全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析

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考博医学英语真题答案解析

考博医学英语真题答案解析随着全球医学科研水平不断提升，考取医学博士已成为许多医学专业人士追求学术成就的目标。

医学博士入学考试中，医学英语是一个重要的科目，对于考生来说也是一大难题。

本文将通过对考博医学英语真题的解析，帮助考生更好地备考。

首先，让我们来看看一道典型的医学英语真题：Question 1: Which of the following conditions would put a patient at increased risk of developing a urinary tract infection (UTI)?a) Hypertensionb) Diabetes mellitusc) Enlarged tonsilsd) Otitis media在这道题目中，选择正确的答案对于考生来说至关重要。

我们逐一解析每个选项。

选项a) 高血压，与尿路感染无关，因此排除。

选项b) 糖尿病，是一种常见的慢性疾病。

许多患者长期处于高血糖状态，容易引起尿路感染。

因此，b)是正确答案。

选项c) 腺样体肥大，主要与儿童上呼吸道感染有关，与尿路感染无关，因此排除。

选项d) 中耳炎，是耳朵的感染或炎症。

虽然也属于感染，但与尿路感染无直接关联，因此排除。

通过以上分析，我们可以得出答案为b) 糖尿病。

选项b)是与尿路感染相关的疾病。

在真题的解析过程中，我们需要注意选项间的区别。

在本题中，a)、c)、d)三个选项与尿路感染无关，因此可以排除。

而选项b)糖尿病与尿路感染有着明显的关联，因此是正确答案。

此外，在解析过程中，我们也可以讨论一些相关知识。

比如，什么是尿路感染？尿路感染是指细菌感染泌尿系统的一种疾病，包括膀胱、输尿管和肾脏。

尿路感染的主要症状包括尿频、尿急、尿痛等。

糖尿病患者由于高血糖，尿液中的糖分会成为细菌滋生的温床，导致容易感染尿路。

通过以上分析，我们不仅可以正确回答考博医学英语的相关题目，还能够了解一些医学知识。

医学考博英语试题及答案

医学考博英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题1分）1. The new drug is reported to be effective in treating_______.A. hypertensionB. hypotensionC. hyperactivityD. hypoactivity答案：A2. The patient's condition has been stable since the _______ of the medication.A. administrationB. admissionC. communicationD. commutation答案：A3. The doctor advised the patient to avoid _______ foods.A. allergenicB. allergicC. allergenD. allergy答案：A4. The _______ of the surgery was successful, but thepatient's recovery was slow.A. executionB. implementationC. performanceD. operation答案：D5. The _______ of the disease is influenced by genetic factors.A. progressionB. regressionC. transmissionD. transition答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇5分）Passage 1Recent studies have shown that a balanced diet can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease. Experts recommend consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. It is also important to limit the intake of salt, sugar, and saturated fats.5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a balanced dietB. The role of fruits and vegetables in heart healthC. The dangers of salt, sugar, and saturated fatsD. The benefits of lean proteins and healthy fats答案：A6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT recommended for heart health?A. Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetablesB. Eating whole grainsC. Limiting the intake of salt and sugarD. Eating large amounts of saturated fats答案：DPassage 2The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased significantly in recent years. EHRs provide a comprehensive view of a patient's medical history, which can improve the quality of care. However, the implementation of EHRs also presents challenges, such as ensuring data privacy and security.7. What is the main advantage of EHRs mentioned in the passage?A. They provide a complete medical historyB. They improve patient-doctor communicationC. They reduce medical errorsD. They lower healthcare costs答案：A8. What challenge is associated with the use of EHRs?A. Ensuring data privacy and securityB. Training medical staff to use the systemC. Maintaining the hardware for the systemD. Complying with legal regulations答案：A三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a means of providing medical care to patients in remoteareas. This approach allows doctors to consult with patients via video conference, 9. which can save both time and money. Telemedicine can also 10. provide access to specialized care that may not be available locally.9. A. therebyB. moreoverC. howeverD. otherwise答案：A10. A. potentiallyB. actuallyC. certainlyD. occasionally答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题15分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。

2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析

2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (30 % )Section A1. D 女士的话Finally(终于通过了)说明John用了很长时间才通过这门考试。

2. B 男士听到乘出租只要两小时后说“I'm up for that”，意思是我愿意这样做，即乐意乘出租车。

up for sth. 意思是愿意做某件事。

3. C 由女士的话12135551212可知选C。

4. C 由女士的话She came to see me this morning complaining a pain in her right leg可知病人的抱怨是右腿疼。

5. B 女士说：我要离开一周，我希望你能接着处理这里的事务，男士说You have nothing to worry about(你什么都不用担心)，可知女士在给男士交待任务，应该是老板和秘书的关系。

6. C 男士先说I feel ashamed to ask him for help(我不好意思找他帮忙)，女士安慰说他是你的哥哥，然后男士说I'll call him tonight(我今晚给他电话)，可知男士今天可能会找他哥哥帮忙。

7. B 由男士的话Now I am going retake your left leg and see how far you can raise it Keep the knee straight. Does that hurt at an可知男士在给女士做检查。

8. D 女士说I have just made plans to play tennis，男士说Oh，that's too bad. Maybe some other time，可知女士还要继续按自己的计划去打台球。

9. A 男士说She's been here as long as I have可知Louise并不是新来的护士。

全国医学考博英语试题

2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health.It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains”__55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate orconfusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province,Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of theboundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD. it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78. The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________.A. they made the first classification of Earth systemsB. it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC. we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expectedD. human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth79. Critical of the IPCC’s 2007 report, the author argues that they _________.A. missed the most serious problems thereB. were poorly assembled for the missionC. cannot be called scientists at allD. value nature above people80. It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ________________.A. must redefine our relationship with the environmentB. should not take it seriously but to take it easyC. need a new way of thinking about natureD. need cooler heads and clearer statisticsPassage FiveHumanity has passed a milestone: more people live in cities than in rural areas. The current rate of urbanization is unprecedented in our history. In 1950, only 29% of。

医学博士英语试题及答案

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(完整word)2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析

2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart Ⅰ Listening Comprehension （30 ％）Section A1. D 女士的话Finally(终于通过了）说明John用了很长时间才通过这门考试。

2。

B 男士听到乘出租只要两小时后说“I'm up for that”，意思是我愿意这样做，即乐意乘出租车。

up for sth。

意思是愿意做某件事。

3。

C 由女士的话12135551212可知选C。

4。

C 由女士的话She came to see me this morning complaining a pain in her right leg可知病人的抱怨是右腿疼.5。

B 女士说：我要离开一周,我希望你能接着处理这里的事务,男士说You have nothing to worry about(你什么都不用担心），可知女士在给男士交待任务，应该是老板和秘书的关系.6. C 男士先说I feel ashamed to ask him for help（我不好意思找他帮忙），女士安慰说他是你的哥哥，然后男士说I'll call him tonight(我今晚给他电话),可知男士今天可能会找他哥哥帮忙.7。

B 由男士的话Now I am going retake your left leg and see how far you can raise it Keep the knee straight。

Does that hurt at an可知男士在给女士做检查。

8. D 女士说I have just made plans to play tennis,男士说Oh,that’s too bad. Maybe some other time，可知女士还要继续按自己的计划去打台球。

9. A 男士说She's been here as long as I have可知Louise并不是新来的护士.10。

全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案

目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题答案 (17)2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (19)医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:I n this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。

全国医学博士英语统考真题及答案版

2016年全国医学博士英语统考答案Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. B. At three next Wednesday.2. B. A piercing pain.3. A. He is going to get married.4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more.5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him.6. B. It's wise to be prepared.7. B. He is a trouble-maker.8. D. $309. C. Work out in the gym.10. B. 23211. A. Mary isn't his type.12. A. Play tennis.13. C. In the hospital.14. A. She is seriously ill.15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady.Section BDialogue16. A. A duodenal ulcer.17. B. Try medical means.18. A. Overweight.19. C. He is a heavy smoker.20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks.Passage One21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity.22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.23. B. In their 60s and 70s.24. D. Iron.25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity.Passage Two26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty.27. B. He is an investment advisor.28. D. Fear.29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing.30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Employers have a legal obligation to pay _______ to their workers for injuries.A. compensationB. compromiseC. commodityD. consumptionKey: A32. The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _________.A. alleviateB. aggravateC. extinguishD. interveneKey: D33. But despite a ll the legal hustle and bustle, they don’t actually expect to_______ death sentences to life terms without parole.A. induceB. convertC. reviveD. swerveKey: B34. To maintain physical well-being, a person should eat _______ food and get sufficient exercise.A. integralB. grossC. wholesomeD. intactKey: C35. The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the ______ and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A. provisionB. prosperityC. privilegeD. preferenceKey: B36. It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that “their lives will not be ______ as a result of bed shortages.”A. facilitatedB. forfeitedC. fulfilledD. furnishedKey: B37. The cause of his death has been a mystery and _______ unknown so far.A. exclusivelyB. superficiallyC. utterlyD. doubtfullyKey: C38. It is known that some ways of using resources _______ can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A. recklesslyB. sparinglyC. sensiblyD. incrediblyKey: A39. Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through ______ water.A. filteredB. distilledC. contaminatedD. purifiedKey: C40. We welcome him not ____________ as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A. by the wayB. at all eventsC. by no meansD. in any senseKey: CSection B41. scrutinyA. sanctionB. restrictionC. censusD. examination Key: D42. potentA. inexpensiveB. powerfulC. conventionalD. lethalKey: B43. at odds withA. in tune withB. in favor ofC. for the sake ofD. in disagreement withKey: D44. eminentA. renownedB. notoriousC. popularD. mysteriousKey: A45. diversityA. sevrityB. reliablilityC. varietyD. specificityKey: C46. lapseA. errorB. sinC. guiltD. offenseKey: A47. jaundiceA. grievanceB. sympathyC. jealousyD. indignationKey: C48. to little availA. by no meansB. in vainC. of no accountD. at stake Key: B49. lavishlyA. fearlesslyB. conspicuouslyC. wastefullyD. ferociously Key: C50. progressionA. deteriorationB. accumulationC. expansionD. promotion Key: APart III Cloze (10%)51. A. careful about B. capable of C. accessible to D. susceptible to Key: B52. A. in the event B. in an attempt C. at the moment D. along the wayKey: D53. A. exclusive B. very C. just D. exactKey: A54. A. indeed B. however C. moreover D. thereforeKey: B55. A. demonstration B. dimension C. destiny D. determinationKey: C56. A. has been said B. being said C. was said D. is saidKey: B57. A. more or less B. pretty much C. as ever D. if anyKey: B58. A. while B. despite C. nevertheless D. sinceKey: C59. A. case B. mold C. sense D. conditionKey: C60. A. different B. similar C. insufficient D. significantKey: DPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage One61. To have a journey of discovery witheach child, according to the passage, is_____________.A. to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62. In the first paragraph, the authorsuggests that parents ____________.D. keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchil63. When there exists a “marker” in the child according to the passage, __________.A. it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64. What is the author trying to tell us inthethird paragraph?B. Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65. What is the main idea of the passage?C. Parents’ role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66. The study's results indicated_____________.A. health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67. Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A. higher death rate.68. What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C. large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69. The Americans' unique health-carechallenge, according to James Smith, is derived form ______________.D. their unhealthy lifestyle factors70. Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine __________.B. benefits more seniors who needmedicalcare.Passage Three71. The current PIK study ___________.B. was based on the global land-use models72. As the PIK results imply, it ispossible ____________.”D. to return to the emission levels around199573. Simply put, to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to __________.A. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74. The greenhouse gas pie tellsus__________.C. the priorities in the environmentalprotection75. What can be the best title forthepassage?D. Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76. What can be said of Henry?C. His life was improved with telehealth.77. Henry activates his daily healthmanagement __________.B. By getting hooked up to themonitoringdevices78. As one of the pioneering patients,Henry __________.A. receives the most benefits fromtelehealth79. What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D. His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80. Thanks to the telehealth technologyHenry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus__________.C. getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81. Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health __________.A. lies in our exposome82. What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D. Changeable.83. Speaking of genes, Rappaport wouldsaythat __________.B. there is no such a thing aspredictivemedicine.84. Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences. Wild contends that __________.C. each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85. Particularly important, according toNicholson, is the time when __________.C. the exposome comes inPassage Six86. The author cries for a changein____________.D. global science publishing87. According to the author, the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to __________.C. their limited publications in globalindexing databases88. The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that __________.D. most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89. To address the current situation, theauthor argues that it is imperative that __________.D. quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90. Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C. Globalizing Science Publishing作文的标题：The Cultivation and Development of General Practitioner。

2024医学博士英语考试真题及答案

2024医学博士英语考试真题及答案2024 Medical Doctor English Exam Questions and AnswersAre you preparing for the 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam? Look no further! Below are some sample questions and answers that can help you ace the exam.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow:The human body is a complex system of organs and tissues that work together to maintain health. One of the most vital organs in the body is the heart. The heart is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to all the organs and tissues. It is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle to keep the heart functioning properly.1. What is the main function of the heart in the human body?A) Pumping bloodB) Digesting foodC) Regulating body temperatureD) Filtering waste productsAnswer: A) Pumping blood2. Why is it important to maintain a healthy lifestyle?A) To stay young foreverB) To prevent diseases and illnessesC) To lose weight quicklyD) To increase stress levelsAnswer: B) To prevent diseases and illnessesSection 2: Listening ComprehensionListen to the following audio clip and answer the questions that follow:(Audio clip: A doctor is giving advice on how to prevent the flu)3. According to the doctor, what is the best way to prevent the flu?A) Getting enough sleepB) Eating junk foodC) Avoiding exerciseD) Washing hands frequentlyAnswer: D) Washing hands frequently4. What should you do if you start to feel symptoms of the flu?A) Go to workB) Stay at home and restC) Ignore the symptomsD) Exercise vigorouslyAnswer: B) Stay at home and restSection 3: Grammar and VocabularyChoose the correct answer to fill in the blank in the following sentences:5. The patient _____________ to the hospital last night.A) goB) goesC) wentD) goingAnswer: C) went6. The doctor _____________ the patient's blood pressure.A) is checkingB) checksC) checkedD) has checkedAnswer: B) checksSection 4: WritingWrite a short essay on the importance of vaccinations in preventing diseases. Include reasons why vaccinations are necessary, how they work, and any potential risks associated with vaccinations.Answer: Vaccinations are crucial in preventing diseases as they help to build immunity against harmful pathogens. They work by introducing a small amount of weakened or dead virus or bacteria into the body, allowing the immune system to recognize and fight off the pathogen more effectively in the future. Vaccinations have been instrumental in eradicating deadly diseases such as smallpox and polio. However, there are some potential risks associated with vaccinations, such as allergic reactions or rare side effects. Despite these risks, the benefits of vaccinations far outweigh the risks, as they protect individualsand communities from serious and potentially life-threatening diseases.Practice these sample questions and answers to prepare for the 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam. Good luck!。

全国医学考博英语试题

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers,At the end of each conversation, you willhear a question about what is said, Thequestion will be read only once, After youhear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose thebest answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2.A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3.A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4.A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5.A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6.A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7.A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8.A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9.A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavyfoods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after eachof which, you will hear five questions.After each question, read the fourpossible answers marked A, B, C and D,Choose the best answer and mark the letterof your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergy problem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-strickenarea.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health –remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases,marked A B C and D .are given beneatheach of them. You are to choose theword or phrase that best completes thesentence. Then mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce a smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left my mind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure, in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end of the table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though the concept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weaken the immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______ people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong ________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even a fraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorablySection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath eachsentence, Choose the word or phrase whichcan best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part, Mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in which lasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception at Buckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction ismanifest in growing children in the form of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances has been applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure of religious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the original composition by painting over it on canvases. A. duplicate B. eliminate C. substitute D. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the construction program of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had beennegligent in not giving him a full examination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank,there are four choices marked A, B, C, andD on the right side. Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up.However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around witha cellphone permanently attached to the sideof your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a veryperfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.”The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed byfive questions. For each question thereare four possible answers marked A, B, C,and D. Choose the best answer and mark theletter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and nohealthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author hasobserved, according to the passage, ________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in thewealthy west buy the tools of their trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by theauthor is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green”have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soakedIreland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green”labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/ Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted tothe good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer –looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,”says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something welearned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out Cheats Passage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) –an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagueshave distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.。

2020年全国医学博士英语统考真题及答案

年全国医学博士英语统一考试真题AERONEartI ListeningComprehension(30%)SectionAConversationOne1.A.Therightmedicationforthewoman. B.Theadvantageofregularmedication.C.ThepopularmedicationontheInternet.D.Thebestmedicationforhighbloodpressure.2.A.Toteachherhowioproperlyusedrugs. B.Toprescribehernewly-developeddrugs.C.Toaddadrugtothemedicationsheison.D.Toincreasethedosageofhermedication.3.A.Toprescribetwomedicationforher.B.ToallowhertobuymedicineontheInternet.C.Toadviseonthemedicineherfriendisusing.D.Toprovidesomemedicaladvicetoherfriend.ConversationTwo4.A.Japan. B.France. C.TheUK. D.SouthKorea.5.A.Lowobesityrates. B.Inadequatehealthresources.C.Advancedmedicaltechnology.D.Highlevelsofalcoholconsumption.6.A.Obesityratesindifferentcountries. B.Dietarypatternsindifferentcountries.C.Lifeexpectancyindifferentcountries.D.Alcoholconsumptionindifferentcountries.ConversationThree7.A.Hehadhadasuccessfulcareer. B.Hehadhadahappyfamily.C.Hehadshownmorelove.D.Hehadbeenwealthier.8.A.Intheirlate20s. B.Intheirmid-30s. C.Intheirmid-40s. D.Intheirlate50s.9.A.Theywerecarefree. B.Theywerepeaceful.C.Theywererelaxing.D.Theywerefulfilling.ConversationFour10.A.Theirpositiveeffects. B.Theirconstantmutation.C.Difficultyinidentifyingthem.D.Possibilityofinheritingthem.11.A.Youmaysufferfrommentalillnesses.B.Youmaybealonewithoutfeelingbad.C.Youmayhavehighlevelsofbloodpressure.D.Youmaydevelopgreatabilitytotoleratefailure.12.A.Becauseheisalwayscheerful. B.Becausehelikesoutdooractivities.C.Becausehefeltbadattheweekend.D.Becausehewasnotathomelastweek.ConversationFive13.A.Globaltrends. testadvances.C.Existingproblems.D.Technicalsolutions14.A.Itiscostly. B.Itisinefficient.C.Itsimplifiestasks.D.Itfacilitatestheirwork.15.A.Theyareunsafe. B.Theyareuser-friendly.C.Theyarebriefandconcise.D.Theyarelengthyandincomprehensible.PassageOne16.A.Howshechangedhercareer. B.Whatittakestobeavolleyballcoach.C.Howshewalkedoutofhercomfortzone.D.Whatisthebestroutetobeingadoctor.17.A.Becauseofahighsalary. B.Becauseofhermedicaleducation.C.Becauseofherfamilybackground.D.Becauseofherinterestinphysicaltherapy.18.A.AnMDdegree. B.Moremedicalknowledge.C.Eightyearsofmedicaleducation.D.Experiencewithavolleyballteam.PassageTwo19.A.MedicalinsuranceintheU.S. B.HealthcaresystemintheU.S.C.TelemedicineservicesintheU.S.D.HealthservicesfortheelderlyintheU.S.20.A.Becausetheythinkthatthedoctoronlineisunfriendly.B.Becausetheydonothavetrustinonlinemedicalservices.C.Becausetheyarenotaccessibletoonlinemedicalservices.D.Becausetheydonotknowmuchaboutcomputeroperation.21.A.Becauseitcanprovidequalityservices.B.Becauseitcanproviderichinformation.C.Becauseitcanofferpersonalizedservices.D.Becauseitcancutdownonhealthcarecost.PassageThree22.A.Theyaretoocostly.B.Theyarenotembracedbyworkers.C.Theymaynotproducethedesiredbenefits.D.Theymaydemandextraeffortsfromcompanies.23.A.Thewellnessprogrammightnotbeasbeneficialasexpected.B.Thewellnessprogramhelpedtoreducethehealthcarecosts.C.Thewellnessprogramsignificantlyimprovedtheworkers’health.D.Thewellnessprogramdidnotsignificantlychangetheworkers’behaviors.24.A.Todevelopmoreeffectivewellnessprograms.B.Tofindoutthelong-termeffectsofwellnessprograms.C.Toencouragemoreworkerstoenrollinwellnessprograms.D.Toconfirmtheemployers’expectationsforwellnessprograms.Four25.A.Hefelloffstairs. B.Healmostlosthislife.C.Hehadhisspineandarminjured.D.Hereceivedtwooperations.26.A.Itreducessurgeryhours. B.Itstabilizesbonefractures.C.Itreplacesrodsandscrews.D.Ithelpsbonegrowinashorttime.27.A.ItwaseffectiveinEllis’scase. B.Itcannotbewidelyappliedyet.C.Itonlyworksonseriousinjuries.D.Itwasusedforthefirsttime.Fiv28.A.Itdecreasestheriskofdiabetes. B.Itdisruptstheirdigestivesystem.C.Itimpactstheirmetabolism.D.Itdecreasestheriskofobesity.29.A.Itmaybeharmful. B.Itmaybeaddictive.C.Itmayimprovehealth.D.Itmaycauseinsomnia.30.A.Sleeplossandhealth. B.Recoverysleepandhealth.C.Weekdaysleepschedules.D.Weekendsleepschedules.rtⅡVocbulry(10%)SctionADirction:Inthissectionallthesentencesareincomplete.FourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,C, andDaregivenbeneatheachsentence.Choosethewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence, andthenmarktheletterofyourchoiceonthe ANSWERSHEET.31.If there is a good drug available,it is everyone’s responsibility to make sure patients can ________it.A.affordB.demandC.tolerateD.supply32.Cancercellshideamonghealthycellstoconcealtheir_______proteins.A.abundantB.malignantC.equivalentD.prevalent33.Ifthethoughtofleavinghomewithoutyourmobilephonecausesyouto_______coldsweat, youcouldbesufferingfromnomophobia:thefearofhavingnomobilephone.A.breakintoB.breakoutC.breakthroughD.breakup34.Measles virus can remain in the air for at least a couple of hours,infecting anyone who is susceptible,and_______causingdeadlyoutbreaks.A.particularlyB.positivelyC.potentiallyD.proficiently35.Thereareilleffectsonthehealthofolderpeoplewhentheiractivitiesarerestricted;_______, interventionthatincreasestherangeoftheiractivitiespromotestheirhealth.A.inadditionB.incontrastC.inturnD.inshort36.Heavymetalscanimpaircognitivedevelopmentinchildren,whoareespeciallyatriskbecause oftheirsizeand_______toabsorbmoreofthesesubstancesthanadultsdo.A.characterB.resistanceC.temperD.tendency37.Thedoctorsaidhisnewstrategyhadstartedto_______,predictingthatthepatient’scondition wouldimproveinthecomingmonths.A.payoffB.pickupC.showupD.sortout38.Blocked vessels have several_______symptoms:chest pain,shortness of breath,and an abnormalcardiacstresstest.A.classicB.conciseC.originalD.obscure39.Stemcellsare_______cellswiththeabilitytodivideanddevelopintomanyotherkindsofcells.A.infertileB.juvenileC.mobileD.versatile40.Beforeadrugisapprovedandlaunchedintothemarket,asignificantamountoftimeandmoney isspentinanefforttoselectthemosteffectiveonefromseveraldrug_______.A.adversariesB.candidatesD.volunteersC.manufacturersBDrs:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined.Therearefourwords orphrasesbeneatheachsentence.Choosetheonethatwouldbestkeepthemeaningoftheoriginal sentenceifitweresubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart,andthenmarktheletterofyourchoiceonthe ANWERHEET.41.Hesaysthatconstantthirstisanundesirableeffectofchemotherapyforwhichnoremedyexists inWesternmedicalpractice,butcertainherbsdoprovidereliefforsuchpatients.A.protectionB.provisionC.theoryD.therapy42.Asanurse,Dorothyisanaturalhealerwhoisendowedwithcompassionandhasavarietyof modalitiestobenefitherpatientsofallages.A.braveryB.expertiseC.proficiencyD.sympathy43.Many problems that we face,such as depression,compulsive and addictive behaviors,and anxiety,resultfromhumaninherentdesiretoseekpleasure.A.consecutiveB.excessiveC.obsessiveD.possessive44.Virtually,everycellinthebodycontainsitsowncircadianclockmachinery.A.PracticallyB.NaturallyC.SuperficiallyD.Thoroughly45.The eradication of smallpox inspired the world to eradicate other infectious diseases.This optimismwasinvain,asinfectiousdiseasesarestillabigprobleminsomepartsoftheworld.A.callousB.deliberateC.futileD.negligent46.Thecommentsbythefamilymemberinvitedaseriesofresponsesfollowingtheunsuccessful rescueattemptsfortheinjuredintheemergencyroom.A.enquiredB.objectedC.promptedD.suppressed47.Fluoridedeterstoothdecaybyreducingthegrowthofbacteriathatdestroytoothenamel.A.inhibitsB.loosensC.hastensD.triggers48.This newly established fund has a range of medical programs undertaken by universities, industriallabs,oruniversity-industrycollaborativeprojects.A.cooperativeB.innovativeC.lucrativeD.representative49.Toreducethechanceofsuffocation,pillowsshouldnotbeplacedinthecradleofthekid.A.breathingB.chokingC.sweatingD.swallowing50.The community health nurse often notes the devastating effects on family members as the patient’schronicillnesstakesitscourse.A.developsgraduallyB.deterioratessuddenlyC.recoversultimatelyD.recursfrequentlyDirections:Inthispartthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks,foreachofwhichfourchoices markedA,B,C,andDarelistedcorrespondingly.Choosethebestanswer,andthenmarktheletter ofyourchoiceonthe ANSWERSHEET.Scientists have long known a fairly51.A.as B.by C.for D.to reliable way to extend the life span in lab52.A.WhatB.Whetheranimals:reducetheamountofcaloriestheyeatC.Whateverby10to40percent.D.WhicheverThis strategy,known51caloric53.A.injectionB.invasionrestriction,hasbeenshowntoincreasethelifeC.intake spanofvariousorganismsandreducetheirrateofcancerandotherage-relatedailments.52 D.input itcandothesameinpeoplehasbeenanopen54.A.rankedB.rangedquestion.ButanintriguingnewstudysuggestsC.fluctuatedthat in young and middle-aged adults,D.measuredchronically restricting calorie53can55.A.enhanceaffecttheirhealth.B.entertainC.preserveIn this study,researchers looked at143D.practice healthymenandwomenwho54inage56.A.aswellasfrom21to50.Theywereinstructedto55B.assoonas caloricrestrictionfortwoyears.TheycouldeatC.solongas thefoodstheywanted56theycutbackD.sofarason the total amount of food that they ate toreduce the calories they consumed by2557.A.attestB.affirmpercent.Manydidnot57thatgoal.ButC.assert thegroupsawmanyoftheirmetabolichealthD.achievemarkersimprove58theywerealreadyin58.A.asifthenormalrange.B.sothatC.incaseSome of the benefits in the calorie-D.eventhoughrestricted group59from impressiveweightloss,onaverageabout16poundsduring59.A.tracedB.evolvedthestudyperiod.ButtheextenttowhichtheirC.stemmedmetabolic health got better was greater thanD.stimulated expectedfromweightlossalone,60thatcaloric restriction might have some unique60.A.suggestB.suggests biologicaleffectsondiseasepathways.C.suggestedD.suggestingIVRedingCompehensionDiecions:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreach questiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestanswer,andthen marktheletterofyourchoiceonthe ANSWERSHEET.ssgeOneGianlucaVialli,managerofChelseaFootballClub,expresseditexplicitlyenough:“Thefoot isthetoolofthetradeofthefootballer.”Youmightthereforeexpectfootballerstotakeparticularly goodcareoftheirfeet.ButresultspresentedatarecentconferenceofdermatologistsinAmsterdam suggestotherwise.Professionalfootballersseemaslikelytosufferfromfungalinfectionsofthe footasotherpeople.Onestudy,called,lookedat76,475pairsoffeetbelongingtopeoplefrom18 Europeancountries.Itfoundthat26%ofthesamplehad,betterknownasathlete’sfoot, while30%had,aninfectionthatcausestoenailstobecomethickened,discolored anddistorted.TheresultsshowedthatEastEuropeancountrieshaveconsistentlyhigherratesof infection.Onaverage,30%ofBritons,GermansandBelgianshadsomeformoffungalinfection, comparedwith85%ofRussians,andlessthan10%ofSpaniards.Furthermore,adultsundertheageof40whotookregularexercisehada40%greaterriskof fungalinfectionthanthosewhodidnot.Leisurecentersandswimmingpoolswereidentifiedaspotential health hazards to the very people who visit them to stay munal showers and changingroomsareperfectbreeding—groundsforthehighlyinfectiousfungithatspreadfootand nailinfection:upto1,500fungally-infectedskinfragmentspersquaremetershavebeenfoundinsome leisure facilities.Sweaty socks and warm,damp sports shoes provide equally hospitable environments.All of which goes some way to explaining the footballers.No doubt all that time spent in showers and changing-rooms is partly responsible.But Dr.Caputo,a dermatologist,also found anotherfactor:footballersareoftenreluctant,forsuperstitiousreasons,todiscardtheiroldboots. Hefoundthatplayersgetattachedtoparticularboots;iftheyscoreagoalwithone,theywillwear itagainandagain.Theriskofathlete’sfootmaybeasmallpricetopayforagoal.61.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A.Footballersdonotcarefortheirfeetasexpected.B.Footballers’feetaremoresensitivetofungalinfections.C.Footballersusuallycarefortheirfeetmorethanotherpeople.D.Footballers’feetaremorevulnerablethanthoseofotherpeople.62.Accordingtothepassage,“AchillesProject”wasdesignedto______.A.serveasaglobalscreeningforfootinfectionsB.collectasampleofinfectedathletesforresearchC.lookintotheconditionsoffeetinEuropeancountriesD.findmeasuresforreducinghighratesoffootinfections63.Fromthedescriptionof,wearesurethat__________.A.TineapedisaffectsathletesmorethanOnychomycosisB.TineapedisandOnychomycosisarebothfungalinfectionsC.TineapedisisamoreseriousinfectionthanOnychomycosisD.Tineapedisismoresensitivetoanti-fungaldrugsthanOnychomycosis64.Whichofthefollowingcanbesafelyinferredconcerningtheleisurecentersandswimmingpools?A.Theycouldhelppeopleinonewayandharmtheminanother.B.Theydonotspreadinfectionsasmuchasotherpublicplaces.C.Theydonotperformadequatecheck-upsfortheirvisitors.D.Theyareunlikelytospreadfungalinfection.65.WhatdidDr.Caputofindaboutfootballers?A.Theyplaytoomuchtokeeptheirfeetclean.B.Theyusuallydonotthrowawaycomfortableboots.C.Theybelievesomeshoesmaybringthemgoodluck.D.Theyoftensticktohigh-pricedshoesforscoringgoals.Passage TwoAdecadeago,mostpatientswereinformedoverthephoneorinpersonbythedoctors.Butin thepastfewyears,hospitalsandmedicalpracticeshaveurgedpatientstosignupforportals,which allowthemrapid,btestsarenowreleaseddirectlyto patients.Thepushforportalshasbeenfueledbyseveralfactors:thewidespreadembraceoftechnology, incentivepaymentstomedicalpracticesandhospitalsthatwerepartof2009federallegislationto encourage“meaningfuluse”ofelectronicrecords,anda2014federalrulegivingpatientsdirect accesstotheirresults.Policymakershavelongregardedelectronicmedicalrecordsasawaytofoster patientengagementandimprovepatientsafety.Areportalsdeliveringontheirpromisetoengagepatients?Oraretheseresultstoooftenasource of confusion and alarm for patients and the cause of more work for doctors because informationisprovidedwithoutadequate-orsometimesany-guidance?Althoughwhatpatientsseeonlineandhowquicklytheyseeitdiffers—sometimesevenwithin thesamehospitalsystem-mostportalscontainlabtests,imagingstudies,pathologyreportsandless frequently,doctors’notes.Itisnotuncommonforatestresulttobepostedbeforethedoctorhasseenit.Katharine Treadway,an internist,knows what it’s like to obtain shocking news from an electronicmedicalrecord.Theexperience,shesaid,hasinfluencedthewayshepractices.Morethanadecadeago-longbeforemostpatientshadportals-Treadway,withherhusband’s permission,pulleduptheresultsofhisMRIscanonahospitalcomputerwhilewaitingtoseethe specialisttreatinghissudden,unbearablearmpain.“Itshowedamassivetumorandwidespreadmetastaticdisease,”Treadwayrecalled.Shenever suspectedthather59-year-oldhusbandhadcancer,letaloneahighlyaggressiveandusuallyfatal formofadvancedlymphoma.Treadway,whosehusbandhasbeencancer-freeformorethanadecade,saidsheremembered intentlycheckingthenameanddateofbirth,certainshehadthewrongpatient,thenrebootingthecomputerseveraltimes“likeIwasgoingtogetadifferentanswer.”66.Whatisthetrendmentionedatthebeginningofthepassage?A.Morelabtestsareorderedthroughportals.B.Morehospitalsproviderapid,round-the-clockservices.C.Moremedicalconsultationsareconductedoverthephone.D.Morepatientsareencouragedtouseportalsfortheirmedicalinformation.67.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacontributingfactorfortheincreasinguseof portals?A.Popularacceptanceoftechnology.B.Lowerpaymentsforthepatientstoobtaintheirresults.C.Financialbenefitsforhospitaluseofelectronicrecords.D.Legalrequirementtoprovidepatientswithdirectaccesstotheirresults.68.Whatconcernstheauthorinrespecttotheincreasinguseofportals?A.Unsafeaccesstopatients’personalinformation.B.Inadequateguidanceforthepatientstouseportals.C.Improperdeliveryofthemedicalresultstothepatients.D.Differentcontentsprovidedtothepatientsbydifferentsystems.69.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutDr.Treadway’shusband?A.Hewasdepressedbythediagnosisofhisdisease.B.Hewasscreenedforahighlyaggressiveandfatalcancer.C.HewasmismatchedwiththeelectronicrecordsofhisMRIscan.D.HewasinformedoftheresultsofhisMRIscanviahospitalportals.70.TheauthorcitesKatharineTreadway’sexperienceto_______.A.explainthehiddenriskofportalsbeingillegallyaccessedB.exemplifythepotentialriskofmisinformingpatientsthroughportalsC.illustratetheprogressinthewayinformationisdeliveredtothepatientsD.showtheadvantagesofportalsoverphoneinreleasingpatients’informationPassage ThreeInplanningforthehealthneedsoftheseimmigrantfamilies,FrancescaWeissman,ahealthcare practitioner,askedtwoquestions:(1)“Whatarethemosturgentneedsofthispopulation?”and(2)“Howcanthispopulationbeinducedtousethehealthservicesthatareavailable?”Insomerespects, thesecondquestionismoreimportantbecausepersuadingimmigrantfamiliestoutilizeservicesis abasicproblem.Buildingtrustisaprimarygoal.Employingcaregiverswhocanspeaktheclients’language willdomuchtolowerethnicbarriersandreducesuspiciononthepartofthepotentialclients.Many traditionalfamiliesareslowtodeveloppersonalrelationships,andthisholdstrueintheinteractions withcaregivers.Unlessthefamiliescancommunicatewithcaregivers,theycannotbegintotrust them.Withouttrust,theyarenotlikelytoseekorevenacceptassistance.Communicationisatwo-waychannel.Caregivers,Francescarealized,haveanobligationto become acquainted with the culture of the growing ethnic populations,and of their diverse subgroups.Bybecominginformedandbyconveyingrespect,caregiverscanmakeinteractionswith immigrantfamilieslessfrighteningandmoreproductive.Awarenessoftheeconomicclimateandother conditions in the place of origin helps caregivers recognize that the suspiciousness of immigrantfamiliestowardsofficials.Afamilyapproachtohealthcareisrecommendedforimmigrantgroups.Ifthewholefamily canbeinvolvedinthehealthcareprogram,theindividualmembersarelikelytobelessfearful.Family-orientedprogramsmaybeginwithpracticaladviceabouttheneighborhood:locationsof grocerystores,wheretoapplyforfoodstamps,andhowtolookforwork.Anyprogramsdeveloped forimmigrantfamiliesmustbeofferedatconvenienttimesandplacesbecausetheymaynothave theknowledgeorresourcestotravelfreelyintheirnewcommunity.71.Thepassagebeginsbyimplyingthatimmigrantfamiliesmaynot_________.A.beawareoftheirownhealthneedsB.bewillingtousetheavailableservicesC.beentitledtothebasichealthcareservicesD.beabletoaffordservicesotherthanthemostbasic72.Itisdifficulttobuildtrustbetweenimmigrantclientsandcaregiversbecause_________.A.caregivershavelittleoverseasworkingexperienceB.caregiversmaynotspeaktheclients’nativelanguageC.caregivershaveastrongsenseofculturalsuperiorityD.caregiversareaversetotheclients’ethnicbackground73.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A.Understandingdifferentculturesisnecessaryinofferinggoodservices.ckofinformationandrespectisacommonproblemamongcaregivers.C.Ethnicpopulationsaregainingsignificantinfluenceinthehealthcaresystem.D.Itisunreasonabletoemphasizespecificconditionsinimmigrants’nativehomes.74.Whichofthefollowingisimportantwhenthefamilyapproachisadopted?A.Sufficientresourcesshouldbeguaranteedtoensurethesuccess.B.Thedailylifeofthefamilyshouldbecaredforfirstandforemost.C.Fearamongfamilymembersshouldberelievedatthebeginningstage.D.Whatisincludedintheprogramsshouldbebothpracticalandpracticable.75.Whatdoesthepassagemainlyfocusonintermsofservicestoimmigrantfamilies?A.Howtoestablishanimmigrant-friendlyneighborhood.B.Howtohelpimmigrantsenjoyavailablehealthcareservices.C.Howtomakeanassessmentoftheexistinghealthcareservices.D.Howtoassistcaregiversinunderstandingimmigrants’familyinfluence.Passage FourThis year mark the100th anniversary of the deadliest event in U.S.history:the Spanish influenzaepidemicof1918.Althoughscienceandtechnologyhaveadvancedtremendouslyover thepastcentury,thePandemicperilremains;arecentexerciseattheJohnsHopkinsCenterfor HealthSecurityshowedthatanepidemicofaninfluenza-likeviruscouldkill15millionAmericans inasingleyear.Themedicalcommunity’sresponsetothisdangeris,understandably,focusedonresearchang response—discoveringnewvaccines,therapeutics,anddiagnosticsandfightingongoingepidemics, suchasthecurrentEbolaoutbreakinCongo.Buttheseurgentundertakingsarenotsufficient.Ifthe Worldistotacklemanyfactorsthatraiseourriskofadevastatingpandemic,themedicalcommunity mayhavetoentertheatresofoperationbeyondthelaboratorybenchandthetreatmentunitand publiclyengagewithcontroversialissuesthatsomeobserverswouldconsidernonmedical.Indeed, Ibelievethatonlysucheffortscansaveusfromthesocialtrends,politicalmovements,andpolicy failuresthatarcelevatingourriskofapandemic.Therearethreeaspectsinparticularwherethe medicalcommunity’sinterventionisurgentlyneeded.Firstistherisingtideofisolationismandxenophobia(排外)inmanyhigh-incomenations, particularlytheUnitedStatesandEuropeancountries.Thebeliefthatisolatingourselvesfromthe worldcanpreventthespreadofdiseasesisirrational:wecanbuildnowallhighenoughtokeepout infectiousdiseasesanddiscase-bearingvectors.Thesecondtrendisthegrowingtideofantiscientificthinkingandresistancetoevidence-based medicine.Inlow-incomecountries,skepticismaboutvaccinesisaneverlastingchallenge,butwhat weareseeingintheUnitedStatesandEuropeissomethingverydifferent,andverydangerous.The growing refusal of parents in high-income countries to vaccinate their children is the tip of an icebergthatcouldsinkusallintheeventofanepidemicdemandingrapidvaccinedeploymentand acceptance.Finally,andperhapsmostfundamentally,medicalprofessionalscanstepintothepublicarena totakeonunpleasantandcontentiouspoliticalissuessuchasclimatechangeandisolationism.Many membersofthemedicalcommunityprefertoavoidbecominginvolvedincontroversialissuesthat seemtobeoutsidethescopeofmedicalconcerns,buttheirvoicesareneededtoconfrontsuchissues.76.Whatdoestheauthormainlydointhefirstparagraph?A.Warntheworldagainsttheupcominginfluenzapandemic.B.Givecredittotremendousadvancesinscienceandtechnology.C.Remindthereadersofthepotentialdevastatingpandemicperils.D.ReflectontheseverityoftheSpanishinfluenzaepidemicof1918.77.Toaddresstheincreasingriskofpandemics,theauthorsuggeststhatthemedicalcommunity______.A.focusmoreontheurgentundertakingsB.paymoreattentiontoresearchandresponseC.makequickerresponseinfightingongoingepidemicsD.getmoreactivelyengagedwithissuesotherthanmedical78.AccordingtoParagraph3,whatdotheUnitedStatesandEuropeancountriesneedtodotoeventinfectiousdiseasesanddisease-beaingvectos?A.Tobuildhighwails.B.Tomaintainanoenmentality.C.Toisolatethemselvesfomeachothe.D.Toleanfomothehigh-incomenations.79.WhatcanbesaidofthesecondtendmentionedinPaagah4?A.Sketicismaboutvaccinescanbetackledeasily.B.Antiscientificthinkingisnotseiousinlow-incomecounties.C.High-incomecountiesshouldleanfomlow-incomecounties.D.Paentalesistancetovaccinatingtheichildencanbedisastous.80.Whatcanbeinfeedfomthelastaagah?A.Medicalconcensaeascontovesialasnonmedicalissues.B.Medicalofessionalsshouldbemoeconcenedwithmedicalissues.C.Moeandmoemedicalofessionalsaeinvolvedincontovesialissues.D.Themedicalcommunityshouldlayamoeactiveoleincontovesialissues.Passage FiveInmedicalteminology,thewodshistoyandhysicalalmostalwaysaeatogetheinthatode.Asahysician,youdonotengageaatientintheneuologicalexaminationuntilyou’ve gatheedthedetailsofhisohedebilitatingheadaches.Butatonetimeinoumedicalcaees,weaeinstuctedtoefomthemostthooughhysical examinationossiblewithoutleaningsomuchastheatient’sname.Allweaegivenisananatomy tablenumbe,anage,andacauseofdeath.Wewokouwaythoughtheanatomylab—insecting, seaching,andfeelingeveymuscle,bone,andogan-andwewiteouatients’histoiesouselves.Tobetteundestandthelifeofthewomanwhohaddonatedhebodyfomyeducation,I ceatedtheObituay(讣告）WitingPogamatGeogetownUnivesityduingmyfistyeaof medicalschool.Iwokedwithanobituaywite,EmilyLange,todeveloawokshotohel inteestedmedicalstudentseflectonthelivesthattheicosesmayhavelived.Sheinstuctedus ontheatofweavingdisconnectedmemoiesintoasinglestoy.Aseiesofceativewitingomts esultedinonestudent’sstoyofadamaticfootballinjuyoccuinginthemiddleofacometitivematch.Thismomentinhiscose’slifewasimaginedfomainkosthetic(假体的）hibeneath massivelayesofmuscle.Thefistconvesationwithmydono’ssonlastedoveanhoudesitemyinitialfeathatI wouldaskthewongquestionsooffethewongwodsofsymathy.Hismothewasasmall-town famgilfomWisconsin.D.CaolKennedy,GeogetownUnivesitySchoolofMedicine,Classof1972.ShewasadevoutCatholicwhoconsideedbeingahysicianaivilegeandanootunityto seve othes.She wanted to continue to seve even afte he death by donating he body to GeogetownUnivesityinodetoeducatefutuemedicalstudentslikeme.Wehavefinallyutthehistoyinitsightfullacebefoethehysical—studentsnowinteview thefamiliesoftheidonosbefoemakingthefistcutintheanatomylab.Oucosesaeoufistcounteats in the ivileged atient-hysician elationshi,and now we ae able to begin that atneshijustaswehoetodothoughouttheestofoumedicalcaees.81.Thestatementthat“thewodshistoyandhysicalalmostalwaysaeatogetheinthatode”canbebestinterpretedas__________.A.historytakingisusuallyprecededbyphysicalexaminationB.historytakingisusuallytaughtbeforephysicalexaminationC.historytakingisusuallyovershadowedbyphysicalexaminationD.historytakingisusuallyperformedbeforephysicalexamination82.WhatistheteachingapproachintheanatomylabdescribedinParagraph2?A.Identifyingtherealcauseofthepatient’sdeath.B.Learninganatomybytakingpatients’historiesintoaccount.C.Trainingstudentshowtodophysicalexaminationclinically.D.Writingpatients’historiesbasedonthephysicalexamination.83.What can be said of the Obituary Writing Program created by the author at Georgetown University?A.Ithelpedstudentsimprovetheirwritingskills.B.Itwasaimedtoarousestudents’interestinanatomy.C.Itwasahumanewayofpayingrespecttobodydonors.D.Itwasaimedtotrainthestudents’skillsinphysicalexamination.84.WhatcanbeinferredfromtheinformationtheauthorobtainedaboutDr.CarolKennedyfrom histalkwithherson?A.Shewasbornonafarminthe1970s.B.ShegrewupinGeorgetownasadevoutCatholic.C.Shewasagraduateoftheauthor’smedicalschool.D.Shedonatedherbodyasrequiredbyherreligiousbelief.85.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.HistoryTakingintheAnatomyLabB.WritingskillsformedicalStudentsC.Dr.CarolKennedy:aDevotedGeorgetownGraduateD.Patient-physicianRelationship:aHistoricalReviewPassage SixTheremaybenobetterexampleofwhatismeantbypreventivemedicinethanthestrategyof Vaccination.Ahealthypersonisgivenatinytasteofavirus—fluorpolio,say—that’stooweakto causeillnessbutjustenoughtointroducethebodytothepathogen.Iftheviruslatershowsupforreal,theimmunesystemisprimedandwaitingforit.That’sclosetohowacancervaccineworks,butnotprecisely.Mostexpertsseecancervaccines asahybridoftreatmentandprevention.Whileit’struethattheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration hasapprovedvaccinesagainstcervicalandlivercancer,botharedesignedtofightthevirusesmost responsibleforcausingthedisease,asopposedtotargetingcanceritself—humanpapillomavirus (HPV;人乳头瘤病毒)inthecaseofcervicalcancerandhepatitisBinthecaseoflivertumors.Usingvaccinestopreventnonviralcancersinsomeonewhoisdisease-freeisawholedifferent mater.For one thing,it’s much more difficult to determine a person’s chance of developing a。

年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案

年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。

2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。

5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DCB. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisements37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young womento 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron inthe blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit. The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,”　s ays Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples,to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .C . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection ofhis many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that weresays Wainwright. available were weak and impure. “It’s generally accepted that it was no good,”He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectionsif he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell getitWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying “Ｉthis would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infecteds personal doctor .73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing afew pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and thisis subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare timeto read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today liesat the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract fromthe totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminishthe value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of。

全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析

2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 根据男士的话Fewer people came than we had expected，可知募捐仪式来的人比预料的少。

2. C 根据男士的话allowing acid content to flow into the esophagus( 让酸性物质流进食道)可知这是关于胃的疾病。

3. A 根据女士的话I understand that this office helps students with housing ，i s that fight 可知这是校园内公寓管理办公室。

4. C 根据文中we've acted for hours ，Let's get something to eat，We'd be able to feel better with a little nutrition( 我们吃点东西就会好子)可知他们是筋疲力尽了。

5. C 根据文中you and some friends are organizing a cruise to Maldives 以及Alone if I have to 可知即使是没有朋友，他也会自己一个人去航行。

6. C 根据男士的话I'm afraid to have the runs( 恐怕我拉肚子了) 以及女士的话Are you going to the toilet often( 你经常上厕所吗) 可知男士的病是腹泻。

diarrhea腹泻。

revert返祖现象。

nausea恶心。

a running nose流鼻涕。

7. A 根据对话，女士已检查过男士的伤口，并清除了玻璃片，给伤口消过毒，根据女士的话The next thingI should do is to stitch you up 可知下一件事是缝合男士的伤口。

2024年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案

2024年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案2024 National Medical Doctorate English Exam Questions and AnswersPart 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions:The field of medicine is constantly evolving, with new advancements and discoveries being made every day. In order to stay current and provide the best possible care for their patients, medical professionals must continuously update their knowledge and skills.1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The field of medicine is stagnant.B. Medical professionals do not need to update their knowledge.C. Advancements in medicine require continuous learning.D. Patient care is not important in medicine.Answer: C. Advancements in medicine require continuous learning.2. Why is it important for medical professionals to stay current in their field?A. To earn more money.B. To provide the best possible care for their patients.C. To show off their knowledge.D. To become famous.Answer: B. To provide the best possible care for their patients.Part 2: Listening ComprehensionListen to the following audio clip and answer the questions:1. What is the speaker talking about?A. The benefits of exercise.B. The importance of healthy eating.C. The dangers of smoking.D. The role of genetics in health.Answer: A. The benefits of exercise.2. According to the speaker, how often should people exercise?A. Once a week.B. Every day.C. Three times a week.D. Never.Answer: B. Every day.Part 3: WritingWrite an essay on the following topic:Discuss the impact of technology on the field of medicine.In recent years, technology has played a significant role in revolutionizing the field of medicine. From advanced imaging techniques to robotic surgeries, technology has had a profound impact on the way medical professionals diagnose and treat patients. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which technology has transformed the field of medicine.One of the key benefits of technology in medicine is the ability to improve accuracy in diagnosis. For example, advanced imaging techniques such as MRI and CT scans allow doctors to see inside the body in ways that were not possible before. This has led to earlier detection of illnesses and more accurate diagnosis, which in turn has improved patient outcomes.Another way in which technology has impacted medicine is through the development of minimally invasive surgical procedures. Robotic surgeries, for example, allow for greater precision and control during surgery, leading to faster recovery times and reduced risk of complications. This has transformed the field of surgery, making procedures safer and more effective.In addition to improving diagnosis and treatment, technology has also revolutionized the way medical records are stored and shared. Electronic health records have made it easier for doctors to access patient information quickly and efficiently, leading to better coordination of care and improved patient outcomes.Overall, the impact of technology on the field of medicine has been overwhelmingly positive. From improved diagnosis and treatment to more efficient record-keeping, technology has revolutionized the way medical professionals provide care to their patients. As technology continues to advance, we can expect even greater innovations in the field of medicine in the years to come.Part 4: SpeakingIn this section, you will be asked a series of questions related to the field of medicine. Please answer each question clearly and concisely.1. What inspired you to pursue a career in medicine?2. How do you stay current with the latest advancements in the field of medicine?3. What do you think are the biggest challenges facing the healthcare industry today?4. How do you think technology will continue to impact the field of medicine in the future?Remember to speak clearly and confidently when answering the questions.That concludes the 2024 National Medical Doctorate English Exam. Good luck!。

2001-2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案

PART 1SECTION A 1-5ACDBA 6-10ACADCSECTION B 1.far exceed those 2.devoted to research 3.applied aspects 4.drive out basic reasearch 5.invariably be undertaken 6.major scientific discoveries 7.pure 8.degradePART 2作文：在冬天锻炼身体PAPER TWO 1-5CCABC 6-10DBDCD 11-15DAABB 16-20CCADD 21-25DCACC 26-30CABAA 31-35CABAA 36-40BCCDB 41-45CCABB 46-50CDBDA 51-55CAADD 56-60CAACC 61-65DABDD 66-70CAADD 71-75CACDA2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5BCCAD 6-10BCCBC 11-15CDDCB 16-20ACBBA 21-25DDCCC 26-30ADACB 31-35BCACD 36-40CCCDD 41-45BDDBC 46-50DABAB 51-55BCDAC 56-60CCCAA 61-65ADDBA 66-70DDACC 71-75BAAAA 76-80BCBCD 81-85CBDDD 86-90ABCAD作文：如何保持充沛的精力2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5DDBAB 6-10DCDBD 11-15BDDAA 16-20CADDD 21-25CDDAC 26-30DDBCD 31-35ABDCA 36-40DACCA 41-45ACCDD 46-50BDDCA 51-55BACAC 56-60BACBA 61-65CBCBC 66-70CBDAB 71-75DADCD 76-80BDCCA 81-85AADCB 86-90BCADB作文：健康从早餐开始2004年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5ABCCC 6-10BDADD 11-15ABCCD 16-20DACBA 21-25ABDCD 26-30ADCBC 31-35BADAB 36-40BABCB 41-45ACBDC 46-50DCADA 51-55ABDAB 56-60CAABC 61-65DCBDC 66-70DDCDB 71-75BDBCB 76-80BADAB 81-85BDCCA 86-90BDAAD作文：入世后看病如何挑医院2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1 -5 CACDA 6-10CDBCB 11-15CADBA 16-20DDBCB 21-25ABCBD 26-30CCDAD 31-35CABAA 36-40CADAD 41-45BACBA 46-50ABDCC 51-55BBABD 56-60ACACB 61-65BCB,B,C 66-70BDABC 71-75CACAB 76-80AADBD 81-85CBAAA 86-90DDDCB作文：艾滋病是全社会的威胁2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5 CBCDA 6-10BDDDC 11-15BAADB 16-20DDACD 21-25BCBAB 26-30BBDCC 31-35CDCCB 36-40BCBDA 41-45ACACA 46-50ACDDB 51-55BCACA 56-60BADBC 61-65DDDDA 66-70ACABD 71-75ACCCC 76-80BBAAD 81-86DBDBD 86-90DDB,B,C作文：走路与健康2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5DBBAD 6-10ABDCB 11-15ADACC 16-20BADDA 21-25CBDAC 26-30ACACC 31-35ADBAA 36-40BCDAC 41-45ACBDD 46-50ABCDB 51-55BADBC 56-60CACAD 61-65BCBAD 66-70CACCC 71-75BBBDA 76-80B,B,CDC 81-85CDCAA 86-90DDAAD作文：手术与害怕2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CBACC 6-10CADBA 11-15CDBCD 16-20ADDCA 21-25ADBAB 26-30BDCDA 31-35ACCDB 36-40CBCCB 41-45BCDDB 46-50ADCBD 51-55BACDB 56-60CADCA 61-66DBCBD 66-70DBDDC 71-75CCDBD 76-80BCCBA 81-85ADBCD 86-90AACAA作文：珍爱生命从护心开始1-5DBCCB 6-10CBDAB 11-15DABAB 16-20DABCD 21-25B,B,CDD 26-30CCADB 31-35ACBBA 36-40DCBAB 41-45BACDB 46-50ADDDC 51-55BBAAC 56-60BBACC 61-65DCBDB 66-70ADDAD 71-75DACAC 76-80DCBBB 81-85CDDBA 86-90CCDCB作文：水果是否可吃可不吃。

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2. C 根据男士的话allowing acid content to flow into the esophagus(让酸性物质流进食道)可知这是关于胃的疾病。

3. A 根据女士的话I understand that this office helps students with housing，is that fight 可知这是校园内公寓管理办公室。

4. C 根据文中we've acted for hours，Let's get something to eat，We'd be able to feel better with a little nutrition(我们吃点东西就会好子)可知他们是筋疲力尽了。

5. C 根据文中you and some friends are organizing a cruise to Maldives以及Alone if I have to可知即使是没有朋友，他也会自己一个人去航行。

6. C 根据男士的话I'm afraid to have the runs(恐怕我拉肚子了)以及女士的话Are you going to the toilet often(你经常上厕所吗)可知男士的病是腹泻。

diarrhea腹泻。

revert返祖现象。

nausea恶心。

a running nose流鼻涕。

8. D 根据女士的话I found him in his chair，white as a sheet. I thought he passed out(我发现他在椅子上，苍白如纸，我想他昏倒了)，故可知Mr. Lindley失去知觉了。

9. B 根据听力内容，Jacky本来打算要去Duke University，但不想离家人远，所以现在打算上University of Texas，可知她上后者的可能性较大。

10. A 根据女士的话My boy friend just dumped me for another girl(我男朋友为了另外一个女孩抛弃我了)可知女士和她男朋友分手了。

11. C 根据男士的话“The only medicine that will save the patient's life produces a serious allergic reaction”可知情况十分棘手，女士的话The doctors are between Iraq and a hard place now可知医生正处于两难境地，不知如何解决。

Iraq and a hard place两难境地。

12. D 根据女士的话It was only one tenth of the original price可知这个包物超所值，由I bought it on e-bay可知这个包不是别人给她的礼物。

13. B 根据男士的话You have said that several times可知他已经不耐烦了。

14. C 根据女士的话You must think that I was born yesterday if you expect me to buy it(你要是想让我买这辆车，你一定是以为我还是个小孩了吧)可知女士肯定是不会买这辆车的。

15. D 根据男士的话It's been a tense week(这真是紧张的一周)可知他的工作有压力。

Section BPassage One16. A 根据男士的话Cancer of the bowel可知他是bowel cancer。

17. C 根据女士的话It's too diseased to save可知男士必须得切去bowel，男士十分惊讶，然后女士说they will fit you externally with a colostomy bag，可知女士建议男士put onchemo-therapy。

因此C符合题意。

18. B 根据女士的话And yes，you will be able to live a pretty normal life and go work 以及you have full life ahead of you 可知她保证男士能正常地生活。

19. C 根据男士的话All this time you have been prescribing tablets for heart bum，and it turns out that I got cancer of the bowel? Oh，thanks a million，话中的反问语气和讽刺似的道谢可知男士十分愤慨。

20. A 根据女士的话I prescribed for you on the basis of the symptoms you yourself described to me 可知她之前的处方是根据男士描述的症状开出的。

Passage Two21. A 这篇听力文章主要讲了吸烟的男女得肺癌的不同，最后得出结论肺癌可以预防，只要不吸烟就可以。

22. D 根据文中who were healthy，at least 40 years old and either current or former smokers可知被调查者都是至少40岁，没有肺病，正在吸烟或以前吸过烟。

23. B 根据文中identified lung tumors in 113 of the men and 156 of the women可知的肺癌的有269人。

24. B 根据Women's bodies appear to have greater difficulty repairing the damage to their genes caused by smoking可知女性更易得肺癌。

25. B根据all investigators are ready to agree：lung cancer is particularly deadly and almost entirely preventable 可知所有的研究者都同意：肺癌是致命的，但又是l几J‘以预防的。

Passage Three26. B根据Jill的话“Skiing was it——everything——my world. ”可知滑雪对她来说是整个世界。

27. D 根据Her fourth，fifth，and sixth cervical vertebrae were broken可知她的颈椎严重受伤。

28. D 根据She learned to write，to type，and to feed herself. Once she had mastered daily living skills…可知她学会了生存技巧。

29. D根据By this time，Jill had chosen a new career goal：teaching elementary school children. 可知她想做一个小学老师。

30. A 根据文中她的经历：身体严重残疾，但是学会各种知识，并坚强地生存下去。

因此，她的性格是乐观而又坚强的。

Part Ⅱ Vocabulary(10％)Section A31. A 句意：恐怕你得说明一下情况变糟糕的原因。

account for说明原因，解释。

call for提倡。

look for寻找。

make for倾向，有利于。

deterioration变质、衰退。

32. C 句意：每周两小时，你已经被分配了足够的时间去私人疗养院了。

allocation 分配。

affliction折磨。

alternative选择。

alliance同盟。

33. C句意：每件产品在进入市场之前都经过了重重检验。

exhaustively用尽一切的。

expensively贵的。

exceptionally格外的。

exclusively独有的。

34. D 句意：做饭的主要规则之一就是手要干净。

cardinal主要的，基本的。

potent 有力的。

conditional 有条件的。

inseparable不可分割的。

35. B 句意：教育者应该努力发展孩了的认知能力。

cohesive凝聚力的。

collective集体的。

comic动漫的，喜剧的。

36. C 句意：去年拖欠抵押贷款的现象不断增多，因为低收人家庭的数量在上升。

default欠缺。

defect缺点。

deficit赤字。

deception欺骗。

37. B 句意：有一些药可能会使症状恶化。

exacerbate使加重。

exaggerate夸张。

exceed 超过。

exhibit展览。

38. C 句意：她的故事从头到尾都是编造出来的，所以没人相信她。

fabrication伪造。

facility设备。

fascination 吸引力。

faculty才‘能；全体教员。

39. C 句意：调查这起交通事故的警察没有排除故意破坏的可能性。

sabotage(对财产等的)故意破坏，阴谋破坏。

salvage拯救。

safeguard保护。

40. D 句意：政府在雇佣从事军事敏感工程人员时总是先调查好他们的背景。

Take up 开始从事。

Cheek up鲁莽无礼的回答。

work out计算出。

look into观察。

Section B41. B 句意：19世纪的生理学主要是研究把食物的能量转换成体重和活动。

govern 统治。

boost增加。

clarify阐明。

pioneer先锋。

42. C 句意：是的，在进一步采取措施前再咨询一下另一个人是比较明智的。

sensitive 敏感的。

sensational 骇人听闻的；巨大的。

43. D 句意：中国人很尊敬他们的祖先。

recognition认知。

sincerity真诚。

heritage遗产。

44. D 句意：我致力于培养必要的管理技能。

requisite必不可少的。

exquisite精巧的。

45. B 句意：如果说锻炼身体是保养身体的活动，是生理年龄的指标，那么缺乏锻炼可能就会加速老化。

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