proj5
PP5精密光滑凸式机器人臂说明书
•Automatic parallelism •Stock removal indication •Vacuum chuck sample location •Precise control of sample orientation •Variable sample loading from 0-2800g •Accepts samples up to 3" diameterIntroduction:PP5 Precision Polishing Jigs are used to hold specimens of widely varied shape while they are lapped and/or polished on Logitech PM5 or LP50machines. The basic jig allows precise control of the orientation of the specimen to the polishing plane and fine adjustment of the load applied to the specimen during polishing. Optional features include a stock removal indicator, a vacuum chuck for location of wafer geometry or slide mounted specimens and a PSM Programmable Sample Monitor system.Description:The jigs are constructed throughout from steel, making them sturdy and easily maintained. Samples or sample holders may be affixed directly on to the jig mounting plate or they may be fixed to the jig on an angular adjustment plate. This allows specimen orientation to the polishing plane by means of three angular adjustment screws. For greater precision, this facility is also available with micrometer head adjustment. It is used to prepare samples with extreme parallelism; surfaces on single crystals with precise orientation to the crystal structure; a surface on a sample at a chosen angle.The load is variable from 0-2800g (6.17lbs) on the heaviest PP5. Thisaccommodates materials covering a wide range of hardness, toughness and size, which are to be processed in different ways, to different finished specifications.PP5A: Each PP5A jig is supplied with two sample holders, each of which may be screwed either to the piston plate or angular adjustment plate. The Sample Mounting Pot holds irregularly shaped samples or small rods, cubesetc. The Sample Mounting Pad normally holds wafer samples - wax mounted.Other holder configurations may be prepared to match more closely specific sample geometries. N.B.: Long, rod-shaped samples (e.g. laser rods) can be accommodated within the hollow central bore of the jig piston.PP5D: The PP5D is identical in all aspects of construction to the PP5A, but has, in addition, a dial gauge to indicate stock removal. The gauge scale is divided into 10µm divisions and 2µm sub-divisions. It measures the amount of material removed during lapping or polishing.PP5GT: The PP5GT incorporates all the features of the PP5A and the PP5D jigs with the addition of a vacuum chuck sample holder. This is used for "wafer geometry" or slide mounted specimens where the specimen is held parallel by a vacuum chuckface instead of wax, avoiding the need to heat the specimen.To operate the vacuum chuckface, a rotary vacuum adaptor fits over the top of the jig to connect it with a vacuum source. The adaptor allows normal rotation of the jig during polishing.The two standard patterns are illustrated overleaf, though other patterns may be specified as required to suit individual applications.PP5 Precision Lapping &Polishing JigSpecifications:PP5/2/01Logitech LimitedErskine Ferry Road, Old Kilpatrick, Glasgow G60 5EU, Scotland, U.K.Tel: +44 (0) 1389 875444Fax: +44 (0) 1389 890956e-mail:****************.com Distributed by:Due to a continuous programme of development, Logitech reserves the right to change specifications without prior notice.Vacuum Chuck:The two standard chuckface patterns offered with the PP5GT are illustrated below. The customer should specify which configuration is required when ordering. Special chuckface patterns may be supplied on request.1P5AC-1200Annular grooves for 83mm (3.27")diameter substrate1P5AC-1400Four port for microscope slides 28 x 48mm (1.10 x 1.89")OR 24 x 76mm (1 x 3")OR 50 x 76mm (2 x 3")Vacuum TubeConnection to Vacuum ChuckPistonLoad Adjustment ScrewJig BodyFixing ScrewLocates Drive Ring to Jig BodyDrive/Conditioning Ring Vacuum ChuckfacePiston PlateAngularAdjustment Screw for Angular AdjustmentPlate (where fitted)Stock RemovalIndicatorOrdering Data:Net Weight HeightPP5A 4.30kg (9.48 lbs)175mm (6.89")PP5D 4.50kg (9.92 lbs)175mm (6.89")PP5GT5.40kg (11.88 lbs)220mm (8.66")Max. Sample Diameter Pot Pad PP5A 14mm (0.55”)56mm (2.20”)PP5D 14mm (0.55”)56mm (2.20”)PP5GT83mm - Vacuum ChuckMax. Sample ThicknessPot Pad PP5A*24mm (0.94”)13mm (0.51”)PP5D*24mm (0.94”)13mm (0.51”)PP5GT* 11mm (0.43”) - Vacuum Chuck* Thicker samples can be processed using extended legsOutside diameter (PP5):127mm (5")Angular adjustment range:+/-3° (except on GT)Range of loading:0-2800g (6.17 lbs)Specimen parallelism achievable:<2" of arcMin. achievable thickness:2.5µm depending on the material being processedCat.No.Description1PP51 PP5A Precision Polishing Jig with one mounting pot and one mounting pad.1PP52PP5D Precision Polishing Jig - as PP5A plus dial gauge.1PP53PP5D Precision Polishing Jig resistant to sodium hypochlorite based polishing fluids.1PP54PP5GT Precision Polishing Jig - as PP5A plus dial gauge and vacuum mounting system. Specify chuckface when ordering.1PP55PP5GT Precision Polishing Jig resistant to sodium hypochlorite based polishing fluids. Specify chuckface when ordering.1PP56PP5D Precision Polishing Jig with extended legs for Lithium Niobate processing etc.1P5AC-1200Vacuum chuckface for PP5GT - annular grooves for 83mm (3.27") dia. substrate.1P5AC-1300As 1P5AC-1200 - suitable for use with sodium hypochlorite based polishing fluids.1P5AC-1400Vacuum chuckface for PP5GT - four port formicroscope slides 28 x 48mm (1.10 x 1.89"), 25 x 76mm (1 x 3") or 50 x 76mm (2 x 3").1P5AC-1500As 1P5AC-1400 - suitable for use with sodium hypochlorite based polishing fluids.Cat.No.Description1P5AC-0800Dial Gauge Kit - converts PP5A to PP5D.1P5AC-0900Micrometer angular adjustment heads.1P5AC-1000Vacuum chuck body and tube - converts PP5D to PP5GT.1P5AC-2600Substrate stack clamping fixture for PP5.1ACCS-0100Rotary vacuum adaptor with tubing.1P5AC-3000PSM Programmable Sample Monitor1P5AC-3100PSM Programmable Sample Monitor – resistant to sodium hypochlorite based polishing solutions 1P5AC-3200Sample Load Measurement Gauge (220V/50Hz -UK adaptor)1P5AC-3225Sample Load Measurement Gauge (220V/50Hz)1P5AC-3250Sample Load Measurement Gauge (110V/60Hz)。
拜迪亚自动洗车系统用户指南说明书
Additional FeaturesADDITIONAL FEATURES HOOD RELEASEThe hood release handle is located below the instrument panel.Pull the handle toward you to release.From the front of your vehicle,release the auxiliary latch under the front center of the hood and lift until the lift cylinders hold it open.POWER WINDOWSPress the bottom portion of the switch to lower;the upper portion to raise.To use the one touch down feature,press the double arrow and release quickly;the window will open fully.Depress again to stop windowoperation.The window lock feature allows only the driver to operate the power windows.Press the left side of the window lock to preventpassengers from lowering power windows;press the right side to restore use of the controls.EXTERIOR MIRRORSPower Side View Mirrors:To adjust these mirrors,select the left arrow to adjust to the left mirror;the right arrow to adjust the right mirror.Move the control in the direction you would like to adjust the mirror.Return to the center position to lock the mirrors in place.Heated Mirrors (If equipped):These mirrors warm up to remove ice,mist and fog when the rear window defrost is activated;attempting to remove ice from these mirrors by hand can damage the glass.Fold-Away Mirrors:Pull the side mirrors in carefully when driving through a narrow space,like an automatic car wash.Ford Motor CompanyCustomer Relationship Center P .O.Box 6248Dearborn,MI 481211-800-392-3673 (FORD)(TDD for the hearing impaired:1-800-232-5952)All information contained in this Mercury Quick Reference Guide was accurate at the time of duplication.We reserve the right to change features,operation and/or functionality of any vehicle specification at any time.Your Mercury dealer is the best source for the most current information.For detailed operating and safety information,please consult your Owner’s Guide.May 2005 First Printing Quick Reference Guide 2006MERCURY GRAND MARQUISQUICK REFERENCE GUIDEMERCURY GRAND MAR QUISLitho in U.S.A.SPECIFICATIONSMessage Center (If equipped)With the ignition in the ON position,the message center (located on your instrument cluster) displays important vehicle information through a constant monitor of vehicle systems.You can select different features for the message center to display by using the message center controls located in the center of the instrument panel.Press the SETUP control to display SYSTEMS CHECK,DISPLAY(odometer/speedometer),FONT SIZE (normal/large),UNITS (english/metric),LANGUAGE,COMPASS ZONE/CALIBRATION,OIL MINDER and START VALUE.Press the SELECT control to select functions in the INFO and SETUP menu.Press the INFO control to display the trip odometer,distance to empty,average fuel economy and the instantaneous fuel economy.Press the RESET control to reset the functions shown in the INFO and SETUP menus.Please refer to your Owner's Guide for complete details on the message center display features.TRUNK RELEASEYour trunk release is located on the trim panel of the driver’s door;press the control to open the trunk.ELECTRONIC COMPASS (If equipped)Located in the overhead console,this compass may be affected when you drive near large buildings,bridges,power lines and powerful broadcastantennas.To make compass adjustments,please consult your Owner’s Guide.POWER SEATS (If equipped)The power seat controls are located inside each front door.Press the top control to tilt the seat back forward or backward.Slide the lower control to move the seat forward or backward.Press either end of the lower control to move the seat cushion up or down.REMOTE ENTRY SYSTEMThe remote entry system allows you to lock or unlock all vehicle doors without a key.Unlocking the doorsPress this control to unlock the driver’s door.The interior lamps will illuminate with the ignition OFF.Press the control a second time within five seconds to unlock all doors.Locking the doorsPress this control to lock all doors.Press again to confirm that all doors are locked.The horn will chirp and the parking lamps and tail lamps will flash.Opening the trunkPress this control once to open the trunk.Sounding the panic alarmThe panic feature operates with the key in the OFF position.Press this control to activate the alarm.To deactivate the alarm,press the control again,or turn the ignition to ACC or ON.CAUTION:Do not use CD with adhesive label**1|VOLUME/POWER CONTROLPress the control to turn the audio system on or off.Turn the control to raise or lower the volume.2|AM/FM AND CDIn radio mode,press AM/FM to select AM,FM1and FM2 frequency bands.In CD mode,press to stop play and begin radio play.Press CD to enter CD mode and to play a CD already in the system.3|SAT AND SCAN/SHUFSCAN/SHUF -Press to hear a brief sampling of all listenable stations in radio mode,or to sample all selections in CD mode.Press again to stop at the desired selection.SHUF -Press and hold to play CD tracks in random order,press again to stop.SAT -SAT is only available when equipped with Satellite radio.Your Audiophile radio comes equipped with Satellite ready capability.The kit to enable Satellite reception is available through your Mercury dealer.Detailed Satellite instructions are included with the dealer installed kit.The dealer installed Satellite kit is available only in the continental United States.4|SEEK FUNCTIONThe SEEK function control works in radio,tape and CD modes.In radio mode,press the left arrow to find the next listenable station down the frequency band;press the right arrow to find the next listenable station up the frequencyband.In tape or CD mode,press the left arrow for the previous selection or track;press the right arrow for the next selection or track.5|TUNE-CATTo move to the next frequency down the radio band,press the left arrow.Press the right arrow to move up the band to the next station;hold the arrow to move quickly through the other stations.6|BASS + TREBLE CONTROLPress the BASS or TREB control,then press the left SEL arrow to decrease the level of BASS or TREB;press the right SEL arrow to increase the level.7|BALANCE + FADEPress BAL and use the left SEL arrow to shift the sound to the left speakers;press the right SEL arrow to shift sound to the right speakers.Press FADE and the right SEL arrow to shift sound to the front speakers;press the left SEL arrow to shift sound to the rear.8|RADIO STATION MEMORY PRESETThese controls can be used to select up to six preset AM stations and twelve FM stations (six in FM1 and six in FM2).Choose the frequency band with the AM/FM select control.Select a station,then press and hold the memory preset control until the sound returns.Your selection will be held in the memory.9|EJECTING THE CDPress this button to stop and eject a CD.For more detailed information on the functions of this audio system,please consult your Owner's Guide.*If your Grand Marquis is equipped with an AM/FM stereo with cassette radio,please consult your Owner’s Guide for more detailed information.** CDs with adhesive labels and irregularly shaped CDs may get stuck in the CD player.Homemade CDs should be identified with permanent felt tip marker rather than adhesive labels.Premium/Audiophile AM/FM StereoIn-Dash Six CD Sound System (If equipped*)MODEL YEAR2006GRAND MARQUISQUICK REFERENCE GUIDE45672398881ROADSIDE ASSISTANCEDuring your vehicle’s 3-year/36,000-mile limited warranty period,every new Mercury vehicle includes the assurance and support of a 24-hour emergency Roadside Assistance program.Roadside Assistance includes such services as fuel delivery,tire changes,jump starts,and help when you are locked out of your vehicle.Please complete your Roadside Assistance identification card and keep it in your wallet for quick reference.This card can be found in your glove compartment,in your Mercury Owner's Guide portfolio.FUEL PUMP SHUT-OFF SWITCHIf you’re involved in a collision and attempt to restart your vehicle,your engine may crank but not start.That may mean the fuel shut-off switch has been activated.You’ll find the switch on the left side of the trunk,behind the left rear tail light and the trunk liner.For information on resetting,please consult your Owner’s Guide.All information contained in this Mercury Quick Reference Guide was accurate at the time ofduplication.We reserve the right to change features,operation and/or functionality of any vehicle specification at any time.Your Mercury dealer is the best source for the most current information.For detailed operating and safety information,please consult your Owner’s Guide.LOCATION OF THE SPARE TIRE AND JACKYour vehicle will be equipped with either a full-size spare or a temporary spare.The temporary spare is smaller than a regular tire and designed for emergency use only.Either spare will be located on a shelf in the trunk,just under the rear window.The jack may be located behind the mini spare tire or behind the full size spare tire.FUSESIf electrical components in your vehicle are not working,a fuse may have blown.Blown fuses are identified by a broken wire within the fuse.To learn about changing fuses,please consult your Owner’s Guide for details.UNLEADED FUEL RECOMMENDATIONSUse “Regular”unleaded gasoline with an(R+M)/2 octane rating of 87.Mercury does not recommend using “Regular”gasoline with an octane rating of 86 or lower in high altitude areas.TIRE PRESSUREAdjust the tire pressure to the recommended specifications found on the Certification label.When checking pressure,use an accurate tire pressure gauge.Check tire pressure when the tires are cold,after the vehicle has been parked for at least one hour or has been driven less than 1 mile (1.6 km).Warning:Improperlyinflated tires can affect vehicle handling and can fail suddenly,possibly resulting in loss of vehicle control.6W3J-19G217-AA*F6W3J19G217AA*INTERIOR FEATURES1Thank you for choosing the Mercury Grand Marquis.This luxurious sedan will give you and yourpassengers room to stretch out,whether your trips take you around the corner or across the country.En route,you’re sure to appreciate responsive V8power,rear-wheel drive performance and the added confidence of advanced safety features.Your new Grand Marquis also has many sophisticated features designed for your comfort,convenience and security.This guide will help you get acquainted with them.(For a comprehensive review of all vehicle features,please take time to review your Owner’s Guide.)We wish you and yours many pleasant miles.2006 GRAND MARQUISElectronic Automatic Temperature Control System (If equipped)4|TRACTION CONTROL™ (If equipped)The Traction Control™ system allows your vehicle to make better use of available traction on slippery surfaces,especially snow and ice covered roads.If you get stuck in snow or ice or on a very slippery road surface,try switching the system off.This may allow excess wheel spin to “dig”thevehicle out and enable a successful “rocking”maneuver.The traction control indicator flashes during a Traction Control™ system event.5|ANTI-LOCK BRAKESABS provides enhanced security by detecting wheel lockup in hard braking situations.The light will illuminate when you start your engine;however,if it stays on,continues to flash or fails to illuminate,see your dealership's service department immediately.(Wheels sometimes accumulate brake dust.Clean them with Detail Wash,available from your authorized Ford,Lincoln or Mercury dealer.)6|SPEED CONTROLTo engage your speed control,make sure you’re traveling at or above30 mph (48 km/h) and press ON.To set a speed,press SET +.To set a higher speed,press and hold SET +;release when you’ve reached the desired speed.To return to a previously set speed,press RESUME (you must be traveling above 30 mph [48 km/h]).To disengage,depress the brake pedal or press OFF.7|CHECK ENGINEIt's normal for warning and control lights to illuminate when you start your engine.If the light remains on,have your vehicle serviced at your first available opportunity.If the light is flashing,it indicates engine misfire,which could damage your catalytic converter.Drive cautiously (avoiding heavy acceleration and deceleration) and have your vehicle serviced as soon as possible.8|STEERING WHEEL,RADIO AND CLIMATE CONTROLS Radio control features:Press VOL up or down to adjust the volume.In radio mode,press NEXT to select a preset station from memory.In tape or CD mode,press NEXT to listen to the next selection or track.Climate Control features:Press TEMP up or down to adjust the temperature.9|OVERDRIVEThe normal driving position for the best fuel economy with your automatic transmission is Overdrive.It will increase your fuel economy when cruising at a constant speed for an extended period of time.Overdrive:Overdrive on (off switch not depressed) is the normal driving position for this automatic overdrive transaxle.To deactivate Overdrive:If your vehicle is equipped with a column-shift transmission,press the transmission control switch located on the end of the gearshift lever.10|REAR WINDOW DEFROSTERPush to clear the rear window of thin ice and fog.The defroster turns off automatically after a predetermined amount of time,or when the ignition is turned OFF.11|CLOCKPress MENU until SELECT HOUR or SELECT MINS is e the left arrow of the SEL control to decrease hours/minutes,or the right arrow of the SEL control to increase hours/minutes.Press AUTOMATIC and use the temperature controls to select the temperature you prefer.This system will then heat or cool to achieve that temperature,determining fan speed,airflow location and choosing between use of outside or recirculated air.If unusual conditions exist,the manual overrides allow you to select airflow locations and fan speed.To return to automatic control,press AUTOMATIC.Press OUTSIDE TEMP to display the outside temperature.Please consult your Owner’s Guide for details.2345678910(If equipped)111|HEADLAMP CONTROLHeadlamps:The first position clockwise will illuminate the parking lamps,instrument panel,license plate and tail lamps.The second position clockwise will illuminate the headlamps.Autolamps:Turn the control counterclockwise to have the light-sensitive system automatically control your headlamps.High Beams:Your high beam controls are located in your turn signal stalk.Push it forward to activate your high beams;pull it towards you to deactivate.Daytime Running Lamps(If equipped):To turn your high beam headlamps on with reduced output,initiate the high beams while the key is in the ON position,the parking brake is released and the headlamp is in the OFF or parking lamps position.Dimmer:To adjust the brightness of your instrument panel,rotate the dimmer control to the left or right.Fog Lamps(If equipped):To turn on the fog lamps when the headlamps or autolamps are selected,pull out the headlamp switch.2|ADJUSTABLE PEDALS (If equipped)Your accelerator and brake pedals can be adjusted within approximately 2.5”of original placement to provide you with an extra measure of driving comfort.Stop your vehicle,put the gearshift lever in P (Park) andpress the rocker control to adjust the pedals towards you or away from you;adjust until you find the position that offers the greatest comfort and control.3|TURN SIGNAL AND WINDSHIELD WIPER/WASHERPush the stalk down to activate your left turn signal;push up to activate the right turn signal.Rotate the windshield wiper control forward or backward to the desired interval – low- or high-speed position.The bars of varying length indicate the timing of your intermittent wipers.When in theintermittent mode,rotate the control forward for fast intervals;backward for slow intervals.Push the end of the stalk to activate the washer.For a longer wash cycle,push and hold.。
奥的斯电梯公司电梯制动盘组件说明书
(19)中华人民共和国国家知识产权局(12)发明专利(10)授权公告号 (45)授权公告日 (21)申请号 201810024676.2(22)申请日 2018.01.10(65)同一申请的已公布的文献号申请公布号 CN 108313916 A(43)申请公布日 2018.07.24(30)优先权数据15/403835 2017.01.11 US(73)专利权人 奥的斯电梯公司地址 美国康涅狄格州(72)发明人 卫伟 J.L.哈伯德 (74)专利代理机构 中国专利代理(香港)有限公司 72001代理人 郭帆扬 李强(51)Int.Cl.B66D 5/14(2006.01)B66D 5/24(2006.01)F16D 65/00(2006.01)(56)对比文件JP 特开平11-171440 A ,1999.06.29US 8323074 B2,2012.12.04CN 1240504 A ,2000.01.05CN 202082377 U ,2011.12.21CN 104176674 A ,2014.12.03JP 特开2004-76913 A ,2004.03.11审查员 伍辉(54)发明名称圆盘阻尼装置(57)摘要提供一种电梯制动盘组件。
所述电梯制动盘组件包括制动盘、机架和阻尼器，所述制动盘键接到电梯机器的轴并且可随所述轴旋转。
所述阻尼器分别锚固到所述机架并偏置以在所述制动盘的旋转过程中对称地保持所述制动盘。
权利要求书2页 说明书5页 附图6页CN 108313916 B 2021.02.09C N 108313916B1.一种电梯制动盘组件，其包括：制动盘，所述制动盘键接到电梯机器的轴并且可随所述轴旋转；机架；以及阻尼器，所述阻尼器分别锚固到所述机架并偏置以在所述制动盘的旋转过程中对称地保持所述制动盘，其中所述阻尼器中的每一个包括：底座；弹性构件，所述弹性构件在其第一末端处联接到所述底座并在其第二末端处联接到所述机架；以及辊，所述辊可相对于所述底座随所述制动盘旋转并与所述底座联接。
MATLAB M_map工具箱下载及安装、入门介绍
MATLAB M_MAP工具箱下载及安装、入门介绍本帖最后由 yuhai1206 于 2015-5-4 15:43 编辑一、m_map 工具箱的安装方法1.解压，得到 m_map文件夹，把他放到你的MATLAB安装目录下, 即放在（MATLAB装在其他盘的请将C改为其他盘Files\MATLAB\R2012b\toolbox\m_map然后打开 C:Program Files\MATLAB\R2012b\toolbox\local\pathdef.m (如果有权限问题，一般是win7且那就在开始菜单找到记事本，右键，管理员运行，然后打开pathdef.m 文件)将下面一句话加到 %%% BEGIN ENTRIES %%% 下面matlabroot,'\toolbox\m_map', ...最后，打开MATLAB，输入 rehash toolboxcache，到此就安装好了m_map.但是我测试了一下，把MATLAB关了重开，由于C盘有权限，MATLAB访问toolbox文件夹有限，于是安装不成功就没事。
方法2目前一定能成功。
后来我就自己开发了一个方法，无论你的MATLAB安装在哪个盘，将m_map 复制到除了C盘以D:\mymatlabfiles\m_map, 然后用记事本打开那个 pathdef.m, 然后在%%% BEGIN ENTRIES %%% 下面加入下面的话：'D:\mymatlabfiles\m_map;', ...这样就不用每次打开MATLAB添加path了。
测试安装好与否的方法是输入 what m_map, 如果显示了一堆m文件名字，即装好了，如果显示 not found，则找到 set path，我的是2012b，直接在上面就有，在preference的下面，然后add folder，浏览到C:Program Files 然后save即可。
二、m_map 如何入门首先运行了一个例子，语句是m_proj('oblique mercator');m_coast;m_grid;意思是定义一个投影系统，名叫oblique mercator，注意，定义这个投影系统的时候他已经默默的将地球上的范亚的一个海岸，然后第二句和第三句就是画图用的，画出海岸线和网格，第一句是不画图的。
python经纬度转换为平面坐标的方法
python经纬度转换为平面坐标的方法经纬度是地理坐标系统中常用的表示地点位置的方法，但在某些应用中，需要将经纬度转换为平面坐标，以便进行计算和分析。
Python提供了多种方法来实现这种转换，本文将介绍其中几种常用的方法。
一、通过Proj库进行经纬度与平面坐标的转换Proj库是一个用于地图投影和坐标转换的Python库，它可以将经纬度坐标转换为平面坐标。
以下是使用Proj库进行经纬度与平面坐标转换的步骤：1. 安装Proj库在Python中安装Proj库的常用方法是使用pip工具进行安装。
打开命令行窗口，并输入以下命令：```pip install pyproj```2. 导入Proj库在Python脚本中导入Proj库，示例如下：```pythonimport pyproj```3. 定义投影坐标系统使用Proj库需要定义使用的投影坐标系统。
常用的投影坐标系统有很多种，可以根据实际需要选择合适的投影坐标系统。
以下是使用WGS84和Web Mercator 坐标系的示例代码：```python# 定义WGS84坐标系wgs84 = pyproj.CRS('EPSG:4326')# 定义Web Mercator坐标系web_mercator = pyproj.CRS('EPSG:3857')```4. 创建Proj转换对象创建Proj转换对象时，需要指定源坐标系和目标坐标系。
以下是将WGS84坐标系转换为Web Mercator坐标系的示例代码：```pythontransform = pyproj.Transformer.from_crs(wgs84, web_mercator, always_xy=True) ```5. 转换坐标使用Proj转换对象将经纬度坐标转换为平面坐标。
以下是将经纬度(39.9042, 116.4074)转换为平面坐标的示例代码：```pythonx, y = transform.transform(116.4074, 39.9042)print(x, y)```二、通过geopy库进行经纬度与平面坐标的转换geopy库是一个用于地理编码和逆地理编码的Python库，它也可以将经纬度坐标转换为平面坐标。
模式识别实验指导书2015
6
深圳大学研究生课程“模式识别理论与方法”实验指导书(4th Edition 裴继红编)
(c) 用（b）中设计的分类器对测试点进行分类： (1, 2,1) ， (5,3, 2) ， (0, 0, 0) ， (1, 0, 0) ， 并且利用式（45）求出各个测试点与各个类别均值之间的 Mahalanobis 距离。 (d) 如果 P ( w1 ) 0.8, P ( w2 ) P ( w3 ) 0.1 ，再进行（b）和（c）实验。 (e) 分析实验结果。 表格 1
深圳大学研究生课程：模式识别理论与方法
课程作业实验指导
（4th Edition） （分数：5％10＝50％） （共 10 题）
实验参考教材：
a) 《Pattern Classification》by Richard O.Duda, Peter E.Hart, David G.Stork, 2nd Edition Wiley-Interscience, 2000. (机械工业出版社，2004 年, 影印版)。 b) 《模式分类》Richard O.Duda, Peter E.Hart, David G.Stork 著；李宏东， 姚天翔等译；机械工业出版社和中信出版社出版，2003 年。（上面 a 的 中文翻译版） c) 《模式识别（英文第四版）》Sergios Theodoridis, Konstantinos Koutroumbas 著；机械工业出版社，2009 年，影印版。 d) 《神经网络与机器学习（原书第三版）》Simon Haykin 著；申富 饶等译，机械工业出版社，2013 年。
裴继红 编
2015 年 2 月 深圳大学 信息工程学院
深圳大学研究生课程“模式识别理论与方法”实验指导书(4th Edition 裴继红编)
第3课-网络安全基础编程
编译后在命令行下运行如下
3.2.2 面向对象的C++语言
面向对象程序设计语言可以将一些变量和函数 封装到类（Class）中
当变量被类封装后，称之为属性或者数据成员 当函数被类封装后，称之为方法或者成员函数 属性 类 方法
定义好的一个类，然后定义一个类的实例，这 个实例就叫做对象，在C++中可以用类定义对 象，使用方法如程序proj3_4.cpp所示。
*案例3-1 读取命令行参数
案例名称：读取命令行参数 参数个数 程序名称：proj3_3.cpp #include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[ ]) { int i; for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { printf("%s\n", argv[i]); } return 0; } 参数的值
*事件 、 句柄
事件
如在程序运行的过程中改变窗口的大小或者移动窗口等，都 会触发相应的“事件”，从而调用相关的事件处理函数。
例如：BUTTONCLICK事件，触发ONBUTTON CLICK()事件处理函数
句柄
句柄是一个指针，通过句柄就可以控制该句柄指向的对象。 编写程序总是要和各种句柄打交道的
句柄是系统用来标识不同对象类型的工具，如窗口、菜单等，这 些东西在系统中被视为不同类型的对象，用不同的句柄将他们区 分开来。 例如：HWND、HDC、HBRUSH、HMENU、HPEN等等
目前流行两大语法体系：Basic语系和C语系。同一个 语系下语言的基本语法是一样。两大语系如图所示。
C语系： C语言/C++语言/Java语言/Perl语言/C#/JavaScript Basic语系： Basic语言/VB6.0//VBScript/VBA
PROJ坐标转换包说明书
Package‘PROJ’December1,2023Title Generic Coordinate System Transformations Using'PROJ'Version0.4.5Description A wrapper around the generic coordinate transformation software'PROJ' that transforms coordinates from one coordinate reference system('CRS')to another.This includes cartographic projections as well as geodetic transformations.The in-tention is for thispackage to be used by user-packages such as'reproj',and that the older'PROJ.4'and version5 pathways be provided by the'proj4'package.Depends R(>=3.0.2)License GPL-3Encoding UTF-8LazyData trueSuggests testthat(>=2.1.0),spelling,knitr,rmarkdownURL https:///hypertidy/PROJBugReports https:///hypertidy/PROJ/issuesLanguage en-USVignetteBuilder knitrSystemRequirements PROJ(>=6.3.1)RoxygenNote7.2.3NeedsCompilation yesAuthor Michael D.Sumner[aut,cre](<https:///0000-0002-2471-7511>), Jeroen Ooms[ctb](provided PROJ library support on Windows,andassistance with Windows configuration),Simon Urbanek[cph,ctb](wrote original code versions for PROJ version6),Dewey Dunnington[ctb](key code contributions)Maintainer Michael D.Sumner<******************>Repository CRANDate/Publication2023-12-0122:10:08UTC12ok_proj6 R topics documented:ok_proj6 (2)proj_crs_text (3)proj_trans (4)proj_version (5)xymap (5)Index6 ok_proj6Is’PROJ library>=6’availableDescriptionTest for availability of’PROJ’system library version6or higher.Usageok_proj6()DetailsOn unix-alikes,this function is run in.onLoad()to check that version6functionality is available.On Windows,the load process sets the datafile location with the version6API,and that is used asa test instead.If’PROJ’library version6is not available,the package still compiles and installs but is not func-tional.The lack of function can be simulated by setting options(reproj.mock.noproj6=TRUE),de-signed for use with the reproj package.Valuelogical,TRUE if the system library’PROJ>=6’Examplesok_proj6()proj_crs_text3 proj_crs_text Generate a projection string.DescriptionInput any accepted format of’PROJ’coordinate reference system specification.Return value is a string in the requested format.Usageproj_crs_text(source,format=0L)Argumentssource input projection specification one of(’PROJ4’,’WKT2’,’EPSG’,’PROJJSON’, ...see the library documentation link in Details)format integer,0for’WKT’,1for’PROJ’,2for’PROJJSON’DetailsThis function requires PROJ version6.0or higher to be useful.If not,this function simply returns ’NA’.See the library documentation for details on input and output formats.Valuecharacter string in requested formatwarning Note that a PROJ string is not a full specification,in particular this means that a string like "+proj=laea"cannot be converted to full WKT,because it is technically a transformation step not a crs.To get the full WKT form use a string like"+proj=laea+type=crs".Examplesif(ok_proj6()){cat(proj_crs_text("OGC:CRS84",format=0L))proj_crs_text("OGC:CRS84",format=1L)south55<-"+proj=utm+zone=55+south+ellps=GRS80+units=m+no_defs+type=crs"proj_crs_text(proj_crs_text(south55),1L)}4proj_trans proj_trans Transform a set of coordinates with’PROJ’DescriptionA raw interface to’proj_trans’in’PROJ=>6’,if it is available.Usageproj_trans(x,target,...,source=NULL,z_=NULL,t_=NULL)Argumentsx input coordinates(x,y,list or matrix see z_and t_)target projection for output coordinates...ignoredsource projection of input coordinates(must be named i.e.’source="<some proj string"’can’t be used in positional form)z_optional z coordinate vectort_optional t coordinate vectorDetailsInput’x’is assumed to be2-columns of"x",then"y"coordinates.If"z"or"t"is required pass these in as named vectors with"z_"and"t_".For simplifying reasons z_and t_must always match the length of x y.Both default to0,and are automatically recycled to the number of rows in x.Values that are detected out of bounds by library PROJ are allowed,we return Inf in this case, rather than the error"tolerance condition error".Valuelist of transformed coordinates,with4-or2-elements x_,y_,z_,t_Referencessee the PROJ library documentation for details on the underlying functionalityExamplesif(ok_proj6()){proj_trans(cbind(147,-42),"+proj=laea",source="OGC:CRS84")proj_trans(cbind(147,-42),z_=-2,"+proj=laea",source="OGC:CRS84")proj_trans(cbind(147,-42),z_=-2,t_=1,"+proj=laea",source="OGC:CRS84")}proj_version5 proj_version Report PROJ library versionDescriptionThis function returns NA if PROJ lib is not available.Usageproj_version()Valuecharacter string(major.minor.patch)Examplesproj_version()xymap xymap data for testingDescriptionA copy of the xymap data set from the quadmesh package.DetailsA matrix of longitude/latitude values of the world coastline.Indexok_proj6,2proj_crs_text,3proj_trans,4proj_version,5xymap,56。
TF卡座规格大全
4/31!4/31!5/563/512/311/:61/222/1126/11MSPN09A REV.SHEET SCALE .X°± 2°X.°± 5°.XX°± 1°.XXX°± 0.5°.XXX± 0.10.XX± 0.20.X± 0.30X.± 0.40PROJ.UNIT APPROVAL CHECKED TITLE DRAWN DWG NO.B C D E F G H I I H G F ED AC B Proconn Technology Co., Ltd.J J PART NO.mmGENERAL TOLERANCE CUSTOMER DRAWING PROCESS COMPLIANT Pb -01-D GND WITHOUT CARD CARD INSERTED (#10)(#9) PATENTS PENDING. ARE COVERED BY PATENTS AND/OR 2.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED,PRODUCTS )TE!DBSE!DJSDVU!;(#9(#10)GND C/D 1.THIS PRODUCT DOESN'T CONTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PER DIRECTIVE 2002/95/EC FOR RoHS.C/D Micro SD Normal push-push Type Connector 4:1D /21MSPN09-X0-0000D M B Dbse!Tmpu .B.1/96!2/21!2/:11/7122/261/211/16.1/16,B!!)23!;!2* A -- CONTACT UNLEAD PLATING: A:GOLD FLASH C:10ȝ" GOLD NOTES : 1. MATERIAL : INSULATOR : HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMOPLASTIC FLAMMABILITY RARING : UL94V-0 COLOR : BLACK CONTACT : COPPER ALLOYS COVER : COPPER ALLOYS 2. CONTACT AREA PLATING : GOLD OVER Ni C/D : MICRO SD CARD CARD DETECT INDICATION 3. P/N : MSPN09- X0-0000T A 1/4B C D D EN030807 BOB :/61:/:1y3!2/21!9/111/911/41QSPDPOO YYYYYYYEBUF!DPEFQSPDPOO!MPHP!!!!DBSE DFOUFS!MJOF 25/81.X°± 2°X.°± 5°.XX°± 1°.XXX°± 0.5°.XXX± 0.10.XX± 0.20.X± 0.30X.± 0.40UNIT APPROVAL CHECKED TITLE DRAWN Proconn Technology Co., Ltd.PART NO.GENERAL TOLERANCECUSTOMER DRAWING Micro SD Normal push-push MSPN09-X0-0000YYYYYYY YYYYYYYNOTES :1.Material :Housing/Slide : High temperature thermoplastic,UL94-V0. Housing Color : Black/Slide Color11.10 0.05NOTES :1.Material :Housing/Slide : High temperature thermoplastic,UL94-V0. Housing Color : Black/Slide Color11.10 0.05OPUFT!;!2/!NBUFSJBM!;!!!!!JOTVMBUPS!;!IJHI!UFNQFSBUVSF!UIFSNPQMBTUJD!!!!GMBNNBCJMJUZ!SBSJOH!;!VM:5W.1!DPMPS!;!CMBDLProconn Technology Co., Ltd.MICRO SD REV. PUSH-PUSH TYPE (H=1.8mm)DWG NO.MSPR09-15-BMICRO SD REV. PUSH-PUSH TYPE (H=1.8mm).X°± 2°X.°± 5°.XX°± 1°.XXX°± 0.5°TITLE Proconn Technology Co., Ltd.PART NO.GENERAL TOLERANCECUSTOMER DRAWING2/96²1/2²1/21/4²1/23/21.THIS PRODUCT DOESN'T CONTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUSmm .nd hold on the products sur fa ce DWG NO.Proconn Technology Co., Ltd.1.THI S PRODUCT DOE S N'T CONT A M S PN10-09-0-4000D Push Nor ma l Type(H=1.50mm ).X °± 2°X .°± 5°.XX °± 1°.XXX °± 0.5°TITLEProconn Technology Co., Ltd.PART NO.L TOLER A NCETOMER DR A WING1.THI S PRODUCT DOE S N'T CONT A M SInput M a teri a l Direction1.THI S PRODUCT DOE S N'T CONT Arton P a per Connector Other bel P a perReel P S rrier T a pe P Sˠ˦˛ˡ˃ˋˀ˔˃ˀ˃˃˄ˆˠ˦˛ˡ˃ˋˀ˔˃ˀ˃˃˄ˆˠ˦˛ˡ˃ˋˀ˔˃ˀ˃˃˄ˆ。
powermill软件操作使用教程-11_PROJ
powermill软件操作使⽤教程-11_PROJ点投影直线投影11. 投影加⼯简介第五个精加⼯⼦选项组为投影加⼯。
投影加⼯策略可很好地控制加⼯策略投影到零件上的⽅向，它的应⽤包括使⽤特殊⼑具加⼯倒勾型⾯；对具有多种复杂⼑轴定位的部位的特征，使⽤这种策略可获得更加精确的精加⼯结果。
投影加⼯也是5 轴加⼯的⼀个基本策略。
有三种不同类型的投影策略：点、直线、平⾯。
理解投影加⼯原理的最简单的⽅法是将每种策略理解为⾃某⼀定义光源向外或向内放射的⼀簇光。
点策略好⽐是来⾃⼀⽩炽灯灯泡的放射光；直线策略尤如来⾃⼀只⽇光灯管的放射光；⽽平⾯策略则象多个⽇光灯组成的长⽅形光源的放射光（也可说是平⾏光）。
在精加⼯表格中，投影⽅向可设置为沿光源向内或向外。
这是⼀⾮常重要的选项，它的选取取决于是加⼯型腔或是加⼯外部轮廓。
投影加⼯中使⽤了⼀组⾓度设置，它们分别为仰⾓和⽅位⾓。
组合使⽤这两个⾓度可定义任意三维⾓度。
⽅位⾓ - 反时针绕Z 0平⾯的⾓度。
⽅位⾓左图为chamber模型，其查看⽅向为沿Z轴向下查看。
仰⾓ - 这是Z零平⾯向上的升⾓。
左图为沿X轴向下查看chamber模型的结果。
点投影范例我们将以加⼯⼀模具插⼊中的型腔部分来演⽰点投影策略功能。
全部删除，重设表格。
从PowerMILL_data中输⼊模型Projfin_model.dgk。
此模型中的某些区域尤其适合于使⽤投影加⼯技术。
按模型尺⼨计算⽑坯，定义⼀直径为12，名称为bn12的球头⼑。
重设安全⾼度和⼑具开始点。
在精加⼯表格中选取点投影策略。
使⽤上⾯表格可进⾏点投影加⼯设置。
表格中被灰化部分不能⽤在此策略中。
在原点域中输⼊值100 0 27。
设置⽅向为向外。
设置样式为放射。
在⾏距域中输⼊值3。
确认连接选项设置为开。
点取预览按钮，预览策略。
投影将出现的区域显⽰在屏幕上，其情景如左图所⽰。
投影箭头⽅向为向外。
点取应⽤。
⼑具路径仅产⽣在指定区域。
?动态模拟此⼑具路径，将⼑具路径重新命名为lineproj-bn12。
实验07-1参考答案
实验七-1 数组程序设计班级：学号：姓名：评分：一．【实验目的】1、熟练掌握使用一维数组编程的方法。
2、熟练掌握排序算术。
3、熟练掌握使用二维数组编程的方法。
4、进一步掌握C程序的调试方法和技巧。
二．【实验内容和步骤】1、程序调试题A．目标：进一步学习掌握程序调试的方法和技巧。
B．内容：从键盘输入一个正整数n（0<n<9）和一组（n个）有序的整数，再输入一个整数x，把x插入到这组数组中，使该组数据仍然有序。
改正程序中的错误，使其实现程序的功能。
（注：程序文件保存在“调试示例”文件夹中，文件名为error07_1.cpp）①调试正确的源程序清单#include <stdio.h>int main( ){int i, j, n, x, a[10];printf("输入数据的个数n：");scanf("%d", &n);printf("输入%d个整数：", n);for(i = 0; i < n; i++)scanf("%d", &a[i]);printf("输入要插入的整数：");scanf("%d", &x);for(i = 0; i < n; i++){if(x > a[i]) continue;j = n - 1;while(j >= i){ /* 调试时设置断点 */a[j+1] = a[j];j--;} /* 调试时设置断点 */a[i] = x;break;}if(i == n) a[n]=x;for(i = 0; i < n + 1; i++)printf("%d ", a[i]);putchar('\n');return 0;}②运行结果：（提示：通过屏幕截图，贴粘程序运行界面）。
使用Msproj做年度计划的标准
以下各项说明等同标准
2
MS Project 的工作环境-时间表示
在‘工具’中选择‘选项’－＞ ‘编辑’
3
新任务不要设定为预估日期
在‘工具’中选择‘选项’－＞ ‘日程’
把最底下”新任务具有估计工期”不要勾
4
确定工作行事历
在‘工具’中选择‘更改工作时间’
新 增 行 事 历
5
调整时间刻度
在‘格式’中选择‘时间刻度’
8
插入需要的字段
在‘插入’中选择‘列（字段）’
9
需增加的字段及字段使用规定
域名称（字段） 文本1 文本2 文本3 文本4 文本5 文本6 文本7 风险 产出 配合人员 注意事项 参考资料 具体操作 标题 目标状态 用途 要达成的目标状态 可能的风险与问题 任务产出 配合人员（不需要做事只是可能被咨 询 注意事项 参考资料（以及放置位置） 运行的程序（事务码）
13
开始做工作计划
输入任务名称（工作分解 WBS） 构思该项任务所需要的工期 安排该项任务的负责人－资源名称
如果该资源在同一时间有多项工作，要明确资源使用的百分比 如果该任务需要多一起做的话（讨论、审核），主负责人写在第一个。 如果同一任务多人做的事情不同，应该再切分任务 纯粹配合的人员写在文本4（配合人员）
计划制定的流程
明确的 工作目标 列出工作任 务并细分化
WBS 技术与工具 专案管理组
设定任务的 时间与资源
gantt
设定任务的 顺序与关系 pert
执行控制与 变更管理
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
检核与确认 建立BaseLine
时间与资源 分配的调整
1
建立一个工作计划(项目信息）
在'文件'中选择'属性'录入标题、主题、作者、管理员、 公司及类别、关键字和备注等内容 在‘项目’中选择‘项目信息’录入专案开始实行日 期、完成日期、排程方法以及目前日期、行事历。注 意∶日程排定方法及统计信息
Panduit G5 Series PDU和辅助设备产品系列简介说明书
Best-in-Class Outlet DensityOptimal Form FactorsSuperior ReliabilityTMTMTM1-Phase Welcome to the Panduit G5 Seriesof PDU’s and AccessoriesProduct FamiliesQuality & Reliability3-Year standardand 5-Year extended warranty.High TemperatureBuilt with premiumcomponents to withstand 140°F (60°C) at full load.High Density PowerUnique outlets design for high outlet density.Hot-Swappable & UpgradableHot-SwappableController with large OLED display.Hardened SecurityEnhanced security with certificate-based advanced asymmetric encryption, validated and hardened with multiple security scanning tools.1GB On BoardEthernet ConnectionReduces deployment time and labor as PDU auto negotiates to 1GB network switches.Real-Time MonitorReal-time Monitoring of Power, Environmental & Cabinet Security.Plug & Play AccessoriesVariety Environmental & Cabinet Access Control Accessories.Multi-Device WebGUIEnhanced User-Experience with a self adjusting WebGUI that senses the device you are on.Multi-ColorA variety of colored PDU chassis, power cords, and cable ties.Monitored Input (MI Series)Input power monitoring.Monitored Switched (MS Series)Input power monitoring and outlet switching.Monitored Per Outlet (MPO Series)Input and Outlet level power monitoring.Monitored & Switched Per Outlet (MSPO Series)Input and Outlet level power monitoring and outlet switching.Note: All intelligent PDU’s include environmental monitoring with rackaccess control.Basic PDU’sReliable power distribution (non-network).AccessoriesOffering a variety of Environmental Sensors; Security Devices and Power Cords.1-Phase G5 iPDULow Profile Design saves rack spaceMetering+/- 1% billing-gradeaccuracyHigh DensityBest-in-Class outletdensity to match theincreased density ofrack IT equipmentHot-SwappableNetwork Modulewith Power ShareDaisy-Chain CapabilitiesUp to 4 PDU’sand 32 sensorsTemperature140°F (60°C) withFull Load RatingPremium Hydraulic-Magnetic Circuit BreakersStable trip characteristics atextreme temperaturesLocking IEC Outletswith Power Cords1GB Ethernetwith RedundantNetwork AccessColor Coded Outletsand Circuit Breakersfor load balancingEnvironmental & SecurityAdvanced SmartZone™ SecurityHandle featuring threshold basedbeacon alerts and 200 usersSmartZone™ Security HandleUSB PortFirmware Upgrade andAutomatic Rack Light1-PhaseInput CurrentApparentPower Outlet Length WidthDepth (inches)at Outlet Panduit Monitored Input(MI Series)Input CurrentApparentPower Outlet Length WidthDepth (inches)at Outlet Panduit Monitored Input(MI Series)1-PhaseMonitored Input(MI Series)Input CurrentApparentPower Outlet Length WidthDepth (inches)at Outlet PanduitInput CurrentApparentPower Outlet Length WidthDepth (inches)at Outlet Panduit Monitored Switched(MS Series)CurrentPower Outlet Length Width at Outlet PanduitCurrent Power Outlet Length Width at Outlet PanduitInput CurrentApparentPower Outlet Length WidthDepth (inches)at Outlet Panduit Monitored Per Outlet(MPO Series)(table continues on next page)1-PhaseMonitored Per Outlet(MPO Series)Input CurrentApparentPower Outlet Length WidthDepth (inches)at Outlet PanduitCurrentPower Outlet Length Width at Outlet Panduit(table continues on next page)Current Power Outlet Length Width at Outlet PanduitCurrentPower Outlet Length Width at Outlet PanduitCurrent Power Outlet Length Width at Outlet PanduitAccessoriesSecurity & Environmental Accessories that connect directly to the G5 iPDU.Note: A maximum of 8 sensors can be managed by the Panduit ®SmartZone ™G5 PDU controller. See User Manual for Complete Details.DescriptionDimensions L x W x H (in.)Length (ft.)Panduit Part No.Temperature Sensor1.73 x 0.83 x 0.436.56EA001Temperature + Humidity Sensor 1.73 x 0.83 x 0.436.56EB0013 Temperature + Humidity Sensor1.73 x 0.83 x 0.43 6.56EC001Water - Rope2.36 x 2.36 x 0.87 6.56ED001Water - Spot2.36 x 2.36 x 0.8716.40EE0013 Sensor Hub3.35 x 1.26 x 1.06n/aEF001Water - Rope extensionn/a6.56EG001Door Switch (magnetic 2 piece) 1.73 x 0.83 x 0.43 (1.14 x 0.67 x 0.28for magnet) 3.28ACA01Dry Contact Input1.73 x 0.83 x 0.439.84ACC01USB Light Strip 15 x 1 x 0.55.0ACD01EA001EE001EB001EF001EC001EG001ED001ACA01ACC01ACD01SmartZone ™ Security Handle & Accessories that attach to the handle.DescriptionDimensions L x W x H (in.)Length (ft.)Panduit Part No.SmartZone ™ Security Handle with Humidity Sensor and Card Readern/an/a ACF05SmartZone ™ Security Handle with Humidity Sensor and Card Reader + Keypad n/a n/a ACF06SmartZone ™ Handle T + Door Sensor n/a 7.64ACF10SmartZone ™ Handle 3T + Door Sensor n/a 9.84ACF11SmartZone ™ Handle to iPDU Harnessn/a9.12ACF20ACF05ACF06ACF10ACF11ACF20(UL, CE, VDE, TUV Approved)Dual Locking Power CordsGauge / Cross Connector Length (ft.)Panduit Part No. (10 pk)2LPCA01X 3LPCA02X 4LPCA03X 6LPCA04X 2LPCA06X 3LPCA07X 4LPCA08X 6LPCA09X 2LPCA11X 3LPCA12X 4LPCA13X 6LPCA14XC14C13C14C13C14C13Gauge / Cross Connector Length (ft.)Panduit Part No. (10 pk)2LPCB01X 3LPCB02X 4LPCB03X 6LPCB04X 2LPCB06X 3LPCB07X 4LPCB08X 6LPCB09X 2LPCB11X 3LPCB12X 4LPCB13X 6LPCB14X(UL, CE, VDE, TUV Approved)Dual Locking Power Cords IEC C20IEC C19IEC C20IEC C19IEC C20IEC C19Complete Warranty & Compliance information can be found at CustomerService:*******************.777.3300TechnicalSupport:****************************.405.6654。
业务标准化Proj(B-Proj)
实装・技术部门
制贩战略部门
生产计划作成业务 ・和客户交换报价～P/O受理～出货计划作成・调整～生产计划作成・调整
制品入出库业务 ・制造计划跟踪～制品受入～运送工商业者调整～制品出货指示～依据出货指示形成 出货包装外形（捆包）～搬入输送车～制品在库管理
B-Project
（15／ ２1 ）
依据基本事业计划进行的生产活动的组织体系上的各部门主业务流程
资材战略部门
业务（机能）名
业务（机能）的流程项目（流程作成的详细内容）
厂商
・依据设计的申请厂商清单Up～对应力调查～互相报价・出示样品～
开发业务
样品评价依赖～评价结果到手～为厂商选定出示情报
厂商
选定业务 ・将开发购买情报出示给部品保证监查Gp依据部品保证监查Gp的监查结果选定
（１２／ ２１）
①随着业务的标准化,现状业务能够掌握,并能发现「不合理」「浪费」 现象,因此而进行业务改善。
②随着复数作业者之间的业务统一化,能够节约「浪费」,防止「差错」。
③作业者了解了业务流程图后能够知道自己的工作在整个流程中 的价值,并认识到工作的重要性。 ・・・能够改革对工作的自我意识。
④对新员工进行作业指导时,能够依据标准书・要素作业手册等 一页都「不遗漏」地没有「错误」地进行指导。
部品购入业务
・根据厂商选定情报登录厂商～依据PADICS・生产计划情报订货 ～与厂商进行交期调整～厂商生产计划跟踪～交货指示
部品入出库业务 ・部品受入～受入处理～部检检查处理～部品移动～部品出库～部品在库管理
制造工程管理业务 ・根据生产计划进行工程设计参与策划EPPⅡ～EPPⅡ导入确认～量产宣言～部品到手 ～制造～制造不良处理～QC提检提出～QA/QC不良对应～半制品管理
Proj 4分享
proj
–le
查询支持的椭球
proj
–lu
查询单位
验证参数的有效性
-V选项
myproj.dat文件中的内容如下
<aea_china> +proj=aea +ellps=krass +lon_0=105e +lat_1=25n +lat_2=47n <>
新建项目——Win32
+a +b +datum &#e +init
椭球长轴半径 椭球短轴半径 坐标基准名称 第一标准纬线 第二标准纬线 UTM分带 通过文件中的信息初始化投影参数
-l[p|P|e|u|d]
显示出 proj内置的一些地球参数
支持的投影列表 proj -l
控制台应用程序
Python——pyproj
/pypi/pyproj/1.9.0
C#、VB
•
Delphi
JavaScript——proj4js ……期待后续应用深入……
感谢聆听！
lcc——兰勃特正形圆锥投影
国家标准分幅1：100万的地图所用的投影
tmerc
——横轴墨卡托（变种高斯）
横轴墨卡托， +k=1.0就是高斯了，tmerc的比例因 子为0.9996
aea——Albers(等积割圆锥，双标准纬线)
+proj=aea +ellps=krass +lon_0=105 +lat_1=25 +lat_2=47
Proj4是开源的GIS工具，专注于地图的投影表
达以及转换 被用于GRASS GIS、MapServer、PostGIS、 Thuban、OGDI、Mapnik、TopoCad等 网址——/proj/
matlab中的proj函数的用法
matlab中的proj函数的用法Matlab中的proj函数的用法1. 简介proj函数是Matlab中的一个函数，用于计算投影矩阵将某个向量投影到另一个向量上。
它的调用形式为：proj(v, u)其中v是要投影的向量，u是投影到的向量。
2. 计算投影向量proj函数可以用来计算一个向量v在另一个向量u上的投影向量。
投影向量的计算公式为：proj(v, u) = \frac{{v \cdot u}}{{\|u\|^2}} \cdot u这表示投影向量是v和u的点积除以u的模长的平方再乘以向量u。
3. 投影向量的应用投影向量在很多领域都有重要的应用。
例如，在图像处理中，可以使用投影向量来进行图像的质量评估。
4. 示例代码下面是一个使用proj函数计算投影向量的示例代码：v = [1, 2, -3];u = [4, 5, 6];projection = proj(v, u);disp(projection);在这个示例中，我们定义了两个向量v和u，然后调用proj函数计算v在u上的投影向量，并打印结果。
5. 结论proj函数是Matlab中一个很有用的函数，用于计算向量的投影。
通过使用proj函数，我们可以方便地计算投影向量，并在各种应用中使用。
6. 投影向量的性质投影向量具有几个重要的性质，我们来逐个介绍：平行性投影向量是向量u的一部分，因此投影向量与u是平行的。
这意味着投影向量在u上的投影长度是u的模长所决定的。
正交性投影向量与u的差向量（即v - proj(v, u)）是正交的。
这是因为投影向量是v在u上的投影，差向量是v与投影向量的差，而在投影平面上，v和投影向量是垂直的。
投影的最小性质投影向量是使得v与u的差向量（即v - proj(v, u)）具有最小模长的向量。
这就是为什么投影向量被称为将v投影到u上的最佳近似。
7. 注意事项在使用proj函数时，需要注意以下几点：•向量v和u必须是具有相同维度的向量。
proj坐标系字符串的+towgs84字段
+towgs84是一个常用于地理坐标系（如WGS 84）的字符串参数，它表示要使用的转换参数。
WGS 84 是一个广泛使用的全球定位系统(GPS) 坐标系。
在地理坐标（经纬度）和投影坐标（如UTM）之间进行转换时，通常需要使用特定的转换参数。
+towgs84字段提供了这些参数。
该字段通常包括三个数字值，例如+towgs84=0,0,0。
这些值是用于转换的偏移量和尺度因子。
•第一个值：X 偏移量
•第二个值：Y 偏移量
•第三个值：Z 偏移量
这些参数用于调整原始的WGS 84 坐标，以便更精确地进行投影或转换。
如果您在特定的GIS 软件或应用中遇到+towgs84字段，您可能需要查阅该软件的文档或帮助资源，以了解如何正确使用这些参数以及它们的具体含义。
Quadrangle Mesh 0.5.5 说明书
Package‘quadmesh’October13,2022Type PackageTitle Quadrangle MeshVersion0.5.5Description Create surface forms from matrix or'raster'data forflexible plotting and conversion to other mesh types.The functions'quadmesh'or'triangmesh'produce a continuous surface as a'mesh3d'object as used by the'rgl'package.This is used for plotting raster data in3D(optionally withtexture),and allows the application of a map projection without data loss andmany processing applications that are restricted by inflexible regular grid rasters.There are discrete forms of these continuous surfaces available with'dquadmesh'and'dtriangmesh'functions.License GPL-3LazyData TRUERoxygenNote7.2.1Depends R(>=2.10)Encoding UTF-8Imports raster,gridBase,png,sp,geometry,reproj(>=0.4.0),scales,palrSuggests knitr,rmarkdown,testthat,covrURL https:///hypertidy/quadmeshBugReports https:///hypertidy/quadmesh/issues VignetteBuilder knitrByteCompile trueNeedsCompilation noAuthor Michael D.Sumner[aut,cre]Maintainer Michael D.Sumner<******************>Repository CRANDate/Publication2022-08-3106:50:02UTC12bary_index R topics documented:bary_index (2)cmip6 (3)etopo (4)llh2xyz (4)mesh_plot (5)qm_as_raster (7)qsc (8)quadmesh (9)triangmesh (10)triangulate_quads (12)use_crs (13)worldll (14)xymap (14)Index15 bary_index Barycentric triangle index for interpolationDescriptionThis function returns the barycentric weight for a grid of coordinates from a geographic raster.Usagebary_index(x,coords=NULL,grid=NULL,...)Argumentsx a’RasterLayer’sourcecoords optional input coordinatesgrid target’RasterLayer’,a target regular grid...ignoredDetailsIt’s not as fast as raster::projectRaster()(e.g.projectRaster(x,grid))but it also acceptsa coords argument and so can be used for non-regular raster reprojection.’coords’may be’NULL’or longitude,latitude in a2-layer raster brick or stack as with mesh_plot.ValueRasterLayercmip63Exampleslibrary(raster)p_srs<-"+proj=stere+lat_0=-90+lat_ts=-71+datum=WGS84"polar<-raster(extent(-5e6,5e6,-5e6,5e6),crs=p_srs,res=25000)etopo<-aggregate(etopo,fact=4)index<-bary_index(etopo,grid=polar)ok<-!is.na(index$idx)r<-setValues(polar,NA_integer_)r[ok]<-colSums(matrix(values(etopo)[index$tri[,index$idx[ok]]],nrow=3)*t(index$p)[,ok]) plot(r)cmip6CMIP6sampleDescriptionA small extract of model output and native grid(’gn’)coordinates from CMIP6.Derived from’CMIP6/ssp245/intpp/intpp_Omon_MPI-ESM1-2-LR_ssp245_r1i1p1f1_gn_201501-203412.nc’. Usagecmip6FormatAn object of class RasterBrick of dimension220x256x3.DetailsThe cmip6object is a’RasterBrick’,defined by the raster package with three layers:’intpp’,’lon-gitude’,’latitude’.The model data is primary organic carbon production’intpp’.Source•A small extract of data and grid coordinates from CMIP6produced by the MPI-M.–Description:Primary Organic Carbon Production by All Types of Phytoplankton.–Source:Max Planck Institute for Meteorology,Hamburg20146,Germany(MPI-M)–URL:https:///dataset/small-scale-management-units–Reference:doi:10.1029/2017MS001217–License:CC BY-SA4.0Examplesmesh_plot(cmip6[[1]])4llh2xyz etopo World topography mapDescriptionA simplified version of’Etopo2’.The Etopo2data set was reduced20X to create this raster layerof global relief.See code in’data-raw/topo.R’.UsageetopoFormatAn object of class RasterLayer of dimension135x540x1.llh2xyz Angular coordinates to X,Y,Z.DescriptionAngular coordinates to X,Y,Z.Usagellh2xyz(lonlatheight,rad=6378137,exag=1)Argumentslonlatheight matrix or data.frame of lon,lat,height valuesrad radius of sphereexag exaggeration to apply to height values(added to radius)Valuematrixmesh_plot Plot as a meshDescriptionConvert to a quadmesh and plot in efficient vectorized form using’grid’.Plot meshUsagemesh_plot(x,crs=NULL,col=NULL,add=FALSE,zlim=NULL,...,coords=NULL)##S3method for class BasicRastermesh_plot(x,crs=NULL,col=NULL,add=FALSE,zlim=NULL,...,coords=NULL)##S3method for class RasterLayermesh_plot(x,crs=NULL,col=NULL,add=FALSE,zlim=NULL,...,coords=NULL)##S3method for class starsmesh_plot(x,crs=NULL,col=NULL,add=FALSE,zlim=NULL,...,coords=NULL)##S3method for class TRImesh_plot(x,crs=NULL,col=NULL,add=FALSE,zlim=NULL,...,coords=NULL)##S3method for class quadmeshmesh_plot(x,crs=NULL,col=NULL,add=FALSE,zlim=NULL,...,coords=NULL)##S3method for class mesh3dmesh_plot(x,crs=NULL,col=NULL,add=FALSE,zlim=NULL,...,coords=NULL,prefer_quad=TRUE,breaks=NULL)Argumentsx object to convert to mesh and plotcrs target map projectioncol colours to use,defaults to that used by graphics::image() add add to existing plot or start a new oneqm_as_raster7zlim absolute range of data to use for colour scaling(if NULL the data range is used) ...passed through to base::plotcoords optional input raster of coordinates of each cell,see detailsprefer_quad set to TRUE by default,if but may be FALSE to assume use of triangle rather thanquad primitives-this covers the case for when a mesh3d object may have quadsand triangles in the same meshbreaks argument passed along to palr::image_pal()DetailsThe mesh may be reprojected prior to plotting using the’crs’argument to define the target map pro-jection in’PROJ string’format.(There is no"reproject"function for quadmesh,this is performed directly on the x-y coordinates of the’quadmesh’output).The’col’argument are mapped to the input pplied object data as in’image’,and applied relative to’zlim’if su.If coords is supplied,it is currently assumed to be a2-layer RasterBrick with longitude and lati-tude as the cell values.These are used to geographically locate the resulting mesh,and will be trans-formed to the crs if that is supplied.This is modelled on the approach to curvilinear grid data used in the angstroms package.There the function angstroms::romsmap()and‘angstroms::romscoords()“are used to separate the complicated grid geometry from the grid data itself.A small fudge is ap-plied to extend the coordinates by1cell to avoid losing any data due to the half cell outer margin (get in touch if this causes problems!).If’color’is present on the object it is used.This can be overridden by using the’col’argument,and controlled with’zlim’and’breaks’in the usual graphics::image()way.Valuenothing,used for the side-effect of creating or adding to a plotExamples##mesh_plot(worldll)##crop otherwise out of bounds from PROJrr<-raster::crop(worldll,raster::extent(-179,179,-89,89))mesh_plot(rr,crs="+proj=laea+datum=WGS84")mesh_plot(worldll,crs="+proj=moll+datum=WGS84")prj<-"+proj=lcc+datum=WGS84+lon_0=147+lat_0=-40+lat_1=-55+lat_2=-20"mesh_plot(etopo,crs=prj,add=FALSE,col=grey(seq(0,1,length=20)))mesh_plot(rr,crs=prj,add=TRUE)qm_as_raster Quadmesh to rasterDescriptionApproximate re-creation of a raster from a quadmesh.8qscUsageqm_as_raster(x,index=NULL)Argumentsx’mesh3d’objectindex optional index to specify which z coordinate to use as raster valuesDetailsThe raster is populated with the mean of the values at each corner,which is closest to the interpre-tation use to create mesh3d from rasters.This can be over ridden by setting’index’to1,2,3,or 4.ValueRasterLayerExamplesqm_as_raster(quadmesh(etopo))qsc Quadrilateralized Spherical Cube(QSC)DescriptionThe QSC is a set of six equal area projections for each side of the cube.Here a raw rendition of the cube is returned as six quad primitives in a mesh3d object.Usageqsc()DetailsIt’s not clear if this is useful.Valuemesh3dExamplesstr(qsc())quadmesh9 quadmesh Create a quad-type mesh for use in rgl.DescriptionConvert an object to a mesh3d quadrangle mesh,with methods for raster::raster()and matrix.Usagedquadmesh(x,z=x,na.rm=FALSE,...,texture=NULL,texture_filename=NULL)##Default S3method:dquadmesh(x,z=x,na.rm=FALSE,...,texture=NULL,texture_filename=NULL)quadmesh(x,z=x,na.rm=FALSE,...,texture=NULL,texture_filename=NULL) ##S3method for class BasicRasterquadmesh(x,z=x,na.rm=FALSE,...,texture=NULL,texture_filename=NULL) ##S3method for class matrixquadmesh(x,z=x,na.rm=FALSE,...,texture=NULL,texture_filename=NULL) Argumentsx raster object for mesh structurez raster object for height valuesna.rm remove quads where missing values?...ignoredtexture optional input RGB raster,3-layerstexture_filenameoptional inputfile path for PNG texture10triangmeshDetailsquadmesh()generates the cell-based interpretation of a raster(AREA)but applies a continuous interpretation of the values of the cells to each quad corner.dquadmesh splits the mesh and appliesa discrete interpretation directly.Loosely,the quadmesh is a continuous surface and the dquadmeshis free-floating cells,but it’s a little more complicated and depends on the options applied.(The interpolation)applied in the quadmesh case is not entirely consistent.The output is described as a mesh because it is a dense representation of a continuous shape,in this case plane-filling quadrilaterals defined by index of four of the available vertices.The z argument defaults to the input x argument,though may be set to NULL,a constant numeric value,or another raster.If the coordinate system of z and x don’t match the z values are queried by reprojection.Any raster RGB object(3-layers,ranging in0-255)may be used as a texture on the resulting mesh3d object.If texture is a palette raster it will be auto-expanded to RGB.It is not possible to provide rgl with an object of data for texture,it must be a PNGfile and so the in-memory texture argument is written out to PNGfile(with a message).The location of thefile may be set explicitly with texture_filename.Currently it’s not possible to not use the texture object in-memory.Valuemesh3dExampleslibrary(raster)data(volcano)r<-setExtent(raster(volcano),extent(0,100,0,200))qm<-quadmesh(r)triangmesh Create a triangle-type mesh for use in rgl.DescriptionConvert an object to a mesh3d(of rgl package)triangle mesh,with methods for raster::raster() and matrix.Usagetriangmesh(x,z=x,na.rm=FALSE,...,texture=NULL,texture_filename=NULLtriangmesh11 )##S3method for class matrixtriangmesh(x,z=x,na.rm=FALSE,...,texture=NULL,texture_filename=NULL)##S3method for class BasicRastertriangmesh(x,z=x,na.rm=FALSE,...,texture=NULL,texture_filename=NULL)dtriangmesh(x,z=x,na.rm=FALSE,...,texture=NULL,texture_filename=NULL)##Default S3method:dtriangmesh(x,z=x,na.rm=FALSE,...,texture=NULL,texture_filename=NULL)Argumentsx raster object for mesh structurez raster object for height valuesna.rm remove quads where missing values?...ignoredtexture optional input RGB raster,3-layers12triangulate_quads texture_filenameoptional inputfile path for PNG textureDetailstriangmesh()generates the point-based interpretation of a raster(POINT)with the obvious con-tinuous interpretation.dtriangmesh splits the mesh so that each primitive is independent.This is more coherent than the analogous distinction for quadmesh,though both will appear the same on creation.The output is described as a mesh because it is a dense representation of a continuous shape,in this case plane-filling triangles defined by index of three of the available vertices.The z argument defaults to the input x argument,though may be set to NULL,a constant numeric value,or another raster.If the coordinate system of z and x don’t match the z values are queried by reprojection.Any raster RGB object(3-layers,ranging in0-255)may be used as a texture on the resulting mesh3d object.It is not possible to provide rgl with an object of data for texture,it must be a PNGfile and so the in-memory texture argument is written out to PNGfile(with a message).The location of thefile may be set explicitly with texture_filename.Currently it’s not possible to not use the texture object in-memory.Valuemesh3d(primitivetype triangle)Exampleslibrary(raster)r<-setExtent(raster(volcano),extent(0,nrow(volcano),0,ncol(volcano)))tm<-triangmesh(r)##jitter the mesh just enough to show that they are distinct in the discrete casea<-dtriangmesh(r)a$vb[3L,]<-jitter(a$vb[3L,],factor=10)triangulate_quads Triangles from quadsDescriptionConvert quad index to triangles,this converts the’rgl mesh3d(ib)’quad index to the complementary triangle index’(it)’.Usagetriangulate_quads(quad_index,clockwise=FALSE)use_crs13Argumentsquad_index the’ib’index of quads from’quadmesh’clockwise if true triangles are wound clockwise,if false anticlockwise.This affects which faces rendering engines consider to be the’front’and’back’of the triangle.Ifyour mesh appears’inside out’,try the alternative setting.DetailsTriangle pairs from each quad are interleaved in the result,so that neighbour triangles from a single quad are together.Valuematrix of triangle indicesExamplestriangulate_quads(cbind(c(1,2,4,3),c(3,4,6,5)))qm<-quadmesh(raster::crop(etopo,raster::extent(140,160,-50,-30)))tri<-triangulate_quads(qm$ib)plot(t(qm$vb))tri_avg<-colMeans(matrix(qm$vb[3,tri],nrow=3),na.rm=TRUE)scl<-function(x)(x-min(x))/diff(range(x))tri_col<-grey(seq(0,1,length=100))[scl(tri_avg)*99+1]##tri is qm$ib converted to triangles for the same vertex setpolygon(t(qm$vb)[rbind(tri,NA),])polygon(t(qm$vb)[rbind(tri,NA),],col=tri_col)use_crs In-use coordinate systemDescriptionSet or return the coordinate system currently in use.Usageuse_crs(crs=NULL)Argumentscrs provide PROJ string to set the valueDetailsIf argument crs is NULL,the function returns the current value(which may be‘NULL“).14xymapExamples##Not run:use_crs()use_crs("+proj=laea+datum=WGS84")use_crs()##End(Not run)worldll World raster mapDescriptionA rasterized version of wrld_simpl,created by burning the country polygon ID number into a one-degree world raster.(This is a very out of date polygon data set used for example only).See code in ’data-raw/worldll.R’.UsageworldllFormatAn object of class RasterLayer of dimension180x360x1.xymap World mapDescriptionThe world coastline coordinates.A simple matrix of lon,lat,separated by NA.UsagexymapFormatAn object of class matrix(inherits from array)with82403rows and2columns.DetailsFrom the maps package,see’data-raw/xymap.R’.Index∗datasetscmip6,3etopo,4worldll,14xymap,14bary_index,2cmip6,3,3dquadmesh(quadmesh),9dtriangmesh(triangmesh),10etopo,4graphics::image(),6,7llh2xyz,4mesh_plot,5palr::image_pal(),7qm_as_raster,7qsc,8quadmesh,9raster::projectRaster(),2raster::raster(),9,10triangmesh,10triangulate_quads,12use_crs,13worldll,14xymap,1415。
坐标系转换-reproj包文档说明书
Package‘reproj’October28,2022Type PackageTitle Coordinate System Transformations for Generic Map DataVersion0.4.3Description Transform coordinates from a specified source to a specifiedtarget map projection.This uses the'PROJ'library directly,by wrapping the'PROJ'package which leverages'libproj',otherwise the'proj4'package.The'reproj()' function is generic,methods may be added to remove the need for an explicitsource definition.If'proj4'is in use'reproj()'handles the requirement forconversion of angular units where necessary.This is for use primarily totransform generic data formats and direct leverage of the underlying'PROJ'library.(There are transformations that aren't possible with'PROJ'andthat are provided by the'GDAL'library,a limitation which users of thispackage should be aware of.)The'PROJ'library is available at<https:///>.License GPL-3Depends R(>=3.2.5)Imports proj4,PROJ(>=0.4.0),crsmeta(>=0.3.0)Suggests testthat,covrRoxygenNote7.2.1Encoding UTF-8SystemRequirements PROJ(>=4.4.6)BugReports https:///hypertidy/reproj/issues/URL https:///hypertidy/reproj/NeedsCompilation noAuthor Michael D.Sumner[aut,cre](<https:///0000-0002-2471-7511>) Maintainer Michael D.Sumner<******************>Repository CRANDate/Publication2022-10-2811:25:05UTC1R topics documented:reproj-package (2)reproj.sc (2)Index6 reproj-package Reproject data from source to target coordinate system.Descriptionreproj provides helpers for easily reprojecting generic data,by depending on a reprojection engine (proj4for now).DetailsThe function reproj is designed to take an input data set x and then a target coordinate sys-tem specification.The source argument is not positional(must be named)and must be provided.Currently the coordinate system may be a’PROJ string’or’EPSG code’either as a number or text.Methods are provided for data frame and matrix,add S3methods for you classes in your own package.For classed objects,or objects with a known method forfinding the’source’coordinate system your method can provide that logic.See reproj for global options to control assumptions about data that is input in longitude latitude form.There is an option set at start up reproj.mock.noproj6which is designed for testing the support in the PROJ package.Even if this package is functional this option can be set to true so that reproj falls-back to use the proj4package instead.reproj.sc Reproject coordinates.DescriptionReproject coordinates from a matrix or data frame by explicitly specifying the’source’and’target’projections.Usage##S3method for class screproj(x,target=NULL,...,source=NULL)##S3method for class mesh3dreproj(x,target,...,source=NULL)##S3method for class quadmeshreproj(x,target,...,source=NULL)##S3method for class triangmeshreproj(x,target,...,source=NULL)reproj(x,target,...,source=NULL,four=FALSE)##S3method for class matrixreproj(x,target,...,source=NULL,four=FALSE)##S3method for class data.framereproj(x,target,...,source=NULL,four=FALSE)reproj_xy(x,target,...,source=NULL)reproj_xyz(x,target,...,source=NULL)Argumentsx coordinatestarget target specification(PROJ.4string or epsg code)...arguments passed to proj4::ptransform()source source specification(PROJ.4string or epsg code)four if TRUE,and PROJ version6is available return four columns xyzt(not just three xyz)DetailsWe currently use the proj4package.The reproj()and related functions drive proj4::ptransform()and sort out the requirements for it so that we can simply give coordinates in data frame or matrix form,with a source projection anda target projection.If using PROJ,reproj can pass in a wider variety of source and target strings,not just"proj4string"and we are completely subject to the new rules and behaviours of the PROJ library.We always assume"visualization order",i.e.longitude then latitude,easting then northing(as X,Y).The basic function reproj()takes input in generic form(matrix or data frame)and returns a3-column matrix,by transforming from map projection specified by the source argument to that specified by the target argument.Only column order is respected,column names are ignored.This model of working also allows adding methods for specific data formats that already carry a suitable source projection string.Currently we support types from the silicate and quadmesh and rgl packages,and only the target string need be specified.This model has obviousflexibility,for packages to import the generic and call it with the correct source(from the data format)and the target from user,or process controlled mechanism.The source argument must be named,and if it is not present a light check is made that the source data could be"longitude/latitude"and transformation to target is applied(this can be controlled by setting options).The function reproj()always returns a3-column matrix unless four=TRUE,and PROJ::ok_proj6() is TRUE and then a4-column matrix is returned.Functions reproj_xy()and reproj_xyz()are helpers for reproj()and always return2-or3-column matrix respectively.Note that any integer input for source or target will be formatted to a character string like "EPSG:<integer_code>"as a simple convenience.Note that there are other authorities besides EPSG,so the pattern"AUTH:code"is a general one and you should really be explicit.Until recently the proj4package was the only one available for generic data that will transform between arbitrary coordinate systems specified by source and target coordinate systems and with control over’xy’versus’xyz’input and output.This package adds some further features by wrap-ping the need to convert longitude/latitude data to or from radians.Other R packages for transforming coordinates are geared toward data that’s in a particular format.It’s true that only GDAL provides the full gamut of available geographic map projections,but this leaves a huge variety of workflows and applications that don’t need that level of functionality.Valuenumeric matrix of the transformed coordinates,either2,3,or4columns depending on the shape of the input,or the argument’four’in reproj().Use reproj_xy()or reproj_xyz()for those specific2-and3-column cases.Dependencies•The PROJ package is a stub atm and is not used.The proj4package works perfectly well with the PROJ-lib at versions4,5,6,or7and if this is preferred reproj can be set to ignore the PROJ R package(see reproj-package).Global optionsAssuming longitude/latitude input:The behaviour is controlled by user-settable options which on start up are reproj.assume.longlat =TRUE and reproj.default.longlat="OGC:CRS84".If the option reproj.assume.longlat is set to FALSE then the source argument must be named explicitly,i.e.reproj(xy,t_srs,source=s_srs),this is to help catch mistakes being made.The target is the second argument in reproj though it is the third argument in proj4::ptransform.This function also converts to radians on input or output as required.If the option reproj.assume.longlat is set to TRUE and the input data appear to be sensible longitude/latitude values,then the value of reproj.default.longlat is used as the assumed source projection.Controlling use or PROJ or proj4:See reproj-package for another option set reproj.mock.noproj6for package testing for expert use.WarningThere are a number of limitations to the PROJ library please use at your own risk.The sf package provides a better supported facility.The libproj package will be used if it makes it to CRAN.Examplesreproj(cbind(147,-42),target="+proj=laea+datum=WGS84",source=getOption("reproj.default.longlat"))Indexproj4::ptransform(),3PROJ::ok_proj6(),4reproj,2reproj(reproj.sc),2reproj(),3,4reproj-package,2,4reproj.sc,2reproj_xy(reproj.sc),2reproj_xy(),4reproj_xyz(reproj.sc),2reproj_xyz(),46。
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三 任务实施 (一)配置路由器直连路由
路由技术分为直连路由和非直连路由二种类型。直连路由是指通过路 由器接口直接连接的子网形成的直连路由；非直连路由则是通过路由 协议、由通信设备从别的路由器学习获取到的路由。 直连路由由链路层协议自动学习发现，直接指向路由器的接口所连接 的网段，完成直连网络间通信。 直连路由信息不需要网络管理员维护，也不需要路由器通过算法计算 获得，只要该接口配置有有效接口IP地址，并保证该接口处于活动状 态（Active），路由器就会把通向该网段的路由信息直接填写到路由 表中去生成直连路由，直连路由无法使路由器获取与其不直接相连的 路由信息，因此也不能保证其之间的通信。
直连 学习获得
10.1.1.0 172.16.1.0
E0 S0
路由信息源,可到达路径,最佳路径
路由的信息
O 172.16.8.0 [110/20] via 172.16.7.9, 00:00:23, Serial0
O 172.16.8.0 [110 /20] via 172.16.7.9 00:00:23 Serial0
默认路由
默认路由一般使用在stub网络中（称末端或存根网络）， stub网络是只有1条出口路径的网络。使用默认路由来发 送那些目标网络没有包含在路由表中的数据包。 默认路由可以看作是静态路由的一种特殊情况。 默认缺省路由用如下命令：
router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [转发路由器的IP地址/本地接 口]
手工添加告诉路由器去往 192.168.10.0走S0接口这条路
静态路由
静态路由配置命令
配置静态路由用命令ip route router(config)#ip route [网络编号] [子网掩码] [转发路由器的IP地 址/本地接口] 例：ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0
2、Router最少实现到了网络层的功能
3、Router能够识别数据包内的IP地址信息，选择一条到达 不同网段的最佳路径，转发数据包。
4、Router主要用于连接不同类型的网络
10.1.1.0
172.16.1.0
信息路由过程
路由信息
10.1.1.0
E0
172.16.1.0
S0
信息源
目的网络
转发接口
直连路由
192.168.2.1 F1 192.168.1.1 F0 F2 192.168.3.1
C C C
目标网段 192.168.1.0 192.168.2.0 192.168.3.0
出口 Fastethernet 0 Fastethernet 1 Fastethernet 2
路由器的直连路由
Routed Protocol（可被路由的协议）和Routing Protocol（路由协议）经常被混淆。 Routed Protocol在网络中被路由，例如IP、DECnet、 AppleTalk、Novell NetWare、OSI。 路由协议是实现路由算法的协议，简单地说，它给网络协 议做导向。路由协议如：RIP、IGRP、EIGRP、OSPF、 IS-IS、EGP、BGP等
任务一：静态路由实现园区网络连通
什么叫路由?
路由就是将从一个接口接收到的数据包，转发到另外一个 接口的过程。
路由器完成两个主要功能:
选径
• 根据目标地址和路由表内容，进行路径选择
转发
• 根据选择的路径，将接收到的数据包,转发到另一个 接口(输出口)
常见网络设备-Rourter
1、Router是一种非常重要的网络设备
静态路由描述转发路径的方式有两种
指向本地接口（即从本地某接口发出） 指向下一跳路由器直连接口的IP地址（即将数据包交给X.X.X.X）
添加静态路由
静态路由
静态路由的一般配置步骤
1.为路由器每个接口配置IP地址 2.确定本路由器有哪些直连网段的路由信息
3.确定网络中有哪些属于本路由器的非直连网段
中小型网络组建技术
项目五 构建多区域网络
项目五 构建多区域网络
任务1 静态路由实现园区网络连通
任务2 RIP动态路由实现园区网络连通
任务3 OSPF动态路由实现园区网络连通
任务4 三层交换动态路由实现园区网络连通
项目五 构建多区域网络
方园职业技术学院升级为职 业技术学院，学院连年扩大招生， 合并附近B校和C校学校，拓展 为三个独立的校区。 为满足校园信息化建设需要， 实现互联互通，需要在现有三个 独立校区网络基础上合并，实现 多校区校园网络连通。 新规划校园网整合所有学校 网络资源，以A校校园网为骨干， 其他兩个校区网络为接入，通过 高速光纤接入技术学院校园骨干 网络。
F0 202.99.8.3
RA C 192.168.10.0 C 172.16.2.0 F0 S0
RB C 202.99.8.0 C 172.16.2.0 F0 S0
S 202.99.8.0
S0Biblioteka S 192.168.10.0 S0
RA 去往202.99.8.0
？
RB 去往192.168.10.0 ？
手工添加告诉路由器去往 202.99.8.0走S0接口这条路
三 任务实施 (二)配置路由器静态路由
静态路由是由网络管理员通过手工配置产生的路由信息。当网络的拓扑结构 或链路的状态发生变化时，网络管理员需要手工去修改路由表中相关的路由 信息。静态路由在路由器中产生固定的路由表信息，除非网络管理员干预， 否则静态路由信息不会发生变化。由于静态路由不能对网络的改变作出反映， 一般用于网络规模不大、拓扑结构固定的网络中。 静态路由具有简单、高效、可靠的优点，在所有的路由中，静态路由优先级 最高。当动态路由与静态路由发生冲突时，以静态路由为准。由于静态路由 不需要计算，对于路由器来说，没有CPU负载；在路由器之间没有带宽占用， 这就意味着不需要占用更多的网络带宽；由于不在邻居路由器之间传递静态 路由信息，增加了网络的安全性。 静态路由一般出现在非直连的网段中，适用于比较简单的网络环境，在这样 的环境中，网络管理员易于了解网络拓扑结构，便于设置正确的路由信息。 但在网络中使用静态路由技术时，作为网络管理人员必须熟悉这个网络，知 道每一个路由器是如何相连的，以便正确的配置网络；如果在网络中新添加 了一台路由器，那么网络管理员必须在每台路由器上手动添加路由，因此这 也决定了在一个大型网络中，静态路由技术难以适应。
4.添加本路由器的非直连网段相关的路由信息
静态路由配置实例
172.16.1.0
网络
10.0.0.0
A
S0 172.16.2.2
172.16.2.1
B B
routerA(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1 或 routerA(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0
三 任务实施 (三)默认路由(缺省路由)配置
在一个末端网络中，由于只有一条指向外部网络的路由信息，因此经 常使用一条默认路由技术予以解决，如图5-7所示的右侧R路由器所连 接的是一个企业内部网络，无法向外网转发数据。 在技术上默认路由常被理解为网络中特殊的静态路由，有时默认路由 也叫缺省路由，指在路由表中转发的数据包目的地址没有匹配到对应 的表项时，需要路由器做出的相应的选择。在默认的情况下，路由器 在路由表中没有匹配表项的包将被丢弃。 默认路由也需要由网络管理员设置，在没有找到目标网络的路由表匹 配项时，路由器将该信息包发送到缺省路由器上，以避免网络中某些 数据包的丢失。这在某些时候非常有效，特别是在当存在末梢网络时， 默认路由会大大简化路由器的配置，减轻管理员的工作负担，提高网 络性能。 默认路由以目的网络为0.0.0.0、子网掩码为0.0.0.0的形式出现。如果 数据包的目的地址不能与任何路由相匹配，那么系统将使用缺省路由 转发该数据包。意思就是说：当一个数据包的目的网段不在你的路由 记录中，那么路由器把该数据包发送到指定的地址。这个地址是下一 个路由器的一个接口，数据包在交付给下一台路由器处理，与我无关。
--------
路由信息的来源 (OSPF) 目标网络（或子网） 管理距离 (路由的可信度) 量度值 (路由的可到达性) 下一跳地址 (下个路由器) 路由的存活的时间 (时分秒) 出站接口
管理距离(可信度)
管理距离可以用来选择采用哪个IP路由协议 管理距离值越低，学到的路由越可信
静态配置路由优先于动态协议学到的路由
默认路由
Internet 上 大约99.99% 的路由器上都存在一条 默认路由!
172.16.1.0
网络
0.0.0.0 A
SO 172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 B B
routerB(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2
任务2 RIP动态路由实现园区网络连通
静态路由
静态路由是指由网络管理员手工配置的路由信息。 静态路由除了具有简单、高效、可靠的优点外，它的 另一个好处是网络安全保密性高。
讲解静态路由(结合实例)
1、先配置两台路由器接口IP，分析产生的直连路由信息。 2、分析在路由器上去往目标网段如何处理。 3、手工添加静态路由
一 任务分析
随着招生规模的连年扩大， A校的校区由原来的一个老校园 扩展为三个区域，为了实现校园 整体信息化建设的需要，需要把 分散的校园网络连接为一体，实 现互联互通。 三个互相分隔的校区可以 看成是三个独立的子网络，如果 需要实现多个独立的子网络之间 的互联互通，RIP动态路由技术 是最好的技术之一。与管理员通 过手工添加的静态路由技术相比， 动态路由技术具有更好的灵活性。