Literature in the 17th Century

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英国文学Exercise 3

Exercise 3I.Fill in the following blanks.1.I n 1642, the civil war broke out in England. The royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by _____. In 1649, _____ was beheaded and England was declared to be a commonwealth.2.T he Revolution Period is also called _____, because the English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak.3.T he _____Revolution in 1688 was so called because it was bloodless and there was no revival of the revolutionary demands.4.I n Revolution Period _John Milton____ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer towers over the Medieval period.5.I n Milton’s works, “_Paradise Lost_____”is the greatest, indeed the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since “Beowulf”.6.T he finest thing in “Paradise Lost” is thedescription of hell, and _Satan ____ is the real hero of the poem.7.J ohn Bunyan’s masterpiece “_The Pilgrim’s Progress____”is a religious allegory, a narrative in which general concepts such as sins, despair, and faith are represented as people or as aspects of the natural world.8.A bout the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called _____, among whom John Donne was the leading one.9._John Dryden ___ wrote many works on literary criticism, and has been regarded as the earliest literary critic of real important in the history of English literature.10.The main literary achievements of the 17th century lies in the poetry of _____, in the prose writing of _____, and in the plays and literary criticism of _____.II.Choose one or more answers for thefollowing.1.T he revolution of 1688 meant three of the following things EXCEPT _____.A. the supremacy of ParliamentB. the beginning of modern EnglandC. the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in the countryD. the Restoration of monarchy2.J ohn Milton was _____.A. one of the giants of English literature in the 17th centuryB. blind in his later lifeC. a distinguished Revolutionary writerD. the greatest poet and pamphleteer in his age3.“Paradise Lost” is _____.A. a great epic of 12 booksB. based on Bible storyC. written in blank verseD. about the heroic revolt of Satan against God’s authority4.W hich work was not written by John Milton?A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. V olphone5.A mong the poets of the seventeenth century, Milton was the greatest. Besides him, there were two groups of poets. They were _____.A. the lake poetsB. the university witsC. the Metaphysical poetsD. the Cavalier poets.III.Decide whether the following statements are true or false1.E nglish literature of the 17th century witnesses a flourish on the whole.2.T he Revolution period produced one of the most important poets in English literature, William Shakespeare.3.T he main literary form in literature of Revolution Period is drama.4.“The Pilgrim’s Progress” is one of the mostpopular pieces of Christian writing produced during the 17th century.5.J ohn Dryden is the most excellent representative of English classicism in the Restoration period.IV.Answer the following questions1.W hat are the different aspects between the literature of Elizabethan period and the literature of the Revolution period?2.W hat is the story of “Paradise Lost”?3.M ake a comment on the image of Satan in “Paradise Lost”.4.D iscuss the theme and characterization of “Paradise Lost”.5.W hat are the features of Milton’s poetry?。

十七世纪英国文学

Other metaphysical poets
• George Herbert (1593-1633)
– “the saint of the metaphysical school” – 极为虔诚的国教牧师，其诗常有牵强的奇喻，晦涩难懂。有时采取具象诗的形式表现其虔诚。 – “The Easter Wing” (具象诗)
• Later Life
• Areopagitica《论出版自由》(1644) • Defence of the English People (《为英国人民辩护》，1651), • Second Defence of the English People (《为英国人民再辩护》，1654).
– After the restoration, in blindness he completed three great epics with the help of his daughter and some other young men. – Paradise Lost《失乐园》; Paradise Regained 《复乐园》; and Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》
• 3. Drama
– Restoration Drama – John Dryden (1631-1700)
1.3 John Milton (1608-1674)
• Life and literary career
– Early Life(1608-1640)
• Education at Cambridge • His first work: an ode On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity（《基督诞生晨颂》，1629） • Horton: L’Allegro (《快乐的人》， 1632), Il Penseroso (《沉思的人》， 1632), Lycidas (《利西达斯》， 1638), Comus (《科玛斯》，1634). • 2 years’ travel in the Continent, returned in 1939

英国文学史及作品选读习题集(3)-推荐下载

3 English Literature in the 17th CenturyⅠ. Essay questions.1. Give supporting reasons for the statement: Samson in Samson Agonistes is John Milton the author himself.2. Analyze the character of Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost.Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1. Elegy 9. Pastoral2. Pamphlet 10. Diction3. Assonance 11. Epithalamion4. Stanza 12. Dream vision (Dream allegory)5. Folktale 13. Metaphysical poetry6. Hyperbole 14. Fable7. Prose poems 15. Parable8. Conceit 16. Masques (Masks)Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks.1. One school of poetry prevailing in the 17th century is that of __________, who were sided with the King against the Parliament and Puritans.2. Though as __________, the characters in The Pilgrim’s Progress impress the readers like real persons. The places in it are English scenes, and the conversations which enliven his narratives vividly repeat the language of the writer’s time.3. The poems of John Donne belong to two categories: the _________, and the later________.4. John Donne is the founder of the school of __________. His works are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.5. Because of the success of Paradise Lost, John Milton produced in 1671 another epic, _________.6. John Milton’s Paradise Lost opens with the description of a meeting among the fallen angels, and ends with the departure of _______and ________from the Garden of Eden.7. George Herbert, “the saint of the Metaphysical school,” sometimes resorts to tricks of typographical layout to express his religious piety, as shown by “_________”: “A broken Altar, Lord, thy servant rears…”8. The most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden, poet, ________, and playwright.9. Paradise Lost is a long epic. The stories are taken from __________.10. The Pilgrim’s Progress tells of the spiritual pilgrimage of Christian, who flies form City of Destruction, and finally comes to the Delectable Mountains and the __________.11. Sir Thomas Browne and Jeremy Taylor have been thought to be tworepresentative_________ prose writers in English literature for their elaborate and magnificent style.Ⅳ. Choose the best answer.1. John Dryden’s tragedy All for Love deals with the same story as ________’s Antonym and Cleopatra.A. William ShakespeareB. John MiltonC. Christopher MarloweD. John Bunyan2. In John Milton’s Paradise Lost, Adam and Eve are forbidden to eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of _________.A. Love and HateB. Good and EvilC. Faith and BetrayalD. Scene and Sensibility3. ________ is shown in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.A. UtopianismB. IdealismC. RealismD. Puritanism4. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for ________.A. Material wealthB. spiritual salvationC. Universal truthD. self-fulfillment5. “To wage by force or guile eternal war, Irreconcilable to our grad Foe.” (John Milton, Paradise Lost) By what means were Satan and his followers to wage this war against God?A. By planting a tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden.B. By turning into poisonous snakes to threaten man’s life.C. By removing God from His throne.D. By corrupting man and woman created by God.6. By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands of the people of Vanity Fair, John Bunyan intends to show the prevalent political and religious _______of his time.A. PersecutionB. improvementC. prosperityD. disillusionment7. “Areopagitica” is John Milton’s best-known______.A. ProseB. epicC. novelD. drama8. ______ is one of the most remarkable passages in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.A. Holy LivingB. Holy DyingC. Vanity FairD. Lycidas9. The only love poem of John Milton is “__________”.A. LycidasB. On His Deceased WifeC. On MarriageD. Areopagitica10. Metaphysical poets and Cavalier poets share a similar awareness of _________in their poetry.A. MortalityB. sensualityC. destinyD. joyⅤ. Short-answer questions.1. Analyze the relation between John Milton’s works and the English Revolutions.2. What are the contributions of John Dryden to the English neoclassical school of literature?3. List no less than five characters in The Pilgrim’s Progress.4. Illustrate with an example that John Milton is a great stylist.Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the following passage.Passage 1Judge: thou runagate, heretic, and traitor, hast thou heard what these honest gentlemen have witnessed against thee?Faithful: May I speak a few words in my own defense?Judge: Sirrah, sirrah! Thou deservest to live no longer but to be slain immediately upon the place: yet, that all men may see our gentleness towards thee, let us hear what thou, vile runagate, hast to say.Questions:1. Which work is the passage quoted from?2. Who is the author of the work?3. Summarize the story of the passage.Passage 2“…Knowledge forbidden?Suspicious, reasonless. Why should their LordEnvy them that? Can do they only standBy ignorance, is that their happy state,The proof of their obedience and their faith?…Hence I will excite their mindsWith more desire to know, and to rejectEnvious commands, invented with designTo keep them low whose knowledge might exaltEqual with gods…Questions:4. Which epic are these two stanzas quoted from?5. Who is the author of the epic?6. Who is the image, “I”?7. What is the possible theme of the epic?KeysⅠ. Essay questions.1. (1) Samson Agonistes is a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedies. It dealswith the story of Samson from the “Book of Judges” in the Old Testament.Samson is an athlete of the Israelites. He stands as the champion fighting for the freedom of his country. But he is betrayed by his wife Dalilah and blinded by his enemies the Philistines. Led into the temple to make them sport, he wreaks his vengeance upon his enemies by pulling down the temple them and upon himself in a common ruin.(2) There is much in common between Samson and John Milton. Like Samson,Milton had also been embittered by an unwise marriage, persecuted by his enemies, and suffered from blindness. And yet he was unconquerable.(3) Samson’s miserable blind servitude among his enemies, his agonizing longingfor sight and freedom, and the last terrible triumph all strongly suggest Milton’s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. There fore, Samson in the drama is Milton himself in life.2. (1) In John Milton’s Paradise Lost, Satan, like a conquered and banished giant,remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of angels. It is he who, passing the guarded gates obstacle, makes man revolt against God.(2) Satan is the spirit of questioning the authority of God. When he gets to theGarden of Eden, he believes in no reason why Adam and Even should not taste the fruit of tree of Knowledge.(3) Though defeated, Satan prevails, since he has won from God a third part of hisangels, and almost all the son of Adam. Though wounded, he triumphs, for the thunder which hits upon his head leaves his heart invincible. Though feebler in force, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility, and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty, and a joy. In conclusion, the finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell.And Satan is the real hero of the poem.Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1. Elegy: In Greek and Roman times, the term elegy was used to refer to any poem composed in elegiac meter. Since the 17th century, elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, or loss or death more generally, although in Elizabethan times it was also use to refer to certain love poems. Elegies written in English frequently take the form of the pastoral elegy.2. Pamphlet:Originally a pamphlet was a sort of treatise or tract. It then came to mean a short work written on a topical subject on which an author feels strongly. Many outstanding writers have used the pamphlet to express vigorous political or religious views.3. Assonance: Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowels-especially in stressed syllables-in a sequence of nearby words.4. Stanza: A stanza is a grouping of the verse lines in a poem, often set off by a space in the printed text. Usually the stanzas of a given poem are marked by a recurrent pattern of rhyme and are also uniform in the number and length of the componentlines.5. Folktale: Folktale, strictly defined, is a short narrative in prose of unknown authorship which has been transmitted orally; many of these tales eventually achieve written form. The term, however, is often extended to include stories invented by a known author which have been picked up and repeatedly narrated by word of mouth as well as in written form.6. Hyperbole:It is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or possibility.7. Prose poems: Prose poems are densely compact, pronouncedly rhythmic, and highly sonorous compositions which are written as a continuous sequence of sentences without line break.8. Conceit: From the Italian concetto(meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feeling. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron.9. Pastoral: the originator of the pastoral was the Greek poet Theocritus, who in the third century B.C. wrote poems representing the life of Sicilian shepherds. (Pastor is Latin for “shepherd.”) It is a deliberately conventional poem expressing an urban poet’s nostalgic image of the peace and simplicity of the life of shepherds and other rural folk in an idealized natural setting.10. Diction: The term diction signifies the types of words, phrases, and sentence structures, and sometimes also of figurative language, that constitute any work of literature. A writer’s diction can be analyzed under a great variety of categories, such as the degree to which the vocabulary and phrasing is abstract or concrete, Latin or Anglo-Saxon in origin, colloquial of formal, technical or common.11. Epithalamion:Epithalamion, or in the Latin form epithalamium, is a poem written to celebrate a marriage. The term in Greek means” at the bridal chamber,” since the verses were originally written to be sung outside the bedroom of a newly married couple. The form flourished among the Neo-Latin poets of the Renaissance, who established the model that was followed by writers in the European vernacular languages.12. Dream vision (Dream allegory): It is a mode of narrative widely employed by medieval poets: the narrator falls asleep, usually in a spring landscape, and dreams the events he goes on to relate; often he is led by a guide, human or animal, and the events which he dreams are at least in part an allegory.13. Metaphysical poetry: A term that can be applied to any poetry that deals with philosophical or spiritual matters but that is generally limited to works written by a specific group of 17th century poets are linked by style and modes of poetic organization. Common elements include the following: (1) an analytical approach to subject matter; (2) colloquial language ;( 3) rhythmic patterns that are often rough or irregular, and (4) the metaphysical conceit, a figurative device used to capture though and emotion as accurately as possible.14. Fable: A fable is also called an apologue. It is short narrative, in prose or verse,which exemplifies an abstract moral thesis or principle of human behavior; usually, at its conclusion, either the narrator or one of the characters states the moral in the form of an epigram.15. Parable: A parable is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress the tacit analogy, or parallel, with a general thesis or lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience. The parable was one of Jesus’ favorite devices as a teacher.16. Masques (or Masks):The masque was inaugurated in Renaissance Italy andflourished in England during the reigns of Elizabeth Ⅰ. It was an elaborate form of court entertainment that combined poetic drama, music, song, dance, splendid costuming, and stage spectacle. A plot—often slight, and mainly mythological and allegorical—served to hold together these diverse elements. The speaking characters, who wore masks (hence the title), were often played by amateurs who belonged to courtly society. The play concluded with a dance in which the players doffed their masks and were joined by the audience.Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks.1. Cavalier poets2. Allegory3. Youthful love lyrics, sacred verses4. Metaphysical poetry5. Paradise Regained6. Adam; Eve7. The Altar8. Critic9. The Old Testament10. Celestial City11. BaroqueⅣ. Choose the best answer.1. A2. B3. B4. B5. D6. A7. A8. C9. B 10. AⅤ. Short-answer questions.1. John Milton defended the English Commonwealth with his pen. His epic Paradise Lost and his pamphlets played an active part in pushing on the revolutionary cause. For example, the image of Satan embodies the political passions of the persecuted Republicans after Restoration.2. Following the standards of Classicism, John Dryden established the heroic couplet as one of the principal English verse form, clarified the English prose and made it precise, concise and flexible, and raise English literary criticism to a new level. He was the forerunner of the English neoclassical school of literature in the 18th century.3. Christian, Faithful, Envy, Mr. Badman and Judge Hate-good.4. John Milton is famous for his grand style, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study. It is an art attained by definite and conscientious rhetorical devices. For example, he likes to use Latinisms proper names of resonance and color to create an elevated and dignified effect.Ⅳ. Answer the questions according to the following passages.Passage 11. It is quoted form The Pilgrim’s Progress.2. The author is John Bunyan.3. The passage is entitled Vanity Fair. Christian and Faithful come to Vanity Fair. As they refuse to buy anything but Truth, they are beaten and put in a cage, and then taken out and led in chains up and down the fair, and at length brought before a court. Judge Hate-good summons three witnesses: Envy, Superstition and Pick thank, who testify against him. The case is given to the jury, composed of Mr. Badman, Mr. No-good, Mr. Malice, etc. each gives verdict against Faithful, who is presently condemned. Here Bunyan intends to satirize the estate trials in the reactionary reigns of Charles Ⅱ and James Ⅱ, which are merely forms preliminaryto hanging, drawing and quartering.Passage 24. They are quoted from Paradise Lost.5. It is an epic written by John Milton.6. “I” in the two stanzas refers to Satan.7. On appearance, the epic is to justify the ways of God to man, i.e., to advocate submission to the Almighty. But actually the theme of the epic is a revolt against God’s authority because in the poem God is no better than a selfish despot, seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. He is cruel and unjust in his struggle against Satan. What Milton actually intends to appraise is Satan, who in the author’s eyes is a real hero. He amid so many dangers makes man revolt against God.。

智慧树知到《英国文学漫谈》章节测试答案

鏅烘収鏍戠煡鍒般€婅嫳鍥芥枃瀛︽极璋堛€嬬珷鑺傛祴璇曠瓟妗?绗竴绔?1銆?English literature began with the ( ) settlement in England.A:RomanB:CelticC:EnglishD:Anglo-Saxon绛旀: Anglo-Saxon2銆?Beowulf, written about the life of England in the ( ) society,is said to bethe national epicof the English people.A:primitiveB:feudalC:medievalD:agricultural绛旀: feudal3銆?Beowulfis written in the form of ( ), a popular form of poetry in Anglo-Saxon literature.A:balladB:blank verseC:coupletD:alliterative verse绛旀: alliterative verse绗簩绔?1銆?The medieval period is often called the Dark Age for the dominating power of ( ) over everything in the society.A:the KingB:feudal lordsC:the ChurchD:the knights绛旀: the Church2銆?The central character of a romance is ( ), who follows the code of behavior calledchivalry.A:the knightB:the warriorC:the GladiatorD:a soldier绛旀: the knight3銆?The stories of ( ) are the most well-known ballads, songs of stories told orally in 4-line stanzas.A:the green knightsB:King ArthurC:Robin HoodD:the Vikings绛旀: Robin Hood4銆? Piers the Plowmanwritten by William Langland in the form of ( ) represents the achievements of popular literature of Medieval England.A:allegoryB:symbolismC:a dreamD:epic绛旀: allegory5銆?( ) is considered the father of English poetry, whose most representative work isThe Canterbury Tales.A:William LanglandB:Edmund SpenserC:John MiltonD:Geoffrey Chaucer绛旀: Geoffrey Chaucer6銆?The Canterbury Tales,a collection of stories strung together and told by 30 pilgrims on their way to pilgrimage, is written in the form of ( ).A:blank verseB:alliterative verseC:heroic couopletD:ballad绛旀: heroic couoplet7銆?The key-note of the Renaissance is ( ).A:humanismB:realismC:romanticismD:asceticism绛旀: humanism绗笁绔?1銆?It was ( ) who first introduced and reformed the English drama which reached its climax in the hands of William Shakespeare.A:JohnWycliffB:University WitsC:Christopher MarloweD:Ben Johnson绛旀:B2銆?Great writers of the English Renaissance who are known for humanism, took ( ) as the centre of the world and voiced the human aspirations for freedom and equality.A:the worldB:GodC:powerD:man绛旀:D3銆?Shakespeare is hailed by ( ), contemporary with Shakespeare, as 鈥渘ot of an age, but for all time鈥?A:Christopher MarloweB:Ben JonsonC:Robert GreeneD:Thomas Nash绛旀:B4銆?Hamlet is characterized as a(an) ( ) on that, he loves good and hates evil;he is a man free from prejudice and superstition; he has unbounded love for the world and firm belief in the power of man.A:idealistB:PuritanC:humanistD:patriot绛旀:C5銆? Edmund Spenser was considered the ( ) for his achievements in poetry.A:鈥渢he Poets鈥?Poet鈥?B:鈥渇ather of English poetry鈥?C:鈥渢he saint of English poetry鈥?D:鈥渢he greatest English poet鈥?绛旀:A6銆?( ) is a distinctive verse form adopted by Edmund Spenser in his works incluiding his masterpieceThe Faerie Queene. It has 9-line stanzas, rhyming in ababbcbcc.A:鈥淭he mighty lines鈥?B:sonnetC:鈥淭he Spenserian Stanza鈥?D:blank verse绛旀:C7銆?Francis Bacon won for himself the first English ( ) for his achievements in English literature of the Renaissance.A:dramatistB:poetC:prose writerD:essayist绛旀:D8銆?The most representative work of Francis Bacon is ( ), which is the first collection of English essays.A:Advancement of LearningB:EssaysC:The Interpretation of NatureD:Novum Organum绛旀:B绗洓绔?1銆? ( )is regarded as the greatest prose writer in theEnglish literature of the17th century, who is best known for his workThe Pilgrim鈥檚 Progress.A:John DrydenB:Francis BaconC:George HerbertD:John Bunyan绛旀:D2銆?The Pilgrim鈥檚 Progressis written in the form of ( ) .A:symbolsB:allegoryC:allusionsD:aggressions绛旀:3銆? 鈥淭he Metaphysical Poets鈥?refer to theloose group of17th-century English poets whose work was characterized by the inventive use of( )A:metaphorB:imaginationC:conceitD:symbols绛旀:C4銆? In his 鈥淎 Valediction: Forbidding Mourning鈥? John Donne makes a most impressive comparison between love and ( ) as the dominant conceit of the poem.A:a pair of compassesB:an earthquakeC:a farewell to a dying personD:a piece of gold绛旀:A5銆?The 17th century of English history was marked mainly by the English Bourgeois Revolution which ended with the establishment of ( ) as a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the monarchy.A:the United KingdomB:institutional monarchyC:the Whig PartyD:the Tory Party绛旀:B6銆?(聽聽聽聽) was the religious cloak of the English Bourgeois Revolution which advocated God's supreme authority over human beings.A:HumanismB:RepublicanismC:CalvinismD:Puritanism绛旀:D7銆? Puritan poetry in the 17th-century English literature is represented best by ( ), who producedParadise Lostas his representative work.A:John MiltionB:John DonneC:Robert HerrickD:John Dryden绛旀:A8銆?Throughout his life, Milton showed strong rebellious spirit agaisnt many things he thought unjust and acted as the voice of ( ) of England under Oliver Cromwell.A:the ParliamentB:the CommonwealthC:the MonarchD:the Royalists绛旀:B9銆? 鈥淥n his Blindness鈥?and 鈥淥n his Deceased Wife鈥?are the two best-known of Milton鈥檚 ( ).A:elegiesB:blank versesC:sonnetsD:alliterative verses绛旀:C10銆? Milton鈥檚Paradise Lostemploysthe themes taken from ( )of the Christian Bible.A:GenesisB:MatthewC:ExodusD:Luke绛旀:A11銆? The central theme ofParadise Lostis ( ).A:the creation of manB:the fall of manC:resurrectionD:final judgment绛旀:绗簲绔?1銆?The Enlightenment was an intellectualmovement throughout Western Europe in the18thcenturywhich was an expression of the struggle of bourgeoisie against ( ).A:puritanismB:feudalismC:humanismD:classicism绛旀:B2銆? Among the English Enlighteners of the 18th century,there were chiefly two groups: the ( ) group and the radical group.A:conservativeB:revolutionaryC:royalistD:moderate绛旀:D3銆? The Tatler,a British literary and society journal begun byRichard Steelein 1709,featured cultivated essays on( ).A:contemporary mannersB:social evilsC:class strugglesD:cultural state绛旀:A4銆?As a distinctive way, ( ) are adopted by the neo-classicist playwrights in the 18th-century English literature.A:realistic techniquesB:three unitiesC:heroic coupletsD:satires绛旀:B5銆?( ) writers in the 18th-century English literature modelled themselves ontheGreek and Romanwritersin their dramatic writings.A:Pre-romanticistB:RealistC:Neo-classicistD:Enlightenment绛旀:C6銆? AlexanerPope was a masterof poetryinheroic couplet.He strongly advocated ( ), emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules.A:realismB:naturalismC:aestheticismD:classicism绛旀:D7銆? Daniel Defoe is an early proponent of the ( ) novel whose masterpieceRobinson Crusoetells about the adventures of a sailor on the sea and on an island.A:sentimentalistB:epistolaryC:realistD:Gothic绛旀:C8銆丄s one of the greatest satirists in the 18th century,(聽聽聽聽)made use of satire to attacksocial evilsand call for social changes in hisGulliver's Travels.A:Johnathan SwiftB:Daniel DefoeC:Samuel RichardsonD:Henry Fielding绛旀:A9銆?Gulliver鈥?s Travelstells about the adventures of Gullliver through the fairy tale of fantasy which is a great satire on ( ).A:human mindB:human heartC:human spiritD:human nature绛旀:D10銆?( ), the greatest realist novelist of the 18th-century English literature, is also considered the father of the English novel.A:Jonathan SwiftB:Henry FieldingC:Daniel DefoeD:Oliver Goldsmith绛旀:B11銆?Tom Jonesshows Fielding鈥檚 philosophical view of 鈥渞eturn to ( )鈥? Thus, in characterization, a contrast is made between Tom Jones, the good-nautured though flawed man, and Bilfil, the hypocritical villain.A:natureB:childhoodC:countrysideD:motherland绛旀:A12銆?Sentimentalism of English literature got its name from Lawrence Stern's novel (聽聽聽聽) in which Sterne tries to catch the actual flow of human mind and sentiment.A:Tristram ShandyB:The Vicar of WakefieldC:PamelaD:A Sentimental Journey绛旀:D13銆? Sentimetalism is also found in Samuel Richardson鈥檚 ( ) novels which convey female characters鈥?feelings and sentiments.A:realistB:adventureC:epistolaryD:historical绛旀:C14銆? The only poet of the sentimentalist school of literature is Thomas Gray, whose well-known 鈥淓legy Written in a Country Churchyard鈥?earned for him the name of a 鈥? ) Poet鈥?A:LakeB:NationalC:LocalD:Graveyard绛旀:D15銆? Oliver Goldsmith鈥檚The Vicar of Wakefieldconveys his reflections on the relations between sentimentalism and ( ) in the 18th-century English literature.A:satireB:realismC:romanticismD:localism绛旀:16銆? The latter half of the 18th century English literaturewas marked by a strong protest against the bondage ofclassicismanda recognition of the claims of passionand emotion which is later known as ( ).A:sentimentalismB:realismC:pre-romanticismD:neo-classicism绛旀:C17銆? Robert Burnsis the best known of the poets who have written in the( )dialect.A:IrishB:ScottishC:LondonD:Celtic绛旀:B绗叚绔?1銆? Romanticism preferred ( ) to reason and rationalism. To William Wordsworth,poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.A:emotionB:devicesC:rhetoricD:art绛旀:A2銆乀he joint publication of聽聽(聽聽聽聽) in 1798 by Wordsworth and Coleridge marked the beginning of the Romantic movement in England.A:'Lines Composed upon Tinten Abbey'B:'Rime of Ancient Mariner'C:Lyrical BalladsD:'Preface to Lyrical Ballads'绛旀:C3銆?To Wordsworth, the theme of poetry should be concerned with ( ), the language of peotry should be plain, and the people poetry should deal with are country folk.A:country lifeB:common lifeC:city lifeD:fantastic life绛旀:B4銆?In鈥淚 Wandered Lonely as a Cloud鈥? 鈥渢he inward eye鈥?refers to ( ), which is a metaphor to appeal to the reader鈥檚 imagination of the author鈥檚 inner feelings.A:鈥渉eart鈥?B:鈥渆motians鈥?C:鈥渞eason鈥?D:鈥渕ind鈥?绛旀:D5銆? In鈥淭he Solitary Reaper鈥? the feeling of ( ) is clearly conveyed to the reader, especially in the first stanza.A:lonelinessB:melancholyC:homesicknessD:disillusionment绛旀:B6銆? Percy Bysshe Shelley belongs to the school of ( ) romantic poets, whose masterpiecePrometheus Unboundowes much to the Greek tragedyPrometheus Bound.A:revolutionaryB:passiveC:activeD:lyrical绛旀:C7銆? ( ) is Shelley鈥檚 bestknown lyric in which he calls forth the overthrowing of the old social system and bringing destruction to it.A:鈥淥de to the West Wind鈥?B:鈥淭o a Skylark鈥?C:鈥淭he Cloud鈥?D:鈥淪ong to the Man of England鈥?绛旀:A8銆?Walter Scott is the only novelist of the romantic literature of the 19th-century England and his novels are mainly ( ) novels as far as genre is concerned.A:realistB:historicalC:sentimentalistD:psychoanalytical绛旀:B9銆? Scott鈥檚 historical novels touch uponthe subject matters ofthe history of( ), thehistory of Englandand the history of European countries.A:IrelandB:WalesC:FranceD:Scotland绛旀:D绗竷绔?1銆? JaneAusten鈥檚 novels mainly concern such issues as the ( ) of young women. Because of the use of satire and criticism of social prejudices, she is considered as a realist novelist rather than a romantic writer.A:mannersB:moralsC:ethicsD:feminism绛旀:A2銆? The Bronte sisters refer to Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte, with the elder two represented byJane Eyreand ( ) respectively.A:The ProfessorB:Agnes GreyC:Wuthering HeightsD:Villette绛旀:C3銆?Of the women writers in the 19th century English literature, ( ) is the only one that deals with the life of the working-class people, represented by her novelMary Barton.A:Mrs. GaskellB:Charlotte BronteC:George EliotD:Jane Austen绛旀:A4銆?The novels of George Eliot mostly deal with ( ) problems and contain psychological studies of the characters.A:socialB:moralC:culturalD:psychological绛旀:B绗叓绔?1銆? In response to the social, political and economic problems associated withindustrialisation,() novel becomes the leading genre of the Victorian literature.A:critial realistB:psychoanalyticalC:aestheticistD:new romanticist绛旀:A2銆乀he first period of Charles Dickens鈥檚 literary careeris characterized mainly by (聽聽聽聽) and the novels are filled with moral teachings.A:mysticismB:pessimismC:fatalismD:optimism绛旀:D3銆? Thomas Hardyis the most representativerealist in the later decades of the Victorian era,whose principal works are the ( ) novels, i.e., the novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.A:realistB:character and environmentC:modernistD:Bildungsroman绛旀:B4銆?In the aesthetic movement of the 19th century, 鈥淎rt for Art鈥檚 Sake鈥?can simply mean the focus on ( ) rather than on deep meaning of literary works.A:formB:techniqueC:impressionD:beauty绛旀:D5銆? ( ) is a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of an individual character whose spiritual world is conveyed to the reader through the author鈥檚 subtle psychological analysis.A:Interior monologueB:Free associationC:Dramatic monologueD:Psycho-analysis绛旀:C6銆?鈥淏reak, Break, Break鈥? is a short lyric poem written by Alfred Tennyson which is a(n) ( ) for the poet to reveal his grief over the death of his friend.A:elegyB:lyricC:sonnetD:ode绛旀:A7銆?Thomas Carlyle's non-fiction The French Revolution: A Historywas the inspiration for Charles Dickens' s novel(聽聽 ).A:Hard TimesB:Great ExpectationsC:A Tale of Two CitiesD:Oliver Twist绛旀:C8銆?John Ruskin was the leading English artcritic of the Victorian era. In hisModern Painters, he argued that the principal role of the artist is ( ).A:鈥渁rt for art鈥檚 sake鈥?B:鈥渢ruth to nature鈥?C:innovationD:creativity绛旀:B9銆?In hisCulture and Anarchy, ( ) showed his deepest contempt for and most frequent attack on the middle-class Philistines who he thought lacked culture.A:Thomas CarlyleB:John RuskinC:Charles KinsleyD:Matthew Arnold绛旀:D绗節绔?1銆?Writers, artists and composers we consider 鈥渕odern鈥?had their roots in the ( ) era which produced such writers as Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, W. S. Maugham, etc.A:EdwardianB:VictorianC:ElizabethanD:Georgian绛旀:A2銆? A Passage to Indiais set on Joseph Conrad鈥檚 own experience in India which deals with the theme of ( ) in addition to persoal relationships.A:patriotismB:culturalismC:fatalismD:colonialism绛旀:D3銆? ( )is admittedlyan autobiographicalnovel which draws much onMaugham鈥檚own experience.A:The Moon and SixpenceB:The Razor鈥檚 EdgeC:Of Human BondageD:Howard鈥檚 End绛旀:C绗崄绔?1銆?鈥淭he Waste Land鈥?is written by T. S. Eliot in which the theme of the ( ) of the post-World War I generation is declared to the reader.A:dreamB:disillusionmentC:enlightenmentD:radicalism绛旀:B2銆? Because of his Irish background, ( ) is thought to be the driving force of the Irish Literary Revival.A:William Butler YeatsB:AlfredTennysonC:Matthew ArnoldD:Robert Browning绛旀:A3銆?Ulysses, written by James Joyce and considered the most representative of the Egnlish stream-of-consciousness novels, is set in ( ), Ireleand .A:LondonB:EdinburghC:ManchesterD:Dublin绛旀:D4銆? The only female writer of the stream-of-consciousness novel is ( ), who produced such novels asTo the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway, The Waves, etc. .A:Catherine MansfieldB:George EliotC:Virginia WoolfD:Elizabeth Bowen绛旀:C5銆?D. H. Lawrence is a modernist novelist who makesreflectionsupon thedehumanizingeffects of( ) in his representative workSons and Lovers.A:modernizationB:industrialisation C:urbanizationD:mechanization。

英国文学中古时期到17世纪 (含答案)

英国文学中古时期到17世纪I. 选择题1. Generally speaking, it is in _____ that the English literary history starts.A. 6th C (BC.)B. 5th C (BC.) C. 6th C. (AD.) D. 5th C. (AD.)2. ______ is a pagan poem which portraits a panoramic picture of the tribal society in British Island.A. The Legend of King ArthurB. BeowulfC. The Tall TalesD. The Canterbury Tales3. In English poetry, a quatrain is _____.A. a four-line stanzaB. a coupletC. a fourteen-line stanzaD. a terza rima4. Anglo-Saxon literature is almost exclusively a verse literature in _____. It was passed down by words of mouth from generation to generation.A. Realistic formB. lyrical formC. oral formD. no form5. The _____ is an important form of British literature in the 15th century.A. epicB. popular balladC. sonnetD. quatrain6. _____ period extended from the invasion of the Celtic England by German tribes in the first half of the 5th century to the conquer of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the leadership of William the Conqueror.A. The Anglo-NormanB. The Middle EnglishC. The Chaucerian EnglishD. The Old English7. The hero in Romance is usually the _____.A. kingB. knightC. ChristD. churchman8. Geoffrey Chaucer, regarded as the first famous English poet in the history of English literature, wrote the following except ______.A. The Canterbury TalesB. The House of FameC. The Parliament of FowlsD. Boethius9. Geoffrey Chaucer planned originally to have each of the pilgrims tell _____ stories on the way to Canterbury and the same number of stories on the way back in his famous The Canterbury Tales.A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 410. Geoffrey Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types, especially what was later to be called _____. A. the alliterative verse B. the balladC. the heroic coupletD. the blank verse11. The English Renaissance Period was an age of _____.A. ballads and songsB. poetry and dramaC. essays and journalD. prose and novel12. The well-known soliloquy by Hamlet “To be ,or not to be...And lose the name of action.” shows his_____.A. hatred for his uncleB. love for lifeC. resolution of revengeD. inner contradiction13. The first poet to introduce the sonnet into English literature is_____.A. William ShakespeareB. Thomas WyattC. Francis BaconD. Thomas More14. It was _____who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.A. Thomas MoreB. Christopher MarloweC. Francis BaconD. William Shakespeare15 Choose the one author who does not belong to the group of “University Wits” from the following playwrights.A. John LylyB. Robert GreeneC. William ShakespeareD. Christopher Marlowe16 Whom does the poet praise in the Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 29? The person is_____.A. a young beautiful ladyB. a dark ladyC. a handsome young manD. the poet's girl friend17. Paradise Lost is not _____.A. Milton's masterpieceB. a great epic in 12 booksC. written in blank verseD. Metaphysical poetry18. Milton has the following titles, except one. Which one?A. a great revolutionary poet of the 17th centuryB.an outstanding political pamphleteerC. foremost critic of his ageD. a great master of blank verse19. The stories of Paradise Lost were taken from _____.A. Greek mythologyB. the Old TestamentC. the New TestamentD. Chinese ancient tales20. John Bunyan wrote The Pilgrim's Progress in the form of _____.A. religious instructionB. clear, and simple expressionC. allegory and dreamD. conceit and satireII. 判断题1.Beowulf is the national epic of England.2.The earliest poem in English literature is Beowulf, which belongs to lyric poetry.3.Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.4.“King Arthur and His Round Table” was popular at medieval period. One of the knownromance is The Robin Hood Ballads.5.The Canterbury Tales is written for the greater part in heroic couplets.6.William Langland, known as the father of English literature, is widely considered thegreatest poet of the Middle Ages.7.Geoffrey Chaucer is regarded as the first realist in English Literature because he gives us theordinary daily life of the 14th century.8.Chaucer made the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.9.Thomas More wrote his famous prose work Essays.10.Thomas More’s Utopia is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has beenrecognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose11.In Elizabethan Period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which made himone of the best essayists in English literature.12.Shakespeare’s four great tragedies generally refer to Hamlet, Prince of Denmark; Othello, theMoore of V enice; King Lear; and Romeo and Juliet.13.Two features are striking of this Renaissance movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity forclassical literature. Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in life and human activities.14.Spenser’s fame in English literature is chiefly based upon his masterpiece The Faerie Queene,which was dedicated to Queen Mary.15.1649, Charles I was tried and beheaded. The civil war ended and England was declared acommonwealth.16.In 1660, the son of the beheaded king was welcomed back as King Charles II until 1688,which has been known as the period of the Commonwealth.\17.John Bunyan is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style.18.The most remarkable feature in The Flea is its use of conceit.III.连线题1.the first and greatest English epic Utopia2.Thomas Malory The Pilgrim’s Progress3.William Langland Piers the Plowman4.Geoffrey Chaucer Essays5.Edmund Spenser The Faerie Queene6.Christopher Marlowe The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus7.Thomas More Beowulf8.Francis Bacon The Canterbury Tales9.John Milton Paradise Lost10.John Bunyan The Death of King Arthur11.William Shakespeare A Midsummer Night’s DreamIV. 赏析题1.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humour of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, forthey teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.Q1：What’s the title of this essay from which it is taken? And who is the author?Q2: Please give a simple analysis of the literature style of this essay.Q3: What are “three abuses of studies”?Q4: What’s the theme of this essay?2.As soon as April pierces to the rootThe drought of March, and bathes each bud and shootThrough every vein of sap with gentle showersFrom whose engendering liquor spring the flowers;When Zephyrus have breathed softly all aboutInspiring every wood and field to sprout,And in the zodiac the youthful sunHis journey halfway through the Ram has run;When little birds are busy with their songWho sleep with open eyes the whole night longLife stirs their hearts and tingles in them so,Then off as pilgrims people long to go,And palmers to set out for distant strandsAnd foreign shrines renowned in many lands.And specially in England people rideTo Canterbury from every countrysideTo visit there the blessed martyred saintWho gave them strength when they were sick and faint.Q1: What’s the title of this literary work from which it is taken? And who is the author?Q2: What’s the metrical scheme of this poem?Q3: What’s the theme of this literary work?V. 论述题1. What are the artistic features of The Canterbury Tales?2. What are the writing Features of Shakespeare?英国文学中古时期到17世纪I. 选择题1-5: DBACB 6-10: DBDBC 11-15: BDBBC 16-20:CDCBCII. 判断题1-5: TFTFT 6-10: FTTFF 11-15:TFTFT 16-18:FFTIII. 连线题12.the first and greatest English epic —— Beowulf13.Thomas Malory——The Death of King Arthur14.William Langland——Piers the Plowman15.Geoffrey Chaucer——The Canterbury Tales16.Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene17.Christopher Marlowe——The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus18.Thomas More——Utopia19.Francis Bacon——Essays20.John Milton——Paradise Lost21.John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress22.William Shakespeare——A Midsummer Night’s DreamIV. 赏析题1.Q1：What’s the title of this essay from which it is taken? And who is the author?A1: Of Studies; Francis BaconQ2: Please give a simple analysis of the literature style of this essay.A2: simple, precise, compact, aphoristic（格言式的), gravity, eleganceQ3: What are “three abuses of studies”?A3: Read to contradict and confute, to believe and take for granted, to find talk and discourse.Q4: What’s the theme of this essay?A4: Different ways of studies may exert different influences over human characters.2.Q1: What’s the title of this literary work from which it is taken? And who is the author?A1: General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales; Geoffrey Chaucer.Q2: What’s the metrical scheme of this poem?A2: The heroic couplet.Q3: What’s the theme of this literary work?A3: Chaucer affirmed man’s right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed asceticism, praised man's energy, intellect, and love of life. Meanwhile, he also exposed and satirized the social evils, especially the religious abuses.V. 论述题1. What are the artistic features of The Canterbury Tales?1) Realistic Presentation of Characters and Contemporary LifeNot only the characters represent the classes they come from, but each also possesses an individual personality. The characters are as important a part of the poem as the tales told by them.The poet tries to give a comprehensive picture of the English society of his time and arranges to present a colorful gallery of pilgrims that covers a great range of social life.2) Chaucer’s HumorHe is well-skilled in mild and subtle irony to create humorous effects. He was a broad-minded humanist and had sympathy for people at large. He treats his characters kindly on the whole, using gentle satire and irony to criticize vanity, ill-manners, deceptive tricks and all sorts of follies and human weaknesses.3) Unity Trough a Framed StoryAlthough the story-tellers are very different and the stories are diverse, a unity is achieved through the device of the framed story that is Chaucer’s invention of a pilgrimage as the occasion of all the story-telling and thus makes it realistic. The pilgrimage frame offers the possibility for comparison and contrast of characters and their interplay.4) Metrical SchemeThe metrical scheme of The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s chief contribution to English poetry. He is the poet who introduced to England the rhymed stanzas of many kinds from French poetry, especially the heroic couplet.2. What are the writing Features of Shakespeare?1) Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. He faithfully and vividly reflects the major social contradictions of his time.2) The method of adoption from the plots of Greek legends, Roman history and Italian stories, etc.3) Elastic dramas: action develops freely, without the three unities of time, place and action. And there are many themes in one play.4) Poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet and the dramatic blank verse.5) Shakespeare was a great master of the English language: large vocabulary.。

英国文学填空练习教程文件

英国文学填空练习Part OneOld and Middle English LiteratureI.Fill in the blanks1.Choose the best answer Critics tend to divide Chaucer’s literary career intothree periods: the French period, the Italian period and the English period.2.Chaucer employed the heroic couplet in writing his greatest work TheCanterbury tales.3.The framework in The Canterbury Tales is a pilgrimage.4.When Chaucer died on the 25th of October 1400, he was the first to be buriedin Westminster Abbey.5.The Prologue provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales,and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.6.The 15th century has traditionally been described as the barren age in Englishliterature.7.Poetry can be classified as narrative or lyric. Narrative poems stress actions,and lyrics stress songs.Part TwoEnglish Literature in the Renaissance PeriodI.Fill in the blanks1.The second period of English Renaissance is also called the Elizabethanperiod or the age of Shakespeare.2.Shakespeare’s plays have been traditionally divided into four categoriesaccording to dramatic type: histories, comedies, tragedies and romances.3.Edmund Spenser is often referred to as “the poets’ poet” because of hisconsiderable influence on later poets.4.Spenser’s Amoretti is a serie s of 88 sonnets in which he links each quatrainto the next by a continuing rhyme: abab bcbc cdcd ee. This form is usuallycalled Spenserian sonnets.5.Christopher Marlowe is considered the first great English dramatist and themost important Elizabethan playwright before Shakespeare.6.Shakespeare’s 154 sonnets fall into two series: one series are addressed to W.H, a young man, and the other addressed to a dark lady.7.The writings of Francis Bacon mainly fall into three categories: philosophical,literary and professional.8. A Shakespearean sonnet is composed of three quatrains and a concludingcouplet.Part ThreeEnglish Literature in the 17th CenturyI.Fill in the blanks1.The poems of John Donne belong to two categories: the youthful love lyricsand the later sacred verse.ton gave us the only epic since Beowulf, and Bunyan gave us the onlygreat allegory.3.Bunyan’s most important work is The Pilgrim’s Progress, written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.4.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend, critical realism,appeared after the romantic poetry.5.John Donne is the founder of the school of metaphysical poetry. His worksare characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.6.Because of the success of Paradise Lost, John Milton produced in 1671another epic, Paradise Regained.7.John Milton’s Paradise Lost opens with the description of a meeting amongthe fallen angels, and ends with the departure of Adam and Eve from theGarden of Eve.8.The most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was JohnDryden, poet, critic, and playwright.9.Paradise Lost is a long epic. The stories are taken from the Old Testament.10.Part Four18th Century LiteratureI.Fill in the blanks1.Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyards” is taken as amodel of sentimental poetry, esp. the graveyard school.2.The exciting tale of Robinson Crusoe is largely an adventure story rather thanthe study of human character.3.An Ode, in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for achorus to chant and to dance to.4.5.In Jerusalem, William Blake expounded his theory of imagination, assertingthat the world of imagination is the world of eternity.6.“ Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,And the roacks melt wi’ the sun:I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands of life shall run”The above lines are taken from Robert Burns’famous poem “My Luve’sLike a Red, Red, Rose”.7.Friday is a character in the novel Robinson Crusoe.8.Henry Fielding is called the Father of the English Novels.9.The 18th century is known as the age of enlightenment or the age of reason.10.In Gulliver’s Travels, Yahoos are the creatures living in Houyhnynms.Part FiveRomantic LiteratureI.Fill in the blanks1.As an age of romantic enthusiasm, the Romantic Age began in 1798 whenWordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical Ballads and ended in 1832 when Scott died.2.The Englightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughoutwestern Europe in the 18th century.3.4.In the Preface of the 2nd and 3rd editions of Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth laiddown the principles of poetry composition.5.The English Romantic Age produced two major novelists, Walter Scott and JaneAusten.6.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey are referred to as the “Lake Poets” becausethey lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.7.In 1805, Wordsworth completed his long autobiographical poem entitled ThePrelude.8.Percy Shelley mourned for John Keats’ premature death in an elegy “Adonais”,writing “he is made one with nature”.9.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at simplicity and purity of the language, fightingagainst the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry.10.“Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” is long poem created by Byron. It contains fourcantos in the Spenserian stanza, namely a 9-line stanza rhymed abbabbcbcc, in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter while the 9th line in iambichexameter.11.The greatest English realist of the 19th century was Charles Dickens.12.Don Juan is Byron’s masterpiece, written in the prime of his creative power. Hecalled it an “epic satire”, “ a satire on abuse of the present state of society”.13.The plot of Shelley’s lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound is borrowed fromPrometheus Bound, a play of the Greek tragedian Aeschylus.14.Walter Scott is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. Hisnovels give a panorama of feudal society from its early stage to its downfall. 15.In “To Autumn”, Keats writes,Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;Conspiring with him how to load and blessWith fruit the vines that round the thatch-evs runThe figure of speech used in the lines is personification.16.“Ode to a Nightingale” expresses the contrast between the happiness of the naturalworld and the pain of the human reality.17.Percy Shelley was memorized and honored as “the heart of all hearts” after hisdeath.18.Many critics regard Shelley as one of the greatest of all English poets. They pointespecially to his lyrics.19.Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against theneoclassical reason, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson.20.Odes are generally regarded as Keats’ most important and mature works.21.“Ode on a Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between permanence of art andtransience of human passion.22.Scott is considered “the father of historical novels”.23.Two prevailing themes of Pride and Prejudice are pride and prejudice and loveand marriage.24.Kubla Khan was composed in a dream after the poet Coleridge took the opium.25.All such works of Coleridge as “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, “Christabel”,and “Kubla Khan” revealed his keen interest in mystery.26.Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.27.“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, “An Evening Walk”, “My Heart Leaps up”, and“Tintern Abbey” are all masterpieces on nature.28.The constant sight of nature in the wondrous beauty of Lake District awoke loveand reverence in Wordsworth.29.In 1797, Wordsworth made friends with S.T. Coleridge and a year later theyjointly published the Lyrical Ballads.30.The main idea running through the romantic poem Prometheus Unbound is that offreedom.31.Shelley, with a triumphant praise of the imagination, highly exalts the role ofpoetry, thinking that poetry alone could free man and offer the mind a wider view of its powers. He holds that poetry “is as more direct representation of the actions and passins of our internal being.”32.French revolution and British industrial revolution gave great impetus to therise of the Romantic Movement.Part Six19th century Literature1.The comic element is strong in Charles Dickens’ first novel, The PickwickPapers which appeared in monthly sections between April 1836 andNovember 1837.2.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend, critical realism,appeared after the romantic poetry.3.The Victorian Age in English literature was largely an age of prose, especiallyof the novel.4.5.David Copperfield is one of Charles Dickens’ best works. It is written in thefirst person and is the most autobiographical of all his books.6.Written in 1837-38, Oliver Twist tells the story of an orphan boy, whoseadventure provide material for a description of the lower depths of London.7.Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques,the Victorian novelists shared one thing in common, that is, they wereconcerned about the fate of the common people.8.Robert Browning’s poetic experiments transferred the thematic interest ofpoetry from mere narration of the story to revelation and study ofcharacters’ inner world and brought to the Victorian poetry some psycho-analytical element.9.Wuthering Heights is written by Emily Bronte. It is a morbid story of love,but a powerful attack on the bourgeois marriage system. It shows true loveion a class society is impossible of attainment.10.In his works, Dickens sets out a full map and a large-scale criticism of the 19thcentury England, particularly London.11.Thomas Hardy, novelist and poet, is one of the representatives of Englishcritical realism at the turn of the 19th century.12.The Mayor of Casterbridge, one of the century’s finest novels, traces the riseand fall of Michael Henchard, a tough, egotistical, fellow who sold his wifeand baby at a fair.13.Jane Eyre represents those middle class working women, who are strugglingfor the recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.14.In her novels, George Eliot seeks to present the inner struggle of a soul andto reveal the motives, impulses and hereditary influences which governhuman action.15.The two most predominating poets of the Victorian period are AlfredTennyson and Robert Browning.16.In many Hardy’s later novels, the conflict between the tradition and themodern is brought to the center of the stage.17.As a woman of exceptional intelligence and life experience, George Eliotshows a particular concern for the destiny of women.Part SevenEarly 20th Century Literature1.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysisas its theoretical base.2.“Araby” from Dubliners is a tale of the frustrated quest for beauty in themidst of drabness.3.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated andaill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man,and man and himself.4.W.B.Yeats experienced a slow and painful change in his poetic creation,starting in the romantic tradition and finishing as a mature modernist poet.5.T.S. Eliot’s major achievement in play writing has been the creation of averse drama in the 20th century to express the ideas and actions of modernsociety with new accents of the contemporary speech.6.In his famous essay “Tradition and Individual Talent”, T.S. Eliot put greatemphasis on the importance of tradition both in creative writing and incriticism.7.“The Hollow Man”, which bears a strong thematic resemblance to “TheWaste Land”, is generally regarded as the darkest of Eliot’s poems.8.Structurally and thematically, George Bernard Shaw follows the greattradition of realism.9.Joyce seems to mean that the novel Ulysses describes the mental activities oftwo Dubliners in a single day.10.Virginia Woolf represents the much more readable novelists of the stream ofconsciousness school. She is a fine artist, a woman of sharp sensitivity who, in one of her frequent mental depressions, committed suicide.11.All of Joyce’s novel and short stories have the same setting, Ireland,especially Dublin, and the same subject, Dubliners and their life.12.The statement “A demanding mother turns away from her husband and givesall her affection to he r sons” sums up the main plot of D.H Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers.13.In Mrs. Dalloway, Virginia Woolf adopted a writing technique called streamof consciousness, in which the whole story was presented with the interior monologues of the characters.14.“She frankl y wanted him to climb into the middle class, a thing not verydifficult, she knew. And she wanted him in the end to marry a lady.” is taken from D.H Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers.15.D.H. Lawence’s poems fall roughly into three categories--- satirical andcomic poems, poems about human relationship and emotions, and poems about nature.16.The poem “The Waste Land”, which is 433 lines long, is broadlyacknowledged as one of the most recognizable landmarks of modernism, the first part of it is “The Burial of the dead”, and the third part of it is “The Fire Sermon”.17.In 1913, Eliot published his first volume of verse, Prufrock and OtherObservations in which the influence of some French symbolism can be seen.。

美国文学名词解释

American Puritanism(美国清教主义) Puritanism was a religious reform that arose within the church of England in the late 16thcentury. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the 17th to the northern English colonies in the new world---a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of new England. Puritanism, however, was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of new England, it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, puritans adhered to the five points of Calvinism as codified at the synod of Dort in 1619: 1) unconditional election: the idea that God had decreed at the synod of damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world;2) limited atonement: the idea that Christ died for the elect only;3) total depravity: humanity’s utter corruption since the fall;4) irresistible g race: regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be re3sisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing;5) the perseverance of the saints: the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart, cannot fall away from grace.清教主义是16世纪晚期在英国教会内进行的一场宗教改革.在教会和皇权的双重压力之下,清教的一个分支于17世纪30,40年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地,他们为新英格兰奠定了宗教、知识和社会秩序的基础。

British Literature of the 17th and the 18th

1.政治上：1603年伊丽莎白女王去世后，英国国王与议会矛盾日趋激烈，政局动荡。

1649年1月爆发资产阶级革命，废除了君主制，推翻斯图亚特王朝专政。

查理一世被送上断头台，同年5月，英国宣布英格兰共和国成立。

1660年，查理一世的儿子查理二世复辟了斯图亚特王朝。

1688年，资产阶级把（查理二世的女儿女婿）玛丽二世和威廉三世捧上台，确立了资产阶级君主立宪制。

2.经济上：资本主义经济的兴起和迅速发展，封建制度严重阻碍了资本主义经济发展。

3.思想上：清教的发展壮大。

钦定版圣经是《圣经》的诸多英文版本之一，于1611年出版，自诞生至今一直都是英语世界中最有权威的、最佳的一个圣经译本。

钦定版圣经是由英王詹姆斯一世的命令下翻译的，钦定版圣经不仅影响了随后的英文版圣经，对英语文学的写作风格和品味标准的影响也是很大的。

一些著名作者，如约翰·班扬、约翰·弥尔顿 ...很明显从这个版本的圣经中得到启发。

虽然钦定版圣经已经年代久远了，现在绝大部分地区仍然可以购买到。

它也被认为是现代英语的基石，并从它诞生以来一直是被最广泛阅读的文献之一。

Bacon was a public figure and statesman (Lord Chancellor）.弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon，1561 - 1626）在1561年出生于伦敦一个官宦世家，曾在剑桥大学攻读法律，23岁，当选为国会议员。

1602年，伊丽莎白去世，詹姆士一世继位。

由于培根曾力主苏格兰与英格兰的合并，受到詹姆士的大力赞赏。

培根因此平步青云，扶摇直上。

受封为爵士，之后先后担任要职。

1618年晋升为英格兰的大法官。

但培根的才能和志趣不在国务活动上，而存在与对科学真理的探求上。

这一时期，他在学术研究上取得了巨大的成果。

并出版了多部著作。

1621年，培根被国会指控贪污受贿，被高级法庭判处罚金四万磅，监禁于伦敦塔内，终生逐出宫廷，不得任议员和官职。

英美文学课后习题

Old English LiteratureReview Questions1. Give an account of the history of England from the Celtic settlement to the Norman Conquest.2. How did Christianity came to England? Name the most important monasteries of this period.3. Name some representative pieces of the Old English poetry.4. Name the two most important Christian poets of this period.5. Analyse the artistic features of Beowulf, using the quoted passage to illustrate your points.Middle English LiteratureI. Fill in the blanks: (30%)1. The first settlers of the British Isles were ________, and Britain got its name from a branch of this people called ________. But later they were driven to live in ________, ________ and ________.2. The ________, ________ and ________ were ________ tribes originally living on the Continent. They moved to the British Isles and became the ancestors of the ________ people.3. The most important event of the Old English Period was ________, which took place in the year ________.4. The Roman Catholic Church sent ________ to England in 597 ________ the English people to Catholicism.5. Name two poems of this period apart from Beowulf: ________, and ________.6. Beowulf is an epic of ________ lines, and it tells the events that took place on ________ before they moved to the British Isles.7. After the Anglo-Saxon English took in loan words from ________ and ________ and lost most of its ________ and many of its grammar rules, it was called ________.8. Romance can be divided into three kinds according to subject matter. They are ________, ________ and ________.9. Romances of the English subject are tales about ________ and his ________.10. John Wyclif was a translator of ________, William Langland wrote ________ and the most famous English ballads are those about ________.II. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F): (10%)The two centers of Christian culture in the Old English Period was in Canterbury and Northumbria.Caedmon belonged to Northumbrian School, whereas the V enerable Bede was a member of the Canterbury Abbey in south England.The first English national epic poem is Widsith.Old English poetry is distinguished by its use of alliteration and kennings.Chaucer is the greatest lyrical poet of the Middle English PeriodThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's masterpiece, but it is unfinished with only 24 tales written. Modern English is developed from the London dialect of the Middle English Period, which isa great contribution made by Chaucer to the English language.Most of the English popular ballads have their origin in the French folklore.The Normans were interested in the Cycle of King Arthur because they wanted to prove they were lawful heirs to the Celtic ancestors of Britain.Chaucer's humanistic ideas anticipate the English Renaissance.IV. Explain the following literary terms: (15%)1. epic2. alliteration3. iambic pentameter4. romance5. balladIV. Choose one from each of the following two groups of questions and write a short essay of about 300 words to the first and about 500 words to the second: (45%)Group One: (20%)1. Give a historical review of the Old English Period.2. Say something about the transition from Old English to Middle English and the historical elements that had brought about this transition.Group Two: (25%)1. Analyze the theme(s) and artistic features of Beowulf.2. Comment on Chaucer's achievements and contributions with examples from his works.English Renaissance PeriodReview Questions1. How did England become the most powerful country during the Tudor reign?2. What does the word "Renaissance" mean and why do we call this historical period the English Renaissance Period?3. Give a brief account of Thomas More's life and his major work Utopia.4. Name Spenser's major literary work and tell what it is about.5. Name more writers (poets and playwrights) of this period and tell what you know about them.6. What are Bacon's chief contributions?7. Who was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare? Discuss one of his plays.8. What kind of comedy is Ben Jonson's special contribution? And as a playwright how different is Ben Jonson from Shakespeare?QuizFill in the blanks: (50%)1. ________ broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and established ________.2. It was ________ and ________ who introduced Italian sonnets into England.3. Thomas More's famous line in Utopia that exposes the calamities of the Enclosure Movement is ________.4. Faerie Queene was planned for 12 books, each standing for one moral principle, but only ________ books were finished centering on the following six virtues: ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________and ________.5. Philip Sidney's essay on poetry is called ________; John Lyly's prose romance has a main character ________, whose name is afterward responsible for an expression in the dictionary to represent a style of speech; Thomas Lodge is mainly remembered today for his prose romance ________, Thomas Nasbe is believed to have joined Marlowe in writing ________; and Robert Greene is connected with Shakespeare for attacking the latter in one of his pamphlets as a(n) ________.6. Christopher Marlowe used ________ to write his plays and two of his important plays are________, and ________.7. Francis Bacon's works are expressions of his thought on ________, and his prose style is best represented in an essay called ________.8. Ben Jonson's masterpiece is a comedy of humours called ________, and he was made ________ in 1616.9. List any three of Shakespeare's comedies: ________, ________, and ________.10. The four great tragedies by Shakespeare are ________, ________, ________, and ________.11. Shakespeare has produced two tetralogies of English history plays, and the most discussed two are ________, and ________.12. Falstaff was no good companion for ________, who later became ________, a powerful king of England.13. ________ was a Jew and a usurer in ________, and he tried to take revenge on the Christians who despised and ill-treated him.14. lago is the villain in ________, who set a trap to lead ________ to believe that his wife ________ was unfaithful to him.15. ________ is a spirit in the dramatic romance ________, in which he helped ________, the former duke of ________ to get back the lost power.16. Shakespeare wrote ________ sonnets, which can be divided into groups with ________ and ________ sonnets in each group.17. The Shakespearean sonnet rhymes ________, and the last ________ lines are used as a conclusion to sum up the message of the poem.II. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F): (10%)The English Enclosure Movement was a drive to fence up large pieces of land to raise sheep. The Tudor reign reached its most glorious time under King Henry VIII.In 1688 the English navy defeated the Spanish Armada on the high seas.Humanism opposed the Roman Catholic Church and the medieval bondage on people's minds.Miracle plays are simple and mostly tell the stories of the Bible.The university wits were all university graduates and they lived on university campuses.in Shakespeare's days all the female roles were performed by boys.Romeo and Juliet was written in the third period of Shakespeare's creative career.The Spenserian stanza contains 8 iambic lines of 5 feet each and one last line of 6 feet.The Arcadia is a romance in verse by Philip Sidney, which consists of 5 books.III. Explain the following literary terms: (15%)1. the Shakespearean sonnet2. blank verse3. pastoral poem4. three unities5. allegoryIV. Essay question: (25%)Choose one essay question from the given two and write an essay of at least 500 words.1. Give a general account of the first flowering of Literature in the English Renaissance Period.2. Write an introduction of Shakespeare, his life and his literary achievements.The 17th Century LiteratureReview Questions1. What historical elements caused the English Bourgeois Revolution and why is it so called the Puritan Revolution?2. Tell what you know about Milton's life.3. Make some comments on the epic poem Paradise Lost.4. In what way does Samson's last heroic deed remind us of Milton's last phase of life?Review Questions1. Tell the unique features of the "Metaphysical Poetry".2. Choose one poem by metaphysical poets and discuss it as well as you can.3. Introduce the historical background for the emergence of the Restoration drama.4. Choose to comment on one Restoration comedy writer and his play(s).Review Questions1. Choose either Absalom and Achitophel or Mac Flecknoe and analyse it to show Dryden's satirical power.2. Why is Dryden called "Father of English Literary Criticism"? What are his literary views presented in Of Dramatick Poesie?3. What kind of a writer is John Bunyan?4. Discuss as well as you can The Pilgrim's Progress.QuizI. Choose one correct answer from the four offers given after each of the following sentences or questions: (15%)1. Who was the leader of the Puritan Revolution of England?A. John LilburneB. Oliver CromwellC. MiltonD. Charles II2. Who was executed as the enemy of the English people after the victory of the Bourgeois Revolution?A. James IIB. Queen ElizabethC. Charles IID. Charles 13. The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of ________.A. 1660B. 1688C. 1642 D 16494. The Bible was translated under the reign of ________ and published in ________.A. King James I, 1611B. King Charles I, 1625C. King James II, 1688D. King Charles I1, 16605. In the early 17th century there was a group of court poets represented by John Suckling, Robert Herrick, etc. who were called ________.A. metaphysical poetsB. cavalier poetsC. satirical poetsD. lyrical poets6. Milton's poem Lycidas is a(n) ________ and his Paradise Lost is written in ________.A. epic, heroic coupletB. pastoral poem, sonnetC. lyrical poem, rhymed verseD. elegy, blank verse7. Metaphysical poets are noted for their use of ________.A. blank verseB. conceitsC. alliterationD. typography8. In the Restoration Period, drama revived mainly because ________.A. Charles I1 and his court brought back with them a taste for dramaB. there appeared many good playwrightsC. the new bourgeois class liked dramaD. it was a reaction against the suppression of drama performance by the Puritan government9. Restoration plays have a significance in the history of English literature because ________.A. they are very entertaining with witty dialoguesB. they have themes about love and marriage of the city peopleC. they anticipate the plays of social manners by later dramatists like Sheridan and GoldsmithD. they have preserved comedies as a dramatic genre from distinctionI0. William Congreve chose to write his comedies on subjects of ________.A. family and social pressures on young people's free choice in love and marriageB. intrigues and deceptions in the games of love and marriageC. indecent sexual liaisons and the libertine life styleD. the fight over inheritance and marriage for money and rank11. Of the four speakers in his Of Dramatick Poesie John Dryden speaks through the character called ________.A. EugeniusB. CritesC. LisideiusD. Neander12. Besides heroic plays, Dryden also produced ________ such as Secret Love and Marriage a-la-Mode.A. tragi-comediesB. history playsC. dramatic romancesD. problem plays13. In religion John Bunyan was a ________.A. ProtestantB. Puritan dissenterC. CatholicD. Church of England man14. The Pilgrim's Progress is a(n) ________.A. fairy taleB. religious documentC. realistic novelD. allegory15. Before Dryden and Bunyan, the English prose mainly followed the ________ styles.A. Italian and FrenchB. French and SpanishC. French and LatinD. Spanish and LatinII. Give the full name of the authors of the following works: (10%)1. Grace Abounding to the Chief o/Sinners2. The Way of the World3. Absalom and Achitophel4. The Flea5. Areopagutuca; or Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing6. The Man of Mode7. The Work of the Beast8. The Altar9. The True Levellers' Standard Advanced10. The Plain-DealerIII. Identification exercises: Y ou are given three passages below from the works we have introduced in this part. Please read each carefully and then answer the questions attached to each passage (30%)1. [...] at this fair are all such merchandise sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honours,prefermentst, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures, and delights of all sorts, as whores, bawds, wives, husbands, children, masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls, silver, gold, pearls, precious stones, and what not.Questions:1) From which work is this passage taken and who is its author? (2 points)2) What is this passage about? (3 points)3) Translate the passage into Chinese. (5 points)2. Like mine, thy gentle numbers feebly creep;Thy tragic Muse gives smiles, thy comic sleep.With whate'er gall thou sett'st thyself to write,Thy inoffensive satires never bite.Questions:1) Name the work from which this poetic stanza is taken. (1 point)2) Who is the author of the poem and what kind of poetry is this? (2 points)3) Who is the poetic persona that speaks these lines and who is the addressee? (2 points)4) Paraphrase the first two lines. (5 points)3. Had we but world enough and time,This coyness, lady, were no crime.We would sit down, and think which wayTo walk, and pass out long love's day.Thou by the Indian Ganges' sideShouldst rubies find, [ by the tideOf Humber would complain. I wouldLove you ten years before the Flood.And you should, if you please, refuseTill the conversion of the Jews.Questions:1) Who is the poet of this selection and what is the name of the poem from which it is taken? (2 points)2) What kind of poetry is this called? (1 point)3) Translate the underlined verse lines. (5 points)4) What does the young man want to tell his mistress in this selected section? (2 points)IV. Essay questions: (45%)I. Choose one from the given two topics and write an essay of at least 300 words: (20%)1) Give a brief account of John Dryden's literary contributions.2) Discuss John Bunyan and his masterpiece The Pilgrim's Progress.2. Write an essay on the following topic in about 500 words: (25%)Analyse as well as you can John Milton's Paradise Lost.18th Century LiteratureReview Questions1. What are the essential features of Neoclassicism in the 18th-century England?2. Name the major Neoclassic representative writers of this period and introduce their major achievements.3. Comment on Pope's literary contributions.4. Analyse Swift's Gulliver's Travels.5. Name two important newspapers of the period and tell what you know about them.6. Why do we say Johnson was the literary lion of this period? Choose to discuss one of his works. Review Questions1. Discuss the social and historical elements that promoted the birth of the modern novel inEngland.2. Discuss Defoe's Robinson Crusoe as a typical middle-class novel.3. What kind of novel did Richardson write? And discuss his two major novels to show your points.4. How did Fielding name his panoramic novels? What are the main features of his novels?5. Why do we say that Tristram Shandy is a strange and difficult novel? In what way does this novel anticipate the postmodern novel tendencies?Romanticism LiteratureReview Questions1. What is Topographical Poetry? Give some examples of poems belong to this category.2. Why is Thomas Gray called a Graveyard poet? Discuss his Elegy Written in a Country Church-Y ard.3. Choose to discuss two of Robert Burns' poems.4. Tell what you know about William Blake and his literary achievements.5. What was the intellectual background that brought about the Gothic Novel?6. Choose one from the three Gothic novelists introduced in this chapter and discuss his or her major novel as well as you can. ~'QuizI. Identify the following works with their writers: (10%)The Rape of the Lock Laurence SterneGulliver's Travels Henry FieldingLives of the English Poets Alexander PopeCato Jonathan SwiftThe Seasons Matthew Gregory I~Robinson Crusoe Samuel RichardsonA Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy Joseph AddisonClarissa Samuel JohnsonTom Jones Daniel DefoeThe Monk James ThomsonII. Fill in the blanks: (20%)1. The two well-known newspapers run by Steele and Addison are ________ and ________.2. Pope wrote a poem about literary principles in the form of ________, which is entitled ________.3. ________ was prejudiced against ________, whereas ________ wrote 18 critical essays to praise this great English poet.4. Gulliver's Travels consists of ________ books to tell separately Gulliver's adventures in ________, ________, ________ and ________.5. Johnson took 7 years to compile ________, and he ran a journal called ________.6. Pope solved his financial problem with the money he got from translating ________, and Richardson became the first English writer who did not depend on writing for ________.7. Name two English female novelists during the first flowering of the novel in England: ________ and ________.8. Robert Burns is most well-known for his poems written in ________ and William Blake took________ as his occupation.III. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F): (10%)The rise of the modern novel is closely related to the rise of the middle class and an urban life.Tom Jones is the first English tragic novel, whereas Clarissa is a comic novel of a panoramic social scope.Besides Robinson Crusoe, Defoe wrote two novels about the life of lowly women and they are Pamela and Moll Flanders.Richardson is regarded as the greatest letter novel writer of 18th-century Europe.Tristram Shandy is a unique novel in the world's literary history, which is ahead of its time in the experimentation of narrative skills.Gray is the most important representative of the Topographical Poets.Swift's satirical essay The Modest Proposal enraged the English king and a price of 300 pounds was set for the person who would betray him.Joseph Addison is also known as a good literary critic for his essays on Milton and on pleasures of imagination.Samuel Johnson was all his life an arm-chair traveler without an opportunity to travel beyond England.Radcliffe is different from the other Gothic novelists because she always gives a rational explanation to the seemingly terrible things in her novel.IV. Explain the following literary terms: (15%)1. picaresque novel2. Augustan Age3. heroic couplet4. mock epic5. quatrainV. Essay questions: (45%)Group I: Choose one question from the given three and write an essay to it in about 300 words: (20%)1) Choose to discuss one writer or work in this part you are more familiar with.2) Say something about Neoclassicism and its representation in English literature.3) Write to tell in what sense the modern novel is different from the picaresque novel, allegories and romances that went before it.Group 2: Choose one question from the three given below and write an essay to it in about 500 words: (25%)1) Compare Richardson and Fielding to show their differences in theme and in technique.2) Say something about Defoe as a typical middle-class writer and comment on his character Robinson Crusoe as well.3) Comment on Alexander Pope and his contributions to English poetry.Review Questions1. What was the historical situation that nurtured the English Romantic ism?2. Who are the representatives of English Romantic Poetry.'? And how are they generally grouped?3. Say what you know about Wordsworth's life and his ideas about poetry.4. Choose two of Wordsworth's poems and analyse them with your own perceptions.5. Give an account of Coleridge's life and his literary achievements.6. Tell the story of "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" and try to analyse its romantic features. Review Questions1. What are the differences between the Lake Poets and the younger generation of English Romanticists?2. Describe the Byronic hero and the main thematic and artistic features of Byron's poetry.3. What are Shelley's social ideals seen in his poetry? And illustrate your points with his poems we introduce in this chapter.4. What is John Keats" ideas about beauty, immortality and love? Analyse one poem by him to show your point.。

[整理版]英国文学史及选读知识要点I

Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1066)I Background449 the Teutons ( the Jutes, the Anglos, the Saxons)II LiteratureThe literature of this period falls into two divisions—pagan and ChristianTwo Anglo-saxon Christian poets:Caedmon （凯德蒙，公元7世纪盎各鲁－萨克逊基督教诗人）who lived in the latter half of the 7th century and who wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.Cynewulf（基涅武甫,盎各鲁――萨克逊诗人，生活在公元9世纪，其古英语诗稿于10世纪被发现，有《埃琳娜》,《使徒们的命运》，《基督升天》和《朱莉安娜》）, the author of poems on religious subjectsIII The Song of Beowulf( Beowulf, 公元7-8世纪之交开始流传于民间的同名史诗中的主人公，曾与水怪，火龙搏斗)Status: England’s national epicWritten at the beginning of the tenth centuryComposed much earlierLength:3182The whole song is essentially pagan in spirit and matter.Features : alliteration; metaphors; understatementSubject matterPart II The Anglo-Norman Period (1066—1350)I historical background: The Norman ConquestII. The LiteratureThe literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.III. Romance1. Romance was the prevailing form of literature in feudal England.2. Definition and features(理解)IV. Sir Gawain and the Green Knighta late-14th century middle-English outlining an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur’s Round Table.It was a verse romance of 2530 lines, considered as the best of Arthurian roman ces.Part III Geoffrey Chaucer(1340?-1400)I Major worksThe Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》is a translation from a French poem.His masterpiece: The Canterbury TalesII Contributions1. Chaucer—the forerunner of Renaissanc e2. Chaucer –a master of realism3 Chaucer—“father of English poetry”①In contradistinction to the alliterative verse of the Anglo-Saxon poetry, Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonic-syllabic verse.②He introduced from France the rhymed couplet (two successive lines of verse equal in length and with thyme) of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the heroic coupletIII the Canterbury tales1. statusThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature2. It contains(1) a general prologue (over 800 lines)(2) 24 tales(3) separate prologues and “the links that accompany some of the tales‖Part IV The RenaissanceI.The RenaissanceFeatures① A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.②The keen interest in the activities of humanity.Essence: humanismII. The 16th century EnglandIII. The Renaissance Literature in EnglandFigures1/ Thomas More (1478-1535, 托马斯·莫尔)—the Forerunner of utopian socialismUtopia《乌托邦》(1516)2/ France Bacon (1561-1626,弗朗西斯·培根）--the scientist, philosopher and essayist3/ Thomas Wyatt (1503?-1542, 托玛斯·维亚特）--a poet, the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature4/. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599,埃德蒙·斯宾塞)，a great poetThe Faerie Queene《仙后》（1590）5/ Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)—the greatest pioneer of English dramaContributions:He reformed the genre of drama in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.He made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama6/ Prose writersJohn Lily(1553-1606，约翰·黎利) Eupheus（尤弗伊斯）gives the term of euphuismThomas Loge (1558-1625，托马斯·洛奇)Thomas Deloney (1543-1600,托马斯·德罗尼）Thomas Nashe（1567-1601，托马斯·纳西）William Shakespeare (1564-1616)I. status: the greatest of all English authors; one of those rare geniuses of mankind; landmark in the history of world culture; one of the first founders of realism; a masterhand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations the greatest dramatist in human history and the supreme poet of the English language—he wrote poems and playsII works①Poemssonnets: 1542 narrative poemsVenus and Adonis 《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克莉斯受辱记》②plays(38)tragediesRomeo and Juliet4 great tragedies (Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth )comediesMid- Summer’ Night’s DreamhistoriesIII.Selected reading①Hamlet②Sonnet 18Francis Bacon (1561-1626)I title：Philosopher, scientist(the inventor of scientific method); Statesman Jurist(法学家）; essayistII. worksBacon’s works may be divided into three classes:a. the philosophical works:Advancement of Learning (1605, in English)Novum Organum (1620, in Latin)De Augmentis (1623, in latin)b. the literary works:Essays( 1597,1612, 1625)c. the professional works:Maxism of the LawReading on the Statute of Uses 用益权法Part V The 17th Century The period of Revolution and RestorationI. Social Background1. The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous[动荡的] periods inEnglish history.2.In 1642, the civil war (English revolution/ Puritan revolution) broke outbetween Charles I and the parliament.3. The restoration (1660)4.The glorious revolution(1688)II. Puritan and PuritanismIII. Literature of the 17th century1.The revolution periodGeneral Characteristics①The Revolution Period was one of confusion in literature due to the breakingup of the old ideals. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry written in the previous period.②The Puritan influence in general tended to suppress literary art. Y et this hard,stern sect produced a great poet, John Milton, and a great prose writer, John Bunyan.③Literature in the Puritan Age expressed sadness. Even its brightest hourswere followed by gloom and pessimism.④John Milton, whose work would glorify any age and people, and in his workthe indomitable（不屈服的）revolutionary spirit found its noblest expression.For this reason, this period is also called Age of Milton．⑤The main literary form of the period was poetry. Besides Milton, there weretwo other groups of poets, the Metaphysical Poets and the Cavalier Poets.2. Literature of the Restorationgeneral characteristics① a sudden breaking away from old standards②Restoration literature is deeply influenced by French classical taste. It is a period of French influence.rimed couplets-blank verseThe unitiesA more regular constructionThe presentations of types rather than individuals③restoration comediesRestoration created a literature of its own that was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical. The most popular genre was that of comedy whose chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats. The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest.④John Dryden (1631-1670)critic, poet, and playwrightthe most distinguished literary figure of the time(一)John Donne (1573-1631)I ①The founder of the Metaphysical School and very influential upon modern writers②a preacher famous for his magnificent sermons at his timeIII Major W orksEarly works: Songs and Sonnets( written before 1600, 55 love poems)The Flea 《跳蚤》Song: Go and Catch a Falling StarWoman’s Consta ncy 《女人的忠贞》A Valediction : of Weeping《别离辞：哭泣》A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《别离辞：节哀》late works: Religious poems and sermons(二) John Milton(1608-1674)I status ①A great puritan poet②his work would glorify any age or people, and in him the indomitable puritan spirit finds the noblest expression.II Milton’s WorksThree literary periods:①early period: poems written in Cambridge and at Horton②middle-aged period: prose pamphletsAreopagitica(Speech for the Liberty of UnlicensedPrinting,1644 )Eikonoklaste s ( Image Breaker, 1649)Defense for the English People (1650)③the period of his old age :great poemsParadise Lost (1658-1664)Paradise Regained (1671)Samson Agonistes (1671)III Paradise Lost①status:•the only great epic since Beowulf•one of the greatest poems of the English language②ThemeThe theme is ― the fall of man,‖ i.e. man's disobedience and the loss of paradise , with its cause–Satan .(三) John Bunyan1628—1688I status•He received spiritual independence from the Reformation•the chief Puritan writer of prose•He gave us the only great allegory ——The Pilgrim’s ProgressII The Pilg rim’s Progress (1678)①It is about Christian’s journey from his hometown ―the city of Destruction‖ to the ―Celestial City‖, and his experiences and adventures on his journey.It depicts the pilgrimage of a human soul in search of Salvation.②It was written in the form of allegory and dream.③Christian’s journey in 10 stages (scenes)Slough of DespondThe House of InterpreterThe Hill of DifficultyHouse BeautifulV alley of HumiliationThe valley of the Shadow of DeathV anity FairDoubting CastleThe Delectable MountainsCelestial City④vanity fair•V anity Fair is one of the most remarkable passages of The Pilgrim’s Progress•―V anity‖ means ―emptiness‖ or ―worthless‖, hence•the fair is an allegory of worldliness & the corruption of the religious life through the attractions of the world•the great critical realist of the 19th century, W. M. Thackeray, employed ―Vanity Fair‖ as the title for his masterpiece that gives a comprehensive satirical picture of the aristocratic bourgeois society of 19th century EnglandPart VI The 18th century The Age of Enlightenment in England（the age of reason)I. Historical backgroundThe EnlightenmentV ersion 1: p 165-166II. Literature1. NeoclassicismwritersJohn Dryden(1631-1700)Alexander Pope(1660-1744)散文《论批评》An Essay on Criticism讽刺史诗《夺发记》The Rape of the LockSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)《英文大词典》A Dictionary of the English Language2. Essays•Joseph Addison (1672-1719)•Richard Steele (1667-1745)The TatlerThe Spectator3.modern English novelWritersDaniel Defoe (1661-1731) Robinson CrusoeHenry Fielding (1707-1754) The History of Tom Jones, A FoundlingT. G. Smollet (1721-1771) satirical novelsSamuel Richardson (1689-1761) PamelaOliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) The Vicar of WakefieldJonathan Swift (1667-1745) Gulliver's TravelsLawrence Sterne (1713-1768) Sentimental JourneyRobinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English 18th century realistic novel. But it was Henry fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.4. Drama•Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774)She stoops to Conquer•Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)the Rivalsthe School for Scandal5. SentimentalismNovelistsSamuel Richardson Pamela帕米拉Laurence Sterne Sentimental JourneyPoetsThomas Gray (1716-1771) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) The Deserted VillageGeorge Crabbe (1754-1832) The Village6 Gothic novelwritersHorace Walpole (1727-1797)The Castle of Otranto奥特伦托城堡Ann Radcliff (1764-1823)The Mysteries of Udolpho 尤道弗之谜7. pre-romanticismthe poets•William Blake (1757-1821)•Robert Burns (1759-1796)（一）Daniel Defoe (1661-1731)works1.PamphletThe Shortest Way with the Dissenters2. Fiction (picaresque novel)Robin Crusoe (1719)Captain Singleton (1720)Duncan Campbell (1720)Memoirs of Cavalier (1720)Colonel Jack (1722)Moll Flanders (1722)Journal of the Plague Year (1722)Account of Jonathan Wild (1725)The History of the Devil (1726)（二）Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)I ①A satirist②The supreme prose master in the first part of the 18th century is Swift.II The works of Swift:The Battle of the Books书的战争（1704）A Tale of A Tub一只桶的故事（1704）The Journal to Stella斯特拉日记（1710-1713）A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议（1729）Drapier’s Letters布商的信（1724，1725）Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记（1726）III Gulliver’s Travelsfour voyages of Lemuel GulliverThe first part : LilliputThe second part: BrobdingnagThe last part: the land of HouyhnhnmsThe third part: LaputaIV A Modest Proposal (1729)A Modest Proposal is the best and most famous political satire of Swift.（三）Joseph Addison(1672-1719)Richard Steele (1672-1729)1. The Tatlerstarted by_______containing: news,gossip,stories and jokespublished ______times a week_______small pagesrun about ______years2.The SpectatorPublished every morningContaining only familiar essaysform: The spectator was supposed to be edited by a small club run by Mr Spectator, including mainly Sir Roger de Coverley and several others.Content: comment on books; earnest efforts after reform; Character sketches of si r Roger3. The purpose4. the meaning and influence of the T and the S5. The style of AddisonP 2306. The literary genre of essayp228 L7-L13（四）Henry Fielding(1707-1754)I chiefly a novelistthen a dramatistthe founder of English realistic novel― Father of English novel‖II works①The History of the Adventure of Joseph Andrews and His Friend Mr. Adams1742《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯》 a parody of Richardson’s Pamela②Jonathan Wild, the Great 1743《大伟人乔纳森·威尔德传》the story of a rogue③The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 1749《弃儿汤姆琼斯的历史》masterpiece④The History of Amelia 1751《艾米利亚》（五）Thomas Gray(1716-1771)Elegy written in a Country Churchyard①T ype: elegy (a somber poem or song that praises or laments the dead)②Key dates: Gray began writing the poem in 1742, put it aside for a while, and finished it in 1750. He was meticulous: everything he wrote had to be just right. He believed that one imprecise word could ruin an entire work. Consequently, In ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,‖ he labored on until all the words were right③setting: Churchyard at Stoke Poges in Buckinghamshire, England. Gray was buried in that churchyard.④format: four-line stanzas in iambic pentameter.In each stanza, the first line rhymes with the third and the second rhymes with the fourth.⑤status: one of the greatest poems in the English language.It knits structure, rhyme scheme, imagery and message into a brilliant work that confers on Gray everlasting fame.⑥school: sentimental poetrythe graveyard school（六）Oliver Goldsmith(1728-1774)I ①an Irish Writer②a representative of Sentimentalism③One of the most versatile of authors and made distinguished contributions in several literary forms.II Works•A novelThe vicar of Wakefield 1761-1762威克菲尔德的牧师/威克菲牧师传•comediesShe stoops to Conquer 1773 委曲求全Good-natured Man 1768 好性情的人•A series of essaysThe Citizen of the World 1762世界公民•Poems:The Traveler 1764 旅行者The Deserted Villiage1770 荒村（七）Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)I①the most important English playwright of the 18th century.②His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of B ernard Shaw.II. Dramas of Sheridan•The Rivals情敌1775•The School for Scandal造谣学校1777•The Critic1779（七）William Blake (1757-1827)I the most independent and the most original romantic poetThe poet of inspirationThe mystic and transcendental poetThe most extraordinary literary geniusII works1. Poetical Sketches (1783)a collection of youthful poems.Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes.2. Songs of Innocence (1789)3. Songs of Experience (1794)III selected reading（八）Robert Burns（1759-1796）I①the greatest of Scottish poetMost of his poems and songs were written in Scotch dialect.Burns had a deep knowledge and an excellent mastery of theold Scotch song tradition.② a farmer poet.Burns was a plowman. He came from the people and wrote for the people. He was the people’s poet.③ a pre-romantic poetIIｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄｒｅａｄｉｎｇ。

英国文学简史名词解释

1，什么叫文艺复兴The Renaissance (“rebirth” in French) was a cultural and intellectural movement that spanned roughly the 14th through the 17 century, beginning in Italy and later spreading to the rest of Europe 2，Renaissance is considered as the great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, and is also usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world.2，什么叫玄学派诗歌the Metaphysical school of poetryI. Definition: A school of highly intellectual（智力的）poetryTime: the early 17th centuryMajor features: mysticism in content and fantasticality in form; peculiar conceit（奇思妙想）, unique way of reasoning and comparisonMain themes: life, death, love, religion, universeRepresentatives: John Donne, Andrew Marvell and George HerbertSignificance: greatly influenced the modernists of the 20th centuryII. Metaphysical conceits悬想比喻，奇喻，别出心裁的比喻Conceit: an elaborate metaphor that offers a surprising or unexpected comparison between two seemingly highly dissimilar things. This can involve original images or familiar images used in an unfamiliar way.Literature in This Age: The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement throughout in Europe known as Enlightenment. It was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century and Russia in the 19th Century.In late 17th and early 18th century England, there was a change of taste, which was part of a general movement in Europe, seen perhaps most impressive in 17th century France. The dominant literary theory of this period was “Neoclassicism”.Literary Genre文学流派Generally speaking, literature of the 18th century was very complex. We may classify it under three general heads: the reign of classicism, the pre-romantic poetry, and the beginning of modern novel.3，什么是启蒙运动Enlightenment (1) a progressive intellectual movement(2) flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe(3) aims at enlightening the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas; celebrated reason (4) called for a reference to order, reason and rules4，什么是前浪漫主义Pre-RomanticismWhen did Pre-romanticism appear? in the latter half of the 18th centuryWhat are the major features of Pre-romanticism?1)Romantic Revival;2)Strong protest against the bondage ofClassicism; 3)Claims of passion and emotion;4)Renewed interests in medievalliterature.Who are the representatives? William Blake and Robert BurnsWhat’s the significance?marked the decline of classicismPaved the way for the coming of romanticism in England5，什么叫Byron hero: Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is to right all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and he would fight single-handedly against all the misdoings. These heroes rise against tyranny and injustice, but they are merely lone fighters striving for personal freedom and some individualistic ends.1. epic 史诗a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.3. alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4. alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard – with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5. kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as ―helmet bearer‖ for ―warrior‖ and ―swan road‖ for ―sea‖.8. romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.11. heroic couplet 英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.12. ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ ―A Red, Red Rose‖ is a great love ballad.14. English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance. 15. Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespea re’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.16. sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.20. rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are ―aabbcc‖ and so on.21. quatrain 四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaic forms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ ―A Red, Red Rose‖ has four quatrains.24. verse drama 诗剧drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous.25. blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespea re’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.27. essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexib le and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his ―Of Studies‖ isa model of good essay.28. English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelings and flourished in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of ―Ode to the West Wind‖.Sonnet 18One of the best known of Shakespeare’s sonnets, Sonnet 18 is memorable for the skillful and varied presentatio n of subject matter, in which the poet’s feelings reach a level of rapture unseen in the previous sonnets. The poet here abandons his quest for the youth to have a child, and instead glories in the youth’s beauty.Initially, the poet poses a question—‖Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖—and then reflects on it, remarking that the youth’s beauty far surpasses summer’s delights. The imagery is the very essence of simplicity: ―wind‖ and ―buds.‖ In the fourth line, legal terminology—‖summer’s lease‖—is introduced in contrast to the commonplace images in the first three lines. Note also the poet’s use of extremes in the phrases ―more lovely,‖ ―all too short,‖ and ―too hot‖; these phrases emphasize the young man’s beauty.Although lines 9 through 12 are marked by a more expansive tone and deeper feeling, the poet returns to the simplicity of the opening images. As one expects in Shakespeare’s sonnets, the proposition that the poet sets up in the first eight lines—that all nature is subject to imperfection—is now contrasted in these next four lines beginning with ―But.‖ Although beauty naturally declines at some point—‖And every fair from fair sometime declines‖—the youth’s beauty will not; his unchanging appearance is atypical of nature’s steady progression. Even death is impotent against the youth’s beauty. Note the ambiguity in the phrase ―eternal lines‖: Are these ―lines‖ the poet’s ver ses or the youth’s hoped-for children? Or are they simply wrinkles meant to represent the process of aging? Whatever the answer, the poet is jubilant in this sonnet because nothing threatens the young man’s beautiful appearance.Then follows the concludi ng couplet: ―So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.‖ The poet is describing not what the youth is but what he will be ages hence, as captured in the poet’s eternal verse—or again, in a hoped-for child. Whatever one may feel about the sentiment expressed in the sonnet and especially in these last two lines, one cannot help but notice an abrupt change in the poet’s own estimate of his poetic writing. Following the poet’s disparaging reference to his ―pupil pen‖ and ―barren rhyme‖ in Sonnet 16, it comes as a surprise in Sonnet 18 to find him boasting that his poetry will be eternal.John Keats认为，夜莺的歌声是美妙绝伦的，是不朽的，是永恒的，将世世代代的唱下去。

美国文学名词解释

美国文学名词解释American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（资本主义）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知识界精华）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of Rights.American Puritanism清教主义: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.Transcendentalism 超验主义: Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul, as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importance of individual and offered a fresh perception nature ad symbolic of the spirit of God. Prominent transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thorough.American Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. The naturalists attempt to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined byby the American writer Gertrude Stein, who us ed “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises. It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.The Lost Generation(迷惘的一代）：The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers:men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.Tragedy: in general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic. Through a series of events, this tragic hero is brought to a final downfall. The causes of the tragic hero’s downfall vary. In traditional dramas, the cause can be fate, a flaw in character or an error in judgment. In modern dramas, where the tragic hero is often an ordinary individual, the causes range from moral or psychological weakness to the evils of society.Catch-22第22条军规: Catch-22 is a general critique of bureaucratic operation and reasoning. Resulting from its specific use in the book, the phrase "Catch-22" is common idiomatic usage meaning "a no-win situation" or "a double bind" of anytype. The term was originally from Joseph Heller’s anti nove l Catch-22.Beat Generation垮掉的一代: group of American writers of the 1950s whose writing expressed profound dissatisfaction with contemporary American society and endorsed an alternative set of values. The term sometimes is used to refer to those who embraced the ideas of these writers. The Beat Generation's best-known figures were writers Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac.The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代):The members of The Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines. Who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity.2> The Beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style.3> the major beat writings are Allen Ginsberg’s howl.Howl became the manifesto of The Beat Generation.Psychological Realism心理现实主义: it is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’ thoughts and motivations. It places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization and on the motives, and internal action which springs from and develops external action. In Psychological Realism, character and characterization are more than usually important. Henry James is considered a great master of psychological realism.Free Verse自由诗体: free verse is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure, instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse form do, free verse dose so in a looser way. Walt Whitman’s poetry is an example of free verse.Confessional Poetry自白诗: it is a type ofmodern poetry in which poets speak with openness and frankness about their own lives, such as in poems about illness, sexuality and despondence. Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath and Allen Ginsberg and Theodore Roethke are the most important American poets.Imagism意象派: The 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America. In poetry there appeared a strong reaction against Victorian poetry. Imagists placed primary reliance on the use of precise, sharp images as a means of poetic expression and stressed precision in the choice of words, freedom in the choice of subject matter and form, and the use of colloquial language. Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse, using such devices as assonance and alliteration rather than formal metrical schemes to give structure to their poetry.The movement which had these as its aims is known in literary history as Imagism. Its prime mover was Ezra Pound.Imagism(意象主义)：Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.2>the imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.3>imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:A.direct treatment of subject matter;B.economy of expression;C. as regards rhythm ,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome. 4> pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known inagist poem.Black Humor: the use of morbid and the absurd for darkly comic purposes in modern fiction and drama. The term refers as much to the tone of anger and bitterness as it does to the grotesque and morbidsituations, which often deal with suffering, anxiety, and death. Black humor is a substantial element in the Anti-novel and the Theatre of Absurd. Joseph Heller's Catch-22 is an almost archetypal example. Irony: a contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens in drama and literature. There are types of irony: verbal irony, dramatic irony and irony of situation. Irony of situation typically takes the form of a discrepancy between appearance and reality, or between what a character expects and what actually happens. Both verbal and irony of situation share the suggestion of a concealed truth conflicting with surface appearances.Allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion. Satire讽刺: A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general. The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter.Symbol: A symbol is a sign which suggests more than its literal meaning. In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative. A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning. The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of the story. If the symbol is obscure or ambiguous, then the very obscurity and the ambiguity may also be part of the meaning of the story. Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. It’s a literary movement that arose in France in the lasthalf of the 19th century and that greatlyinfluenced many English writers,particularly poets, of the 20th century. Itenables poets to compress a very complexidea or set of ideas into one image or evenone word. It’s one of the most powerfuldevices that poets employ in creation. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue);In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow,tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.famous writers to employ this technique in the english language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.American realism ：（美国现实主义）Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism; 2).During this period a new generation of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas in the older generation, came up with a new inspiration. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the realities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Instead of thinking about the mysteries of life and death and heroic individualism, people’s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence, to what was brutal or sordid, and to the open portayal of class struggle;3) so writers began to describe the integrity of human characters reacting under various circumstances and picture the pioneers of the far west, the new immigrants and the struggles of the working class; 4) MarkTwain Howells and Henry James are three leading figures of the American Realism.Local Colorism(乡土文学)：Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. 2) Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions, they worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local. 3) major local colorists is Mark Twain.A Jazz age(爵士时代):The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between world war I and world war II. Particularly in north America. With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald’s The Great Gats by. Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.Feminism(女权主义): Feminisim incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.2>in general, feminism is ideology of women’s liberation based on the belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminisms offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.3> definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock themultiple systems of oppression.Hemingway Code Hero(海明威式英雄): Hemingway Code Hero ,also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sentitive, enjoys the pleasures of life( sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.2> barnes in the sun also Rises, henry in a Farewell to arms and santiago in the old man and the sea are typical of Hemingway Code HeroImpressionism(印象主义):Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action.2>briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather that realistic mood.Modernism(现代主义)：Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting,music and architecture.4> in england from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions.fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style.it is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.the gilded age: Plains Indians were pushed in a series of Indian wars onto restricted reservations.This period also witnessed thecreation of a modern industrial economy. A national transportation and communication network was created, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization, and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. By the beginning of the twentieth century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions, led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts.An era of intense political partisanship, the Gilded Age was also an era of reform. The Civil Service Act sought to curb government corruption by requiring applicants for certain governmental jobs to take a competitive examination. The Interstate Commerce Act sought to end discrimination by railroads against small shippers and the Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed business monopolies. These years also saw the rise of the Populist crusade. Burdened by heavy debts and falling farm prices, many farmers joined the Populist party, which called for an increase in the amount of money in circulation, government assistance to help farmers repay loans, tariff reductions, and a graduated income tax.Mark Twain called the late nineteenth century the "Gilded Age." By this, he meant that the period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath. In the popular view, the late nineteenth century was a period of greed and guile: of rapacious Robber Barons, unscrupulous speculators, and corporate buccaneers, of shady business practices, scandal-plagued politics, and vulgar display. It is easy to caricature the Gilded Age as an era of corruption, conspicuous consumption, and unfettered capitalism. But it is more useful to think of this as modern America’s formative period, when an agrarian society of small producers was transformed into an urban society dominated by industrial corporations. Regionalism(地区主义)：In literature, regionalism or local color fiction refers to fiction or poetrythat focuses on specific features –including characters, dialects, customs, history, and topography –of a particular region. Since the region may be a recreation or reflection of the author's own, there is often nostalgia and sentimentality in the writing.Although the terms regionalism and local color are sometimes used interchangeably, regionalism generally has broader connotations. Whereas local color is often applied to a specific literary mode that flourished in the late 19th century, regionalism implies a recognition from the colonial period to the present of differences among specific areas of the country. Additionally, regionalism refers to an intellectual movement encompassing regional consciousness beginning in the 1930s. Even though there is evidence of regional awareness in early southern writing—William Byrd's History of the Dividing Line, for example, points out southern characteristics—not until well into the 19th century did regional considerations begin to overshadow national ones. In the South the regional concern became more and more evident in essays and fiction exploring and often defending the southern way of life. John Pendleton Kennedy's fictional sketches in Swallow Barn, for example, examined southern plantation life at length. multiple points of view（多视角）：Multiple Point of View: It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.Confessional poetry ：Confessional poetry emphasizes the intimate, and sometimes unflattering, information about details of the poet's personal life, such as in poems about illness, sexuality, and despondence. The confessionalist label was applied to a number of poets of the 1950s and 1960s. John Berryman,Allen Ginsberg, Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Theodore Roethke, Anne Sexton, and William De Witt Snodgrass have all been called 'Confessional Poets'. As fresh and different as the work of these poets appeared at the time, it is also true that several poets prominent in the canon of Western literature, perhaps most notably Sextus Propertius and Petrarch, could easily share the label of "confessional" with the confessional poets of the fifties and sixties. Ecocriticism：Ecocriticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation. Ecocriticism was officially heralded by the publication of two seminal works, both published in the mid-1990s: The Ecocriticism Reader, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, and The Environmental Imagination, by Lawrence Buell.In the United States, Ecocriticism is often associated with the Association for the Study of Literature and Environment (ASLE), which hosts biennial meetings for scholars who deal with environmental matters in literature. ASLE has an official journal—Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment (ISLE)—in which much of the most current American scholarship in the rapidly evolving field of ecocriticism can be found.Ecocriticism is an intentionally broad approach that is known by a number of other designations, including "green (cultural) studies", "ecopoetics", and "environmental literary criticism".Dramatic Conflict：At least not the special kind of conflict that drives plays, the gas that fuels the dramatic engine. Arguments in real life are usually circular -- nobody gets anywhere, except a little steam's been blown off. And they're boring for everyone except the folks doing the yelling.Dramatic Conflict draws from a much deeper vein, rooted in the Subtext of your central characters. It's driven by fundamentally opposing desires.Conflict is anecessary element of fictional literature. It is defined as the problem in any piece of literature and is often classified according to the nature of the protagonist or antagonist。

西华师大《英国文学》part.4 17c

After the death of ell, the parliament Recalled CharlesⅡto England in 1660 and monarchy was restored, then followed the Restoration Period. In 1688, the bourgeoisie invite William, prince of Orange; from Holland to be king of England. This is called the “Glorious Revolution”. This bloodless event completed the bourgeoisie revolution and modern England was firmly established.
Raised money by drastic measures, old tax
laws
Used Court of Star Chamber to try and
convict “traitors” in secret without trial
1640 – he called Parliament
monarchy.
Parliament passed the Bill of Rights (1689)
No suspending of Parliament’s laws
No levying taxes without consent
Freedom of speech
English revolution
Conflicts and clashes appeared between the King and the Parliament, which represented the bourgeois class. In 1642, a civil war (English revolution) broke out between Charles I and the parliament. At last, the royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by Oliver Cromwell. In 1649 Charles I was beheaded, and England was declared to be a commonwealth.

English Literature in the Seventeenth Century17世纪英国文学

The English Revolution and Puritanism

The English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak. As we know, the King of England was head of church as well as of state. The growing strength and anger of the bourgeoisie was expressed as a renewed Puritan opposition to the Church of England. The Puritan Movement, a second Renaissance, sometimes is regarded as a rebirth of moral nature of man following the intellectual awakening of Europe in the 15th and 16th century. Among English people, the renaissance was accompanied by a moral awakening. Renaissance hardly touched the moral nature of man, and it brought little relief from the despotism of rulers. The Puritan Movement had two chief objects: the first was personal righteousness, the second was civil and religious liberty. So it aimed to make man honest and to make man free.

美国文学复习标准答案

2.术语解释1、Puritanism :Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.2、Alliteration: Alliteration is the repeated occurrence of the same consonant sound at the beginning of several words in the same phrase.3、Symbolism4、School-room Poets5、American Romanticism6、American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.7、Psychological Realism:It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters‟ thoughts and motivations. Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. His novel The Ambassadors is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism. 8、American Naturalism:American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America‟s literary natural ists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.9、Regionalism：Regionalism as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies in America. It may be defined as the careful attegogoms in speech, dress or behavior peculiar to a geographical locality. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside. The social and intellectual climate of the country provided a stimulating milieu for the growth of local color fiction in America. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. They formed an important part of the realistic movement. Although it lost its momentum toward the end of the 19th century, the local spirit continued to inspire and fertilize the imagination of author.10、The Gilded Age：the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century (1865-1901). The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today. The name refers to the process of gilding and is meant to ridicule ostentatious display.11、Local Colorism: Local Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies in America. It may be defined as the careful attegogoms in speech, dress or behavior peculiar to a geographical locality. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside. The social and intellectual climate of the country provided a stimulating milieu for the growth of local color fiction in America. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. They formed an important part of the realistic movement. Although it lost its momentum toward the end of the 19th century, the local spirit continued to inspire and fertilize the imagination of author.12、Lost Generation:This term has been used again and again to describe the people of the postwar years. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “ expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semi poverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world. The young English and American expatriates, men and women, were caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. They wandered pointlessly and restlessly, enjoying things like fishing, swimming, bullfight and beauties of nature, but they were aware all the while that the world is crazy and meaningless and futile. Their whole life is undercut and defeated.82. Lyric: A poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker‟s personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode, and sonnet are all forms of the lyric.13、Imagism:It‟s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.14、Impressionism：Impressionism was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century. It was most pervasive in painting，but it was also found in literature and art. The term “impressionism”first appeared in 1874 in a newspaper review of an exhibition held in the studio by a group of young painters. It was taken directly from the title of Monet‘s Impression：Sunrise.15、Hemingway Heroes16、Steam-of-Consciousness:“Stream-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character‟s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Jo yce. Those novels brokethrough the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.17、Multiple Points of View:It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.18、The Jazz Age:The Jazz Age describes the period after the end of World War I, through the Roaring Twenties, ending with the onset of the Great Depression. Traditional values of the previous period declined while the American stock market soared.The age takes its name from popular music, which saw a tremendous surge in popularity. Among the prominent concerns and trends of the period are the public embrace of technological developments typically seen as progress —cars, air travel and the telephone - as well as new modernist trends in social behavior, the arts, and culture. Central developments included Art Deco design and architecture. The phrase was coined by the writer F. Scott Fitzgerald, who greatly criticized this new era of 'relaxation' in novels such as The Great Gatsby.19、The Era of Modernism：The years from 1910 to 1930 are often called the Era of Modernism, for there seems to have been in both Europe and America a strong awareness of some sort of “break” with the past. The new artists shared a desire to capture the comple xity of modern life, to focus on the variety and confusion of the 20th century by reshaping and sometimes discarding the ideas and habits of the 19th century. The Era of Modernism was indeed the era of the New.20、Confessional poetry: Confessional poetry emphasizes the intimate, and sometimes unflattering, information about details of the poet's personal life, such as in poems about illness, sexuality, and despondence. The confessionalist label was applied to a number of poets of the 1950s and 1960s. John Berryman, Allen Ginsberg, Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Theodore Roethke, Anne Sexton, and William De Witt Snodgrass have all been called 'Confessional Poets'. As fresh and different as the work of these poets appeared at the time, it is also true that several poets prominent in the canon of Western literature, perhaps most notably Sextus Propertius and Petrarch, could easily share the label of "confessional" with the confessional poets of the fifties and sixties. 21、Beat Generation：The Beat Generation in America refers to a group of American youngsters who refused to accept “respectability”and conventional social behaviour and who cultivated a rootless manner of living. The distinctive features of the Beat Generatio n is that they used a special slang language and loved jazz. The Beat Generation was represented by Ginsberg‘s Howland Jack Keroual‘s on the road.22、Dramatic conflict23、Feminism: Feminism refers to political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights and legal protections for women. Feminism includes some of the sociological theories and philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference. It is also a movement that campaigns for women's rights and interests.[1][2][3][4][5]Nancy Cott defines feminism as the belief in the importance of gender equality, invalidating the idea of gender hierarchy as a socially constructed concept.24、The short story25、Ecocriticism: Ecocriticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinarypoint of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation. Ecocriticism was officially heralded by the publication of two seminal works, both published in the mid-1990s: The Ecocriticism Reader, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, and The Environmental Imagination, by Lawrence Buell.In the United States, Ecocriticism is often associated with the Association for the Study of Literature and Environment(ASLE), which hosts biennial meetings for scholars who deal with environmental matters in literature. ASLE has an official journal—Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment (ISLE)—in which much of the most current American scholarship in the rapidly evolving field of ecocriticism can be found.Ecocriticism is an intentionally broad approach that is known by a number of other designations, including "green (cultural) studies", "ecopoetics", and "environmental literary criticism".3. 作品连线（略）4. 回答问题1)What are the characteristics of Edgar Allen Poe‟s writing?Poe‟s style is traditional. It is much too rational,too ordinary to reflect the peculiarity of his theme.it is fluent and coherent .poe‟s choice of words his syntax may have been responsible for his difficult prose. Occasionally feels his mannerism hindering a smooth and poeasuranle reading‟2) What are the characteristics of Whitman‟s poems?Whitman was a daring es xperimentalist who broke the new wood. His early poems were in comventional rime and meter.but apparently he found the restrictoions disappointing . he began to experiment about 1847 which led to a complete break with traditional poetics. One of the major princi;les of whitman‟s technique is parallesism ofr a rhythm of thought in which the lline is the rhythmical unit . another main principle of whitman‟s versification is phonetic recurrence,i.e.,the systematic repetition of words and phrases at the beginning of the line ,in the middle or at the end.these two principles coordinate with and reinforce each other . whitman broke free from the traditional iambic pentameter and wrote “free verse.”3) What are the characteristics of O. Henry‟s writing?O. Henry's short stories are well known for their wit, wordplay, warm characterization and clever twist endings. surprise endings，twist endings，much more playful and，optimistic，witty narration4) What‟s the difference between Henry James‟ realism and Mark Twain‟s realism? P93Although James and T wain both worked for realism, there were obvious differences between them. In thematic terms, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society, whereas Mark Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society. Technically, James pursued the Psychological realism, but Mark Twain's contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of Local Colorism in American fiction, and partly through his colloquial style.5) What’s Jack London’s writing style and theme?P1516) Summarize American poetic revolution of the 20th century.7) Make a summary about Black American literature.8) Make a comparison between free verse and blank verse.Free Verse is poetry that is based on the irregular rhythmic cadence recurring, with variations of phrases, images, and syntactical patterns rather than the conventional use of meter. In other words, free verse has no rhythm scheme or pattern. However, much poetic language and devices are found in free verse. Rhyme may or may not be used in free verse, but, when rhyme is used, it is used with great freedom. In other words, free verse has no rhyme scheme or pattern.Free verse does not mean rhyme cannot be used, only that it must be used without any pattern.Blank verse consists of unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter (ten syllables with the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth syllables accented). The form has generally been accepted as the best for dramatic verse in English and is commonly used for long poems whether dramatic, philosophical, or narrative.While blank verse appears easy to write, good blank verse demands more artistry and genius than most any other verse form. The freedom gained through the lack of rhyme is offset by the demands for required variety.9)Make a summary about the America Drama.5.诗歌赏析1)Analyze the poem “The Wild Honey Suckle”.This poem is writed by philip freneau.in his poem ,the lyrid beauty,the heartfelt pathos,and the multiple emotional responses and echoes that the sight described can awaken in the bosmms of the readers—all these are simply amazing.the poem is bo doubt a graphic illustration of freneau‟s poetic genius.Freneau moving his eyes from the relics of the Old World over to his own continent to enjoy the beauty that the american landscape is capable of offering to the observing andappreciative eyes.it is a kind of beauty that people in those days had to learn to bacome aware of .freneau‟s observation is historically significant because, to many writers of his and later pereods,the new natin was poor in materisl for people with some literary ambitions.the poem is an dndicatoon of the poet‟s dedication to American subject matter as he examined the peculiar characteristics of the American countryside.2） Analyze Whitman’s “Song of Myself”(Over 200 words)In this poem Whitman is explaining how all of humanity is like one living organism, and no one part is more important than the other. In section 44 of "Song of Myself" Whitman says, "We have thus far exhausted trillions of winters and summers, There are trillions ahead, a nd trillions ahead of them. Births have brought us richness and variety, And other births will bring us richness and variety. I do not call one greater and one smaller, That which fills its period and place is equal to any." It is clear that Whitman had a perspective of the human race and its history that escaped most writers. More specifically, Whitman speaks of equal contribution to the human experience in section 42: "Here and there with dimes on the eyes walking, To feed the greed of the belly thebrains liberally spooning, Tickets buying, taking, selling, but in to the feast never once going, Many sweating, ploughing, thrashing, and then the chaff for payment receiving, A few idly owning, and they the wheat continually claiming. This is the city and I am one of the citizens, Whatever interests the rest interests me, politics, wars, markets, newspapers, schools, The mayor and councils, banks, tariffs, steamships, factories, stocks, stores, real estate and personal estate.3）Emily’s “Because I Could Not Stop for Death”(Over 300 words) The poem begins with a leisurely image. At first, the protagonist feels totally at ease and the usually frightening death is described as if a familiar friend, gentle and polite. Continuingly, the poem is developed upon a basic metaphor that life is a journey. It was truly rather old a comparison, but Dickinson enriched it with her creativity and imagination: "School, where Children strove" --childhood; "Fields of Gazing Grain"--maturity; and "Setting Sun"--old age. Then “the Dews drew quivering and chill-” makes the protagonist feel terribly cold, which may mean that they are getting nearer and nearer to the tomb. But at last, his companions, Immortality and Death, finally desert him and leave him alone to go toward Eternity.So it seems that though death cheats him and at the same time deserts him, the experience of death itself is not painful. Emily Dickinson‟s poems just explain this kind of essence of life, which then lead you to a world of imagination and thinking.4）Appreciate the poem “In a Station of the Metro”.The poem is essentially a set of images that have unexpected likeness and convey the rare emotion that Pound was experiencing at that time. Arguably the heart of the poem is not the first line, nor the second, but the mental process that links the two together. "In a poem of this sort," as Pound explained, "one is trying to record the precise instant when a thing outward and objective transforms itself, or darts into a thing inward and subjective." This darting takes place between the first and second lines. The pivotal semi-colon has stirred debate as to whether the first line is in fact subordinate to the second or both lines are of equal, independent importance. Pound contrasts the factual, mundane image that he actually witnessed with a metaphor from nature and thus infuses this “apparition” with visual beauty. There is a quick transition from the statement of the first line to the second line‟s vivid metaphor; this …super-pository‟ technique exemplifi es the Japanese haiku style. The word “apparition” is considered crucial as it evokes a mystical and supernatural sense of imprecision which is then reinforced by the metaphor of the second line. The plosive word …Petals‟ conjures ideas of delicate, femini ne beauty which contrasts with the bleakness of the …wet, black bough‟. What the poem signifies is questionable; many critics argue that it deliberately transcends traditional form and therefore its meaning is solely found in its technique as opposed to in its content. However when Pound had the inspiration to write this poem few of these considerations came into view. He simply wished to translate his perception of beauty in the midst of ugliness into a single, perfect image in written form.It is also worth noting that the number of words in the poem (fourteen) is the same as the number of lines in a sonnet. The words are distributed with eight in the first line and six in the second, mirroring the octet-sestet form of the Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnet.5）Appreciate the poem “Stopping by W oods on a Snow Evening”.“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,” like many of Frost's poems, explores the theme of the individual caught between nature and civilization. The speaker's location on the border between civilization and wilderness echoes a common theme throughout American literature. The speaker is drawn to the beauty and allure of the woods, which represent nature, but has obligations—“promises to keep”—which draw him away from nature and back to society and the world of men. The speaker is thus faced with a choice of whether to give in to the allure of nature, or remain in the realm of society. Some critics have interpreted the poem as a meditation on death—the woods represent the allure of death, perhaps suicide, which the speaker resists in order to return to the mundane tasks which order daily life.6）Analyze the poem “The Road Not Taken”.the poem is inspirational, a paean to individualism and non-conformism.The poem consists of four stanzas. In the first stanza, the speaker describes his position. He has been out walking in the woods and comes to two roads, and he stands looking as far down eachone as he can see. He would like to try out both, but doubts he could do that, so therefore he continues to look down the roads for a long time trying to make his decision about which road to take. The ironic interpretation, widely held by critics, is that the poem is instead about regret and personal myth-making, rationalizing our decisions.In this interpretation, the final two lines:I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.are ironic : the choice made little or no difference at all, the speaker's protestations to the contrary. The speaker admits in the second and third stanzas that both paths may be equally wor n and equally leaf-covered, and it is only in his future recollection that he will call one road "less traveled by".The sigh, widely interpreted as a sigh of regret, might also be interpreted ironically: in a 1925 letter to Cristine Y ates of Dickson, Tennessee, asking about the sigh, Frost replied: "It was my rather private jest at the expense of those who might think I would yet live to be sorry for the way I had taken in life."7）Analyze the poem “Anecdote of the Jar”.This famous, much-anthologized poem succinctly accommodates a remarkable number of different and plausible interpretations, as Jacqueline Brogan observes in a discussion of how she teaches it to her students.It can be approached from a New Critical perspective as a poem about writing poetry and making art generally. From a poststructuralist perspective the poem is concerned with temporal and linguistic disjunction, especially in the convoluted syntax of the last two lines. A feminist perspective reveals a poem concerned with male dominance over a traditionally feminized landscape. A cultural critic might find a sense of industrial imperialism. Brogan concludes: "When the debate gets particularly intense, I introduce Roy Harvey Pearce's discovery of the Dominion canning jars (a picture of which is then passed around)."8）Analyze T. S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”. (Over 500words) On the surface, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" relays the thoughts of a sexually frustrated middle-aged man who wants to say something but is afraid to do so, and ultimately does not.The dispute, however, lies in to whom Prufrock is speaking, whether he is actually going anywhere, what he wants to say, and to what the various images refer.The intended audience is not evident. Some believe that Prufrock is talking to a nother person or directly to the reader, while others believe Prufrock's monologue is internal. Perrine writes "The 'you and I' of the first line are divided parts of Prufrock's own nature", while Mutlu Konuk Blasing suggests that the "you and I" refers to the relationship between the dilemmas of the character and the author. Similarly, critics dispute whether Prufrock is going somewhere during the course of the poem. In the first half of the poem, Prufrock uses various outdoor images (the sky, streets, che ap restaurants and hotels, fog), and talks about how there will be time for various things before "the taking of toast and tea", and "time to turn back and descend the stair." This has led many to believe that Prufrock is on his way to an afternoon tea, in which he is preparing to ask this "overwhelming question". Others, however, believe that Prufrock is not physically going anywhere, but rather, is playing through it in his mind.Perhaps the most significant dispute lies over the "overwhelming question" that Prufrock is trying to ask. Many believe that Prufrock is trying to tell a woman of his romantic interest in her, pointing to the various images of women's arms and clothing and the final few lines in which Prufrock laments that the mermaids will not sing to him. Others, however, believe that Prufrock is trying to express some deeper philosophical insight or disillusionment with society, but fears rejection, pointing to statements that express a disillusionment with society such as "I have measured out my life with coffee spoons" (line 51). Many believe that the poem is a criticism of Edwardian society and Prufrock's dilemma represents the inability to live a meaningful existence in the modern world. McCoy and Harlan wrote "For many readers in the 1920s, Prufrock seemed to epitomize the frustration and impotence of the modern individual. He seemed to represent thwarted desires and modern disillusionment."As the poem uses the stream of consciousness technique, it is often difficult to determine what is meant to be interpreted literally or symbolically. In general, Eliot uses imagery which is indicativeof Prufrock's character, representing aging and decay. For example, "When the evening is spread out against the sky / Like a patient etherized upon a table" (lines 2-3), the "sawdust restaurants" and "cheap hotels," the yellow fog, and the afternoon "Asleep...tired... or it malingers" (line 77), are reminiscent of languor and decay, while Prufrock's various concerns about his hair and teeth, as well as the mermaids "Combing the white hair of the waves blown back / When the wind blows the water white and black," show his concern over aging.6. 小说评论1) Comment on Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Over 400 words).The book is noted for its colorful description of people and places along the Mississippi River. Satirizing a Southern antebellum society that was already out of date by the time the work was published, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an often scathing look at entrenched attitudes, particularly racism. The drifting journey of Huck and his friend Jim, a runaway slave, down the Mississippi River on their raft may be one of the most enduring images of escape and freedom in all of American literature.The work has been popular with readers since its publication and is taken as a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. It has also been the continued object of study by serious literary critics. It was criticized upon release because of its coarse language and became even more controversial in the 20th century because of its perceived use of racial stereotypes and because of its frequent use of the racial slur "nigger."Twain wrote a novel that embodies the search for freedom. He wrote during the post-Civil War period when there was an intense white reaction against blacks. According to some critics, Twain took aim squarely against racial prejudice, increasing segregation, lynchings, a nd the generally accepted belief that blacks were sub-human. He "made it clear that Jim was good, deeply loving, human, and anxious for freedom."However, others have criticized the novel as racist, citing the use of the word "nigger" and Jim's Sambo-like character.Throughout the story, Huck is in moral conflict with the received values of the society in which he lives, and while he is unable to consciously refute those values even in his thoughts, he makes a moral choice based on his own valuation of Jim's friendship and human worth, a decision in direct opposition to the things he has been taught. Mark Twain in his lecture notes proposes that "a sound heart is a surer guide than an ill-trained conscience," and goes on to describe the novel as "...a book of mine where a sound heart and a deformed conscience come into collision and conscience suffers defeat."2) Comment on Henry James’ The Portrait of a Lady (Over 400 words).James's first idea for The Portrait of a Lady was simplicity itself: a young American woman confronting her destiny, whatever it might be. Only then did he begin to form a plot to bring out the character of his central figure. Ironically, the plot became an uncompromising story of the free-spirited Isabel losing her freedom—despite (or because of) suddenly coming into a great deal of money—and getting "ground in the very mill of the conventional." The theme of freedom vs. responsibility runs throughout The Portrait and helps explain Isabel's possible final decision to return to Osmond. In this sense it is rather existentialist, as Isabel is very committed to living with the consequences of her choice with integrity but also a sort of stubbornness.But that decision is affected by another major theme of the novel: Isabel's sexual fears and diffidence. Although she is eventually shown as capable of deep arousal, she rejects Lord Warburton and Goodwood, two very strong and masculine suitors, in favor of the seemingly less threatening and hopelessly cold Osmond. Although the conventions of 19th-century Anglo-American fiction prevented a completely frank treatment of this part of Isabel's character, James still makes it clear that her fate was at least partially shaped by her uneasiness with passionate commitment.The richness of The Portrait is hardly exhausted by a review of Isabel's character. The novel exhibits a huge panorama of trans-Atlantic life, a far larger canvas than any James had previously painted. This moneyed world appears charming and leisurely but proves to be plagued with treachery, deceit, and suffering. It is only through disappointment and loss, James seems to say, that one can grow to complete maturity. The Portrait of a Lady received critical acclaim since its first publication in the pages of The Atlantic Monthly, and it remains the most popular of James's。

(有答案)17th英国文学史复习题.doc

The Period of Revolution and RestorationBl. During the "Glorious Revolution^, ______ was expelled and William was invited from Holland to be the King of England in 1688A.James IB. James IIC. Charles ID. Charles IIC2. Which one of the following work is not written by John Milton?A.Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC・ Julius Caesar D. Samson AgonistesD3. Which one of the following work is not written in John Miton^s blindness?A.Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. On His Deceased WifeD. Defence of the English PeopleC4. John MiltorTs best known prose work ____ ，as a declaration of people's freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revolutionary struggles A・Lycidas B. Of Reformation in EnglandC. AeropagiticaD. Defence of the English PeopleB5. The epic of Paradise Lost is based on the stories from _____A.The New TestamentB. The Old TestamentC The Ancient Greek Myths D. The Ancient Roman MythsA6. John Bunyan uses the everyday world of common experience as a metaphor for the spiritual journey of the soul toward God in his _________A.The Pilgrim^s Progress B・ LycidasC・ The Faerie Queene D・ Don JuanD7. Who does not belong to the Metaphysical school?A. John DonneB. George HerbertC. Andrew MarvellD. Robert Herrick C8. is an elaborate metaphor comparing two apparently dissimilar objects oremotions, often with an effect of shock or surpriseA. Soliloquy B・ Allegory C・ Conceit D. ForeshadowingA9. The Restoration comedy mainly provides amusement for _____A. the upper classB. the middle classC. the lower classD. the royal courtDIO. The following characteristics belong to the metaphysical poetry represented by John Donne except ______A. conceitsB. actual imagery and simple dictionC・ argumentative form D. elegant styleCll. In Paradise Lost, Satan says "We may with more successful hope resolve/To wage by force or guile eternal war,/Irreconcilable to our grand Foe". What does the "Eternal war” mean?A.To remove God from his throneB.To burn the Heaven downC.To corrupt God，s creation of man and woman一Adam and EveD.To beguile into a snake to threaten man5s lifeC12・ Paradise Lost is ___ masterpiece, which is an epic in 12 books, written in blank verse, about the heroic revolt of Satan against GocTs authorityA. John DonneB. Christopher MarloweC. John MiltonD. Spenser D13. The following description fits into Milton except _____________A.a great revolutionary poet of the 17th centuryB.an outstanding political pamphleteerC.a great stylist and master of blank verseD.a kind of elegant and refine styleC14. ____ is the most successful religious allegory in the English languageA. Genesis AB. The Holy WarC・ The Pilgrim^ Progress D・ ExodusB15. The true subject of John Donners poem, “The Sun Rising，： is to __A.attack the sun as unruly servantB.give compliments to the mistress and her power of beautyC・ criticize the surTs intrusion into the lover9s private lifeD・ lecture the sun on where true royalty and riches lieDI6. The phrase "to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and to seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils'，may well sum up the implied meaning of ______A. Gulliver's TravelsB. The Rape of the LockC・ Robinson Crusoe D・ The Pilgrim's ProgressC17. In The Pilgrim^s Progress, John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a _______ toneA. delightfulB. satiricalC. sentimentalD. solemnA18・__ , poet, playwright, and critic, was the most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration PeriodA. John DrydenB. John BunyanC. John DonneD. Robert Burton AB19. Who of the following were the important metaphysical poets? ________________________ •A. John DonneB. George HerbertC.John MiltonD. Richard LovelaceAB20. John Milton wrote a number of pamphlets defending the English People. Choose them from the following _____ .A.Defiance of the English PeopleB.Second Defiance of the English PeopleC.L' AllegroD.Il PonderosaABC21. Which works were written by John Milton? ___ •A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistsD. VulpineABCD22. Paradise Lost is _______ .A・ John Milton^s masterpieceB・A great epic in 12 booksC.written in blank verseD.about the heroic revolt of Satan against GocTs authorityC23. John Milton wrote his best-known prose work, ______ , in the form of a speech addressed to the House of Parliament, I n which he appealed for the freedom of the press.A. Of Reformation in EnglishB. LucidaC・ Areopagitica D. U AllegroABCD24. Ben Johnson ______ .A.was the first poet laureate in the history of English literatureB.was a productive playwrightC.wrote a great number of comediesD.was the author of VulpineABC25. In his blindness, Milton wrote his most important poetic works, such as •A. Paradise Lost B. Samson AgonistsC. Paradise RegainedD. The Pilgrim^s ProgressCD26. The main literary form of the seventeenth century was poetry・ Among the poets, John Milton was the greatest. Besides him, there were two groups of poets. They areA. the lake poetsB. the university witsC. the Metaphysical poetsD. the Cavalier poetsE.the Active Romantic poetsABCD27. Choose the poets who belong to the Cavalier group. ______ .A. Sir John SucklingB. Richard LovelaceC. Thomas CarewD. Robert HerrickE・ Andrew Marvell F. George HerbertC28. To His Coy Mistress is one of _____ f amous poems.A. John DonneB. George HerbertC. Andrew MarvellD. Richard CrashawB29. Another school of poetry prevailing in 17th century was that of ________ , i . e •those verse-writers, often knights and squires, who sided with the King against the Parliament and Puritans.A. Metaphysical PoetsB. Cavalier PoetsC. John MiltonD. John DrydenD30. During this period of revolution and counter-revolution, ______ turned with the tide and always placed himself on the winning side. Thus, he has been called a time-saver by some critics.A. John MiltonB. John BunyanC.John DonneD. John DrydenA31. Which work was written by John Dryden? ____ •A.Absalom and AcidophilB.Annuls MirabilisC・ Alexander^ FeastD.Devotion upon Emergent OccasionsD32. _____ i s shown in John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress.A. UtopianismB. IdealismC・ Realism D. PuritanismB33. The Pilgrim^s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for ______ .A. material wealthB. spiritual salvationMark each statement True or False1./Satan, as the spirit questioning the authority of God, is the real hero of ParadiseLost T2.William Shakespeare and John Dryden have always been regarded as two patternsof English verse. F3./Between the Metaphysicals and the Cavaliers there is a similar awareness ofmortality, which is expressed as an intense melancholy by the former, and by the latter as a bitter consciousness of the transitoriness of human glory and joy. T 4.John Dryden wrote a lot of plays. One of them is Aasalom and Achitophel, atragedy dealing with the story as Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra・ F5.The main literary achievements of the 17th century lies in the poetry of JohnMilton, in the prose writing of John Donne, and in the plays and literary criticism of John Dryden. F6./While in Cambridge, Milton wrote his first important work, On the Morning ofChrist's Nativity. T7./John Donne's poems can be divided into two categories: the youthful love lyricsand the sacred verse. T8./George Herbert expresses his religious piety in The Alta匚T9./Robert Burton's masterpiece is The Anatomy of Melancholy, which claims tooffer the definition, symptoms, causes, properties and cure of melancholy, i.e.human disorder, especially love melancholy and religious melancholy. T10.In 165& Thomas Browne published another work, Religio Medici, written for theforty or fifty Roman funeral urns unearthed near Norwich. F11./Jeremy Taylor is best remembered for his Holy Living and Holy Dying, bothwritten to help the Anglican royalists during the reign of the Commonwealth・ T 12./The work that made Izaak Walton famous is The Compleat Angler, published in1653, during the period of fullest triumph of the Puritan revolution. T13.English literature in the 17th century, withnessed a flourish in a whole. F14.The Revolution Period is also called Age of Milton because it produced a greatpoet whose name is William Milton・ F15./The main literary form in literature of Revolution Period is poetry. T16.Among the English poets during the Revolution Period, John Donne was thegreatest one. F17.The greatest epic produced by Milton, Paradise Lost, is written in heroic couplet.F18.The peom of Samson \gonistes was “to justify the ways of God to man^\i.e.toadvocate submission to the Almighty. F19.It has been noticed by many critics that the picture of Satan surrounded by hisangels, who never think of expressing any opinions of their own, resembles the court of an abstract monarch. F20.In the field of prose writing of the Puritan Age, John Milton occupies the mostimportant place. F21./The Pilgrim's Progress is one of the most popular pieces of Christian writingproduced during the Puritan Age. T22./John Bunyan's masterpiece ,the Pilgrim's Progress, is a narrative in whichgeneral concepts such as sins, despair, and faith are represented as people or as aspects of the natural world. T23./John Dryden is the most excellent representative of English classicism in theRestoration Period. T24.In his An Essay of Dramatic Poesy. John Bunyand showed his famousappreciation of Shakespeare. F25./Dryden wrote about 27 plays. The famous one is Ml for Love, a tragedy dealingwith the same story as Shadespeare\ Antony and Cleopatra. T26./The main literary achievements of the 17th century lies in the poetry of JohnMilton, in the prose writing of John Bunyand, and in the plays and literarycriticism of John Dryden. T27.Satan is the hero in Milton^s masterpiece Prometheus Unbound. F28./The works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized, generally speaking, bymysticism in content and fantasticality in fonri. T29.John Donne was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the18th century. FBlanks1.The bourgeoisie expelled James II and invited William .from Holland, to beKing of England.in 1688.This was the so-called " Glorious Revolution 二2.The Revolution period produced one of the most important poets in Englishliterature, whose name is John Milton •3..In the Revolution Period John Milton towers over his age as WilliamShakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer towers over theMedieval Period.4.During the civil war and the commonwealth, there were two leaders inEngland, Cromwell, the man of action, and John Milton 乙he man ofthought.5.John Milton wrote his masterpiece Paradise Lost during his blindness.6. __ Bunyan ___ wrote his masterpiece The Pilgrim's Progress during hissecond imprisonment.7. ____ Bunyan _____ gives a vivid and satirical description of Vanity Fairwhich is the symbol of London at the time of the 17th century writer.8.About the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called“ the Metaphysical poets “by Samuel Johnson, the 18th century write匚9._A11 for Love __ is Drydeifs tragedy based on the story of Antony andCleopatra under the influence of Shakespeare's tragedy Antony and Cleopatra.10.In 1642, the civil was broke out in England, and the royalists were defeatedby the parliament army led by ___ Cromwell _____ • In 1649, Charles I wassentenced to death and England was declared to be a common wealth11.Puritanism ______ was the religious doctrine of the revolutionarybourgeoisie during the English Revolution, which preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labor but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labo匚12.With the ending of the reign of Elizabeth I, England was then convulsed withthe conflict between the two antagonistic camps, the Royalists andPuritans . the spokesman of the Revolution, wrote a number of pamphlets defending the English people13. ____ Samson Sgonistes _______ ended Milton^s writing life , the hero ofwhich is Milton himself14.John Bunyan's masterpiece, The Pilgrinfs Progress tells of the spiritualpilgrimage of Christian from the City of Destruction to theCelestial Citv15.The main literary form of seventeenth century was poetry. Among the poets,besides Milton and Runyan, there were two schools of poets:Metaphysical and Caralier _________ poets16. ______ is the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry17.John Donne and his followers wrote metaphysical poetry what would later becalled highly intellectual verse filled with metaphors18.Sir Thomas Browne _____ and Jeremy Taylor _______ have been calledtwo representative baroque prose-writers in English literature for their elaborate and magnificent style.19.An eassay of Dramatic poesy ______ 、 John Dreden^ most famous prosecomposition established his position as the leading critic of the day20.Following the standards of classicism, John Dryden established the heroiccouplet _____ a s one of the principal English verse forms.Terms1.lyric2.epic3.baroque4.PuritanismAnswer the following questions1.How many books does Paradise Lost consist of ? Who are the four maincharacters in the epic, and what are the respective relations between them?2.What are the features of The Pilgrim^s Progress?3.What are John Donners writing features?4.As a rule, an allegory is a story in verse or prose with a double meaning: asurface meaning, and an implied meaning. List two works and examples of allegory. What is an allegory usually concerned with by its implied meaning?5.What is the theme of Paradise Lost?6.Please comment on the character of Satan in Paradise Lost7.What are the features of Milton，s poetry?8.Talk about Dryden，s contribution to English literature9.Tell the theme of Samson Agonistes10.To some extent, we can say, Samson is Milton, Why?。

英国文学主要流派(英文)word版本

英国文学主要流派(英文)On Major Schools of British Literature The British literature has a long history. In this process, literature has infected by some powers from reality,history,politics, and culture. Then British literature has been developed several history stages. These history stages were old English period,Renaissance, British literature in the 17th century, romanticism,realism,and modernism.(1)Old English periodThe earliest form of literature was poetry which spread orally.At this period the most important literature of the British national epic was Beowulf written with head blank.(2)Middle English period（1066～1500）From the Normans conquered England in 1066 to 1,500 years around London dialect became accepted modern English literature, forms of main was ballad, poetry and knight legend. In a few groups in the legend, the British knights of the subject was king Arthur and his knights adventure stories, including The Green Knightand Heroes of the Marshes which represented the highest achievement in medieval knight legends. A lot of excellent folk emerged, and the most representative was the folk singing for hero Robin Hood.(3)The Age of Chaucer(1300-1400)The most important poet known as "the father of English poetry" was the Chaucer. The Canterbury tales which achieved high artistic accomplishment was his representative works. He created the double blank poetry. Five steps to raise grid was adopted by many British poet. Chaucer written with London dialect laid the foundation of the literary creation, and promoted the development of the English language and literature.(4)The Period of RenaissanceDuring the Renaissance British literature developed in poetry, prose, sonnets, and black verse. One poet must introduce to us, he is Philip Sidney. He wrote many beautiful sonnets, and created one of the earliest poetryA Defence of Poetry. Edmund Spenser created the famous long poetry Fairy Queen with Spencer method.4.1The age of ShakespeareDrama represented the highest achievement of English literature during the Renaissance. Main dramatists were Christopher Marlowe and W. Shakespeare.Shakespeare is not only a drama writer but also a great poet, besides two poems, two epic and 154 sonnets(5)British literature in the 17th centuryThe Elizabeth dead in the 1603,the conflict between the civil war broke out in 1642, and resulted in the glorious revolution in 1688.. So this period of literature and art showed the development and growth of revolutionary ideas, and had a strong Puritan tendency. Two representatives were Milton and Bunyan. Milton's masterpiece Paradise Lost and Bunyan's masterpiece The Pilgrim's Progress were both based on The Bible. The Pilgrim's Progress was an allegory works, which used"Christian" to the heaven to present mankind pursuing the bright future.(6)British literature in the 8th centuryThe 18th century produced a kind of progress trend-- the Enlightenment.Therefore the18th century was called the "rational era". In the field of literature embodied in the eighteenth century was neoclassicism. Representative writers were A.Pope, R.Steele, and J.Addison.(7)The Romantic Period (1798-1832) Romantic heyday began with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge jointly issued Lyrical ballads to the death of George Eliot. The main literary achievements were poetry. Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey who have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats were eulogized as rich revolutionary ideals of freedom and liberty.。

英国文学主要流派英文

英国文学主要流派(英文)On Major Schools of British Literature The British literature has a long history. In this process, literature has infected by some powers from reality,history,politics, and culture. Then British literature has been developed several history stages. These history stages were old English period, Renaissance,British literature in the 17th century,romanticism,realism,and modernism.(1)Old English periodThe earliest form of literature was poetry which spread orally.At this period the most important literature of the British national epic was Beowulf written with head blank.(2)Middle English period（1066～1500）From the Normans conquered England in 1066 to 1,500 years around London dialect became accepted modern English literature, forms of main was ballad, poetry and knight legend. In a few groups in the legend, the British knights of the subject was kingArthur and his knights adventure stories, including The Green Knight and Heroes of the Marshes which represented the highest achievement in medieval knight legends. A lot of excellent folk emerged, and the most representative was the folk singing for hero Robin Hood.(3)The Age of Chaucer(1300-1400)The most important poet known as "the father of English poetry" was the Chaucer. The Canterbury tales which achieved high artistic accomplishment was his representative works. He created the double blank poetry. Five steps to raise grid was adopted by many British poet. Chaucer written with London dialect laid the foundation of the literary creation, and promoted the development of the English language and literature.(4)The Period of RenaissanceDuring the Renaissance British literature developed in poetry, prose, sonnets, andblack verse. One poet must introduce to us, he is Philip Sidney. He wrote many beautiful sonnets, and created one of the earliest poetry A Defence of Poetry. Edmund Spenser created the famous long poetry Fairy Queen with Spencer method.4.1The age of ShakespeareDrama represented the highest achievement of English literature during the Renaissance. Main dramatists were Christopher Marlowe and W. Shakespeare.Shakespeare is not only a drama writer but also a great poet, besides two poems, two epic and 154 sonnets(5)British literature in the 17th centuryThe Elizabeth dead in the 1603,the conflict between the civil war broke out in 1642, and resulted in the glorious revolution in 1688.. So this period of literature and art showed the development and growth of revolutionary ideas, and had a strong Puritan tendency. Two representatives wereMilton and Bunyan. Milton's masterpiece Paradise Lost and Bunyan's masterpiece The Pilgrim's Progress were both based on The Bible. The Pilgrim's Progress was an allegory works, which used "Christian" to the heaven to present mankind pursuing the bright future.(6)British literature in the 8th centuryThe 18th century produced a kind of progress trend-- the Enlightenment. Therefore the18th century was called the "rational era". In the field of literature embodied in the eighteenth century was neoclassicism. Representative writers were A.Pope, R.Steele,and J.Addison.(7)The Romantic Period (1798-1832) Romantic heyday began with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge jointly issued Lyrical ballads to the death of George Eliot. The main literaryachievements were poetry. Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey who have often been mentioned as the“Lake Poets”George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats were eulogized as rich revolutionary ideals of freedom and liberty.。

英国文学填空练习

Part OneOld and Middle English LiteratureI.Fill in the blanks1.Choose the best answer Critics tend to divide Chaucer’s literary career into three periods:the French period, the Italian period and the English period、2.Chaucer employed the heroic couplet in writing his greatest work The Canterbury tales、3.The framework in The Canterbury Tales is a pilgrimage、4.When Chaucer died on the 25th of October 1400, he was the first to be buried inWestminster Abbey、5.The Prologue provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales, and it prises agroup of vivid pictures of various medieval figures、6.The 15th century has traditionally been described as the barren age in English literature、7.Poetry can be classified as narrative or lyric、Narrative poems stress actions, and lyricsstress songs、Part TwoEnglish Literature in the Renaissance PeriodI.Fill in the blanks1.The second period of English Renaissance is also called the Elizabethan period or theage of Shakespeare、2.Shakespeare’s plays have been traditionally divi ded into four categories according todramatic type: histories, edies, tragedies and romances、3.Edmund Spenser is often referred to as “the poets’ poet” because of his considerableinfluence on later poets、4.Spenser’s Amoretti is a series of 88 sonnets in which he links each quatrain to the nextby a continuing rhyme: abab bcbc cdcd ee、This form is usually called Spenserian sonnets、5.Christopher Marlowe is considered the first great English dramatist and the mostimportant Elizabethan playwright before Shakespeare、6.Shakespeare’s 154 sonnets fall into two series: one series are addressed to W、H, ayoung man, and the other addressed to a dark lady、7.The writings of Francis Bacon mainly fall into three categories: philosophical, literaryand professional、8. A Shakespearean sonnet is posed of three quatrains and a concluding couplet、Part ThreeEnglish Literature in the 17th CenturyI.Fill in the blanks1.The poems of John Donne belong to two categories:the youthful love lyrics and thelater sacred verse、ton gave us the only epic since Beowulf, and Bunyan gave us the only great allegory、3.Bunyan’s most important work is The Pilgrim’s Progress, written in the oldfashioned,medieval form of allegory and dream、4.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend, critical realism, appeared afterthe romantic poetry、5.John Donne is the founder of the school of metaphysical poetry、His works arecharacterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form、6.Because of the success of Paradise Lost, John Milton produced in 1671 another epic,Paradise Regained、7.John Milton’s Paradise Lost opens with the description of a meeting among the fallenangels, and ends with the departure of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eve、8.The most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden, poet,critic, and playwright、9.Paradise Lost is a long epic、The stories are taken from the Old Testament、Part Four18th Century LiteratureI.Fill in the blanks1.Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyards”is taken as a model ofsentimental poetry, esp、the graveyard school、2.The exciting tale of Robinson Crusoe is largely an adventure story rather than the studyof human character、3.An Ode, in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem posed for a chorus to chantand to dance to、4.In Jerusalem, William Blake expounded his theory of imagination, asserting that theworld of imagination is the world of eternity、5.“ Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,And the roacks melt wi’ the sun:I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands of life shall run”The above lines are taken from Robert Burns’famous poem “My Luve’s Like a Red, Red, Rose”、6.Friday is a character in the novel Robinson Crusoe、7.Henry Fielding is called the Father of the English Novels、8.The 18th century is known as the age of enlightenment or the age of reason、9.In Gulliver’s Travels, Yahoos are the creatures living in Houyhnynms、Part FiveRomantic LiteratureI.Fill in the blanks1.As an age of romantic enthusiasm, the Romantic Age began in 1798 when Wordsworth andColeridge published Lyrical Ballads and ended in 1832 when Scott died、2.The Englightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe inthe 18th century、3.In the Preface of the 2nd and 3rd editions of Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth laid down theprinciples of poetry position、4.The English Romantic Age produced two major novelists, Walter Scott and Jane Austen、5.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey are referred to as the “Lake Poets” because they livedin the Lake District in the northwestern part of England、6.In 1805, Wordsworth pleted his long autobiographical poem entitled The Prelude、7.Percy Shelley mourned for John Keats’ premature death in an elegy “Adonais”, writing “heis made one with nature”、8.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against theconventional forms of the 18th century poetry、9.“Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” is long poem created by Byron、It contains four cantos in theSpenserian stanza, namely a 9line stanza rhymed abbabbcbcc, in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter while the 9th line in iambic hexameter、10.The greatest English realist of the 19th century was Charles Dickens、11.Don Juan is Byron’s masterpiece, written in the prime of his creative power、He called it an“epic satire”, “ a satire on abuse of the present state of society”、12.The plot of Shelley’s lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound is borrowed from PrometheusBound, a play of the Greek tragedian Aeschylus、13.Walter Scott is the creator and a great master of the historical novel、Hisnovels give a panorama of feudal society from its early stage to its downfall、14.In “To Autumn”, Keats writes,Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,Close bosomfriend of the maturing sun;Conspiring with him how to load and blessWith fruit the vines that round the thatchevs runThe figure of speech used in the lines is personification、15.“Ode to a Nightingale” expresses the contrast between the happiness of the natural world andthe pain of the human reality、16.Percy Shelley wa s memorized and honored as “the heart of all hearts” after his death、17.Many critics regard Shelley as one of the greatest of all English poets、They point especiallyto his lyrics、18.Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassicalreason, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson、19.Odes are generally regarded as Keats’ most important and mature works、20.“Ode on a Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between permanence of art and transience ofhuman passion、21.Scott is considered “the father of historical novels”、22.Two prevailing themes of Pride and Prejudice are pride and prejudice and love andmarriage、23.Kubla Khan was posed in a dream after the poet Coleridge took the opium、24.All such works of Coleridge as “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, “Christabel”, and “KublaKhan” revealed his keen interest in mystery、25.Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”、26.“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, “An Evening Walk”, “My Heart Leaps up”, and “TinternAbbey” are all masterpiec es on nature、27.The constant sight of nature in the wondrous beauty of Lake District awoke love andreverence in Wordsworth、28.In 1797, Wordsworth made friends with S、T、Coleridge and a year later they jointlypublished the Lyrical Ballads、29.The main idea running through the romantic poem Prometheus Unbound is that of freedom、30.Shelley, with a triumphant praise of the imagination, highly exalts the role of poetry, thinkingthat poetry alone could free man and offer the mind a wider view of its powers、He holds thatpoetry “is as more direct representation of the actions and passins of our internal being、”31.French revolution and British industrial revolution gave great impetus to the rise of theRomantic Movement、Part Six19th century Literature1.The ic element is s trong in Charles Dickens’ first novel, The Pickwick Papers whichappeared in monthly sections between April 1836 and November 1837、2.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend, critical realism, appearedafter the romantic poetry、3.The Victorian Age in English literature was largely an age of prose, especially of thenovel、4.David Copperfield is one of Charles Dickens’ best works、It is written in the first personand is the most autobiographical of all his books、5.Written in 183738, Oliver Twist tells the story of an orphan boy, whose adventureprovide material for a description of the lower depths of London、6.Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, theVictorian novelists shared one thing in mon, that is, they were concerned about the fate of the mon people、7.Robert Browning’s poetic experiments transferred the thematic interest of poetry frommere narration of the story to revelation and study of characters’ inner world and brought to the Victorian poetry some psychoanalytical element、8.Wuthering Heights is written by Emily Bronte、It is a morbid story of love, but apowerful attack on the bourgeois marriage system、It shows true love ion a class society is impossible of attainment、9.In his works, Dickens sets out a full map and a largescale criticism of the 19th centuryEngland, particularly London、10.Thomas Hardy, novelist and poet, is one of the representatives of English criticalrealism at the turn of the 19th century、11.The Mayor of Casterbridge, one of th e century’s finest novels, traces the rise and fall ofMichael Henchard, a tough, egotistical, fellow who sold his wife and baby at a fair、12.Jane Eyre represents those middle class working women, who are struggling for therecognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being、13.In her novels, George Eliot seeks to present the inner struggle of a soul and to reveal themotives, impulses and hereditary influences which govern human action、14.The two most predominating poets of the Victorian period are Alfred Tennyson andRobert Browning、15.In many Hardy’s later novels, the conflict between the tradition and the modern isbrought to the center of the stage、16.As a woman of exceptional intelligence and life experience, George Eliot shows aparticular concern for the destiny of women、Part SevenEarly 20th Century Literature1.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as itstheoretical base、2.“Araby” from Dubliners is a tale of the frustrated quest for beauty in the midst ofdrabness、3.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and aillrelationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself、4.W、B、Yeats experienced a slow and painful change in his poetic creation, starting in theromantic tradition and finishing as a mature modernist poet、5.T、S、Eliot’s major achievement in play writing has been the creation of a verse dramain the 20th century to express the ideas and actions of modern society with new accents of the contemporary speech、6.In his famous essay “Tradition and Individual Talent”, T、S、Eliot put great emphasis onthe importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism、7.“The Hollow Man”, which bears a strong thematic resemblance to “The Waste Land”, i sgenerally regarded as the darkest of Eliot’s poems、8.Structurally and thematically, George Bernard Shaw follows the great tradition ofrealism、9.Joyce seems to mean that the novel Ulysses describes the mental activities of twoDubliners in a single day、10.Virginia Woolf represents the much more readable novelists of the stream ofconsciousness school、She is a fine artist, a woman of sharp sensitivity who, in one of her frequent mental depressions, mitted suicide、11.All of Joyce’s novel and short stories have t he same setting, Ireland, especially Dublin,and the same subject, Dubliners and their life、12.The statement “A demanding mother turns away from her husband and gives all heraffection to her sons” sums up the main plot of D、H Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers、13.In Mrs、Dalloway, Virginia Woolf adopted a writing technique called stream ofconsciousness, in which the whole story was presented with the interior monologues of the characters、14.“She frankly wanted him to climb into the middle class, a thing not very diffic ult, sheknew、And she wanted him in the end to marry a lady、” is taken from D、H Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers、15.D、H、Lawence’s poems fall roughly into three categories satirical and ic poems, poemsabout human relationship and emotions, and poems about nature、16.The poem “The Waste Land”, which is 433 lines long, is broadly acknowledged as one ofthe most recognizable landmarks of modernism, the first part of it is “The Burial of the dead”, and the third part of it is “The Fire Sermon”、17.In 1913, Eliot published his first volume of verse, Prufrock and Other Observations inwhich the influence of some French symbolism can be seen、。

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Lyric poetry
(抒情诗)
Verse
(韵诗)
Although Dryden's reputation is greater today, contemporaries saw the 1670s and 1680s as the age of courtier poets in general, and Edmund Waller was as praised as any. Dryden, Rochester, Buckingham, and Dorset dominated verse, and all were attached to the court of Charles. Aphra Behn, Matthew Prior, and Robert Gould, by contrast, were outsiders who were profoundly royalist. The court poets follow no one particular style, except that they all show sexual awareness, a willingness Each of these poets to satirise, and a dependence upon wit to dominate wrote for the stage as their opponents.
John Milton (1608-1674)
English poet, polemicist, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost. He wrote in Latin and Italian as well as in English, and had an international reputation during his lifetime. After his death, Milton's critical reception oscillated, a state of affairs that continued through the centuries.
Robert Herrick
(baptized 24 August 1591 – buried 15 October 1674 )
Born in Cheapside, London, he was the seventh child and fourth son of Julia Stone and Nicholas Herrick, a prosperous goldsmith. His father died in a fall from a fourth-floor window in November 1592, when Robert was a year old (whether this was suicide remains unclear). The tradition that Herrick received his education at Westminster is groundless.
– The rimed couplets took the place of blank verse.（押韵的对句取代了无韵诗）
玄学派诗歌
1.Jogh Suckling 2.Richard Lovelace 3.Thomas Carew 4.Robert Herrick
John Suckling
well as the page. Of these, Behn, Dryden, Rochester, and Gould deserve some separate mention.
the first professional female novelist in English.
While her poetry was occasionally sexually frank, it was never as graphic or intentionally lurid and titillating as Rochester's. Rather, her poetry was, like the court's ethos, playful and honest about sexual desire. One of the most remarkable aspects of Behn's success in court poetry, however, is that Behn was herself a commoner. She had no more relation to peers than Dryden, and possibly quite a bit less.
John Bunyan
(28 November 1628 – 31 August 1688)
An English Christian(religious) writer and preacher, famous for writing The Pilgrim's Progress. Though he was a Reformed Baptist, in the Church of England he is remembered with a Lesser Festival on 30 August, and on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (US) on 29 August.
The Restoration was an age of poetry. Not only was poetry the most popular form of literature, but it was also the most significant form of literature, as poems affected political events and immediately reflected the times. It was, to its own people, an age dominated only by the king, and not by any single genius. Throughout the period, the lyric, ariel, historical, and epic poem was being developed.
Literature in the Restoration Period
Restoration(复辟时期) literature is the English literature
written during the historical period commonly referred to as the English Restoration (1660–1689), which corresponds to the last years of the direct Stuart (斯图亚特) reign in England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. In general, the term is used to denote roughly homogeneous styles of literature that center on a celebration of or reaction to the restored court of Charles II.
He was the son of Sir Matthew Carew, master in chancery, and his wife, Alice Ingpenny, widow of Sir John Rivers, Lord Mayor of the City of London. The poet was probably the third of the eleven children of his parents, and was born in West Wickham in London, in the early part of 1595; he was thirteen years old in June 1608, when he matriculated at Merton College, Oxford. He took his degree of B.A. early in 1611, and proceeded to study at the Middle Temple.
Aphra Behn modelled the rake Willmore in her play The Rover on Rochester; and while she was best known publicly for her drama (in the 1670s, only Dryden's plays were staged more often than hers), Behn wrote a great deal of poetry that would be the basis of her later reputation. Edward Bysshe would include numerous quotations from her verse in his Art of English Poetry (1702).
Richard Lovelace
(1618–1657) An English poet in the seventeenth century. He was a cavalier poet who fought on behalf of the king during the Civil war. His best known works are To Althea, from Prison, and To Lucasta, Going to the Warres.