How to write Methodology
关于论文写作的指导(英文版)
关于论文写作的指导(英文版)Guide to Writing a Research PaperWriting a research paper can be a daunting task for many students, as it requires extensive research, critical thinking, and effective communication skills. However, with careful planning and a systematic approach, anyone can write a successful research paper. This guide aims to provide step-by-step instructions and useful tips to help you navigate through the process of writing a well-crafted research paper.1. Understand the assignment: Before starting your research paper, carefully read the assignment guidelines provided by your instructor. Pay attention to the specific requirements, such as the topic, length, formatting style, and deadlines. If you have any doubts or questions, don't hesitate to seek clarification from your instructor.2. Choose a topic: A good research paper starts with a well-defined and interesting topic. Select a topic that is relevant to your field of study and aligns with your interests. Ensure that the topic is neither too broad nor too narrow. Conduct initial research to make sure there is enough information available to support your arguments.3. Conduct thorough research: To write an impactful research paper, you need to gather reliable and relevant information from various sources. Utilize library resources, academic journals, books, and reputable online databases to acquire the necessary data. Take notes while researching and keep track of the sources you consult.4. Develop a thesis statement: A strong thesis statement is the focal point of your research paper. It presents the main argument or hypothesis that you will support throughout your paper. Your thesis statement should be clear, concise, and debatable. Make sure it reflects the purpose of your paper and guides your research and writing process.5. Create an outline: An outline serves as a roadmap for your research paper, making the writing process more organized and efficient. It includes the main sections and subsections of your paper, along with the key points you will discuss in each section. This will help you maintain a logical flow and ensure that you cover all the necessary information.6. Write a compelling introduction: The introduction is the first impression of your research paper. Start with a catchy hook to grab the reader's attention. Provide background information on the topic and gradually narrow it down to your thesis statement. Clearly state the purpose and significance of your research, and explain how your paper will contribute to the existing body of knowledge.7. Present a comprehensive literature review: A literature review demonstrates your understanding of the existing research on your topic. Summarize the key findings of relevant studies and identify any gaps in the literature. Make sure to cite all the sources properly and critically analyze the information presented.8. Methodology: In this section, describe the research methods you used to collect and analyze data. Clearly explain your approach, including the sample size, data collection instruments, andstatistical analysis methods. This will allow readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of your findings.9. Present your findings: Share the results of your research in a logical and coherent manner. Use graphs, tables, and figures to illustrate your findings effectively. Interpret the results and explain their significance in relation to your research question. Remain objective and avoid making unsupported claims or overgeneralizing your findings.10. Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your research and review how they support your thesis statement. Discuss the implications of your findings and suggest further areas of research. End your conclusion with a thought-provoking statement or a call to action.11. Revise and edit: The final step in writing a research paper is revising and editing. Review your paper for clarity, coherence, grammar, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your paper adheres to the formatting style required by your instructor. Consider seeking feedback from a peer or instructor to gain valuable insights and make necessary improvements.In conclusion, writing a research paper requires careful planning, extensive research, and effective communication skills. By following this guide, you can navigate through the process with confidence and produce a well-structured and impactful research paper. Remember to allow yourself enough time for each step and seek help when needed.继续写相关内容，1500字12. Citations and References: In academic writing, it is crucial to give credit to the original sources of information and ideas. Proper citations and references not only demonstrate academic integrity but also allow readers to locate and verify the sources. Different disciplines may follow different citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. Familiarize yourself with the specific guidelines and consistently apply them throughout your research paper. Keep track of your sources from the beginning and create a bibliography or reference list as you go along.13. Revise and Edit: Once you have completed the initial draft of your research paper, it is important to revise and edit it thoroughly. Revision involves rethinking, reorganizing, and rewriting sections for better clarity and coherence. Check for any gaps in your argumentation or supporting evidence. Make sure that your ideas flow logically and that each paragraph contributes to the overall argument. Edit your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. It can be helpful to read your paper aloud or ask someone else to read it and provide feedback. Remember that revising and editing is an ongoing process, and it may take multiple rounds before your research paper is polished and ready for submission. 14. Pay Attention to Formatting: In addition to citations and references, it is important to pay attention to the overall formatting of your research paper. Follow the guidelines provided by your instructor regarding font size, margins, line spacing, and page numbering. Consider using headings and subheadings to organize your paper and make it easier to navigate. Make sure that all tables, figures, and illustrations are properly labeled and referred to in the text. A well-formatted research paper not only looks professionalbut also enhances readability and comprehension.15. Seek Feedback and Proofreading: Before submitting your research paper, it is beneficial to seek feedback from others. Share your paper with classmates, colleagues, or your instructor and ask for their opinions and suggestions. They may be able to point out any inconsistencies, weaknesses in your argument, or areas that need further clarification. Consider their feedback and make necessary revisions. Additionally, it is essential to have your research paper proofread by someone else or use proofreading tools and software. Even the most careful writers can overlook errors, and a fresh pair of eyes can catch mistakes that you may have missed.16. Practice Time Management: Writing a research paper can be time-consuming, so it is important to manage your time effectively. Break down the task into smaller, manageable steps and set deadlines for each step. Use a planner or online tools to schedule your research, writing, and revision sessions. Start working on your research paper well in advance to avoid any last-minute rush. It is also a good idea to allocate extra time for unexpected challenges or delays. By managing your time efficiently, you can reduce stress and produce a high-quality research paper.17. Emphasize Clarity and Coherence: Clarity and coherence are essential qualities of a well-written research paper. Make sure that your ideas are expressed clearly and concisely. Avoid using jargon or overly complex language that may confuse readers. Use transition words and phrases to create smooth transitions between paragraphs and sections. The overall structure of your paper shouldbe coherent, with each section and paragraph contributing to the central argument. Regularly review your work to ensure that your ideas are presented logically and that readers can easily follow your thought process.18. Practice Ethical Research Conduct: Conducting research ethically is crucial to maintain the integrity of your research paper and respect the rights and privacy of others. Obtain proper permission and informed consent when conducting surveys, interviews, or experiments involving human subjects. Follow ethical guidelines when conducting research involving animals. When using other researchers' work, ensure proper citation and acknowledgment. Avoid plagiarism by paraphrasing and quoting sources accurately. Familiarize yourself with your institution's policies on research ethics and ensure that your research adheres to ethical standards.19. Take Care of Your Mental and Physical Well-being: Writing a research paper can be mentally and physically demanding. It is important to take care of yourself throughout the process. Take breaks, engage in physical activities, and maintain a balanced diet. Get enough sleep and manage your stress levels effectively. If you feel overwhelmed or stuck, don't hesitate to seek support from your classmates, instructors, or tutors. Remember that it is normal to experience challenges and setbacks during the research paper writing process, and taking care of your well-being can help you overcome them more effectively.20. Finalize and Submit: After incorporating feedback and making all necessary revisions, it is time to finalize your research paper.Review the formatting, citations, and references one last time to ensure accuracy and consistency. Proofread your work for any remaining errors. Once you are confident that your research paper is polished and meets all the requirements, submit it on time following the submission guidelines provided by your instructor. Celebrate your hard work and the accomplishment of completing your research paper!Writing a research paper may seem challenging at first, but by following these steps, you can approach the task with confidence and produce a high-quality paper. Remember that writing is a process, and it requires time, effort, and perseverance. Do not hesitate to seek help and guidance when needed. With practice and experience, you will become more proficient in writing research papers and communicating your ideas effectively.。
AcadWrit学术英语写作
2
Table of Contents
Advice for modern academic writing ............................................................................................. 3 General advice for non-native writers………………………………………………………... 3 Basic Methodology I: Process writing ........................................................................................... 4 Basic Methodology II: Passive vs. active voice ........................................................................... 10 Basic Methodology III: The end-focus technique .......................................................................... 12 Article sections: overview, content, order of creation .................................................................... 16 Case reports ...............................................................
课堂版How to write a body part
Key
7 This method obtains a precipitate through the addition of BaCl2.2H2O; the resulting precipitate can be washed and stored easily.
6 Samples 10–18 were prepared in our laboratory using a revised version of the precipitation method established by the ISF Institute in Germany.6 7 This method obtains a precipitate through the addition of BaCl2.2H2O; the resulting precipitate can be washed and stored easily. 8 The samples were subsequently shipped to ISF for analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). 9 All tubing used was stainless steel, and although two samples were at risk of CFC contamination as a result of brief contact with plastic, variation among samples was negligible.
Your Task: Building a Model
如何写引言
1.2 Grammar and Writing Skills This section deals with four language areas which are important in the Introduction: TENSE PAIRS SIGNALLING LANGUAGE PASSIVE/ACTIVE USE PARAGRAPHING 1.2.1 Tense pairs Present Simple/Present Continuous In order to use tenses correctly in the Introduction, you first need to look at the difference between the way the Present Simple tense and the Present Continuous tense are used. Look at these two sentences:
1
Unit 1 ✏ How to Write an Introduction
1.1 Structure Until now, much of your science writing has focused on writing reports in which you simply described what you did and what you found. Although this will help you write the central ‘report’ sections (Methodology and Results) of a research paper or thesis, it doesn’t prepare you for writing an Introduction to a full-length research article; this is a new task that faces you once you move on to research writing. In practice, you will find that you need to be certain about what you have done and what you have found in order to write the Introduction, and so the best time to write it will be after you have written, or at least drafted, the report sections. However, in this book, the structure of a research article is presented in the order in which it appears in a paper/thesis so that you can trace the connections between each part and see the sequence in which information is presented to the reader. You may want to start your Introduction by describing the problem you are trying to solve, or the aim of your work, but as you will see when you examine published work, this is not how most research papers begin — and therefore it is not the best way for you to begin. In order to help you write the Introduction to your own research, the model you build must answer the following three questions: • How do writers normally start the Introduction? • What type of information should be in my Introduction, and in what order? • How do writers normally end the Introduction?
英语论文分析学习第3节methodology
Abstract
Introduction
methodology
results
Discussion/conclusion
The contents of a research article or thesis
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融资项目商业计划书
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Warming up question:
what kind of research methods do you use in your field.?
APA format
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General structure of the methods Section
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融资项目商业计划书
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definition
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Quantitative the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.
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Model analysis-Sentence1
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practice: read the 3 examples and decide what are the ways to introduce the Methodology? ways
英文文献综述写作要求和方法
DefinitionA literature review（文献综述）is both a summary and explanation of the complete and current state of knowledge on a limited topic as found in academic books （学术著作）and journal articles（期刊论文）. There are two kinds of literature reviews you might write at university: one that students are asked to write as a stand-alone assignment in a course, often as part of their training in the research processes in their field, and the other that is written as part of an introduction to, or preparation for, a longer work, usually a thesis or research report. The focus and perspective of your review and the kind of hypothesis（假设）or thesis argument you make will be determined by what kind of review you are writing. One way to understand the differences between these two types is to read published literature reviews or the first chapters of theses and dissertations（学位论文）in your own subject area. Analyze the structure of their arguments and note the way they address the issues.Purpose of the Literature Review∙It gives readers easy access to research on a particular topic by selecting high quality articles or studies that are relevant, meaningful, important and valid（有效的）and summarizing them into one complete report.∙It provides an excellent starting point for researchers beginning to do research ina new area by forcing them to summarize, evaluate, and compare originalresearch in that specific area.∙It ensures that researchers do not duplicate work that has already been done. 你所整理的文章中作者主要观察的重点是什么∙It can provide clues（线索）as to where future research is heading or recommend areas on which to focus. 现在的研究都到了什么程度∙It highlights key findings.∙It identifies inconsistencies（矛盾）, gaps and contradictions in the literature.∙It provides a constructive analysis of the methodologies and approaches of other researchers. 前面研究者的建设性的方法和途径Content of the ReviewIntroductionThe introduction explains the focus and establishes the importance of the subject（主题）. It discusses what kind of work has been done on the topic and identifies a ny controversies（争议）within the field or any recent research which has raised questions about earlier assumptions（假设）. It may provide background or history. It concludes with a purpose or thesis statement（中心思想）. In a stand-alone literature review, this statement will sum up and evaluate the state of the art （目前的工艺水平）in this field of research; in a review that is an introduction or preparatory to（为~~做准备）a thesis or research report, it will suggest how the review findings will lead to the research the writer proposes to undertake.Body（论文的内容）Often divided by headings/subheadings（标题/副标题）, the body summarizes and evaluates the current state of knowledge in the field. It notes major themes or topics, the most important trends, and any findings about which researchers agree or disagree. Ifthe review is preliminary to （在~~之前）your own thesis or research project, its purpose is to make an argument that will justify your proposed research. Therefore, it will discuss only that research which leads directly to your own project.ConclusionThe conclusion summarizes all the evidence presented and shows its significance. If the review is an introduction to your own research, it highlights gaps and indicates how previous research leads to your own research project and chosen methodology. If the review is a stand-alone assignment for a course, it should suggest any practical applications of the research as well as the implications and possibilities for future research.Nine Steps to Writing a Literature Review（九步法写综述）1. Find a working topic.Look at your specific area of study. Think about what interests you, and what fertile ground for study is. Talk to your professor, brainstorm, and read lecture notes and recentissues of periodicals（期刊）in the field.2. Review the literature.∙Using keywords search a computer database. It is best to use at least two databases relevant to your discipline.∙Remember that the reference lists of recent articles and reviews can lead to valuable papers.∙Make certain that you also include any studies contrary to your point of view.3. Focus your topic narrowly and select papers accordingly.Consider the following:∙What interests you?∙What interests others?∙What time span（时间跨度）of research will you consider?Choose an area of research that is due for a review.4. Read the selected articles thoroughly and evaluate them.∙What assumptions do most/some researchers seem to be making?∙What methodologies do they use? - What testing procedures, subjects, material tested?∙Evaluate and synthesize（综合）the research findings and conclusions drawn.∙Note experts（专家）in the field: names/labs that are frequently referenced.∙Note conflicting theories, results, and methodologies.∙Watch for popularity of theories and how this has/has not changed over time.5. Organize the selected papers by looking for patterns and by developing sub-topics. Note things such as:∙Findings that are common/contested（争论）∙Two or three important trends in the research∙The most influential theories6. Develop a working thesis.Write a one- or two-sentence statement summarizing the conclusion you have reached about the major trends and developments you see in the research that has been done on your subject.7. Organize your own paper based on the findings from steps 4 & 5.Develop headings/subheadings. If your literature review is extensive, find a large table surface, and on it place post-it notes（便签纸）or filing cards（档案卡）to organize all your findings into categories. Move them around if you decide that (a) they fit better under different headings, or (b) you need to establish new topic headings.8. Write the body of the paperFollow the plan you have developed above, making certain that each section links logically to the one before and after and that you have divided your sections by themes or subtopics, not by reporting the work of individual theorists or researchers.9. Look at what you have written; focus on analysis, not description.Look at the topic sentences of each paragraph. If you were to read only these sentences, would you find that your paper presented a clear position, logically developed, from beginning to end? If, for example, you find that each paragraph begins with a researcher's name, it might indicate that, instead of evaluating and comparing the research literature from an analytical point of view, you have simply described what research has been done. This is one of the most common problems with student literature reviews. So if your paper still does not appear to be defined by a central,Finishing Touches: Revising and Editing Your Work∙Read your work out loud. That way you will be better able to identify where you need punctuation marks（标点符号）to signal pauses or divisions withinsentences, where you have made grammatical errors, or where your sentences are unclear.∙Since the purpose of a literature review is to demonstrate that the writer is familiar with the important professional literature on the chosen subject, check to make certain that you have covered all of the important, up-to-date, andpertinent texts. In the sciences and some of the social sciences it is importantthat your literature be quite recent; this is not so important in the humanities.∙Make certain that all of the citations and references are correct and that you are referencing in the appropriate style for your discipline. If you are uncertain which style to use, ask your professor.∙Check to make sure that you have not plagiarized either by failing to cite a source of information, or by using words quoted directly from a source. (Usually if you take three or more words directly from another source, you should putthose words within quotation marks, and cite the page.)∙Text should be written in a clear and concise academic style; it should not be descriptive in nature or use the language of everyday speech.∙There should be no grammatical or spelling errors.∙Sentences should flow smoothly and logically.∙In a paper in the sciences, or in some of the social sciences, the use of subheadings to organize the review is recommended.。
ai写文献综述英文版
ai写文献综述英文版Writing a literature review in English involves several steps and considerations. Here is a comprehensive guide on how to write a literature review:1. Understand the Purpose: The purpose of a literature review is to provide an overview and critical evaluation of existing research on a specific topic. It helps identify the current state of knowledge, gaps in research, and potential areas for further investigation.2. Select a Topic: Choose a specific research topicthat is relevant and interesting. It should have enough existing literature to review.3. Conduct a Literature Search: Use academic databases, search engines, and other relevant sources to gather scholarly articles, books, and other publications related to your topic. Ensure that your sources are recent and reputable.4. Organize Your Sources: Create a system to manage and organize your sources. This can be done using reference management software like EndNote or Mendeley. Keep track of the bibliographic information, including authors,publication dates, titles, and page numbers.5. Read and Evaluate: Read each source carefully and critically evaluate its relevance, credibility, and methodology. Take notes on key findings, arguments, and any gaps in the research.6. Identify Themes and Patterns: Look for common themes, ideas, and patterns across the literature. Group similar sources together based on their main arguments or findings.7. Develop an Outline: Create an outline for your literature review. It should include an introduction, main body paragraphs organized by themes, and a conclusion. The introduction should provide background information andstate the purpose of the review. The main body paragraphs should discuss the findings from each theme or subtopic.The conclusion should summarize the main points andhighlight any gaps or areas for future research.8. Write the Review: Start by writing an engaging introduction that provides context and states theobjectives of the review. In the main body paragraphs, present a synthesis of the literature, discussing the main findings, theories, and methodologies. Be sure tocritically analyze and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each source. Use smooth transitions between paragraphs to maintain a logical flow. In the conclusion, summarize the key points and provide suggestions for future research.9. Revise and Edit: Review your draft for clarity, coherence, and logical structure. Ensure that your arguments are well-supported by evidence. Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Seek feedback from peersor professors to improve the quality of your review.10. Cite and Reference: Use the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, or Chicago) to cite your sourceswithin the text and create a reference list or bibliography at the end of your review. Make sure to follow the specific formatting guidelines of the chosen citation style.In conclusion, writing a literature review in English requires careful planning, thorough research, critical analysis, and effective writing skills. By following these steps, you can create a comprehensive and well-structured literature review. Remember to acknowledge thecontributions of other researchers and avoid plagiarism by properly citing all sources used in your review.。
科技论文 methodology 分析
Second, another difficulty arises with the passive when
you write about the procedure you used and compare it with the work of other researchers. One way to make sure that your own contribution is clear and easy to identify is by marking it with words —In this study, or In our experiments.
Try building the model of Methodology.
Model
1. Provide a general introduction and overview of the
materials/methods. Restate the purpose of the work Give the source of materials /equipment used Supply essential background information
In Sentence 1. the writer offers a general overview of
the subsection. In Sentence 2 the writer provides background information and justification. In Sentence 3 the writer provides an overview of the procedure/ method itself. In Sentence 4 the writer provides details about what was done and used and shows that care was taken.
论文结构
How to write introduction?1.length: no more than about ten percent of the total length.1) A definition of any unfamiliar terms in the title.Your opinions on the subject of the essay.A provocative idea of the question to interest the reader.Your aim or purpose in writing.The method you adopt to answer the questions.Some brief background to the topic.The organization of your work.Any limitations you set yourself.简短：（背景+意义）简+（目的+内容+研究问题○1○2○3○4…+方法）详+结构（有哪几章…）2.Step 1) Establishing a research territory ---- by showing the general research is important,central, interesting, problematic/ by introducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area.Step 2) Establishing a niche ---- by indicating a gap in the previous research or by extending previous knowledge in some way.3.Tips:1) “eye-catching” opening sentence “开门见山“2) ensure a direct relationship between introduction and the remainder of thedissertation(论文剩下的部分)3) each chapter should also have an introduction4.Begin:1) anecdote轶事2) data and statistics3) quoting an authority 4) reviewing literature 5)provide background information 6) definition of a ____ 7) challenging assumption 8) providing summaryBody part of the thesis ---- literature review1.Preliminaries（初步活动）definition / genres of review / considerations of LR reading and writing the fuctions of LR / the key points of LR / the questions of LR should review1) ○1critical points of current knowledge. Including substantive findings, theoretical andmethodological contribution. 评价前人的….○2both a summary and explanation of a limited topic2) Book review: analyze and evaluate a particular book.Annotated Bibliography: 在每一行出版信息进行加注（总结，分析）Systematic review: 与研究问题相关的研究总结进行评价3) Provenance: 前人论点与研究的关系是否正确，有无漏洞？Objectivity: 前人观点是否公平？是否带有偏见？Persuasivess: 谁的研究最有说服性？Value: 对前人研究的价值进行评价4) placing your tentative research problems in the context of your filed.gathering imformation5) not a simply description of what others have published in the form of a set of summaries.（哪年出版…不用罗列太多）critical discussion / showing insight and differing argumentsa synthesis and analysis of the relevant published book, linked at all times to your ownpurpose and relation.6) what do you already know in the immediate area concerned ?what are the characteristic of the key concept or the main factors or variables?what are the inconsistencies of other shortcoming in our knowledge and understanding?what views need to be tested?what evidence is lacking inconclusive, contradictory or too limited?why study the research problems?what contribution can the present study be expected to make?what research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?7) purposes:easy access to topicstarting point for beginning不是盲目重复展望这个领域在未来什么方向highlight key findingsidentify inconsistencies, gaps and contributionsconstructive analysis2.Part 2: how to write LRskills and abilities/ structure/ organization/ steps/ trapsinformation seeking (知道前人研究)／critical appraisal (评价别人观点)1) introduction: explain the focus and importance and研究领域现状2) body: 将现状进行总结与分析／详写这个领域中主要的话题、流派、方法、成果、后者评价等。
英文文献的方法部分-Methodology
Sophie
Materials & Methods
4
4.1 Introduction to Methodology Section
4.1.2 Why explain how you obtained your results? The method affects the results. There are different methods that we can use. The methods is consistent with accepted practice in the field of
• Give details and nothing more
Sentence 9: mentions a possible difficulty in the methodology.
• But how can I talk about problems in my work without looking like a
Sophie
Materials & Methods
study. The research methods must be appropriate to the objectives of the
study. The methodology should also discuss the problems and the ways
methodology
反向答题法
Q: Why are few artists wealthy?
A: Really? I thought all the artists are wealthy as far as I know. Oh no no no, hold on a sec, Vincent van Gogh, he was not wealthy all his life. I bet you must know him; everyone does. He is known as one of the greatest painters now but back in his time, when he was alive, nobody appreciated his work and he couldn’t sell one of the paintings, he was always starving. Now, his painting can be sold at a couple of millions easy. What a shame he only became famous years after his death.
抽象变具体法
Q1: Do you like bad news or good news? Q2: Is there much false information in news? Q3: Which do you think is better, to have ‘one man rule’ or to have rule by everybody? Q4: Who is usually the leader in a family in China? Q5: What can cause water pollution? Q6: What are the benefits for companies to give holidays to the employees?
艺术设计专业英语
the evaluation of furniture aesthetic value from qualitative description to
第3页/共18页
Preliminaries
• 1 introduction • The research paper is the most important as it embodies the many intellectual and
linguistic skills that are needed in an academic environment such as in a college or a university.
tu it
re is
aesthetic va one of the
l
ue
difficult issues in research field. Based on the establishment of furniture
aesthetic value evaluation system, this paper confirmed the matrix and
How to write a research paper
• 1 Preliminaries for starting, continuing,and completing a research paper
研究生学术英语写作教程Unit4DescribingMethodology
研究⽣学术英语写作教程Unit4DescribingMethodologyUnit 4 Describing MethodologyObjectives─ Be clear about t he significance of this section─ Try to understand the importance of pa ssive voice in academic writing─ Learn to be skilled in using sequential markers in writing a pro cess─ Be fam iliar with proof-reading skills─ Learn to design a questionnaireContents─ Brief introduction to this section─ Reading & Discussion: What information elements are usually involved in writing a methodology section?─ Language Focus: Passive voice and sequential markers─ Writing Practice: Understanding the sentence patterns and sent ence order in writing a process─ Writing Project: How to design a questionnaire1.Reading ActivityIn natural sciences the method section is often called Materials and Methods. In social sciences it is common to introduce a section called Theory and Methods. Sometimes it is divided in two sections: Theoretical Framework and Methods. Research methodology is mainly concerned with the answers to the following questions:1) Why is a particular research study undertaken?2) How has one formulated a research problem?3) What types of data have been collected?4) What particular methods have been used?5) Why is a particular technique of analysis of data used?1.1Pre-reading TaskThe following is the method section of a research article in the field of applied linguistics. Think about the following questions before reading the text and then havea discussion with your classmates:1) What is the function of the method section?2) What information elements does a method section include?3) What verb tenses are mainly used in the text? What is the proportion of activevoice verbs to passive voice verbs in this method section?1.2 Reading PassageEnglish for College Students in Taiwan:A Study of perceptions of English Needs in a Medical ContextThe experiment was initiated to investigate perceptions of English needs in a medical context among college students in Taiwan.The subjects were 341 medical students in the Department of Medicine, including 97 freshmen, 74 sophomores, 90 juniors, and 80 seniors, and 20 faculty members in the medical program at Chung Shan Medical College in Taichung, Taiwan, China.Two questionnaires were developed for the survey, based on two earlier survey instruments by Taylor & Hussein (1985) and Guo (1989). The questionnaires were translated into Chinese, piloted, and modified according to the feedback from l0 respondents: six medical students and four faculty members from Chung Shan Medical College. The questionnaire given to the medical students consisted of five sections of 23 questions, the topics of which were the importance of English in college and professional careers, perceived language skill needs and problems, the activities needed in a freshman language course, and suggestions for development of course content and materials as well as demographic information. The faculty questionnaire consisted of four sections of l6 questions, which were parallel to those in the version given to the students except no demographic information was gathered (see Appendix).One of the authors, a faculty member at Chung Shan Medical College, selected one required class for each group of students (freshmen sophomores, juniors and seniors). Copies of the student questionnaire for administration to the students were then sent to cooperating instructors teaching these courses; copies of the faculty questionnaire were given to 20 teachers who were willing to complete the survey.The data were computer-analyzed using an SPSS program: in the questionnaire, percentages were determined for all questions except 8 and 13 for which means were computed. Chi-square, t-tests, and ANOV A analyses (⽅差分析) were conducted in order to determine the perceptions of English language needs of medical college students and their faculty and to compare the perceptions held by the various groups.( Pang, 2008)1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 Fill in the following table with relevant details from the passage.1.3.2 Understand more about the method section of this research. Whatdo you know about the questionnaires used in the survey?2. Language Focus2.1 Passive voiceThe passive voice is usually used in academic writing, because passive structures have less subjective coloring in most cases than active ones. When describing a process or a scientific experiment, it is important to write in a neutral style, as an observer. To do this, you can use passive voice. There are three instances in which the passive voice is recommended: 1) when we do not know or do not care about who has performed the action; 2) when we focus on the receiver instead of the performer of the action; and 3) when we would like to remain in a neutral or objective position in writing. More examples from the methodology section are as follows:1) The study was conducted at the beginning of the semester and the final one was given at the end of the semester. ( procedure )2) In summer, the greenhouse was cooled by pulling in air through water saturated pads on the south end of the building. ( specially designed material )3) The quartz reactors tested for this work are fabricated by the A&B Sales Company of Wheeling, Leeds, UK. ( instrument )4) In order to provide a broad sampling of college students, respondents were recruited from diverse fields of study. ( sampling )5) The final scores were computed into mean averages (X) and standard deviations (SD). ( statistical analysis)2.1.1 Go over the Reading Passage and mark verbs inthe passive voiceand then complete the following table:2.1.2 Rewrite the following text with passive voice.Some people consider a poison ivy infection to be humorous. But it is not funny at all. Contact with the plant causes a rash that has the intensity of a fresh mosquito bite and lasts for several days. Scientists have studied poison ivy infection for centuries, but they have found no preventive pill or inoculation. The poisonous substance in the plant is called urushiol. After urushiol has touched the skin, blisters and weeping sores will soon cover the exposed area.2.2 Sequential markersA process paragraph explains how to do something or how something works. Process paragraphs are usually developed step-by-step in a chronological or logical sequence. The following sequencing expressions are more frequently used to link steps in a description of a process or to divide a process into steps:● Firstly … To begin with … First of all … etc.● Secondly … Next … After that … In addition … etc.● Finally … Lastly …The following sentences describe a process of making paper. Use sequential words and rewrite them into a cohesive paragraph.1) The logs are placed in the shredder.2) They are cut into small chips and mixed with water and acid.3) They are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned.4) It is chemically bleached to whiten it.5) It is passed through rollers to flatten it.6). Sheets of wet paper are produced.7) The water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined and the finished paper is produced.3. Writing PracticeA well organized, logically ordered and easily understandable chapter on methodology makes the thesis a really outstanding work. Normally, a method section includes:1) Overview of the experiment: one sentence briefly tells what was done (like a topicsentence);2) Population: state the people/subjects studied, or the things tested;3) Location : where the study took place;4) Restriction/Limiting conditions: precautions taken to make sure that the data are valid;5) Sampling Techniques : describe how the subject are selected for the study;6) Materials : describe the materials used to conduct the study or experiment;7) Procedures : State the steps of the experiment in a chronological order;8) Statistical Treatment: describe how the statistics are examined.Of all the items on this list, the only items that are always included in the method section are the materials and procedures.3.1 Read the following sentences. They are all taken from method sections from different research articles. In each case, determine which information element is represented.(1) A total of 369 participants of European origins (52.7% female) with a mean age of27.2 years were recruited by research assistants in public places in the Montrealregion.(2) The data used for the current analysis consists of 60 texts taken from 20engineering journals.(3) Experimenters approached potential participants by introducing themselves asstudents from the University of Quebec in Montreal and then asked if they would accept to participate in a short study on facial expressions.(4) The study aims to examine the use of SEF as a tool for providing evidence ofteaching effectiveness in tertiary education.(5) The results of the two questionnaires were subjected to statistical tests ofreliability and significance using SPSS.(6) Envelopes containing the survey materials were sent to the local business managerof each union. In the envelopes, there was a cover letter explaining the project, the questionnaire itself, and a pre-paid return envelope. The union business manager was contacted and asked to select workers from his union and to send the envelopes to the chosen workers.(7) The participants were 90 first-year students from the School of Foreign Languagesat a major university in Nanjing. Their average age was 18 years old. They constituted a convenience sample.(8) The investigation was performed in a national laboratory affiliated to a researchcenter for industrial automation in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province.3.2 Completing sentencesThe following words and phrasal verbs are more commonly used in Method SectionComplete the following paragraph by translating Chinese into English.A group of MBA students from a major metropolitan state university were recruited as participants for the investigation. （1）（问卷调查实施）after the topic of the BSC had been discussed in the course. 136 students enrolled in a managerial accounting course ( 2 ) （完成了此次问卷. _( 3 )_（表2给出了这些参与者的背景信息）. As is shown, the majority of participants are male. _( 4 )_（参与者的平均年龄约29岁）, _( 5 )_（平均⼯作经历约6年）, and the mean number of accounting classes was approximately four.(Liu, 2008)1)_________________________________________________________________2)_________________________________________________________________3)_________________________________________________________________4)_________________________________________________________________5)_________________________________________________________________3.3 Reordering sentencesThe following is the method section of a research article from the field of engineering with sentences in a scrambled order.Please rearrange them in a more conventional order. Write the sequential number in the box on the right side of the table below.3.4 Rewriting sentencesThe following sentences are taken from method sections of different published articles. Rewrite each sentence to make it more acceptable.(1) Table 5 shows the number of students per level and their L1 language backgroundswhich are represented.__________________________________________________________________ (2) Two questionnaires which were administered respectively to the personnel officersand business employees show a similar result in terms of their perception of the use of English in their firm.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (3) The scores of the two raters were averaged and all the data were entered forstatistical analysis.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (4) The model which was used in the experiment was a modified version of the 2006Test package, which was originally developed by the Morrison Research Institute.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (5) Gray (1998) studied the effectiveness of the new schedule. He used scores on theStanford Achievement Test as the measure.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (6) Having explained the directions, the students began to write.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (7) The schedule was in effect only 1 year, with students achieving better results.__________________________________________________________________ (8) The teacher put the assignment on the board, and then she checked the roll andfound that three students were absent.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(9) School administrators who are interested in making changes that are not tooexpensive or too complex for the most part have been overly receptive to simplistic solutions.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (10) One of the obstacles that deter the installation of solar energy systems that aredesigned to achieve the savings that are important to all people is the reluctance of those same individuals to make large capital investments.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.5 Turning notes into a passageYou are required to write the method section of a research paper about the experiment to investigate into students? preferences and attitudes towards sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetened beverages. Pay particular attention to the choice of tense and voice.4. Writing Project4.1 Gathering information for a method section.You are required to write the method section of a research paper in the field of English language class attendance with the information elements given below. Gather information for your research.4.2 Designing a questionnaireThe design of a questionnaire will depend on whether the researcher wishes to collect exploratory information (i.e. qualitative information for the purposes of better understanding or the generation of hypotheses on a subject) or quantitative information (to test specific hypotheses that have previously been generated).A good questionnaire is one that: 1) enables collection of accurate data in a timely manner; 2) facilitates the work of data collection, data processing and the tabulation of data; 3) ensures that there is no collection of non-essential information; and 4) permits comprehensive and meaningful analysis as well as purposeful utilization of the data collected to ensure that the technical task of the questionnaire receives the various input that it requires.Types of questionsThere are many different types of questions you can use to get the information that you need. In the main, these fall into open and closed questions. An open question allows the respondents to use their own words to answer, e. g., “What do you think are the main causes of racism?” A closed question gives them pre-defined options, e.g., “Which of the following do you think are the main causes of racism: a, b, c, d”.The pros and cons of each are given in the following table.Rating design in a questionnaire: Look closely at the following example of a rating design.Please rate the quality of the medical insurance of this company.□Poor □Fair □GoodThere are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:1. Decide the information required;2. Define the target respondents;3. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents;4. Decide on question content;5. Develop the question wording;6. Put questions into a meaningful order and format;7. Check the length of the questionnaire;8. Pre-test the questionnaire;9. Develop the final survey form.Now work in groups of four, and design a questionnaire to obtain information about students? attendance and causes for their absence.4.3 Drafting your method sectionBegin your writing now with the information you have just obtained from your survey.5. Final ChecklistRevision gives you an opportunity to take another look at what you have written. Therefore, you have to do some extra work to revise your draft. Here are some general rules for your check.。
研究生英文作文模板范文
研究生英文作文模板范文Research Postgraduate English Essay Template Sample。
As a research postgraduate student, it is essential to be able to write high-quality essays that effectively communicate research findings and insights. In this essay, we will provide a template for writing a research postgraduate English essay, along with a sample essay to illustrate the use of the template.Template for Research Postgraduate English Essay:1. Introduction。
Introduce the topic of the essay and provide background information.Clearly state the research question or thesis statement.Outline the structure of the essay.2. Literature Review。
Review relevant literature and provide a critical analysis of existing research.Identify gaps in the literature that the current research aims to address.3. Methodology。
Describe the research methods and techniques used to collect and analyze data.Justify the choice of methodology and discuss any limitations.4. Findings。
医学英语写作
医学英文摘要写作How to write a medical English abstract第一章概述一、摘要的定义、用途、和长度二、摘要的内容三、摘要的类型四、摘要的写作格式五、摘要写作的注意事项What is an abstract?An abstract is a brief summary of the most important points in a scientific paper.摘要是作者研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括。
Purposes for AbstractsAbstracts typically serve five main goals:Help readers decide if they should read an entire articleHelp readers and researchers remember key findings on a topicHelp readers understand a text by acting as a pre-reading outline of key points Index articles for quick recovery and cross-referencingAllow supervisors to review technical work without becoming bogged down in details二、摘要的内容Contents1. Title2. Name of the author3. Unit of the author/address4. Text of the abstract5. Keywords1）目的2）方法3）结果4）结果的分析、比较、评价以及应用，提出的问题以及建议5）其他三、摘要的类型1. descriptive abstract ——描述性摘要2. informative abstract——资料性摘要3. descriptive-informative abstract——描述-资料性摘要1. Non-structured abstract （非结构式摘要）2. Structured abstract （结构式摘要）full-structuredsemi-structured1.描述性摘要Descriptive Abstract/ Indicative AbstractThe descriptive abstracts tell what topics are taken up in the paper. They contain indicative information on purpose, scope, or methodology in the original documents, but mention little or nothing about details of results, conclusions or recommendations. The advantages of a descriptive abstract are that it is easy to write and is usually short; a serious disadvantage is that it contains little information.一般只用两三句话概括论文或报道的主题，而不涉及具体的数据和结论，通常用于综述、会议报告等。
如何进行研究的英语作文
如何进行研究的英语作文How to Conduct Research。
Research is a crucial part of academic and professional work. It involves investigating a particular topic, gathering and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions based on evidence. Whether you are a student, a scientist, or a business professional, knowing how to conduct research can help you achieve your goals and make informed decisions. In this essay, I will discuss the steps involved in conducting research and provide some tips for success.Step 1: Choose a Topic。
The first step in conducting research is to choose a topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study or work. This can be a challenging task, as there are many factors to consider, such as the scope of the topic, the availability of data, and the potential impact of the research. To help narrow down your options, you canbrainstorm ideas, conduct a literature review, or consult with a mentor or advisor.Step 2: Develop a Research Question。
关于计算机的英文文献写作范文摘要
关于计算机的英文文献写作范文摘要全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: A Study on the Impact of Computers on SocietyAbstract:Computers have become an integral part of modern society, with their influence pervading all aspects of human life. This study aims to explore the impact of computers on society, focusing on the social, economic, and cultural aspects. The research is based on a comprehensive review of existing literature and empirical studies that have investigated the relationship between computers and society.The study finds that computers have revolutionized communication and information exchange, leading to a more connected and globalized world. The internet, in particular, has transformed the way people interact, work, and socialize. The rise of social media and online platforms has created new channels for communication and expression, but also raised concerns about privacy and data security.Economically, computers have changed the nature of work and productivity, with automation and artificial intelligence increasingly taking over routine tasks. While this has led to increased efficiencies and innovation, it has also raised questions about job displacement and income inequality. The gig economy and freelance work are becoming more common, as people adapt to the changing landscape of labor.Culturally, computers have influenced the way people consume media, create art, and express themselves. Digital technologies have democratized access to information and creative tools, but also raised issues of authenticity and copyright. The prevalence of online platforms for entertainment and social interaction has reshaped cultural practices and norms.In conclusion, computers have had a profound impact on society, shaping the way people communicate, work, and think. While the benefits of technology are clear, it is important to consider the social and ethical implications of its widespread adoption. More research is needed to understand the long-term effects of computers on society and to ensure that technology serves the greater good.篇2Title: Writing a Research Paper on ComputersAbstract:This paper discusses the process of writing a research paper on computers. It provides a step-by-step guide on how to effectively research, organize, and write a paper on the topic of computers. The paper outlines the importance of choosing a specific research question, conducting thorough research, and citing sources properly. It also explains how to structure a research paper on computers, including the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. Additionally, the paper provides tips on how to write clearly and concisely, avoid plagiarism, and revise and edit the paper for clarity and coherence. Overall, this paper serves as a comprehensive guide for students and researchers looking to write a research paper on computers.篇3Title: A Study on Computer Science: Writing Research PapersAbstract:Computer science is a rapidly growing field with a wide array of topics and subfields for researchers to explore. Writing research papers in computer science requires a combination oftechnical expertise and strong writing skills. This paper provides an overview of the key components of a research paper in computer science, along with useful tips and strategies for successful writing.The first step in writing a research paper in computer science is to select a topic that is both interesting and relevant to current advancements in the field. The paper should clearly define the research question or problem to be addressed, along with the objectives and methodology of the study. It is important to review existing literature on the topic to ensure that the research is original and contributes to the existing body of knowledge.The next step is to organize the paper into logical sections, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Each section should be clearly structured and well-written, with appropriate citations and references to support the claims made in the paper. It is important to use a clear and concise writing style, avoiding unnecessary jargon and technical terms that may confuse the reader.In addition to the technical content of the paper, the writing style and presentation are also important factors to consider. The paper should be well-organized, with a logical flow of ideas andarguments. Charts, tables, and figures can be used to illustrate key points and data, but should be used sparingly and effectively.Finally, the paper should be carefully proofread and edited to ensure that it is free of errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling. It is also important to consider the formatting and citation style required by the target journal or conference. By following these guidelines and tips, researchers can improve the quality of their research papers in computer science and increase their chances of publication and impact in the field.。
论文写出有针对性的对策
论文写出有针对性的对策Report on Writing a Thesis with Targeted Countermeasures and Nine Outline TitlesIntroductionThis report discusses the importance of formulating targeted countermeasures when writing a thesis. It will provide nine outline titles that can be used to guide the development of targeted countermeasures.BackgroundWhen writing a thesis, it is critical to understand the specific requirements and expectations of the target audience. Without a clear and specific target in mind, it may be difficult to focus the research and formulate a coherent argument.Targeted CountermeasuresTo write an effective thesis, it is essential to identify the target audience and formulate targeted countermeasures to address their needs and expectations. The following nine outline titles can provide a starting point for developing these strategies:1. Identify the specific research question or problem that the thesis aims to address2. Analyze the background and context of the research question, including previous research and debates in the field3. Define the scope and limitations of the research, including any potential biases or limitations in the data or methodology used4. Develop a clear and coherent argument that addresses the research question and the expectations of the target audience5. Provide evidence to support the argument, including statistical data, case studies, and quotes from relevant sources6. Address potential counterarguments and objections to the argument, and provide responses that bolster the thesis7. Use clear and concise language that is accessible to the target audience, without sacrificing depth or complexity8. Organize the thesis in a logical and coherent structure, with clear headings and subheadings that guide the reader through the argument9. Edit and revise the thesis thoroughly, paying attention to grammar, spelling, and formatting, to ensure that it meets the highest standards of academic writingConclusionIn conclusion, writing a thesis with targeted countermeasures requires careful planning and attention to detail. By identifying the target audience and formulating strategies to address their needs and expectations, researchers can produce compelling and persuasive arguments that make a valuable contribution to the field. Using the nine outline titles provided can help guide this process and ensure success.1. Identify the specific research question or problem that the thesis aims to addressThis outline title emphasizes the importance of identifying the core research question or problem that the thesis is designed to address. Without a clear understanding of this, the thesis may lack focus and direction. This section should explore what the research question is and what it seeks to achieve. It may also discuss why the research question or problem is important, and what broader implications it has for the field or discipline.2. Analyze the background and context of the research question, including previous research and debates in the fieldThis outline title emphasizes the importance of situating the research question within its broader context. This section should explore the previous research that has been conducted in the field, including any notable debates or disagreements. It may also highlight the significance of the research question in relation to broader social or political issues.3. Define the scope and limitations of the research, including any potential biases or limitations in the data or methodology usedThis outline title emphasizes the importance of defining the scope and limitations of the research. This section should explore what the research will include and exclude, and any potential biases or limitations in the data or methodology used. It may also include a discussion of the potential impact of these limitations on the results of the research.4. Develop a clear and coherent argument that addresses the research question and the expectations of the target audienceThis outline title emphasizes the importance of developing a clear and compelling argument that addresses the research question and meets the expectations of the target audience. This section should explore how the argument will be structured, and what key points will be made. It may also discuss how the thesis will be organized to best convey this argument.5. Provide evidence to support the argument, including statistical data, case studies, and quotes from relevant sourcesThis outline title emphasizes the importance of evidence and data in supporting the argument. This section should explore what types of evidence will be used, and how they will be integrated into the argument. It may also discuss what standards will be used to evaluate the quality and relevance of the evidence.6. Address potential counterarguments and objections to the argument, and provide responses that bolster the thesisThis outline title emphasizes the importance of addressing potential objections and counterarguments. This section should explore what objections may be made to the argument, and how they will be addressed. It may also discuss what strategies will be used to anticipate and counter these objections.7. Use clear and concise language that is accessible to the target audience, without sacrificing depth or complexityThis outline title emphasizes the importance of clear and concise language in communicating the argument. This section should explore what language will be used, and how it will be customized to meet the needs and expectations of the target audience. It may also discuss any strategies or techniques that will be used to simplify complex concepts or ideas.8. Organize the thesis in a logical and coherent structure, with clearheadings and subheadings that guide the reader through the argumentThis outline title emphasizes the importance of organization and structure in guiding the reader through the argument. This section should explore what strategies will be used to organize the thesis, including the use of headings and subheadings. It may also discuss what methodologies will be used to ensure logical coherence and flow throughout the document.9. Edit and revise the thesis thoroughly, paying attention to grammar, spelling, and formatting, to ensure that it meets the highest standards of academic writingThis outline title emphasizes the importance of diligent editing and revision to ensure that the thesis meets the highest standards of academic writing. This section should explore what strategies will be used to edit and revise the document, including proofreading for spelling and grammar errors, formatting for coherence and consistency, and fact-checking for accuracy and precision. It may also discuss how feedback from peers, advisors, or editors will be incorporated into the revision process.Introduction:A well-structured and well-organized thesis is essential for any academic writer who seeks to contribute to the advancement of their field or discipline. An outline that captures the key elements of a thesis can be an invaluable tool in helping the writer to achieve these goals.In this essay, we will discuss nine key elements of a thesis outlineand explore why each is important. These elements include identifying the research question or problem, analyzing the background and context, defining the scope and limitations, developing a clear and coherent argument, providing evidence to support the argument, addressing potential counterarguments and objections, using clear and concise language, organizing the thesis in a logical and coherent structure, and editing and revising the thesis thoroughly.1. Identifying the Research Question or Problem:The first element that the thesis outline should capture is the research question or problem that the thesis aims to address. Without a clear understanding of this, the thesis may lack focus and direction. The research question should be specific, and the problem should be narrow enough to enable the writer to make a meaningful contribution to the field or discipline. The thesis's research question or problem should also be well-defined, and the thesis should clearly state how it will address the issue.2. Analyzing the Background and Context:Once the research question or problem is identified, the thesis outline should explore the background and context of the research question. This section should look at previous research and debates in the field, highlighting the significance of the research question or problem in relation to broader social or political issues. It should also situate the research question within its broader context, examining any notable debates or disagreements in the field.3. Defining the Scope and Limitations:The third element of the thesis outline is to define the scope and limitations of the research. This section should explore what the research will include and exclude, and any potential biases or limitations in the data or methodology used. It is also essential to discuss the potential impact of these limitations on the results of the research. Defining these parameters helps to establish the thesis's credibility and demonstrates the writer's ability to identify gaps in the existing literature.4. Developing a Clear and Coherent Argument:The fourth element that should be captured in the thesis outline is to develop a clear and coherent argument that addresses the research question and meets the expectations of the target audience. This section should explore how the argument will be structured, and what key points will be made. The thesis writer must ensure that all arguments are compelling, based on research and evidence, and logically flowing from point to point.5. Providing Evidence to Support the Argument:The fifth element of the thesis outline is to present evidence and data that support the argument. This section should explore why the evidence is necessary to support the thesis's argument, and how it will be used in the text of the thesis. It is essential to provide data from high-quality sources that align with the writer's research question or problem.6. Addressing Potential Counterarguments and Objections:The sixth element of the thesis outline is to preemptively address potential counterarguments and objections from the outset. This section should explore what objections may be made to the argument and how to address them. Confronting the thesis's weak points head-on and addressing potential counterarguments upfront will help the writer to build a compelling and logical case and win over skeptics who may challenge the thesis's veracity.7. Using Clear and Concise Language:The seventh element of the thesis outline is to use clear and concise language that is accessible to the target audience without sacrificing depth or complexity. This section should explore what language will be used, and how it will be customized to suit the needs and expectations of the target audience. It is crucial to use concise and straightforward sentence structures, write clearly and persuasively, and avoid technical jargon or overly pretentious verbosity.8. Organizing the Thesis in a Logical and Coherent Structure: The eighth element of the thesis outline is to ensure that the thesis is logically and coherently structured, with clear headings and subheadings that guide the reader through the argument. This section should discuss what strategies the writer will use to organize the thesis, including the use of headings and subheadings. It should also explore what methodologies the writer will use to ensure logical coherence and flow throughout the document,making it easy for the reader to follow.9. Editing and Revising the Thesis Thoroughly:The final element of the thesis outline is to edit and revise the thesis thoroughly. This section should explain what strategies the writer will use to edit and revise the document, including proofreading for spelling and grammar, formatting for coherence and consistency, and fact-checking of accuracy and precision. It should also discuss how feedback from peers, advisors, or editors will be incorporated into the revision process to enhance the quality and rigor of the thesis.Conclusion:In conclusion, a well-structured and well-organized thesis is critical for any academic writer who seeks to make a meaningful contribution to their field or discipline. In this essay, we have discussed nine key elements of a thesis outline, including identifying the research question or problem, analyzing the background and context, defining the scope and limitations, developing a clear and coherent argument, providing evidence to support the argument, addressing potential counterarguments and objections, using clear and concise language, organizing the thesis in a logical and coherent structure, and editing and revising the thesis thoroughly. By following these elements, academic writers can ensure that their thesis is rigorous, persuasive, and compelling.。
How-to-write-Methodology
第18页，共20页。
Part 5: Conclusions
• As the third section of an academic dissertation, a methodology is intended to be complete, detailed reports of studies with the objective that any other researcher could replicate the study exactly to determine if the same results would be obtained. As such, the methodology is the first step towards establishing the credibility and authority of the researcher.
• For example: • Two stories from the second-order false belief attribution
tasks were used to assess children's understanding of second-order beliefs.
第4页，共20页。
research
Exploratory
constructive
empirical
Quantitative research
Qualitative research
2022/1/20
Methodology section
practice1
第5页，共20页。
Part1:What is Methodology
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Major components
An introductory paragraph
Participants Materials
Design
Data collection and Analysis Methods Limitations
1. An introductory paragraph
An introductory paragraph should describe the problem that the researcher is attempting to address through his or her research. What is the length of this introduction paragraph ? --Only one or two short sentences For example: To strengthen the external validity of our results, we examined how managers from a variety of different settings engage in such tasks.
Part4:What voice/tense shall be used in Methodology?
• voice: active or passive?
• The active voice is usually used when no human is directly responsible for manipulating the materials, that is, when the materials operate“by themselves”. • The passive voice is usually used when a human agent(the experimenter) is manipulating the materials. • For example:
• The tense • Always write the method section in the past simple tense, but in the analysis generally adopt present simple tense. • Example: • Samples for gas analysis were collected using the method described by Brown(1999), which uses a pneumatic air sampling pump.
6. Limitations
• Limitations is the part of every research. Here you state aspects of the problem you have not considered , and limitations include the time constraints, lack/loss of participants, etc. • This section in some cases is combined along with the “ conclusions ” section.
How to write Methodology/Methods Section
Team members:zhao Xinghua,Yang Lijun,Chen Yiwei,Zhao Xiaotao
• Warming up question: • what kind of research methods do you use in your field?
3.Materials
• Describe the materials, measures, or equipment used in the experiment. This may include testing instruments, technical equipments, or other materials used in the course of research. • For example: • Two stories from the second-order false belief attribution tasks were used to assess children's understanding of second-order beliefs.
Part2:Importance of Methodology methodologies are used to establish the credibility of the author, order of the research, and thoughtfulness of possible variables that could influence the research. ▼Therefore, the methodology is an important component that essentially maps out the methods that you will utilize when researching and writing papers.
research
Exploratory
constructive
empirical
Quantitative research
Qualitative research
Methodology section
practice1
2016/6/29
Part1:What is Methodology
• A dissertation methodology is a distinct section in all projects that describes the methods by which the researcher approaches a problem and collects data through research. • The purpose of the methodology is to define a problem, outline procedures,and identify possible variables that the researcher may face during his/her research.
• Although many researchers have examined leadership empirically, the very few have attempted to define it in coherent terms. One of the definitions is given by Yukl.
5. Data collection and Analysis Methods
• You will have to explain how the a was collected and then explained the analysis tools you used. In this section, you have to explain very clearly how you arrived at your findings and state clearly why they are reliable and how they answer your research questions or test the hypotheses on which your research was based.
Quantitative research dominates in ‘hard’ science research (math, engineering, chemistry, computing), while qualitative research is preferred in social science research. Quite often researchers nowadays use a ‘mixed method’ approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative research methods.
4. Design
• Describe the type of design used in the experiment. Specify the variables as well as the levels of these variables. Explain how did you choose your sample, and what questions did you ask. • For example: • The experiment used a 3x2 between-subjects design. The independent variables were age and understanding of second-order beliefs.
2016/6/29
research
Exploratory
constructive
empirical
Quantitative research
Qualitative research
Methodology section
practice1
2016/6/29
Qualitative and Quantitative
2. Participants
Describe the participants in your experiment, including who they were, how many there were, and how they were selected. For example: We randomly selected 100 children from elementary schools near the University .