple called a 'Calvin wave' moving slowly eastward. Such pulses sometimes give rise to El Nino conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific."El Nino's can change the weather around the world, but how much depends on its strength. A strong one in 1982 and 1983 has been linked to droughts in Australia and Indonesia, rains and flooding in South America, and unseasonably warm weather in much of the United States. But even the mild El Nino that began in 1991 has caused trouble. It has been associated with devastating floods in the US southeast last year and in the US midwest this year. ElNino's are hard on the South American fishing industry. The warm waters prevent nutrients rich cold water from rising to the surface, causing fish stocks to become depletive. Mr. Jacker said a new El Nino apparently would be mild but he is not betting on it yet."The US Naval oceanographer says predictions are difficult because the strength of El Nino depends on how winds affect the 'Calvin wave' that has moved across the Pacific."Part3It’s about an hour’s drive from the outskirts of San Jose, California, near the upper side of the state’s high-technology region known as “Silicon Valley”. As a visitor drives up the narrow winding road past red flowers, and eucalyptus trees, one of the first two seismographic stations in the world, it’s almost a surprise to glimpse the largest dome of Lick Observatory’s eight telescopes. Overlooking the world of computer age manufacturing are telescopes from the turn of the century which help shape our understanding of the universe.The huge dome, housing Lick Observatory’s giant, one meter wide reflecting telescope, is one of the few instruments in motion this morning on Mount Hamilton. At the 1260-meter summit of Mount Hamilton is a small village of 55 permanent residents, some of them students in a one-room school house. But most at the research complex are visiting astronomers catching their first hours of sleep in an old dormitory after a night’s work at the telescopes. Reminton Stone, director of operations at Lick Observatory has worked at the top of Mount Hamilton for three decades. Now a part of the University of California, Lick Observatory got its name from a wealthy businessman who never studied astronomy as Mr. Stone explains: “And he came to San Francisco, just before the gold rush and he made a huge amount of money on real estate. When he died, he specified that some portion of his estate should be used to build the largest and most powerful telescope yet made and which was a 36 inch at that time. And at his own request he is buried at the base of the telescope. So this is a memorial to himself.”The telescope with its one-meter-diameter reflecting lens was the largest telescope in theworld for seven year s following its completion in 1888. And today, it’s still the second largest telescope of its kind. Although the one meter reflecting telescope is still used for some research, it’s hard to adapt today’s electronic instruments to the old historic telescope. Now, it is used mostly as an educational tool for teachers and the thousands of visitors who come each year. While the other telescopes at Lick Observatory are connected to electronic imaging devices that allow the astronomers to view celestial objects on television screens, the 19th century telescope allows direct viewing with the human eye. It’s one of the few giant telescopes in the world that still requires some users to sit out in the cold under the dark sky and the dome. That brings a feeling of nostalgia to Reminton Stone.“I really do miss being able to see the sky, and seeing these wonderful data appear in the computer screen is really nice, but it’s very divorced from the reality, from the universe. I miss a lot being in a dark place in these fields to look up to see the stars. We go out every now and then if we are working at..., we’re at the control room, we do go out to keep track of the skies, where the clouds are, and so forth, but one loses the romance and one gains greatly the efficie ncy. It’s a trade-off.”Astronomer Reminton Stone, who manages the Lick Observatory complex at the top of Mount Hamilton, California.Part4 More and more people need to know about the weather. Anyone wanting information about past weather conditions can turn to a center supported by the United States government.The National Climatic Data Center reportedly has the world's largest active collection of weather information. The National Climatic Data Center or NCDC was formed in 1951. It was established as a record center for America's Department of Commerce. Its headquarters is in the southern city of Asheville, North Carolina.The NCDC collects weather records gathered by a number of weather observers and the United States government agencies. The Department of Defense, the National Weather Service and the coastguard are among those providing weather information. The center also collects weather records from around the world. Some information held by the NCDC is only a few hours old. Other records are a lot older. For example, the office has written weather observations made by early American diplomat Benjamin Franklin and by the third President of the United States Thomas Jefferson. Today modern scientific equipment including satellites, radar and solar radiation systems help people learn about the weather. Information collected by airplanes and ships also is used. The NCDC organizes this information and helps prepare it for publication and other uses. The center assists in the production of written records, weather maps and pictures. The information also is shared by computer, microfilm and telephone. The NCDC produces several publications about earth environment. One has monthly and yearly records about weather conditions in about 270 American cities. Another publication has monthly reports from 1 500 observation stations around the world. It also has information from about 800 upper air stations which measure weather conditions at all levels of the atmosphere. The National Climatic Data Center receives requests for information from all over the world. Last year the center reportedly had more than 900 000 requests from government officials, business owners, weather researchers and the general public.Part5Scientists say the weather event known as El Nino is ending. Scientific instruments have shown that the Pacific Ocean waters warmed by El Nino are becoming cooler. Many weather experts are expecting the change in ocean temperatures to lead to conditions known as La Nina. ElNino means the little boy in the Spanish language. La Nina means the little girl.La Nina develops when winds near the western coast of South America strengthen. This causes cold air to form near the Pacific coast of Peruand Ecuador. Unusually low water temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean are evidence of La Nina. Ocean surface temperatures there drop almost 4°C. La Nina is strongest during winter months in the northern part of the world. It usually lasts one to two years. La Nina's effects can be just as severe as those of El Nino.Recently weather experts met in Colorado to exchange their findings about La Nina. The National Center for Atmospheric Research organized the conference. The experts agreed that the colder Pacific Ocean waters might influence weather conditions around the world. La Nina could make some places drier than normal and others wetter. Some reports presented at the conference said Southeast Asia is likely to receive a lot of rain during the present La Nina, so could South America, Central America and Africa. The northwestern part of Canada and the United States could be wetter than normal. The studies found that the southern United States could be warmer and drier and more severe storms are possible in the western Atlantic Ocean.。

listen this way 3 听力材料原文

Unit 1 IB.1.The Amazon forests are disappearing because of increased burning and tree removal. In September, satellite pictures showed more than 20000 fires burning in the Amazon. Experts say most of these fires were set by farmers. The farmers were attempting to clear land to grow crops. The World Wildlife Fund says another serious problem is that too many trees in the Amazon rain forest are being cut down. The World Wildlife Fund says the fires show the need for urgent international action to protect the world's rain forests. The group warns that without such action some forests could be lost forever.2. Environmental issues swell to the full in Berlin this week, for the UN spongsored conference on global warming and climate change is the first such meeting since the Rio summit three years ago. With scientists and governments now generally ready to accept that the earth climate is being affected by emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, over a hundred countries are sending delegations. But how much progress has been made implementing the greenhouse gas reduction target agreed on at Rio? Simon Dary reports...Part II The Earth at risk (I)I (Interviewer): Brian Cowles is the producer of a new series of documentaries called "The Earth at Risk" which can be seen on Channel 4 later this month. Each program deals with a different continent, doesn't it, Brian?B (Brian Cowles): That's right. We went to America, both North and South and then we went over to Africa and South-East Asia.I: And what did you find in each of these continents?B: Starting with Africa, our film shows the impact of the population on the environment. Generally speaking, this has caused the Sahara Desert to expand. It's a bit of a vicious circle we find. People cut down trees for firewood and their domestic animals eat all the available plants —and so consequently they have to move south as the Sahara Desert expands further south. I mean, soon the whole of Mali will become a desert. And in East Africa: here the grasslands are supporting too many animals and the result is, of course, there's no grass —nothing for the animals to eat.I: I see. And the next film deals with North America?B: That's right. In the USA, as you know, intensive agriculture requires a plentiful supply of rain for these crops to grow, I mean if there isn't enough rain the crops don't grow. And growing crops stabilize soil, without them the top soil just blows away. This is also true for any region that is intensely farmed — most of Europe, for example.I: And what did you find in South America?B: In South America (as in Central Africa and Southern Asia) tropical forests are being cut down at an alarming rate. This is done so that people can support themselves by growing food or to create ranches where cattle can be raised to be exported to Europe or America as tinned meat. The problem is that the soil is so poor that only a couple of harvests are possible before this very thin soil becomes exhausted. And it can't be fed with fertilizers like agricultural land in Europe. For example, in Brazil in 1982 an area of jungle the size of Britain and France combined was destroyed to make way for an iron ore mine. Huge numbers of trees are being cut down for exports as hardwood to Japan, Europe, USA to make things like luxury furniture. These forests can't be replaced — the forest soil is thin and unproductive and in just a few years, a jungle has become a waste land. Tropical forests contain rare plants (which we can use for medicines, forexample) and animals —one animal or plant species becomes extinct every half hour. These forest trees also have worldwide effects. You know, they convert carbon dioxide into oxygen. The consequence of destroying forests is not only that the climate of that region changes (because there is less rainfall) but this change affects the whole world. I mean, over half the world's rain forest has been cut down this century.Part III The Earth at risk (II)I: So, Brian, would you agree that what we generally think of as natural disasters are in fact man-made?B: Yes, by and large. I mean, obviously not hurricanes or earthquakes, but take flooding, for example. Practically every year, the whole of Bangladesh is flooded and this is getting worse. You know, the cause is that forests have been cut down up in Nepal and India, I mean higher up-river in the Himalayas. Trees would hold rainfall in their roots, but if they've been cut down all the rain that falls in the monsoon season flows sraight into the river Ganges and floods the whole country. The reason for flooding in Sudan is the same — the forests higher up the Blue Nile in Ethiopia have been destroyed too.I: Well, this all sounds terribly depressing. Um ... What is to be done? I mean, can anything be done, in fact?B: Yes, of course it can. First, the national governments have to be forward-looking and consider the results of their policies in ten or twenty years, not just think as far ahead as the next election. Somehow, all the countries in the world have to work together on an international basis. Secondly, the population has to be controlled in some way: there are too many people trying to live off too little land. Thirdly, we don't need tropical hardwood to make our furniture — it's a luxury people in the West must do without. Softwoods are just as good, less expensive and can be produced on environment-friendly "tree farms", where trees are replaced at the same rate that they are cut down.I: And, presumably, education is important as well. People must be educated to realize the consequences of their actions?B: Yes, of course. I: Well, thank you, BrianB.I: So, Brian, would you agree that what we generally think of as ... er... as er ... natural disasters are in fact man-made?B: Yes, by and large ... er ... I mean, obviously not hurricanes or earthquakes, but take flooding, for example. I mean, practically every year, the whole of Bangladesh is flooded and this is getting worse. You know, the cause is that forests have been cut down up in Nepal and India ... I mean ... higher up-river in the Himalayas. Trees ...er ... would hold rainfall in their roots, but if they've been cut down all the rain that falls in the monsoon season flows straight into the river Ganges and floods the whole country. The reason for flooding in Sudan is the same — the forests higher up the Blue Nile in Ethiopia have been destroyed too.I: Well, this all sounds terribly depressing. Um ... what is to be done? I mean, can anything be done, in fact?B: Yes, of course it can ... er ... first, the national governments have to be forward-looking and consider the results of their policies in ten or twenty years, not just think as far ahead as the next election. Somehow, all the countries in the world have to work together on an international basis. Secondly, the population has to be controlled in some way: there are too many people trying tolive off too little land. Thirdly, we don't need tropical hardwood to make our furniture — it's a luxury people in the West must do without. Softwoods are just as good, less expensive and can be produced on environment-friendly "tree farms", where trees are replaced at the same rate that they are cut down.I: And, presumably, education is important as well. People must be educated to realize the consequences ... um ... of their actions?B: Yes, yes of course. I: Well, thank you, Brian.Part IV More about the topic: The Effects of Global WarmingThe world is warming up. We know this because average temperatures are the highest since scientists started measuring them 600 years ago. The increase is about 0.2℃every year. This may seem very slight, but we know that slight changes in temperature can have a big effect on other things. Most scientists now believe this global warming is due to human activity.Jeff Jenkins is head of Britain's Climate Prediction Center. He explains how global warming can happen."Sunlight strikes the earth and warms it up. At the same time heat leaves the earth, but part of that is trapped by carbon dioxide and other gases in the earth's atmosphere. That has been happening ever since the earth was formed. But the fear is that increasing amounts of carbon dioxide produced by industrial processes and transport and so on will lead to a greater warming of the earth's surface. So that's the golbal warming that people are concerned about."People are most concerned about the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are oil, coal, wood and so on. When these burn, they produce the gas carbon dioxide. Many scientists agree that an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide and some of the gases in the atmosphere will increase the amount of warming. Computers are being used to predict what this may mean. They showed that there could be great changes in rainfall and the rise in the sea level as ice caps in the north and south poles melt. This could have a serious effect on agriculture according to Prof. Martin Perry of University College in London. He says it could become more difficult to grow food in the tropics at lower latitudes nearer to the equator."The most clear pattern emerging is the possibility of reduced potential production in lower latitude regions, and most generally speaking, increased potential in higher latitude regions. Lower latitude regions are already warm, to put it extremely simply, and plants there are quite near their limits of heat and drought stress. An increase in temperature or reduction in moisture would place limits on crop growth."Woman: Global warming could reduce food production in lower latitude regions. Lower latitude regions are already warm. Global warming could put more stress on plans and place limits on crop growth.Food production is only one area that could be affected. There could also be health and social problems. Prof. Antony MacMichael of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine believes that some rural areas are already suffering. And the insects and bacteria could spread disease more easily."Already a number of rural populations around the world are suffering from the decline of agricultural systems. Climate change would add to this. And we would expect that it would accelerate the flood of environmental refugees around the world. But it includes not just the food production systems, but the patterns of distribution of insects and infective agents around the world. It includes likely effects on patterns of hear-related food poisoning, water contaminationand diarrhea diseases, lots of things like this that would respond sensitively to changes in climate." Woman: Global warming could affect the distribution of insects. Global warming could change patterns of heat-related food poisoning.Many countries now agree that something must be done to reduce the danger of global warming. But a worldwide agreement on lowering the production of carbon dioxide has been difficult to reach. This is because many economies depend on fossil fuels like oil. Scientists believe it's now the politicians in every region of the world who need to take action.Part V Do you know…?Environment has taken rather a back seat politically since the Earth summit in Rio de Janeiro nearly 5 years ago. But the problems that meeting highlighted had not gone away. One environmental think tank — the International Food Policy Research Institute — has been looking at the future of water and its report reflects growing concern at the huge leap in usage over the past few years.In some parts of the world, water consumption has increased five fold. And the institute, known by its initials IFPRI, says shortages could soon become the trigger for conflict and a major barrier to feeding the world's growing population. Here's Richard Black of our Science Unit."It's often been said that water rather than oil will be the cause of warfare in the next century. According to the IFPRI report, the time when that happens might not be far away. The number of people affected by water shortage will increase ten fold over the next 30 years, it says, which could well lead to large scale conflicts.The main reason why water is becoming a scarce resource is agriculture, which now accounts for 70% of water consumption worldwide, 90% in some developing countries. Countless farmers have switched from growing indigenous crops for the home market to high yield export varieties, which inevitably need far more water. But the IFPRI report says that in some regions water shortage is now the single biggest impediment to feeding the population. Water scarcity also leads to water pollution. In the Indian State of West Bengal, for example, over extraction of water from bore holes has led to arsenic poisoning which is estimated to have affected two million people so far. But the IFPRI report calls for better water management worldwide including financial incentives to encourage conservation."That report by Richard Black of our Science Unit.Tape script of unit 2Part I Getting readyA: Hello, I'm calling on behalf of the World Wildlife Fund.B: The what?A: The World Wildlife Fund. If you've got a few minutes I'd like to tell you what that means. B: Oh, all right.A: We work to conserve natural areas that contain endangered wildlife. The seas, for example, have become polluted by the industrialized world; whales are being hunted to extinction; turtles are rolled off their eggs when they come ashore to breed or are slaughtered for their meat and oil …B: Oh.A: Crocodiles are killed to make handbags and shoes; walruses are hunted for their ivory.B: I see.A: Seals are bludgeoned to death to provide fur coats and the threat of extinction hangs over several species of whale, dolphin and porpoise.B: Really.A: We are now campaigning to provide sea sanctuaries for some of these endangered species.B: Very interesting.A: Aided by our campaign, protected nesting sites for turtles have already been set up. As you can see, this is very valuable work and I wonder therefore if you'd like to make a donation?Part II Christmas bird countsJohn James Audubon was an American artist in the early 1800s, who illustrated birds in their natural habitats. The Society named after him was founded in the late 1800s by conservationists concerned with the decline of birds, which were being killed so their feathers could be used in the manufacture of women's hats.Sponsored by the National Audubon Society, more than 40 000 volunteers will be outside counting birds from today until January 3rd. V olunteers from all 50 states of the United States, every Canadian province, parts of Central and South America, Bermuda, the West Indies and Pacific islands have begun to count and record every individual bird and bird species observed during the two and one half week period of the count.Jeffrey LeBaron is the National Audubon Society's Christmas Bird Count editor. He says the count is the longest-running bird census in ornithology.This year, according to Mr. LeBaron, more than 1 600 separate bird counts have been scheduled. Some would have as few as 10 people taking part, others with hundreds. The logistics of the Christmas bird count, he adds, are simple."Each individual count is in a circle. It's a 15 mile diameter circle, um, around the exact center point. And it's always the exactly same area that's done every year, usually, even on the same weekend during the count period. And what the ideal would be, which is virtually impossible, is this census: every single individual bird within that circle on the count day."Mr. LeBaron says experienced bird counters can get a good idea of the total bird populations within the count circle based on the number of birds they actually see. The editor points out, however, that the counts are not only for experienced bird watchers."Anybody that is interested or concerned can become involved. Beginners will go out in a party with experienced individuals who know both the area and the birds in the area, in the field where more eyes and ears are better. And then anybody can point out a bird, and someone in the field will always be able to identify the bird."Part III Dolphin captivityA: A planned aquatic park in Denver is raising the ire of animal rights activists who object to a proposal to include a captive dolphin display. Although officials for Colorado's Ocean Journeys say they have yet to make a final decision on the issue, local and national activists have already instigated a "No Dolphins in Denver' campaign. As Colorado Public Radio's Peter Jones reports, the battle lines have been clearly drawn.P: Rick Troud, a former navy dolphin trainer based in Florida, is taking an active role in the "No Dolphins" campaign.R: Average age in the wild ranges anywhere in some of the studies between 30 and 40 years of age. In captivity, you can expect a dolphin to live maybe 5.13 years, and every 7 years in captivity, the dolphin population is dead.P: According to Troud, there are many reasons why dolphins can't live full lives in captivity.R: If you take a look at where the real dolphin is in the real ocean, you find the dolphin who swims 40 miles a day, is very family-oriented. These animals are separated from their mothers; that's a stress. You put them in a concrete tank where their sonar bounces off of walls, they can't swim in the same amount of time and direction that they can in the wild.P: Environmentalist and ocean explorer, Jean Michel Cousteau:J: There are some animals which reject captivity right away, and they're very suicidal. I've had one of those in my own arms for many days. The next morning when I came to take care of him, he was dead. And what he'd done was to swim as fast as he could from one end of the pool on ... to the other side and destroyed his head by hitting the wall. They have a very sophisticated brain. I don't think we have any rights to play with the lives of these animals.P: Cousteau's anti-captivity position is challenged by Dr. Deborah Duffield, a biology professor at Portland State College in Oregon. Her 1990 study compared captive dolphins to the wild population of Sarasota Bay, Florida. Among other findings, the study showed little if any difference in the average age of death. And Duffield says life is generally getting better for captive dolphins.D: The census data say that every time I do a census, I've got older and older animals in it as well as this normal age distribution that we've been looking at. So my feeling is that the trend in captivity has been that the group of animals that we're following are getting older, and if they continue to do that over the next five years, they will then indeed be older than the wild population.P: There is also a debate over the educational benefits of keeping marine mammals in captivity. According to Duffield, captive dolphins play an important role in our basic understanding of the animals.D: I firmly believe that we cannot learn anything about organisms that we share this world with if we do not understand how they live in an environment, and what they do, and that watching them go by in the wild will not do it. I cannot tell what an animal needs, unless I know how it operates, how it breeds, what it needs metabolically, and I can't learn that from animals in the wild.P: But Troud says the dolphin displays are anti-educational because the animals' natural behavior patterns are altered by captivity.R: In the wild, you don't have dolphins who beat each other to death. There are no dolphins that I've ever seen stranded on the beach, who are suffering from fractured skulls, fractured ribs or fractured jaws, as is the case in captivity.P: The Ocean Journey board will take all factors into consideration before making a final decision on whether to include dolphins in the park. For Colorado Public Radio, I'm Peter Jones.Part IV More about the topic: Birds----A Source of WealthMr. LeBaron says there are about 9 300 different known species of birds. Larger numbers of them live in the warmer climates. For example, more than 300 different species have been counted in Panama, while far fewer species are native to colder climates. Aside from their esthetic value, Mr. LeBaron says birds are important to the environment because they can signal changes in it."Birds are one of the best indicators that we have of the quality of the environment within the given area. Whether it is a relatively local area, or even primarily on the worldwide bases, they are one of the first things to be altered. They are quite sensitive to a habitat alteration or to other threats. And often times when birds are disappearing out of the area, it just means there is adegradation of the quality of the habitat within that area which will adversely affect everything in there including humans."National Audubon Society editor Jeffrey LeBaron calls the world's bird populations a source of wealth that humans must protect."People get so much pleasure out of looking at birds and listening to birds. And if they start disappearing just the er, the quality of life, um, may be not physically, but the mental quality of life can be degraded quickly."Jeffrey LeBaron says that while the National Audubon Society's annual Christmas bird counts show a decline in some species, many types of birds are actually increasing their populations.Part V Do you know…?Scientists have cataloged more than one and one-half million of the species that exist on Earth today. By some recent estimates, at least 20 times that many species inhabit the planet.Up to 100 species become extinct every day. Scientists estimate that the total number of species lost each year may climb to 40 000 by the year 2000, a rate far exceeding any in the last 65 million yearsAround the world more than 3 500 protected areas exist in the form of parks, wildlife refuges and other reserves. These areas cover a total of about 2 million square miles (5 million square km, or 3% of our total land area).Today, more than 200 animal species in the United States are classified as endangered. More than 1 000 animal species are endangered worldwide.Little-noticed aquatic animals are in big trouble. In North America, a third of our fish species, two-thirds of our crayfish species and nearly three-quarters of the mussel species are in trouble. Tape script of unit 3Part I Getting readyBC.Looking here at Wednesday's weather forecast for Europe. It's certainly clear that winter is starting to take its grip on the continent. Berlin on Wednesday, mostly cloudy and very cold, and -2 degrees for your high. Brussels, Belgium, a little warmer at one degree, partly sunny. London, 5 degrees for your high, mostly cloudy throughout the day. In Paris, your high temperature is 0 degrees on Wednesday, partly cloudy as well. Rome, 8 degrees for your high, with periods of clouds and sunshine. And Vienna, Austria, -2 degrees on Wednesday, cloudy and of course cold. Athens, Greece, a little warmer at 10 degrees, periods of clouds and sunshine on Wednesday. Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1 degree for your high, mostly cloudy. Istanbul, 5 degrees, and partly sunny. And Kiev, Ukraine, -7 degrees, and you can expect snow. Moscow, -9 degrees on Wednesday, also snowy. And in Prague, the Czech Republic, -4 degrees with snow flurries, so sounds like typical of weather for that area of the world. Let's look at what we have here in Washington D.C., no snow yet, but it will be coming.D.As 1998 ends and people look forward to the last year of the century, the World Almanac spoke with experts about what comes next. Almanac editorial director says the experts believe the next century will bring lots of changes."Warm, of course, that our climate is going to continue getting warmer. That's the subject, by theway, of another new article on the 1999 World Almanac. The greenhouse effect, exactly what causes it, and what steps to be taken to, um, perhaps, to alleviate global warmings. I've seen recently that 1998 is going to go down as the warmest year ever on record. And so that's going to be a major issue of the next century, and possible tremendous consequences of the global warmings, whether it is rising sea levels affecting the coastal areas; changes in climate zones affecting what crops can be grown, and in what regions. This is potentially a very significant trend to be watched."E.Major ocean storms in the northern part of the world usually develop in late summer or autumn over waters near the equator. They are known by several different names. Scientists call these storms cyclones when they happen just north or south of the equator in the Indian Ocean. In the western Pacific Ocean or the China Sea, these storms are called typhoons. In the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, they are called hurricanes.Part II El EinoSatellite readings confirm that conditions are right for another El Nino, a cyclic weather pattern that affects the global climate."El Nino's normally show up about twice a decade and it lasts about 12 to 18 months, bringing warmer weather to parts of the earth. Some regions become wetter than usual, others drier. The El Nino, which began in 1991 has lingered through this year. Although several years might have been expected to pass before the next one, an American-French satellite observing the oceans has found a sign that El Nino may come back quicker than expected."'These kinds of things still happen.' This is Brig Jacker, an oceanographer of the US Naval Research Laboratory in Mississippi."'Every year is unpredictable. One year might be El Nino year, one year might not. Generally El Nino's come in four year cycles. But there's nothing to say that you can't have two El Nino years in a row.'"El Nino's begin with the decline of winds pulling cold water away from South America's west coast to around the equator. This allows warm water in the western Pacific Ocean to expand eastward toward the America's. At the same time, the clouds and rain over the warm water move eastward too. Radar aboard the American-French satellite detected the hint thatsuch water movement began in early August and reached South America two months later. It saw a ripple called a 'Calvin wave' moving slowly eastward. Such pulses sometimes give rise to El Nino conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific."El Nino's can change the weather around the world, but how much depends on its strength. A strong one in 1982 and 1983 has been linked to droughts in Australia and Indonesia, rains and flooding in South America, and unseasonably warm weather in much of the United States. But even the mild El Nino that began in 1991 has caused trouble. It has been associated with devastating floods in the US southeast last year and in the US midwest this year. El Nino's are hard on the South American fishing industry. The warm waters prevent nutrients rich cold water from rising to the surface, causing fish stocks to become depletive. Mr. Jacker said a new El Nino apparently would be mild but he is not betting on it yet."The US Naval oceanographer says predictions are difficult because the strength of El Nino depends on how winds affect the 'Calvin wave' that has moved across the Pacific.Part III Lick Observatory。

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John James: I disagree, Peter. I don't think it really matters what your educational background is. Anyone who is bright enough is going to do well whatever their education.PeterDavies:B ut John, ...John James: I n fact, I think some people carry on with their education when they would do a lot better to get out and start building their own careers by learning things in real life.Peter Davies: Y es, but the whole point is, life is getting so much more complicated these days that unless you carry on with your studies you just can't cope.John James: F or certain things, and certain people, OK, but to my mind, the big problem in education is that you specialize too quickly. I mean, in England, you start specializing from the third year in secondary school, when you're about 14. And it gets steadily narrower until you do your "A" levels in only two or three subjects. You either do languages, or natural sciences, or social sciences.Peter Davies: B ut surely these days you have to, John — you can't possibly study everything because there's just too much.John James：Y es, but how many kids at the age of sixteen really know what they want to do? How many of them are convinced that the three subjects they've chosen, or have been recommended, are the ones that will let them follow the careers they eventually decide on?Peter Davies: O h, I think most young people who stay on at school have a fair idea of what they want to do.John James：I'm not so sure, Peter. And after all, that's not the end of it. When they get to university in England, the subjects they study are so narrow that they are only good for one thing, so they are stuck with it.Peter Davies: B ut I don't really see that there is any alternative if people are going to learn enough to be competent in their subject. They've got to specialize early, and I suppose those that realize they've made a mistake can always swap to something else.John James：A h, but that's just it. You can't. Suppose you study languages at university and then decide that you are not cut out for it and would like to be a doctor. You've burnt your bridges. You can't just change horses in midstream; you've got to go right back to the beginning and you lose years. I think the American system is much better.。

listen-this-way4-unit6

listen-this-way4-unit6Part I Getting readyA.B.Businesses are structured to meet different needs. One basic difference involves who is responsible for the business. Another involves how long the organization can stay in business. The simplest form of business is called an individual proprietorship. The word proprietor comes from French and Latin words for property owner. The proprietor owns all the property of the business and is responsible for it. The law recognizes no difference between the owner and the business. Most small businesses in the United States are individual proprietorships. Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to state how much of the partnership each person controls. They can end the partnership at any time. But partnerships and individual proprietorships have a limited life. They exist only as long as the owners are alive. Some states permit what are called limited liability partnerships. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits. But their responsibilities to the organization are also limited. The most complex is the corporation. This kind of business organization is designed to have an unlimited lifetime. Investors in a corporation own stock. This is a share of the ownership. Investors can trade their shares or keep them as long as the company is in business. Investors may get paid dividends, a small amount of money for each share they own. A board of directors controls the corporate policies. The directors appoint topcompany officers. The directors might or might not hold any shares in the corporation. Not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. The American Red Cross, for example, is organized as a non-profit corporation.Part II Michael Dell vs. Frederick Smith (I)Thank you. OK look, it’s not all that unusually to dream up a business idea while you’re i n college. You know, you book the bands for the parties, you deliver pizzas to the dorm. OK, dreaming up a new multi- billion dollar industry from the ground up, this is a little less usual. But it is something both of our guests accomplished even if not everyone realized it at the time. When Fred Smith wrote a term paper outlining his idea for an overnight delivery service, his teacher gave him a C minus. He off and went on to create Federal Express. We'll be talking about that and other matters with Fred Smith, the Chairman, President and CEO ofFedEx Corporation, a little later in the program. But first Michael Dell, who dropped out of college after a year to start the business, he still heads. As Chairman and CEO of Dell Computer, Michael Dell happens to be the longest tenured CEO in the entire computer industry. He's also the man solely responsible for creating the direct-to-consumer model that sparked the whole build-to-order revolution. Michael Dell's aim is to elimnate the middle-man, a home-grown philosophy that carries over into his hands-on management style. Before we get into the specific conversations, I want to know something because the two of you have a relationship that customers-like. Could you exist without a company like Fred Smith's to supply your stuff? Could it work if you didn't have ajust-in-time delivery system to get you your parts for your computers?Michael Dell:In our case, no. I mean, you know, we couldn'texist without FedEx, and I don't think FedEx could exist without our distributing. We are sort of mutually co-dependent here.Frederick Smith: That's absolutely right. Michael understands that his efficacy with his customers depends on delivering exactly as he's told his customer that he's gong to deliver plus his production is just in time, so all those parts and pieces from all over the world gotta to come together at the same time. Now he may have to for his own reasons use brand X, but clearly the best choice is FedEx.Greenfield: Now you go out, you're making a big push into the ground delivery business as well. Right?Smith: Sure.Greenfield: Michael, what would you want from him as a CEO and founder of Dell, to make it more tempting for you?Dell: Well, it's pretty straight forward. I mean, you know, you gotta be competitive, you've got to deliver on the things that are important to us, which means the quality of service, the breadth of the network, the...you know, unique services that we need. For example, we have a lot of things going on with airlift out of Asia, coming in the US, and their network is particularly well suited for this. And of course, they gotta be cost competitive. You put all that together and that's the sort of discussion we have, there's not a lot of real science to it, I mean. it's pretty basic nuts and bolts. Here's what we need, you know, and here we need to stay competitive.Greenfield: Do you have a shot?Smith: No, I'll tell you I've been listening to the whole lot of it, and usually I'm doing everything he wants us to do. I can tell you that much.Part III Michael Dell vs. Frederick Smith (II)Greenfield:Let me turn now to the first theme we want to talk about, and that is this build-to-order revolution. Does it change everything?Dell:You know, I think first of all, you gotta look at the supply chain. Basically, what efficient information flows do is they, you know, they sort of take out all these costs of transaction and processing that sort of, you know, add to the ultimate cost of buying something. And if you view information as this kind of like vacuum that sucks out that unnecessary cost, there are certain products or services where this is far more applicable. You know things that have very high mark ups, things that depreciate in value at an incredible rate.Greenfield: What's an example?Dell: Take the car industry for example. Ok? Not necessarily fit in small packages yet, but you know when you go to buy a car, you typically go to a place where there's lots of cars and somebody guessed what kind of car, you know, you were going to buy. And, you know that's, there's tens of billions of dollars in assets tied up in those guesses and what usually happens is you end up buying, not the car exactly that you wanted but the car they happened to have. And then the signal back to the factory that that car that you just bought, you know, is selling really well, so let's build some more. And the person who sold it to you gets a commission for selling you something that you didn't quite exactly want to buy. And so you got capital tied up, you got costs tied up, and what information systems can do is essentially shrink the distance between the source of demand and the source of supply.Smith: There's a lot of work that's been done in the academic realm about this issue supply chain that you're just talking about.The latest figure that I've seen which was done by one of the schools in the Midwest that has a good transportation and logistics practices. And about 40 percent of businesses today are operated on a fast cycle basis that Michael and Wal-Mart and so forth pioneered. Now there's certain types of items that are very low in terms of unit costs like groceries or gasoline you put in your car, or commodities of one sort or another or where form and fit may meet make the customers wanna go look at it personally like putting on a coat or something. But I think other than that, almost everything will be presented to you on a computer and you'll have a world of choice and you can customize it and have it there very rapidly. For a car, it might be four days; for a Dell computer, it might be overnight, or if you want to shorten the delivery, three days or whatever. But I think a great part of the economy will work that way.Greenfield:It's now time for the next generation of business leaders, we hope, to ask their questions of our guests. Please be sure to tell us your name and then your questions. Sir.Munan: Ok, good afternoon. My name is Munan. I'm just curious what keeps you guys going and personally what you guys have left toDell: You know, what keeps me going again is the opportunity that I see in our industry in our business. You know, this is a business that continues to grow, the IT industry is right at the fulcrum of the economy. The industry is expanding around the world. We want to be a leader not only in client computing, but also in the enterprise and servers and storage. And we want to do it not just in the United States, but all over the world. And we want to add a lot of the services that go along with those products, so we have, we think a great start, but we think there istremendous opportunity going forward.Smith: Well, I'm truly excited about my company's future. I love going to work every day, it's great fun. I love to compete, I love to try to innovate, come up with a new idea. Work with a lot of wonderful people and sit right in the middle of a lot of very, very exciting business trends, and I can't think of anything I'd rather be doing.Part IV More about the topic: The Business PlanA woman has a great idea for a business. She's joined a women's business association and talked with several entrepreneurs. She wants to get started. What's the next step? In today's "women in business" report, Sarah Long tells us that one of the most fundamental steps toward a successful business is the business plan. The idea for a business may be large or small.A manufacturing plant with lots of employees or a one-employee company based in the home. It's not the size ofthe business that matters. What does matter according to experts is having a business plan to make the idea a reality. "I only have myself and my full-time office manager and I'm hiring a third person. I do a business plan every year.”Betty Stehman has her own accounting firm. Along with a full range of accounting and tax services, her company helps entrepreneurs develop business plans. She believes a plan is essential for any business including, of course, her own. "I review where my plan was last year. I measure myself against it. Then I look at where I want to go. That gives me direction for the full year. If I don't have that direction, it's like going on a trip without a map and you're not sure where you're going. So the business plan to me is essentially a map for your business as to where you're going to go." Entrepreneur T. W. Fitzgerald agrees that a business plan isthe very best way to get started. "When you do a business plan it's almost your guarantee that your business will succeed because you go from "A" to "Z" in figuring out every aspect: how much money you need; how many people you'll need; whether you'll need people. It gives you a way of predicting where the business may go so you can position yourself to respond intelligently and use the least amount of money.”Ms. Fitzgerald says that if a budding entrepreneur doesn't have much money, a business plan becomes even more critical by helping to use the limited resources in the very best way. She points out that about 46 percent of businesses in the United States operate without a business plan. These, she says, are the companies at greatest risk of failing. And in an increasingly global marketplace, she says one person's great idea today maybe ten other people's great idea tomorrow. Those using business plans are most likely to beat out their competitors.Part V Do you know…?An organization in the United States has been teaching young people about the American business system for almost 80 years. Now we operate in more than 100 other countries. Junior Achievement is the world's oldest, largest, and fastest growing economic educational organization. It began in 1919 in Springfield, Massachusetts. The group's first program was for high school students after school hours. Its goal was to show young people how businesses are organized and operated. The students learned by forming their own companies. Local business people advised them. First, the students developed a product. Then they sold shares in their company. They used this money to buy the materials needed to make the product. They produced the product and sold it. Finally they returned the profits to thepeople who owned shares in the company. The Junior Achievement "Company Program" was very successful. It continues to teach young people about American business by helping them operate their own companies. In 1974. Junior Achievement began teaching students in their classrooms about business. Today, there are programs for students of all ages from 5 to 18. More than2 700 000 American students are involved in Junior Achievement. They are taught by more than 85 000 business advisors-who are not paid. Junior Achievement has programs for young school children ages 5 through 11. Volunteer business advisors teach the main rules of successful businesses. They teach how businesses are organized. They teach how products are made and sold. They also teach about the American economy, the system of money, industry and trade. And they teach students how the economy affects their families and their communities.Junior Achievement has programs for middle school students ages 12 to 14. A volunteer business expert teaches the students once a week. One program is called "Project Business". It is about economic theories. Students learn about supply and demand. They learn aboutcorporations. And they learn about world trade.Another Junior Achievement program for 12 to 14-year-old students is called . "the Economics of Staying in School". It is for students who may be thinking about . leaving before completing high school. These students learn the importance of continuing their education. First they play a game. The game shows what kinds of jobspeople have. It shows how much education is needed for each job. And it shows how much money each job pays. Thestudents learn that workers with more education get better jobs and earn more money. Then the students learn how much money they need to buy the things they want. They realize that they probably will not earn enough money if they do not finish high school.。

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Part I Gett ing readyThe environment is the natural world of land, sea, air, plants, and animals that exists around towns and cities. Since there is only one globe where we're living, more and more people realize the importance of protecting the total global environment. A 1989 UK Department of the Environment survey showed public concern about the environment was second only to worries about the NationalHealth Service.A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions.1.vicious circle: a set of events in which cause and effect follow each other in a circular pattern2.monsoon season: the season of heavy rains that fall in India and neighboring countries3.hygiene: the study and practice of how to keep good health, esp. by paying attention to cleanliness4.accelerate: (cause to) move faster5.summit: a meeting between heads of state6.think tank: a research institute or other organization of scholars, social or physical scientists, etc. esp. one employed by government to solve complex problems or predict future developments in military and social areas7.trigger: start (esp. a chain of events)8.impediment: a fact or event which makes action difficult or impossible9.bore hole: a hole made by drilling or digging10.incentive: an encouragement to greater activityB Listen to two short extractions. Write down the environmental issues mentioned in them.1.2.Part n The Earth at risk ( I )Do you know what happens to a rainforest when the trees are chopped down?About 80% of the rain forests nutrients come from trees and plants. That leaves 20% of the nutrients in the soil. The nutrients from the leaves that fall are instantly recycled back into the plants and trees. When a rain forest is clear-cut, conditions change very quickly. The soil dries up in the sun. When it rains, it washes the soil away.A Listen to the first part of an interview. Note down the key words in the notes column. Then answer the questions.Questions1.What is the vicious circle mentioned by Brian Cowles?2.Why is the rain so important to soil?3.What are some of the reasons that tropical forests are being cut down?interview. Complete the outline.Outline ( I )I . Environmental problems in different continentsA.Africa1.expansion2. no grass for animals to eat (East Africa)B.1. situation -intensive farming/agriculture2. potential problem-B.South America, Central Africa & Southern Asia1. problem-2. consequencesa. soil -> thin -> unproductive -> wastelandb.c.Part 川The Earth at risk ( n )As early as in 1984, the United Nations created a special environmental agency, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. In 1992, the UnitedNations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro aroused great media interest in tackling difficult global environmental issues.A Listen to the second part of the interview. Note down the key words in the notes column. Then answer the questions.Questions1. Why is some flooding man-made?2. What does Brian imply when he says that the national governments have to be forward-looking?interview. Complete the outline.Outline ( n )n . Reasons for some "natural" disasters-mainly man-madeA.B.flooding in SudanA.national governments-forward-lookingB.B.stopping using hardwood for furniture-makingcating people to realize the consequencesPart IV More about the top ic: The Effects of Global WarmingThe world is getting warmer. It matters because it changes a lot of things to do with our everyday life. We can also say because the Earth is warming up we could simply not have enough to eat. Do you know what some of the effects of global warming are?Listen to the material. Complete the outline.OutlineA. average temperatureB. yearly increasen . Causes of global warmingA. great changes in rainfallB. rise in the sea levelC.C.health and social problems1. environmental refugees2. change of patterns of distribution ofinsects and infective agents 3.IV. Time to take actionPart V Do you know ...?Water is abundant globally but scarce locally. Of the earth's 1360 million cubic kilometers of water, 97 percent is in the oceans. Three-quarters of the freshwater is in glaciers and icebergs, another fifth is groundwater, and less than 1 percent is in lakes and rivers. Almost two-thirds of the renewablefreshwater provided by annual rainfall over land evaporates. Much of the rainfall transformed into runoff is lost to floods.A Listen to the following news report. Decide whether the statements are true or false. Put "T" or "F" in the brackets.) 1. Water consumption in some parts of the world has increased ten fold.) 2. Oil will he the cause of warfare in the next century.) 3. The number of people affected by water shortage will increase five fold over the next 20 years.( ) 4. The main reason why water is becoming a scarce resource is agriculture since it now accounts for 90% of water consumption worldwide.( ) 5. In some regions water shortage is now the biggest impediment to feeding the population.B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the report.Nowadays energy is too expensive to waste. It costs the country, and you, too much. What have you done to conserve existing energy resources? Here are some tips to help you slim your waste ?save energy. Always remember that energy sense is common sense.C Now listen to some simple tips to help you Save It ?save energy. Complete the do's and don'ts.Do'sRough-dry and nylon things.unnecessary lighting.can.Do withoutif youDefrost the regularly.ranchhardwoodrare plantrainfall • Before using your washing machine, in the oven and Save It on the rings and grill. Don'tsDon't attempt to• Cook Don't turn too high.Don't le ave to boil away. Don't fill the kettle for only a cup of tea. Don't put in the fridge.Part W Remin der of key points in this un it Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase OtherPart I sponsor Amazonimplement rain forestsummitemissionpart n expand continent at risk stabilize impact at an alarming rate blow away the Sahara Desert unproductive cut down vicious circlemake way for domestic animal convert intensive agriculturepart 川Bangladesh depressingIndia forward-lookingNepal monsoon seasonSudan the NileEthiopiapart IV put stress on global warming potential accelerate pole heat-relatedtake action lower/higher latitudedecline environmental refugeeinfective agentpart V highlight the earth summitswitch from...to... think tankfeed the population consumptionboil away triggerdefrost barrierwarfarefold home market high yieldimpediment extraction bore holefinancial incentivebrim build-up a full load ring。

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Unit 4Part11. A firebomb went off in a busy shopping area in east Belfast last night killing one policeman and injuring several bystanders.2. Florida authorities say more than 1 000 homes were destroyed by the tornadoes, which ripped through the central part of the state.3. A dramatic development in the explosive situation on Green Isle: a car ferry from Northbridge to Greenport has been taken over by a group of extremists calling themselves the "Green Action Front".4. Relief workers in South Korea have finally gotten a break from the severe weather that has hampered efforts to recover from flooding. The flooding and mudslides last month have killed more than 270 people and left thousands homeless5. A bank in Manchester was robbed at gunpoint yesterday as 5 men burst in at lunchtime wearing masks and carrying shotguns. The robbers escaped with over 10 000 pounds.6. Florida was hit yesterday afternoon by a hurricane of up to 100 miles an hour. Twenty people are believed to be dead and over 100 injured..7. The Greek airliner that was hijacked and flown to Algeria on Tuesday is now on its way back to Athens.Part2Large numbers of villages have been completely cut off. The official said the death toll could reach 2 000. The Indian army has been called in to help the relief effort. From Deli. Here is David Willis.The storm with winds of up to 75 miles an hour struck India's southeast coast, flattening homes, destroying crops and cutting transport links. Eyewitnesses reported tidal waves more than 12 feet high. The storm was followed by torrential rains, which swept away roads and railway lines, and flooded low lying areas. More than 40 people are thought to have died when a ferry sank. But most of the deaths have been due to flooding, houses collapsing or electrocutions. More than 100 000 people have been evacuated from their homes and are taking shelter in relief camps. After surveying the flooded area by helicopter, the chief minister said it resembled a burial ground. He's appealed to the federal government to treat the incident as a national calamity. David Willis.、Nine hours Greenwich Mean Time. The news read by Wendy Gordon. The worst of the heavy rains and thunderstorms that have been sweeping parts of Europe during the past week appears to be over. Exceptionally heavy rainfall brought flooding to many parts of Germany, Switzerland, Northern Italy and France and chaos to rail and road transport. Air traffic too has been affected with flight delays at airports. Although most flights are expected to be back to normal by this time tomorrow, there are expected to be serious delays on the German and Italian motorways over the forthcoming holiday weekend and train services are unlikely to be normalized for several days. A government spokeswoman in France announced that the damage to homes and property is expected to be at least four thousand million francs. It is reported that at least five people have lost their lives. Experts agree that casualty figures are low because emergency warnings were issued on the day before the storms began. The federal government in Switzerland has urged motorists and rail travelers not to travel during the next few days and no international traffic will be allowed on the main north-south motorway routes across the country until next Tuesday.Part3Another earthquake, the fifth in three days, hit Japan last night. Hundreds of homes have now been destroyed or badly damaged, and thousands have been made homeless since the earthquakes started. Many of the homeless have begun to make themselves makeshift shelters from the rubble. Electricity, gas and water supplies have also been seriously disrupted. Experts believe that the country will be hit by more quakes during the next 48 hours.It's eight o'clock on Monday the 24th of November. At least 400 people are feared to have died in a major earthquake which shook large areas of southern Italy last night. As rescue work continues in wide areas of southern Italy it is becoming increasingly more likely that the present toll of 400 dead will rise much higher. The tremors were felt all over Italy, from the French border to Sicily, but the worst damage appears to be in small towns and villages, many of them very isolated, outside Naples. Naples itself has also been badly affected. In a little village about sixty miles east of the city scores of people are thought to have died as the earthquake hit a village hospital and a local church as well as many private homes. It appears that there was an evening service going on in the church at the time.In Naples it was the old part of the city which was worst affected — many buildings of eight or nine stories broke apart and collapsed as the earthquake hit at around 8 p.m. last night. A large proportion of inhabitants spent the night in the open in the streets or squares and as smaller tremors continue, more chaos has ensued as townspeople rush for the countryside, blocking roads and causing traffic jams. Telephone lines have been broken and electricity and water supplies are failing — the fog and cold conditions are making rescue operations very difficult in some of the remoter parts of the south particularly where road conditions are not very good.Our own correspondent has been to the disaster area and sends us this report...Part4During an earthquakeWhen you feel an earthquake, duck under a desk or sturdy table. Stay away from windows, bookcases, file cabinets, heavy mirrors, hanging plants, and other heavy objects that could fall. Watch out for falling plaster and ceiling tiles. Stay undercover until the shakingstops, and hold onto your cover. If it moves, move with it. Below are some additional tips for specific locations:If you are in a HIGH-RISEBUILDING, and not near a desk or table, move against an interior wall and protect your head with your arms. Do not use the elevators. Do not be surprised if the alarm or sprinkler systems come on. Stay indoors. Glass windows can dislodge during the quake and sail for hundreds of feet。