初中英语句子成分分析.
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初中英语句子成份
英语句子与汉语句子一样,都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此,只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分,才能正确分析、理解句子的含义,并能准确地遣词造句,逐渐达到流利地说出地道的英语。
【问】什么是句子成分?英语句子包含哪些成分?
【答】组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。
英语五种基本句型列式如下:
一:SV(主+谓)
二:SVP(主+系+表)
三:SVO(主+谓+宾)
四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)
【问】各成分在句中的作用如何?分别由哪些词及短语充当?
1.主语:是句子要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体,一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如:
The car is running fast./The girl can sing many English songs.(名词)
We are students./This is my pen.Yours is on the desk.(代词)
One of my classmates is from Shanghai./Two and three is finve.(数词)
The blind need more help.(名词化的形容词)
It's bad manners to spit in public.(不定式)
Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词)
【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。
.2.谓语:说明主语的动作或状态,也是句子的主体部分,一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语,连系动词与表语一起构成谓语,情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语,助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如: 由单一动词作谓语:We are Chinese./He has an English-Chinese dictionary.
情态动词加主要动词:We can play the piano./You must see the doctor.
助动词加主要动词构成谓语:She is talking with her sister./I have seen this man before.【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。
3.表语:用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受,一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有:be,look,get,sound(听起来),feel,become,smell,turn,taste(尝起来)等。如:
They are workers.(名词)
Two and three is five.(数词)
The story is very interesting.(形容词)
M y job(工作)is teaching English.(动名词)
She is at home.(介词短语)
I feel terrible.(形容词)
The dish tastes delicious.(形容词)
He is here(副词)
It’s getting dark./He got very angry./The hill has turned green.(形容词)
4.宾语:是及物动词所涉及的对象,是动作的对象或承受者。一般由名词、代词、不定式
及动名词等充当。如:
He is doing his homework./I saw a plane in the sky just now.(名词)
They did nothing this morning./I met him on my way home.(代词)
I want three./Please pass me the first.(数词)
She wants to go home.(不定式)
We enjoy playing football.(动名词)
【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语,间接宾语指人,直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有:give,buy,lend,pass,tell,leave等。如:
He bought me a book.
Pass me the ball,will you?(间宾+直宾)
直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后,但若把直接宾语放在前面,则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或for等。如:
Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾+间宾)
Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾+间宾)
②有的动词常用不定式作宾语,而不能用动名词。这类动词有:want,wish,hope,
promise,decide,agree,choose,care等。如:
I hope to see you again.
③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语,而不用不定式。这类动词有:enjoy,finish,
mind,practise,miss,suggest,keep(on)等。如:
Do you mind my opening the window?
④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。
a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”,forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如:
Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)
I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)
b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下
原来的事,去做另一件事”,stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如:
I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。)
The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。
注意:英语中带有宾语的谓语动词叫及物动词,不带宾语的叫不及物动词。及物动词后必须跟上宾语意义才完整,不及物动词本身意义已完整,后面不跟宾语。
You may use my pen./Do you like fish?(及物)
Dick swims very well./The sun rises in the east.(不及物)
不及物动词可加介词再加宾语
We are listening to the music.
They are talking to each other.
既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词的词:
We are growing tomatoes./Tomatoes grow well in our garden.
They left Shanghai yesterday./They left yesterday.
My mother teaches in this school./She teaches English.
We are studying./We study English.
We began our lesson at nine./The lecture began at nine.
5.直接宾语与间接宾语。
有些及物动词可带有两个宾语,其中一个指物(直接宾语),另一个指人(间接宾语)。
我们称为双宾语。
动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)
He lent me a book./He bought me a pen./I have taught myself English for ten years.