The Phonetics of English Pronunciation - Week 7
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版 练习题 参考答案
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案Chapter 1 Introduction1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.答： Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?答： The major branches of linguistics are:(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?答： The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar inseveral basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, notthe written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?答： In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoypriority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speechrather than to writing?答： Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” byits users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?答： Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?答： First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?答：The main features of human language are termed design features. They include:1) ArbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.3) DualityLanguage consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement” means.5) Cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.9. What are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration.答： Three main functions are often recognized of language: the descriptive function, the expressive function, and the social function. The descriptive function is the function to convey factual information, which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified. Fore xample: “China is a large country with a long history.”The expressive function supplies information about the user’s feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. For example: “I will never go window-shopping with her.”The social function serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. . For example: “We are your firm supporters.”Chapter 2 Speech Sounds1. What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?答： Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication.Of the two media of language, speech is more primary than writing, for reasons, please refer to the answer to the fifth problem in the last chapter.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?答： Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrowtranscription differ?答： The transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. The latter, i.e. the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose.In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sounds [l] in the four words leaf [li:f], feel [fi:l], build [bild], and health [helθ]. As a matter of fact, the sound [l] in all these four sound combinations differs slightly. The [l] in [li:f], occurring before a vowel, is called a dear [l], and no diacritic is needed to indicate it; the [1] in [fi:l] and [bild], occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant, is pronounced differently from the clear [1] as in “leaf”. It is called dark [?] and in narrow transc ription thediacritic [?] is used to indicate it. Then in the sound combination [helθ], the sound [l] is followed by the English dental sound [θ], its pronunciation is somewhat affected by the dental sound that follows it. It is thus called a dental [l], and in narrow transcription thediacritic [、] is used to indicate it. It is transcribed as [helθ].Another example is the consonant [p]. We all know that [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. In the word pit, the sound [p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. In the case of pit, the [p] sound is said to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is unaspirated. This difference is not shown in broad transcription, but in narrow transcription, a small raised “h” is used to show aspiration, thus pit is transcribed as [ph?t] and spit is transcribed as [sp?t].4. How are the English consonants classified?答： English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into following types: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?答： Vowels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest. To further distinguish members of each group, we need to apply another criterion, i.e. the openness of the mouth. Accordingly, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. A third criterion that is often used in the classification of vowels is the shape of the lips. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unfounded vowels, i. e., without rounding the lips, and all the back vowels, with the exception of [a:], are rounded. It should be noted that some front vowels can be pronounced with rounded lips.6. A. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricate2) voiceless labiodental fricative3) voiced alveolar stop4) front, close, short5) back, semi-open, long6) voiceless bilabial stopB. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1) [ t ] 2) [ l ] 3) [?] 4) [w] 5) [?] 6) [?]答：A. (1) [?] (2) [ f ] (3) [d ] (4) [ ? ] (5) [ ?:] (6) [p]B. (1) voiceless alveolar stop (2) voiced alveolar liquid(3) voiceless palatal affricate (4) voiced bilabial glide(5) back, close, short (6) front, open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l] and [?], [ph] and [p], a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?答： (1) Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language –– the speech sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds,, they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.(2) A phonologist will be more interested in it. Because one of the tasks of the phonologists is to find out rule that governs the distribution of [l] and [?], [ph] and [p].8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?答： A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark [?], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.答： Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.There are many such sequential rules in English. For example, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. That is why [lbik] [lkbi] are impossible combinations in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. Assimilation of neighbouring sounds is, for the most part, caused by articulatory or physiological processes. When we speak, we tend to increase the ease of articulation. This “sloppy” tendency may become regularized as rules of language.We all know that nasalization is not a phonological feature in English, i.e., it does not distinguish meaning. But this does not mean that vowels in English are never nasalized in actual pronunciation; in fact they are nasalized in certain phonetic contexts. For example, the [i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combinations the [i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n] or [m].The assimilation rule also accounts for the varying pronunciation of the alveolar nasal [n] in some sound combinations. The rule is that within a word, the nasal [n] assumes the same place of articulation as the consonant that follows it. We know that in English the prefix in- can be added to ma adjective to make the meaning of the word negative, e.g. discreet – indiscreet, correct – incorrect. But the [n] sound in the prefix in- is not always pronounced as an alveolar nasal. It is soin the word indiscreet because the consonant that follows it, i.e. [d], is an alveolar stop, but the [n] sound in the word incorrect is actually pronounced as a velar nasal, i.e. [?]; this is because the consonantthat follows it is [k], which is a velar stop. So we can see that while pronouncing the sound [n], we are “copying” a feature of the consonant that follows it.Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. We have noticed that in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g. But in their corresponding forms signature, designation, and paradigmatic, the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced. The rule can be stated as: Delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. Given the rule, the phonemic representation of the stems in sign – signature, resign – resignation, phlegm – phlegmatic, paradigm – paradigmatic will include the phoneme /g/, which will be deleted according to the regular rule if no suffix is added.10. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?答： The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation, and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. There are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress. For example, a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun, to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged. Tones are pitch variations which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning inalmost every language, especially in a language like English. Whenspoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have differentmeanings.Chapter 3 Morphology1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a“ ” between each morpheme and the next:a. microfile e. telecommunicationb. bedraggled f. forefatherc. announcement g. psychophysicsd. predigestion h. mechanist答：a. micro file b. be draggle edc. announce mentd. pre digest ione. tele communicate ionf. fore fatherg. psycho physics h. mechan ist2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specify thetypes of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples ofeach.Model: -orsuffix: -ormeaning: the person or thing performing the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, motionpictures, etc.” translator, “one who translates”答：(1) suffix: -ablemeaning: something can be done or is possiblestem type: added to verbsexamples: acceptable, “can be accepted”respectable, “can be respected”(2) suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstem type: added to adjectivesexamples: freely. “adverbial form of ‘free’ ”qu ickly, “adverbial form of 'quick' ”.(3) suffix: -eemeaning: the person receiving the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: employee, “one who works in a company”interviewee, “one who is interviewed”3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: a-prefix: a-meaning: “without; not”stem type: added to adjectivesexamples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry” asexual, “without sex or sex organs”答：(1) prefix: dis-meaning: showing an oppositestem type: added to verbs or nounsexamples : disapprove, “do not approve”dishonesty, “lack of honesty”.(2) prefix: anti-meaning: against, opposed tostem type: added to nouns or adjectivesexamples : antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial, “opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organized community. ”(3) prefix: counter-meaning: the opposite ofstem type: added to nouns or adjectives.examples: counterproductive, “prod ucing results opposite to those intended”counteract, “act against and reduce the force oreffect of (sth.) ”4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1) the third person singular(2) the past tense(3) the present perfect(4) the present progressive5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize答：(略)6. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a) The farmer’s cows escaped.b) It was raining.c) Those socks are inexpensive.d) Jim needs the newer copy.e) The strongest rower continued.f) She quickly closed the book.g) The alphabetization went well.答：(略)Chapter 4 Syntax1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements(i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase iscalled a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:NP → (Det) N (PP) ...VP → (Qual) V (NP) ...AP → (Deg) A (PP) ...PP → (Deg) P (NP) ...The general phrasal structural rule ( X stands for the head N, V, A or P):The XP rule: XP → (specifier) X (complement)3. What is category? How to determine a word's category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. A word's distributionalfacts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structures. Conjunction exhibits four important properties:1) There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.2) A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.3) Coordinated categories must be of the same type.4) The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role of each elementHead:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically,it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information aboutentities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A（以下8-12题只作初步的的成分划分，未画树形图, 仅供参考）8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.a) rich in mineralsXP(AP) → head (rich) A complement (in minerals) PPb) often read detective storiesXP(VP) → specifier (often) Qual head (read) V complement (detective stories) NPc) the argument against the proposalsXP(NP) → specifier (the) Det head (argument) N complement (against the proposals) PPd) already above the windowXP(VP) → specifier (already) Deg head (above) P complement (the window) NP9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.（划底线的为动词的修饰语，斜体的为名词的修饰语）a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences. （划底线的为并列的范畴）a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence. （划底线的为补语从句）a) You know that I hate war.b) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences. （划底线的为关系从句）a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.b) Herbert bought a house that she lovedc) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each of these sentences.a) Would you come tomorrow? (surface structure)you would come tomorrow (deep structure)b) What did Helen bring to the party? (surface structure)Helen brought what to the party (deep structure)c) Who broke the window? (surface structure)who broke the window (deep structure)Chapter 5 Semantics1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?答：(1) The naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.(2) The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.(3) The contextualist view held that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context –– elements closely linked with language behaviour. The representative of this approach was J.R. Firth, famous British linguist.(4) Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?答： The major types of synonyms are dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive or evaluative synonyms, collocational synonyms, and semantically different synonyms.Examples（略）3. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.答：(1) Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.。
(完整word版)Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)
Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学1.The phonic medium of language 语言的声音媒介Linguists are not interested in all sounds ；they are concerned with only those sounds that are produced by the human speech organs in so far as they have a role to play in linguistic communication .These sounds are limited in number .This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language ;and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.语言学家也并不是对所有的声音感兴趣，他们只关注那些在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的那些声音.这些声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限,但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的声音媒介，凡是在这个范围的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
2.Phonetics 语音学2.1What is phonetics？什么是语音学？it is concerned with all the sound that occur in the world’s languages.它的主要研究对象是世界上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。
These three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics， and acoustic phonetics respectively。
TheDifferencebetweenPhoneticsandPhonology
Phonetics and phonology are the two fields dedicated to the study of human speech sounds and sound structures. The difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics deals with the physical production of these sounds while phonology is the study of sound patterns and their meanings both within and across languages. If they still sound like more or less the same thing, read on. We’ll discuss each one individually and then compare them side by side, which should clear things up.PhoneticsPhonetics is strictly about audible sounds and the things that happen in your mouth, throat, nasal and sinus cavities, and lungs to make those sounds. It has nothing to do with meaning. It’s only a description. For example, in order to produce the word “bed,” you start out with your lips together. Then, air from your lungs is forced over your vocal chords, which begin to vibrate and make noise. The air then escapes through your lips as they part suddenly, which results in a B sound. Next, keeping your lips open, the middle of your tongue comes up so that the sides meet your back teeth while the tip of your tongue stays down. All the while, air from your lungs is rushing out, and your vocal cho rds are vibrating. There’s your E sound. Finally, the tip of your tongue comes up to the hard palate just behind your teeth. This stops the flow of air and results in a D sound as long as those vocal chords are still going.As literate, adult speakers of th e English language, we don’t need a physical description of everything required to make those three sounds. We simply understand what to do in order to make them. Similarly, phoneticists simply understand that when they see /kæt/, it’s a description of how most Americans pronounce the word “cat.” It has nothing to do with a furry house pet.In fact, if there were a word in any other language pronounced the same way, the phonetic spelling would be the same regardless of meaning. Again, it’s not about meaning.It’s strictly physical.PhonologyPhonology, on the other hand, is both physical and meaningful. It explores the differences between sounds that change the meaning of an utterance. For example, the w ord “bet” is very similar to the word “bed” in terms of the physical manifestation of sounds. The only difference is that at the end of “bet,” the vocal chords stop vibrating so that sound is a result only of the placement of the tongue behind the teeth and the flow of air. However, the meanings of the two words are not related in the least. What a vast difference a muscle makes!This is the biggest distinction between phonetics and phonology, although phonologists analyze a lot more than just the obvious differences. They also examine variations on single letterpronunciations, words in which multiple variations can exist versus those in which variations are considered incorrect, and the phonological “grammar” of languages.If you are a native speaker of English, you pronounce the letter P three different ways. It’s true. You may not realize it, but you do, and if you were to hear the wrong pronunciation, you might not be able to put your finger on the problem, but you would think it sounded really weird. Say the word “pop-up.” The first P has more air behind it than the others, the second is very similar to the first, but it doesn’t have much air in it, and the last one is barely pronounced at all. The word just sort of ends there when your lips close. Now, say it again, but put a lot of air in the final P. See? Weird, right? That’s because the aspirated P (with air) sound is not “grammatically” correct at the end of an English word. Similarly, Spanish words do not begin with an “s” sound followed by a consonan t, which makes it very difficult for Spanish-speakers who are learning English to say words like “school,” “speak” and “strict.” Phonologists study things like that.Side-by-Side Differences Between Phonetics and PhonologyIf you’re still confused about which is which, here’s a little side-by-side comparison to help you out:Phonetics is strictly physical while phonology also pays attention to the function or meaning of a sound.Phonetics only asks, “Does this sound go here or not?” Phonology asks, “Does the meaning change if I put this sound here instead of that one?” Phonetics makes a pretty general description of sounds and can be used to describe sounds in any language. Phonology makes very detailed descriptions of sounds, so each language has its own unique set of symbols (because no two languages use all of the exact same sounds).Hopefully that clears things up, but if you need one more way to remember the difference between phonetics and phonology, look at the word endings. Phonetic ends the same way as kinetic, which refers to movement. Both are purely physical. Phonology, like any other -ology, is more of a science, exploring the hows and whys of the physical.。
English+International+Phonetic+Alphabet+Teaching+C
Phonetic Alphabet guarantees accurate representation of speech sounds, reducing the risk of miscommunication or misunderstanding
05
Common Phonetic Alphabet Questions and Answers
Summary word
non-standard pronunciation issues
Detailed description
When learning the International Phonetic Alphabet, students often encounter problems with non-standard pronunciation, such as dialects, accents, and other influences. To solve this problem, teachers need to provide correct pronunciation demonstrations and guide students to correct their pronunciation through imitation and practice.
Accuracy
Using a standardized system of symbols guarantees consistency in the presentation of speech sounds across different dialogues and languages
教你学会26个英文字母的自然拼读发音
01 Overview of English LettersChapterThe Origin and Development of English LettersThe importance of English letters Language foundationReading and WritingInternational universalityLearning methods for English letters02Principles of Natural Phonetic Pronunciation ChapterIntroduction to Natural Phonetic Pronunciation 0102Pronunciation Principles and RulesConsonant PronunciationVowel PronunciationAlphabet pronunciationThe advantages of natural phonicsEasy to learn01Improving reading ability02Boosting self-confidence0303Natural phonics pronunciation of 26 ChapterA BCDEHPronounced as/e ɪT ʃ/，Example word: house.FPronounced as/ef/, example word: fish (fish).GPronounced as/d ʒɪ/，Example word: gorilla.IPronounced as/a ɪ/，Example word: igloo (snow house).JPronounced as/d ʒE ɪ/，Example word: juice.OPronounced as/ Example word: octopus (octopus).Pronounced as/en/, example word: noodle.MPronounced as/em/, example word: monkey.KLExample PExample TPronounced as/kju word:queen.QRPronounced word:S0201030405U V W ZXY04 Natural phonics pronunciation ofcombinations ChapterPronunciation of ch, sh, th, and example wordsChShThPronunciation and example words of ck, ng, nk, etcCkPronounced as/k/, for example,words "ckick", "ckey"NgPronounced as/ ŋ/，For example,the words "sing" and "ring"NkPronounced as/ ŋ K/, such as words "ink", "sunk"combinationsQuPHWr030201combinationscombinations05Natural Phonetic Pronunciation of Vowel ChapterPronunciation of AI, EI, OI, and example words Ai Ei OiAyPronounced as/ For example, the words "they" and "key".EyOyPronunciation of words such as ay, ey, oy, and example wordsPronunciation rules for other vowel combinationsOwOA example, the words "boat" EeIrexample, the words "bird" and "girl".Ur06The application of natural phonics in EnglishChapterImprove word memory efficiency010203Enhance reading comprehension abilityCultivate English language sense and oral expression abilityNatural phonics emphasizes pronunciation training, which helps cultivatestudents' sense of English language.Through extensive pronunciation practice, students can express theirthoughts more confidently and accurately.The natural phonics method encourages students to imitate and practicedifferent pronunciations, thereby enhancing their oral expression ability.THANKS。
《英语语音教程》课件
In English, examples of Monophthongs include the
votes in the words "bed", "bad", and "bike"
Monophthongs are typically more open and relaxed compared to diphthongs
Refers to the process in which certain consonant phonemes lose their burst during pronunciation, sounding like a brief pause or omission. For example, in the word "cat", the consonant/k/loses its burst during pronunciation and sounds more like "cah".
Rhythm
Rhythm in English refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed vegetables in speech Understanding the natural rhythm of English is essential
Introduction and Rhythm
Introduction
Introduction refers to the rise and fall of the pitch of the voice when speaking It is a critical aspect of English promotion as it implies meaning, title, and emphasis
新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生 语音教程(第2版) 课件
新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生语音教程(第2版) 课件全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: New Century College English Major Undergraduate Phonetics Courseware (2nd Edition)In the ever-evolving landscape of higher education, the New Century College offers a comprehensive English major undergraduate phonetics courseware in its 2nd edition. The courseware aims to provide students with a solid foundation in phonetics, equipping them with the necessary skills to navigate the complexities of the English language.The courseware covers a wide range of topics, including the basics of phonetics, articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. Through a combination of lectures, exercises, and practical assignments, students will have the opportunity to deepen their understanding of phonetics and develop their phonetic abilities.One of the key features of the courseware is its interactive nature. Students will have access to multimedia resources, suchas audio and video recordings, which will help them improve their pronunciation and listening skills. In addition, the courseware includes a variety of interactive exercises and quizzes that will allow students to practice their phonetic knowledge in a fun and engaging way.Furthermore, the courseware is designed to be flexible and adaptable to the needs of each student. Whether you are a beginner looking to improve your pronunciation or an advanced student seeking to refine your phonetic skills, the courseware provides a structured and comprehensive approach to phonetics education.Overall, the New Century College English Major Undergraduate Phonetics Courseware (2nd Edition) is an invaluable resource for students looking to enhance their understanding of phonetics and improve their English language skills. With its practical approach, interactive features, and comprehensive content, the courseware is sure to benefit students at all levels of proficiency.篇2Title: The Second Edition of Audio Tutorial for Undergraduate English Majors in New Century Higher Education InstitutionsWith the rapid development of globalization, English has become an essential tool for communication in various fields. Therefore, it is important for English majors in higher education institutions to have a strong foundation in English language skills, including pronunciation and phonetics. The second edition of the audio tutorial for undergraduate English majors in new century higher education institutions aims to improve students' English pronunciation through interactive and engaging courseware.The courseware consists of a series of modules that cover various aspects of English phonetics, such as consonant and vowel sounds, stress patterns, intonation, and rhythm. Each module includes audio recordings of native speakers pronouncing words and sentences, as well as interactive exercises that allow students to practice their pronunciation skills. The courseware also provides detailed explanations of pronunciation rules and tips for improving accent and intonation.In addition to the audio recordings and interactive exercises, the courseware also includes video tutorials that demonstrate proper pronunciation techniques and provide examples of common mistakes to avoid. The videos feature experienced English teachers who provide guidance and feedback to help students improve their pronunciation skills.Overall, the second edition of the audio tutorial for undergraduate English majors in new century higher education institutions is a valuable resource for students looking to improve their English pronunciation. By utilizing interactive courseware and engaging multimedia content, students can enhance their pronunciation skills and become more proficient in spoken English. This courseware is a valuable tool for English majors in higher education institutions who are looking to advance their language skills and succeed in today's globalized world.篇3Title: New Century Higher Education Institutions English Major Undergraduate Phonetics Courseware (2nd Edition)Introduction:The New Century Higher Education Institutions English Major Undergraduate Phonetics Courseware (2nd Edition) is a comprehensive and interactive learning resource designed for students studying English at the undergraduate level. This courseware covers a wide range of topics related to phonetics, including pronunciation, intonation, stress, rhythm, and phonetic transcription. It provides students with a solid foundation in English phonetics and helps them improve their speaking and listening skills.Key Features:1. Interactive Lessons: The courseware includes interactive lessons that allow students to practice pronunciation, intonation, stress, and rhythm in a dynamic and engaging way. These lessons help students improve their oral communication skills and develop a more natural-sounding English accent.2. Phonetic Transcription Exercises: The courseware providesa variety of exercises that allow students to practice phonetic transcription, which is essential for understanding and producing the sounds of English accurately. These exercises help students develop their phonetic skills and enhance their ability to analyze and reproduce English sounds.3. Audio and Video Resources: The courseware includes audio and video resources that allow students to listen to and imitate native speakers of English. These resources help students improve their listening comprehension and pronunciation skills by providing authentic examples of English speech.4. Self-assessment Tools: The courseware includesself-assessment tools that allow students to track their progress and identify areas for improvement. These tools provide students with feedback on their pronunciation, intonation, stress, and rhythm, helping them monitor their language development and set goals for improvement.Conclusion:The New Century Higher Education Institutions English Major Undergraduate Phonetics Courseware (2nd Edition) is an invaluable resource for students studying English at the undergraduate level. By using this courseware, students can improve their pronunciation, intonation, stress, rhythm, and phonetic transcription skills, leading to enhanced oral communication and a more accurate understanding of English sounds. This courseware is a must-have for any English major looking to excel in their language studies.。
英语语音技巧突破
VS
Dark reading
Dark reading refers to the property association of unstressed vegetables, so as the second slogan of "photography" Properly promoting weak weaknesses can improve overall promotion
exercises • Recommended speech learning
resources
01
Basic knowledge of English phonetics
Phonetic Alphabet Learning
Summary
Mastering English Phonetic Alphabet
Distinguishing between voiced and voiceless individuals: Some individuals are voiced, so as the "b" in "ball", and some are voiceless, so as the "p" in "pool" Property promotion requirements distinguishing between these two types of individuals
Slellables and stress
Summary words
Mastering syllables and stress
Detailed description
Understanding the syllable division and stress position of English words helps to better understand and master the pronunciation of words.
《英语音标教学》课件
Classification
02
Monophones are divided into front vowels, middle vowels, and back vowels.
Pronunciation example
03
For example, the pronunciation of the vowel letter a is/æ/, pronounced as æ in the word cat.
Practice listening comprehension
Learners should improve their sensitivity and understanding ability to the phenomenon of phonetic changes in English speaking through listening exercises.
Imitate Pronunciation
Learners can follow the recording or the teacher to read aloud, and improve pronunciation accuracy and fluency by repeating the reading.
In English, some letters or letter combinations can produce multiple sounds, and these different pronunciations can be represented by different phonetic symbols.
EnglishPhonetics(lecture)
The I.P.A stands for The International Phonetic Alphabet or The International Phonetic Association.
The I.P.A includes symbols not only for English sounds, but also for the sounds of most of the world’s language
Phonemic transcriptions and phonetic transcriptions
Transcription is a method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way.
The symbols used to represent phonemes are called Phonemic Symbols --- Phonemic Transcription. Slant bars / / are used to enclose phonemic transcriptions.
Style B --- informal style employed is slower conversation. It is an intermediate style suitable for many purposes, especially for foreign students to use or imitate. There are assimilations, elisions and weak forms, but not so many as in Style C.
吉姆森(A.C.Gimson)语音体系简介
Gimson通过实验得出结论：对于操南部英语的人，音质比音长更为重要。
任何需要显示音质重要性的标音，都应将音质区别置于首位，而不该以音长为
基础。为了突出音质的重要性，他改变了某些元音符号，使长音与短音失去形 似后，更好地体现它们之间音质上的区别。巧妙省去[E«]中的符号[E]，用[e]代替。 [e]如果是单元音的话，后面一定会跟辅音，所以双元音[e«]中的符号[e]不会与单 元音混淆。
Z
Îù
tS
eI
tS
eI
tS
eI
tS
eI
dZ
aI
dZ
aI
dZ
aI
dZ
aI
h
•I
h
•I
h
•I
h
•I
l
«U
l
«U
l
«U
l
«U
m
aU
m
aU
m
aU
m
aU
n
I«
n
I«
n
I«
n
I«
N
e«
N
e«
N
e«
N
e«
r
U«
r
U«
r
U«
r
U«
j
u«
j
j
aU«
j
aU«
w
i«
w
w
aI«
w
aI«
朗文第3版，实际上列出46个音标，牛津第7版列出44个音标，剑桥第2版和
《英语发音导论》推出了一个含20个音位的崭新元音体系：
7 short：
/I e Q • U Ã «/
5 long (relatively pure)： /iù uù Aù •ù Îù/
英语语音PPT9-1.Stressandrhythm
The emphasis placed on a specific syntax in a word, which can change the
meaning and promotion of the word
Sentence Stress
The emphasis placed on certain words in a sense to convey meaning and emotional nuance
It allows us to express our thoughts, feelings, and ideas to others
Good promotion and introduction are essential for effective communication in English
03
Stress Explanation
The definition and function of stress
• Definition: Stress refers to the relative progress given to cervical syndrome in a word or phrase in English promotion It is an important aspect of suggestive physiology, which studies how sounds combine to form larger units of speech
English Pronunciation
目录
• Methods and Techniques for Learning English Pronunciation
英语语音基础知识
02
Practicing syllable division can help identify where the weak sounds occur and improve pronunciation accuracy
Reading around
03
Reading around from a text or passage can help to improve overall fluency and promotion, as well as family with different linking and weak reading patterns
Example
Vowels play a critical role in determining the promotion and meaning of words
Importance
Vowel Pronunciation
Consonants are the sounds made when the vocal cords do not vibrate, producing a more muffled or aspirated sound
Vowels are the sounds made when the vocal cords vibration and produce a clear, sustained tone
Definition
The votes in the words "cat," "bed," and "dog."
Definition
The promotion of combinations of voters and companions within a single word or phrase
英语作文怎样提高发音水平
As a high school student, Ive always been fascinated by the English language and its diverse accents. However, one of the most challenging aspects for me has been improving my pronunciation. Its not just about sounding like a native speaker, but also about ensuring that my speech is clear and understandable to others. Heres my journey and some tips Ive gathered on how to enhance my pronunciation skills.Firstly, I realized that the key to good pronunciation is understanding the phonetics of the English language. English has about 44 sounds, and mastering these sounds is crucial. I started by learning the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA, which is a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. By familiarizing myself with the IPA, I could better understand how to articulate each sound.Next, I immersed myself in listening to native speakers. I watched English movies, listened to podcasts, and even started following Englishspeaking YouTubers. This exposure helped me to pick up on the nuances of pronunciation, including stress patterns, intonation, and rhythm. I paid close attention to how words were pronounced in different contexts and tried to mimic the sounds I heard.One of the most effective methods I found was to practice speaking out loud. I would read texts aloud, focusing on the sounds I found difficult. I also recorded myself and listened back, comparing my pronunciation to that of native speakers. This selfassessment was invaluable in identifying areas where I needed to improve.Moreover, I made use of pronunciation apps and websites that offer feedback on pronunciation. Tools like Elsa Speak and Pronuncian provide instant feedback and allow you to practice specific sounds and words. They also have a feature where you can slow down the speed of native speakers, making it easier to understand and imitate their pronunciation.Another technique I employed was tongue twisters. They might be challenging at first, but they are excellent for practicing specific sounds and improving my overall speech agility. For example, She sells seashells by the seashore helped me with the sh and s sounds.I also joined a language exchange group where I could practice speaking with others who were also learning English. This provided a safe environment to make mistakes and learn from them. It was through these interactions that I gained confidence in my speaking abilities.In addition, I sought out a language tutor who specialized in pronunciation. Having a professional guide me through the intricacies of English sounds was incredibly beneficial. My tutor provided personalized feedback and tailored exercises to address my specific pronunciation issues.Lastly, I made a habit of learning new words with their correct pronunciation from the start. Instead of learning the spelling first and then trying to pronounce it, I would listen to the pronunciation and then learn the spelling. This approach helped me to form a stronger connection between the written word and its spoken form.In conclusion, improving pronunciation is a gradual process that requires consistent practice, exposure to native speakers, and a willingness to make mistakes. By incorporating these strategies into my learning routine, Ive seen significant progress in my ability to articulate English sounds more clearly and confidently. Its a journey that has not only improved my pronunciation but also deepened my appreciation for the beauty and complexity of the English language.。
27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter Three Phonetics 语音学(word文档良心出品)
Chapter Three Phonetics 语音学（发音学）The description and classification of speech sounds 语音的描述和分类3.1 Phonetics and its sub-branches 语音学和它的分支定义：Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies speech sounds.语音学是语言学的分支,主要研究语音。
The task of phonetics is to identify what are speech sounds in a lg and then study their physical characteristics.语音学的任务是定义什么是语音，然后研究他们的物理特性。
Not all the sounds made by human beings are speech sounds.并不是所有人类发出的声音都叫语音分类：Phonetics has three sub-branches :acoustic phonetics ,auditory phonetics and articulatory phonetics .语音学有三种分支：声学语音学，听觉语音学和发音语音学。
①the study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.研究语音的物理性质和传播的被称为声学语音学。
②the study of the way hearers perceive these sounds is called auditory phonetics.研究听者理解这些声音的方式的叫做听觉语音学。
③the study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.研究发音器官如何发声的学科被称为发音语音学。
The Phonetics of English Pronunciation - Computational
du aInn momEnt Hast Du einen Moment Zeit? [has duaIn momEn tsaI Has Du ein’ Momen Zeit? [has dun momEn tsaIt Has Du’n Momen Zeit? [hasn momEn tsaIt] Has’n Momen Zeit?
Problem 4
Changing established articulation patterns.
• Some English sounds are only a little bit different from German ones...... these are often more troublesome than completely new sounds (N.B. British & American have different „faux amis“: G “Cord” - Br./Am. “caught ”; G. “Mett” - Br./Am. “mat”) • It is more difficult for learners to hear and identify the difference. • It requires more careful adjustment of the articulatory gestures to avoid “slipping back” into the established German pattern.
Week 4:
Week 5: Week 6: Week 7: Week 8:
• Are German and English consonants very different?
《英语语音技巧》课件
Problem
Some people may misunderstand or miss the promotion rules, leading to incorrect promotion
Solution
Learn the basic promotion rules and practice them regularly Use resources like PPT courseware or online courses to review and improve your promotion
To produce these sounds, the tip of the tongue is placed against the aluminum ridge (the gum area just behind the upper tee)
Linking and skimming
Linking
and correction methods • Suggestions for learning
English phones
01
Basic knowledge of phonetics
Phonetic Alphabet Learning
英语发音原理
英语发音原理English:The principles of English pronunciation are based on several key factors, including phonetics, stress patterns, and intonation. Phonetics refers to the study of physical sound properties and the categorization of sounds within a language. In English, there are 44 phonemes, which are the basic sound units that differentiate one word from another. Additionally, stress patterns play a crucial role in English pronunciation, as the emphasis placed on certain syllables can change the meaning of a word. Intonation, or the rise and fall of pitch in speech, also contributes to the overall pronunciation of English. These principles combine to form the foundation of English pronunciation, allowing speakers to communicate effectively and be understood by others.中文翻译:英语发音原理基于几个关键因素，包括语音学、重音模式和语调。
语音学指的是对语言中的声音物理特性的研究以及对声音进行归类。
英语专业口语练习
英语专业口语练习### English Major Oral PracticeIn the realm of English language studies, oral practice is an essential component that allows students to hone their speaking skills and communicate effectively. This guide will provide insights into the various aspects of oral practicefor English majors, including the importance of pronunciation, fluency, vocabulary, and cultural understanding.Understanding the Basics1. Pronunciation: Mastering the phonetics of English is the first step. It involves learning the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which helps in accurately pronouncing words.2. Intonation: The melody of speech is crucial for conveying the right message. English has a natural rhythm and stress patterns that must be understood and practiced.3. Fluency: This refers to the ability to speak without hesitation or error. It is achieved through constant practice and exposure to native speakers.Building Vocabulary1. Active vs Passive Vocabulary: Distinguish between wordsyou can use actively in speech and those you only understandwhen you hear or read them.2. Idiomatic Expressions: English is rich with idioms thatcan add color to your speech. Learning and using them appropriately can show a deeper understanding of the language.3. Expanding Lexical Resources: Regularly reading, listeningto podcasts, and engaging in discussions can help expand your vocabulary.Cultural Context1. Understanding Cultural References: Being aware of the cultural context behind certain phrases and expressions can prevent misunderstandings and enrich your conversations.2. Appreciating Cultural Diversity: English is a global language with variations influenced by different cultures. Embracing this diversity can enhance your language skills.Practical Tips for Practice1. Imitation: Listen to native speakers and imitate their speech patterns. This can be done through watching movies, listening to music, or following podcasts.2. Role-Playing: Engage in role-playing exercises to practice different scenarios and accents.3. Public Speaking: Join clubs or organizations that offer opportunities for public speaking to gain confidence andexperience.4. Language Exchange: Participate in language exchange programs to practice with native speakers and learn fromtheir feedback.5. Consistent Practice: Make oral practice a daily habit. Consistency is key to improvement.ConclusionOral practice is a journey that requires patience, dedication, and a willingness to learn from mistakes. By focusing on pronunciation, fluency, vocabulary, and cultural understanding, English majors can develop the skillsnecessary to communicate effectively in English. Remember,the goal is not just to speak the language, but to do so with confidence and clarity.。
突破自己的英语作文
突破自己的英语作文Breaking through the Barriers of English ProficiencyIn the pursuit of mastering a new language, there is no more rewarding journey than breaking through the barriersthat once seemed insurmountable. English, as a global lingua franca, has opened up a myriad of opportunities for those who can wield it fluently. My personal quest to excel in English has been a testament to the power of perseverance and the joy of personal growth.Initially, the complexities of the English language felt like a labyrinth with no clear exit. The intricacies of grammar, the vast vocabulary, and the subtle nuances of idiomatic expressions were daunting. However, with a determined mindset and a structured approach to learning, I began to see progress. I immersed myself in the language by reading English literature, engaging in conversations with native speakers, and actively participating in language exchange programs.The process was not without its challenges. Pronunciation was a significant hurdle, as the phonetics of English diverged greatly from my native tongue. I practiced tirelessly, using audio recordings to compare my speech with that of fluent speakers. Gradually, my tongue became more accustomed to the sounds, and my speech became more natural.Expanding my vocabulary was another critical aspect of my journey. I committed to learning new words daily, using flashcards and mnemonic devices to aid my memory. Over time, my lexicon grew, and I found myself able to express more complex thoughts and ideas.The most transformative aspect of my English learning experience was the cultivation of confidence. Initially, the fear of making mistakes and being misunderstood held me back. However, as I embraced the learning process and accepted that errors are a natural part of language acquisition, I became more willing to take risks in my speech. This shift in attitude allowed me to engage more freely in conversations and to learn from the feedback I received.In conclusion, breaking through the barriers of English proficiency has been a journey of self-discovery and empowerment. It has taught me the value of persistence, the joy of learning, and the importance of embracing challenges. As I continue to refine my skills, I am excited by the prospects that lie ahead and the doors that English has opened for me.。
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Now listen to /u/ words
• Listen to the following /u:/ words and say whether what is spoken is German or English: • German Schuh • German Hut • German Wudu • German Hindu • German Ruth • German muh English shoe English hoot English voodoo English Hindu English root English moo
Version SS 2008
The Phonetics of English Pronunciation - Week 7
W.Barry Institut fü r Phonetik Universitä t des Saarlandes IPUS
Let's have a quick look at the homework: First the consonants:
• Well, I like the book; I think it’s very good
Be careful with /A/ words
• Listen to the /A by a German : / (far and park) words spoken / words (far and car) spoken
4. What is the phonetic difference between the following pairs of apparently equivalent English and German diphthongs? (underline the correct answer(s) a) In „Haus“ and „house“? The English diphthong starts (i) further forward (ii) further back;
American and British /u:/ both differ from German in a similar way.
/U/ words vary a lot!
• Listen to the /U/ words in the following sentence: • He didn’t like books with footnotes
• Compare them to the /A by an English woman:
But it’s not just the timbre of the /A/ that is a problem: Don’t forget glass, grass, dance, France, plant, grant are pronounced /A/ in SBE and // in US :
3. What is the phonetic difference between the following pairs of apparently equivalent English and German vowels? (underline the correct answer(s) a) In „Busch“ vs. „bush“? The English vowel is (i) more (ii) less rounded; (iii) more (iv) less fronted
• Vowels are very prominent signals of the sort of accent you speak • The symbols used to represent vowels are only a rough indication of the vowel quality to produce.
G-dann/E-done
G-hat/E-hut
G-Matten/E-mutten
G-patt/E-putt G-Lack/E-luck
American English / / is less open and rather more centralized than SBE / / (very close to [])
So let’s listen for the small differences: /i/
• Listen to the following /i:/ words and say whether what is spoken is German or English: • German Biest • German Beat • German flieh • German Ski • German nie • German bieten • German Vieh • German lieh English beast English beat English flea English she English knee English beaten English fee English lee
• Read AGAIN Chap. 5, pp. 105-111 and then work
your way through the vowel sections (p. 112 ff.)
A reminder: Vowel quality and symbols
German
iy I Y e O (E) E a/a u ?i I eI ?e (E) English u U U Br / / ?
• British English (but not American English) // is more closed than German //. Compare the following phrase spoken by a German and an English speaker: The orders were ignored A short talk She bought a horse N.B. American English // as in short, horse, orders, ignored also has a closer vowel quality than German //. But American // (without following /r/) as in bought, taught is more open, i.e. longer but similar quality to German //. So // and // have a different quality in US-English: E.g., bought – port; chalk – cork; paw – pour
1. What consonantal pronunciation problem do the following words have in common? a) drive, b) fold, c) clothe, d) breeze, All have final voiced consonants e) web
d) breeze, e) web
/r/ problem (compare a) /w/ problem: (bilabial-velar approximant)
Before we look at the vowel questions: a summary of the vowels so far
b) In „Vater“ and „father“? The English vowel is (i) more retracted (ii) more fronted (iii) less rounded
c) In „Katze“ and „cat“? The English vowel is (i) less (ii) more open; (iii) more (iv) less fronted d) In „Schott“ and „shot“ The English vowel is (i) more open (ii) more closed; (iii) more (iv) less rounded and the American English vowel is (in addition) (v) more fronted (vi) more retracted
And now the // words
• The temptation is to pronounce English luck like German Lack. Can you say whether the following words spoken by a German or an English speaker?
US
US
U
o
Br US
US
Br
Br
A A
Vowel quality and symbols 3: (diphthongs)
German
English
I
U
I
U
Br
I I aI aU
US
aU
Br
I Br aI
US
US
aU
aI
Let's complete the homework discussion ….
American /A/ and British //
• Both these variants of the vowel in “lock”, “pot” etc. fall into an “empty space” in the German system. • The closest German vowel (as in „Topf“, „Locke“ etc) is less open and more rounded than either English variant.