A Comparative Study of Shortening in English and Chinese
贵州省普通高中学高三任务型阅读复习专题百度文库
一、高中英语任务型阅读1．Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Decades of research has demonstrated how junior employees benefit from being mentored (指导). Guidance from senior colleagues has also been shown to enhance mentees' job performance and satisfaction.________We were especially interested in understanding how mentoring might help mentors who work in stressful occupations. Mental health is a growing concern within occupations that play important social roles, such as medical professionals, firefighters, and police officers. And because policing is one of the most stressful occupations, with high levels of mental health and well-being difficulties, we conducted a study of a formal mentoring program in an English police force.________ It was designed to support the development of junior officers by giving them a way to discuss concerns and receive guidance. Our study involved two parts. First, we conducted a field experiment: we compared the mental health of 17 mentor-mentee pairs to a control group of 18 pairs of senior and junior officers that did not participate in the program. Second, we interviewed both the mentees and their mentors separately.Our experiment results showed that people who served as mentors experienced lower levels of anxiety, and described their job as more meaningful, than those who did not mentor. We learned from our interviews that mentoring afforded senior officers, as well as junior officers, a chance to discuss and reflect on concerns. ________By acknowledging that these anxieties were common, both mentees and mentors grew more comfortable in discussing them and in sharing different coping mechanisms.Why does mentoring have this impact on mentors? ________ Despite the pressures that comes with their roles —including abuse, difficult decision making, and the risk of death —police officers tend not to seek support from other officers, including more senior colleagues. This is to avoid negative stigma, a shameful reputation, associated with mental health disorders. Mentoring thereby offered a way to build trust within a relationship that laid a foundation for open and honest communication of sensitive topics.A. We believe it offers a way to receive support that is often lacking.B. The mentoring program was launched in 2013 in one of the police forces in England and Wales.C. Formal mentoring programs provide an opportunity to encourage the discussion of difficult and sensitive topics.D. However, what we are wondering is why mentoring has such great impact on mentors as well as mentees.E. Mentors heard their mentees' accounts of anxiety and realized these feelings — which they also shared — were common.F. We know far less, however, about how mentoring might benefit mentors themselves.【答案】 F；B；E；A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，在对别人的指导过程中，不但使被指导人受益，而且使指导人也很受益。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释词汇学1、Compounding（合成法）Compounding is a word-formation process of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.e.g. blackboard, air-conditioning, flowerpot2、Derivation（派?生法）= a?xation（词缀法）A word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or su?x,or both, to the base.e.g. belittle, debug, anti-war3、Conversion（词性转移法）Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an a?x.e.g. attack (v. & n.), compound (v. & n.), permit (v. & n.)4、Initialisms（?首字?母连写词）Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter.e.g. BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), VIP (a very important people)5、Acronyms（?首字?母拼?音词）Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term.e.g. OPEC, BASIC, SAM, TEFL, UNESCO6、Clipping（剪裁法）The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available inits full form.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone, gym from gymnastics, taxi from taxicab7、Blending（混合法）Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of whichare not in their full forms.e.g. newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)8、Back formation（逆构法）Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorterword is coined by the deletion of a supposed a?x from a longer form already present in the language.e.g.the verb resurrect was formed from the noun resurrection by removing the supposed derivative su?x -ion, and the verb edit formed from editor by dropping the su?x -or.9、Words from proper names（专有名词构词法）The words that coined from the di?erent proper names. Such as the names of people, the names of places, the names of books, or the names of brands.e.g. watt, hertz, Nicotine10、Reduplication（复制法）Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong; (3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.11、Coinage（新造的字）Coinage is a process of inventing words not based onexisting morphemes.e.g. fruice = fruit +juice, slanguage =slang + language12、Classification of English words according to di?erent criteriaA. By origin:1) native words2) loan wordsB. By level of usage :1)common words2)literary words3)colloquial words4)slang words5)technical wordsC. By notion:1)function words（虚词）2)content words （实词）13、inflectional morpheme (or inflectional a?xes) （曲折词缀）An inflectional aifix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is a?xed.e.g. “s” in chairs, pens ; “es” in boxes, tomatoes;“en” in oxen14、root（词根）(1) 书：A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.e.g. work, boy, moon, walk(2) ?网：A root is a form which is not further analysable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. A rootis the basic part always present in a lexeme.15、stem（词?干）Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional a?xes have been removed.e.g. in the word undesirables, the stem is undesirable;in the word desired, the stem is desire16、base（词基）Base is any form to which a?xes of any kind can be added.e.g. in the word desirable, desire is the base to which a su?x -able is added.17、echoic words or onomatopoeic words（拟声词或象声词）Words motivated phonetically are called echoi words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.e.g. the woof-woof of a dog, the miaow of a cat18、homonyms（异义词）In the English language, there are many pairs or groups of words, which, though di?erent in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both.e.g. lead (n. & v.), sow (n. & v.), tear (n. & v.)19、complementary antonyms（互补性反义词）Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition. In a complementary pair the contrast between the two terms is absolute.e.g. alive and dead, single and married20、synchronic dictionary（共时词典）Synchronic dictionaries describe the vocabulary of a certain period or at a certain stage of the development of the language, providing the from, meaning, usage, etc., of the words of the period.e.g. COD, WCD21、allomorph（同位异形体）An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.e.g. the allomorphs -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same su?x22、prefixation（前缀）Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base.e.g. de-, be-, en-23、semantic motivation（语义动机）Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors. It is a kind of mental association.e.g.When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone; when we say the leg of a table, we are comparing the tables leg with one of the lower limbs of a human being.24、a?ective meaning（情感意义）A?ective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.e.g. Aha! Alas! and Hurrah!25、hyponymy（上下义关系）Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is “included” in the la tter.e.g. a cat is a hyponym of animal, flute of instrument, chair of furniture26、semantic field（语义场）（1）书：Semantic field theory "took the view that the vocabulary of a given language is not simply a listing ofindependent items (as the headwords in a dictionary would suggest), but is organized into areas, or fields, within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways."（2）?网：Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.e.g.The words red, green, white etc. make up the semantic field of colors;the words father, mother, son etc. make up the semantic field of kinship27、componential analysis（成分分析法）The analysis of word meanings is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components.e.g. cow : [+ Bovine + Adult - Male]man : [+Human + Adult + Male]。
考研英语阅读综合辅导——动物学类
阅读综合辅导[动物学类]题⽬序号题型归类第1题中⼼主旨题型第2题归纳推导题型第3题审题定位题型第4题主题句理解题型第5题句间关系题型 Investigators of monkey’s social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’ aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys’ social behavior. Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, at time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression. Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition. These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se. 1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with [A] advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behavior. [B] comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys. [C] explaining the reasons for researcher’s interest in monkey’s social behavior. [D] discussing the development of investigators’ theories about aggression among monkeys. 2.Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the text about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’ behavior? [A] Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys. [B] Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives. [C] Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increase among monkeys in the wild. [D] Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict. 3.The text suggests that investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because [A] aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys. [B] successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group. [C] situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory. [D] most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses. 4.The text supplies information to answer which of the following questions? [A] How does the reduction of space affect intragroup aggression among monkeys in an experimental setting? [B] Do family units within a monkey social group compete with other family units for food? [C] What are the mechanisms by which the social order of an established group of monkeys controls aggression within that group? [D] How do monkeys engaged in aggression with other monkeys signal submission? 5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph? [A] A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described. [B] A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it is cited. [C] Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn. [D] Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed. [答案与考点解析] 1.【答案】D 【考点解析】本题是⼀道中⼼主旨题。
《英语语言学概论》配套习题(五)(问答题)答案.docx
《英语语言学概论》配套习题（五）（问答题）答案Chapter 1 Introduction to Linguistics1.What are design features of language?Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of anima communication.2.What are the characteristics of human language?The characteristics of human language include arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, discreteness, transferability and linearity.3・Explain the characteristic of arbitrariness・What are the relationship between arbitrariness and convention?Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation.4.What does productivity mean for language?It means language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. It refers to the property that language enables language users to produce or understand an indefinite number of sentences including novel sentences by use of finite set of rules.5・ What functions does language have?Language has at least seven funcitons: informative, interpersonal, performative, emotive, phatic, recreational and metalingual.6・ Explain the metalingual function of language・The metalingual function of language refers to the fact that language can be used to talk about itself.7・ What is the difference between synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics?Synchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.8・ What distinguishes prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies of language?The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.Chapter 2 Phonology1・ What does phonetics concern?Phonetis is the scientific study of speech sounds of human beings. Phonetics can be suv-classified into articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics. 2・ How do the three branches of phonetics contribute to the study of speech sounds?Articualtory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speeech. Auditory phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.3・ How is the description of consonants different from that of vowels?Consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. By contrast, a vowel is produced without such obstruction so no turbulance or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.4.In which two ways may consonants be classified?The categories of consonants are established on two important factors, which are termed as manners of articulation and places of articulation.5.How do phoneticians classify vowels?The di scription of vowels includes four aspects: the height of tongue raising(high, mid, low); the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back); the length or tenseness of the vowel (tense vs. lax or long vs. short) and lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded).6.T0 what extent does phonology differ from phonetics?Phonology is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way wounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. Phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds while phonology studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning. 7.What do minimal pair refer? Give an example to illustrate・Certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word, whereas other sounds do not. For instance, the word big can be described in a phonetic transcription [big]. If [g] is replaced by [t], there is another word: bit.[g] and [t] are called minimal pairs. Therefore, when sound substitutions cause differences of meaning, these sounds are minimal pairs.8.What kind of phenomenon is complementary distribution?When two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution. For example, the aspirated English stops never occur after [s], and the unaspirated ones never occur initially. Sounds in complementary distribution may be assigned to the same phoneme. The allophones of [1], for instance, are also in complementary distribution. The clear[l] occur only before a vowel, the dark [1] occur after a consonant or at the end of a word.Chapter 3 Morphology1・ What is a free morpheme? What is a bound morpheme?Morpheme may be classified into free and bound. A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning, it can exist on its own without a bound morpheme.A free morpheme is a word, in the traditional sense. Man, book, take and red are free morphemes.A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance. It must appear with at least one other morphem, free or bound, like un- in unhappy, past tensemorpheme in worked.2・ What is the difference between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is added. The inflecitonal affixes today are the plural marker, the genetive case, the verbal endings, the comparative degrees and superlative degrees. Inflectional affixes have only their particualr grammatical meanings, so they are also called grammatical meanings, so they are also called grammatical affixes.A derivational affix serves to derive a new word when it is added to another morpheme. Derivational affix has lexical meaning, but less important than the meaning of the root in the same word, like -able in the word workable. Derivaitonal affixes are commonly subdivided into prefixes and suffixes.3・ What is compounding?Compounding or composition is a word-formation process by joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. Compounds can be divided into three categories according to parts of the speech: (1) noun compounds (like hearbeat);(2)adjective compounds (like dutyfree); (3) verb compounds (like housekeep).4.What are the criteria of a compound word?(1)Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: solid (like airmail).hyphenated (like air-conditioning) and open (like air raid).(2)Phonologically, many compounds have a so-called compound accent, that is, asingle stress on the first element, as in "space rocket; or a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element.(3)Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be relatedto, but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts.5.What is acronymy?Acronymy is a type of shortening by using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase・ If the shortened word is pronounced letter by letter, it is an initialism like BBC; if the shortened word is pronounced as word rather than as a sequence of letters, it is an acronym like SAM(for surface-to-air missile).6.What is blending?Blending is a preocess of word・forniation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news+ broadcast), brunch (breakfast +lunch).7.Decide which way of word formation is used to form the following words.Comsat (from communications + satellite, by blending)Motel (from motor + hotel, by blending)Lase (from laser, by back-formation)Memo (from memorandom, by back clipping)Nightmare (from daymare, by analogy)ASEAN(from the Association for South-East Asian Nations, by acronymy)ROM(from read-only memory, by initialism)Bit(from binary + digit, by blending))Babysit(from babysitter, by back・fonnatioii)cock-a・doodle・do(from the sound produced by cock, by onomatopoeia))grunt (from the sound produced by pig, by onomatopoeia)8・ What are closed-class words and open-class words?A word that belongs to the closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Therefore, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc., are all closed items.The open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited.With the emergence of new ideas, inventions, etc., new expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class items.Chapter4 Syntax1.What is syntax?Syntax is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Specifically, It is the study of the rules governing the ways in which words, word groups and phrases are joined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between sentential elements.2.What is a simple, compound, or complex sentence?A simple sentence is made up of one independent clause with dependent clause attached. It consists of at least one subject and one predicate. Either the subject or the complement may be compound (consisting of more than one element joined with a coordinating conjunction), and modifiers and phrases may be added as well.A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses, but no dependent clauses. The clauses are joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, a comma and a correlative conjunction, or a semicolon with no conjunction.A complex sentence uses one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.For example, the following five sentences are simple, compound, complex, compound, and complex sentence respectively.(1)He and I understood.(2)Lucy watches football on television, but she never goes to a game.(3)You can borrow my pen if you need one.(4)Paul likes football and David likes chess.(5)We had to go inside when it started raining.3.What is the hierarchical structure?The hierarchical structure is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.4.Howto distinguish immediate constituents from ultimate constituents?An immediate constituent is any one of the largest grammatical units that constituent a construction. Immediate constituents are often further reducible.An ultimate constituent is one of the grammatically irreducible units that constitutea construction.For example, the immediate constituents of the sentence You eat bananas are you and eat bananas; the ultimate constituents of the sentence are you. eat. banana, and —s.5.What are subordinate and coordinate constructions?Subordinate and coordinate constructions are two subtypes of endocentric constructions. Those in which there is only one head, with the head being dominant and the other constituent dependent, are subordinate constructions. For example, the short expression Lovely Lucy is a subordinate construction with Lucy as its head. While coordinate constructions have more than one head. For example, boys and girls, coffee or tea, the city Rome, are coordinate constructions, in which, both the two content constituents, boys and girls, coffee and tea, the city and Rome, are capable of serving as the head. They are of equal syntactic status, and no one is dependent on the other.6・ What are deep and surface structures?Deep structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to surface structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence一an underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.Surface structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to deep structure. It is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.7. Can you describe the syntactic structure of the sentence “The old tree swayed in the wind” by using a tree diagram?8・ How to reveal the differences in sentential meaning in the sentence “The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon” by drawing tree diagrams?The sentence is an ambiguous sentence, which can be interpreted in two different ways, so it could assigned two tree diagram, as would be shown below: Tree Diagram (1):the wind The old tree swayed in NPDetTree Diagram (2):Chapter 5 Semantics1. What is a semantic field? Can you illustrate it?It is an organizational principle that the lexicon and groups of words in the lexicon can be semantically related, rather than a listing of words as in a published dictionary. On a very general and intuitive level, we can say that the words in a semantic field, though not synonymous, are all used to talk about the same general phenomenon, and there is a meaning inclusion relation between the items in the field and the field category itself. Classical examples of semantic fields include color terms (red, green, blue, yellow), kinship terms (mother, father, sister, brother), and cooking terms (boil, fry, broil, steam) as semantic fields.2・ What are the major types of synonyms in English?They are dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive synonyms, collocational synonyms, and semantic synonyms. Examples are as follows:fond of, keen on (collocational)autumn, fall (dialectal)dad, father (stylistic)thrifty, miserly, economical (emotive) escape, flee (semantic)3・ In what way do the following pairs offer contrast?earth l.our planet. 2. the soil on the surface of our planet.bank l.a financial institution. 2. side of a river, bear 1. a wild animal, bare:naked.bow a. an inclination of the head or body, as in greeting, consent, courtesy, acknowledgement, submission, or veneration.(e) lead a. go in front of a group of people. 2. a soft heavy easily melted grayish-blue metal(f) found: 1. of find. 2. establish or set upThe five entities show different semantic relations of words.(a) is an example of polysemy, and it is different from the next which fall into the category of homography. (b) is an example of perfect homonymy, while “beaf and “bare" in (c) are homophones, those in (d) are homographs, and the words in (e) are homophones. \JZ \)z \)z abed z(\ /(\ /k z(\Swill arrive soonAux VPPolysemy and homonymy both deal with multiple senses of the same phonological word, but polysemy is invoked if the senses are judged to be related. Homonymous senses, however, are unrelated. Homonymy can be classified into partial homonymy and perfect homonymy. Words falling under the category of partial homonymy can be homophones or homographs. Perfect homonymy is exemplified by the words which are identical in sound and spelling or both in sound-form and part of speech.4. Categorize the following pairs: child・kid，alive-dead, big-small, husband-wife・Child-kid can be categorized under synonymy, alive-dead complementary antonymy, old-young gradable antonymy, and husband-wife converse antonymy.5・What is hyponymy composed of? Illustrate whether there is always a superordinate to hyponyms, or hyponyms to a superordinate・Hyponymy is composed of a superordinate and hyponyms; the hyponyms under the same superordinate are co-hyponyms. there is not always a superordinate to hyponyms, or hyponyms to a superordinate. Sometimes a superordinate may be a superordiante to itself. For example, the word "animal" may only include beasts like “tigef, “lion", "elephant”，"cow”，“horse" and is a co-hyponym of “hum arT. But it is also the superordinate to both “human" and "animal" in contrast to “bircT,"行sh", and “insect”，when it is used in the sense of "mammal". It can further be the superordinate to “bird'',"行sh", "insect”，and "mammal" in contrast to “pbnt". From the hyponym's point of view, “animal" is a hyponym of itself, and may be called autohyponym.6・ How is meronymy different from hyponymy?Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items. We can identify this relationship by using sentence frames like "X is part of or 66Y has as in "A page is part of a book", or book has pages". While hyponymy has to do with inclusiveness, we cannot do the same with hyponymy. For example, bird is the superordinate to crow, hawk, duck, and se cannot say that bird has crows, or hawks'：and so on.Meronymy also differs from hyponymy in transitivity. Hyponymy is always transitive, for example bird is the superordinate to hawk, hawk is the superordinate to sparrowhawk, and thus bird is the superordinate to sparrowhawk. But meronymy may or may not be so. A transitive example is: nail is a meronym of finger, md finger of hand. We can see that nail is a meronym of finger, and finger of hand. We can see that nail is a meronym of hand. A non-transitive example is: pane is a meronym of window, and window of room; but pane is not a meronym of room.7. Why may a sentence be ambiguous?The ambiguity of a sentence may arise from lexical ambiguity or structural ambiguity. Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or homonymy which can not be determined by the context. For example,(a)The table is fascinating.(b)She couldn't bear children.Table in (a) is an example of polysemy. It can be a piece of furniture, or the stated kind or quality of food served at a meal here. The ambiguity of (b) lies in the two meanings of the homonym bear一endure or produce children.The following sentence is an example of structural ambiguity.(c)The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon.8・ What predication analysis? What is a no-place, one-place，two-place, or three-place predicate? Give examples・Predication analysis is a new approach for sentential meaning analysis which is to break down the sentence into their smaller constituents: argument and predicate. The predicate is the major or pivotal element governing the argument. The argument is the logical participant.A no-place predicate is a predicate which governs no argument; a one-place predicate, one argument; a two-place predicate, two arguments; and a three-place predicate, three arguments. Respective examples are:(a)It is snowing. (SNOW)(b)Baby is sleeping. SLEEP(JOHN, MARY)(c)John loves Mary. LOVE(JOHN, MARY)(d)John gave Mary a book. GIVE(JOHN, MARY, BOOK)Chapter 6 Pragmatics1・ What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. It is a comparatively new branch of study in the area of linguistics; its development and establishment in the 1960s an dl970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. Generally it deals with how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. The scope of pragmatic study includes “speech act theory'', “context", '"conversational implicature,\ presupposition, etc.The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in context and traditionally semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use. It may be said that pragmatics studies the meaning that is not accounted by semantics. It can also be expressed in the formula: pragmatics=meaning-semantics. G. Leech, in his principles of pragmatics holds that: Semantics answers the question: What does X mean? Pragmatics answer the question: What did you mean by X?2・ How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ?Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; the former is concrete and context-dependent and the latter is abstract and decontextualized.3・ What is contextual meaning?It is the meaning a linguistic item has in context, for example the meaning a word has within a particular sentence, or a sentence has in a particular paragraph. The question Do you know the meaning of wo厂？For example, may have two different contextual meanings:i.it may mean Do you know the meaning of the word war? , when said by alanguage teacher to a class of students.ii.It may mean war produces death, injury, and suffering, when said by an injured soldier to a politician who favors war.4.Explain the meanings of locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionaryact through examples.A distinction is made by Austin in the theory of Speech Acts between three different types of act involved in or caused by the utterance of a sentence.A locutional act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood. For example, saying the sentence Shoot the snake is a locutionary act is hearers understand the words shoot, the. snake and can identify the particular snake referred to.5.What is cooperative principle(CP)?The "'cooperative principle", proposed and formulated by P Grice, a pragmatic hypothesis, is about that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible to carry on the talk. The principle has the four following maxims:Quantityi.Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the currentpurposes of the exchange).ii.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. QualityTry to make your contribution one that is true.(1)Do not say what you believe to false.(2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.RelationBe relevant.MannerBe perspicuous.(1)Avoid obscurity of expression.(2)Avoid ambiguity.(3)Be brief.(4)Be orderly.6・ What is conversational implicature?It is an additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle, e.g. if someone says "The President is a mouse", something that is literally false, the hearer must assume the speaker means to convey more than is being said.7. How does the violation of the maxims of CP give rise to conversationalimplicature?There are circumstances where speakers may not follow the maxims of the cooperative principle. For example, in conversation, a speaker may violate the maxim expectations by using an expression like "No comment^^ in response to a question. Although it is typically not "as informative as is required?, in the context, it is naturally interpreted as communicating more than is said (i.e. the speaker knows the answer). This typical reaction (i.e. there must be something “special" here) of listeners to any apparent violation of the maxims is actually the key to the notion of conversational implicature.When we violate any of these maxims, our language becomes indirect. In this way, we can convey more than is literally said.8.What is adjacency pair?It refers to a sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, e.g. question-answer.Chapter 8 Language and Society1. What is sociolinguistics?Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.2・ What is speech community?It is a group of people who form a community, e.g. a village, a region, a nation, and who have at least one speech variety in common as well as similar linguistic norms.In bilingual and multilingual communities, people would usually have more than one speech variety in commons.3.What is dialect?It is a variety of a language, spoken in one part of a country, or by people belonging to a particular social class, which is different in some words, grammar, an/or pronunciation from other forms of the same language.4.What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?It is a belief that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the one hand, language may determine out thinking patterns; one the other hand, similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. As this hypothesis was strongly put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, it has often been called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.5.What is speech variety?It is a term sometimes used instead of language, dialect, sociolect, pidgin, creole, etc. because it is considered more neutral than such terms. It may also be used for different varieties of one language, e.g. American English, Australian English, Indian English.6.What is standard language?It is also called standard variety. It is the variety of a language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.7.What is pidgin?It is a language which develops as a contact language when groups of people who speak different languages try to communicate with one another on a regular basis. For example, this might occur where foreign traders have to communicate with the local population or groups of workers from different language backgrounds on plantations or in factories. A pidgin usually has a limited vocabulary and a reduced grammaticalstructure which may expand when a pidgin is used over a long period and for many purposes.8.What is bilingualism?It is the use of at least two languages either by an individual or by a group of speakers.A bilingual is a person who knows and uses two languages.9.What is multilingualism?It refers to the use of three or more languages by an individual or by a group of speakers such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. Multilingualism is common in, for example, some countries of west Africa, Malaysia, Singapore, and Israel.Chapter 10-11 Language Acquisition1.What is psycholinguistics?It is the study of language in relation to the mind, with focus on the processes of language comprehension, production and acquisition. It takes upon itself the job of exploring the biological basis of human language, critical periods for child language acquisition, and the relationship between the language and thought.2.What is bottom-up processing and what is top-down processing?We may define bottom-up processing as that which proceeds from the lowest level to the highest level of processing in such a way that all of levels. That is, the identification operate without influence from the higher levels. That is, the identification of phonemes is not affected by the lexical, syntactic, or discourse levels; the retrieval of words is not affected by syntactic or discourse levels; and so on.A top-down processing model, in contrast, states that information at the higher levels may influence processing at the lower levels. For instance, a sentence context may affect the identification of words within that sentence.3.What are the six major types of speech error? Give examples of each・Six major types of speech error are:i.Exchange errors: hissed all my mystery lectures (missed all my historylectures)ii.Anticipation errors: a leading list (reading list)iii.Perseveration errors: a phonological fool (phonological rule)iv.Blends: moinly(mostly, mainly), impostinatiorfimposteE impersonator)v.Shifts: Mermaid_moves (mermaids move) their legs togethervi.Substitutions: sympathy for symphony (form), finger for toe (meaning) 4.What is the critical period for language acquisition?Language development takes place during a very specific maturational stage of human development. Sometime during the second year of life (at roughly anywhere from 12 to 18 months), children begin uttering their first words. During the following 4 to 5 years, linguistic development occurs quite rapidly. By the time children enter school, they have mastered the major structural features of their language. Refinements of the major features continue to appear, and the ability to learn language (one's native language or foreign languages) continues to be strong until the onset of puberty. At this point, for reasons that are not fully understood, the '"knack for languages95 begins to decline, to a。
于对区爱美学校高考英语复习 综合能力检测 4
于对区爱美学校广东惠州一中高考复习必修四综合能力检测Ⅰ语言知识及应用(共两节，满分45分)第一节完形填空(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1－15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项。
“When a customer enters my store, forget me.He is King，” said John Wanamaker.This revolutionary concept __1__ the face of retailing (零售业) and led to the development of advertising and marketing as we know it today.But convincing as that slogan was, in truth the shopper was cheated out of the crown.Although manufacturing efficiency increased the __2__ of goods and lowered prices, people still relied on advertisements to get most __3__ about products.Through much of the past century, ads spoke to an audience restricted to just a few radio or television channels or a __4__ number of publications.Now media choice has __5__ too, and consumers select what they want from a __6__ greater variety of sources—especially with a few__7__ of a computer mouse.Thanks to the Internet, the consumer is finally __8__ power.As our survey shows, customer __9__ has great implications for companies, because it is changing the way the world shops.Many firms already claim to be “customer__10__” or “consumercentered”．Now their __11__ will be tested as never before.Taking advantage of shoppers' __12__ will no longer be possible: people will tell others, even those without the Internet, that prices in the next town are __13__ or that certain goods are inferior.The Internet is working wonders in__14__ standards.Good and __15__ firms should benefit most.1．A.changed B．maintainedC．restored D．rescued2．A.quality B．varietyC．weight D．price3．A.bargain B．certificateC．change D．information4．A.limited B．minimumC．sufficient D．great5．A.disappeared B．existedC．exploded D．survived6．A.quite B．littleC．far D．very7．A.clicks B．typistsC．changes D．designs8．A.losing B．catchingC．controlling D．seizing9．A.power B．qualityC．package D．quantity10．A.driven B．criticizedC．helped D．chased11．rmation B．investmentC．claims D．shops12．A.generosity B．knowledgeC．curiosity D．ignorance13．A.higher B．unreasonableC．unfair D．cheaper14．A.raising B．loweringC．abandoning D．carrying15．A.nice B．honestC．new D．old第二节语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。
利用课外时间进行英语学习
Listening skills and strategies
Predicting answers
Key points of shorthand
Develop a review plan, regularly review the content learned, deepen memory and understanding.
03
Choose appropriate learning resources
Recommended high-quality textbooks
Short term goals
Based on long-term goals, set achievable short-term goals, such as learning a certain number of words per week, practicing oral English every day, etc.
an authoritative English dictionary that provides rich vocabulary and example sentences.
Cambridge English Tutorial
Provides personalized learning plans for learners of different English proficiency levels.
04
Listening training
Extensive listening training
01
Choose appropriate materials
Choose English materials that interest you and are of moderate difficulty, such as news, movies, music, etc., for extensive listening training.
英语语言学概论课程课件
The History and Development of English
Linguistics
Early Beginnings
The Growth of Philosophy
Modern Linguistics
The study of English linguistics can trace its roots back to the Renaissance, with the works of scholars such as William Shakespeare and Francis Bacon
The Creation of New Words and the Development of Vocabulary
02 03
Language Change and Evolution
Linguistics investments how languages change over time and explore the processes that lead to language evolution
Communication and Social Interaction
Annotative meaning: the emotional or cultural associations a word may have
Context and Means
Sense depends on the context in which it is used
Context can change the intended meaning of a word or phrase
the IPA symbols and their
TPO听力27-30
TPO-27Conversation 11. Why does the woman go to the information desk?●She does not know where the library computers are located.●She does not know how to use a computer to locate the information she needs.●She does not have time to wait until a library computer becomes available.●The book she is looking for was missing from the library shelf.2. Why does the man assume that the woman is in Professor Simpson’s class?●The man recently saw the woman talking with Professor Simpson.●The woman mentioned Profe ssor Simpson’s name.●The woman is carrying the textbook used in Professor Simpson’s class.●The woman is researching a subject that Professor Simpson specialized in.3. What can be inferred about the geology course the woman is taking?●It has led the woman to choose geology as her major course of study.●It is difficult to follow without a background in chemistry and physics.●The woman thinks it is easier than other science courses.●The woman thinks the course is boring.4. What topic does the woman need information on?●The recent activity of a volcano in New Zealand●Various types of volcanoes found in New Zealand●All volcanoes in New Zealand that are still active●How people in New Zealand have prepared for volcanic eruptions5. What does the man imply about the article when he says this:●It may not contain enough background material.●It is part of a series of articles.●It might be too old to be useful.●It is the most recent article published on the subject.Lecture 16. What is the lecture mainly about?●The transplantation of young coral to new reef sites●Efforts to improve the chances of survival of coral reefs●The effects of water temperature change on coral reefs●Confirming the reasons behind the decline of coral reefs7. According to the professor, how might researchers predict the onset of coral bleaching in the future?●By monitoring populations of coral predators●By monitoring bleach-resistant coral species●By monitoring sea surface temperatures●By monitoring degraded reefs that have recovered8. Wh at is the professor’s opinion about coral transplantation?●It is cost-effective.●It is a long-term solution.●It is producing encouraging results.●It does not solve the underlying problems.9. Why does the professor discuss refugia? [Choose two answers]●To explain that the location of coral within a reef affects the coral’s ability to survive●To point out why some coral species are more susceptible to bleaching than others●To suggest that bleaching is not as detrimental to coral health as first thought●To illustrate the importance of studying coral that has a low vulnerability to bleaching10. What does the professor imply about the impact of mangrove forests on coral-reef ecosystems?●Mangrove forests provide habitat for wildlife that feed on coral predators.●Mangrove forests improve the water quality of nearby reefs.●Mangrove forests can produce sediments that pollute coral habitats.●Mangrove forests compete with nearby coral reefs for certain nutrients.11. According to the professor, what effect do lobsters and sea urchins have on a coral reef?●They protect a reef by feeding on destructive organisms.●They hard a reef by taking away important nutrients.●They filter pollutants from water around a reef.●They prevent a reef from growing by preying on young corals.Lecture 212. What does the professor mainly discuss?●Some special techniques used by the makers of vintage Cremonese violins●How the acoustical quality of the violin was improved over time●Factors that may be responsible for the beautiful tone of Cremonese violins●Some criteria that professional violinists use when selecting their instruments13. What does the professor imply about the best modern violin makers?●They are unable to recreate the high quality varnish used by Cremonese violin makers.●Their craftsmanship is comparable to that of the Cremonese violin makers.●They use wood from the same trees that were used to make the Cremonese violins.●Many of them also compose music for the violin.14. Why does the professor discuss the growth cycle of trees?●To clarify how modern violin makers select wood●To highlight a similarity between vintage and modern violins●To explain why tropical wood cannot be used to make violins●To explain what causes variations in density in a piece of wood15. What factor accounts for the particular density differential of the wood used in the Cremonese violins?●The trees that produced the wood were harvested in the spring●The trees that produced the wood grew in an unusually cool climate●The wood was allowed to partially decay before being made into violins●.The wood was coated with a local varnish before it was crafted into violins16. The professor describes and experiment in which wood was exposed to a fungus before being made into a violin. What point does the professor make about the fungus?●It decomposes only certain parts of the wood.●It is found only in the forests of northern Italy.●It was recently discovered in a vintage Cremonese violin.●It decomposes only certain species of trees.17. Why does the professor say this:●To find out how much exposure students have had to live classical music●To use student experiences to support his point about audience members●To indicate that instruments are harder to master than audience members realize●To make a point about the beauty of violin musicConversation 21. Why has the student come to see the professor?●To find out her reaction to a paper he recently submitted●To point out a factual error in an article the class was assigned to read●To ask about the suitability of a topic he wants to write about●To ask about the difference between chinampas and hydroponics2. What does the professor imply about hydroponics?●It was probably invented by the Aztecs.●It is a relatively modern development in agriculture.●It requires soil that is rich in nutrients.●It is most successful when extremely pure water is used.3. Why does the professor describe how chinampas were made?●To emphasize that the topic selected for a paper needs to be more specific●To encourage the student to do more research●To point out how much labor was required to build chinampas●To explain why crops grown on chinampas should not be considered hydroponic4. What does the professor think about the article the student mentions?●She is convinced that it is not completely accurate.●She believes it was written for readers with scientific backgrounds.●She thinks it is probably too short to be useful to the student.●She has no opinion about it, because she has not read it.5. What additional information does the professor suggest that the student include in his paper?● A comparison of traditional and modern farming technologies●Changes in the designs of chinampas over time●Differences in how various historians have described chinampas●Reasons why chinampas are often overlooked in history booksLecture 36. What does the professor mainly discuss?●Comparisons between land animals and ocean-going animals of the Mesozoic era●Comparisons between sauropods and modern animals●Possible reasons why sauropods became extinct●New theories about the climate of the Mesozoic era7. What point does the professor make when she compares blue whales to large land animals?●Like large land animals, blue whales have many offspring.●Like large land animals, blue whales have proportionally small stomachs.●The land environment provides a wider variety of food sources than the ocean.●The ocean environment reduces some of the problems faced by large animals.8. According to the professor, what recent finding about the Mesozoic era challenges an earlier belief?●Sauropod populations in the Mesozoic era were smaller than previously believed.●Oxygen levels in the Mesozoic era were higher than previously believed.●Ocean levels in the Mesozoic era fluctuated more than previously believed.●Plant life in the Mesozoic era was less abundant than previously believed.9. Compared to small animals, what disadvantages do large animals typically have? [Choose two answers]●Large animals require more food.●Large animals have fewer offspring.●Large animals use relatively more energy in digesting their food.●Large animals have greater difficulty staying warm.10. Why does the professor discuss gastroliths that have been found with sauropod fossils?●To show that much research about extinct animals has relied on flawed methods●To show that even an incorrect guess can lead to useful research●To give an example of how fossil discoveries have cast doubt on beliefs about modern animals ●To give an example of a discovery made possible by recent advances in technology11. What did researchers conclude from their study of sauropods and gastroliths?●That gastroliths probably helped sauropods to store large quantities of plant material in theirstomachs●That sauropods probably used gastroliths to conserve energy●That sauropods may not have used gastroliths to aid in their digestion●That sauropods probably did not ingest any stonesLecture 412. What is the lecture mainly about?●Various ways color theory is used in different fields●Various ways artists can use primary colors●Aspects of color theory that are the subject of current research●The development of the first theory of primary colors13. What does the professor imply about the usefulness of the theory of primary colors?●It is not very useful to artists.●It has been very useful to scientists.●It is more useful to artists than to psychologists.●It is more useful to modern-day artists than to artists in the past.14. Why does the professor mention Isaac Newton?●To show the similarities between early ideas in art and early ideas in science●To explain why mixing primary colors does not produce satisfactory secondary colors●To provide background information for the theory of primary colors●To point out the first person to propose a theory of primary colors15. According to the pro fessor, what were the results of Goethe’s experiments with color? [Choose two answers]●The experiments failed to find a connection between colors and emotions.●The experiments showed useful connections between color and light.●The experiments provided valuable information about the relationships between colors.●The experiments were not useful until modern psychologists reinterpreted them.16. According to the professor, why did Runge choose the colors red, yellow and blue as the three primary colors?●He felt they represented natural light at different times of the day.●He noticed that they were the favorite colors of Romantic painters.●He performed several scientific experiments that suggested those colors.●He read a book by Goethe and agreed with Goethe’s choices of colors.17. What does the professor imply when he says this?●Many people have proposed theories about primary colors.●Goethe discovered the primary colors by accident.●Goethe probably developed the primary color theory before reading Runge’s le tter.●Goethe may have been influenced by Runge’s ideas about primary colors.TPO-28Conversation 11. What is the conversation mainly about?●Criticisms of Dewey’s political philosophy●Methods for leading a discussion group●Recent changes made to a reference document●Problems with the organization of a paper2. Why is the student late for his meeting?●Seeing the doctor took longer than expected.●No nearby parking spaces were available.●His soccer practice lasted longer than usual.●He had problems printing his paper.3. What revisions does the student need to make to his paper? [Choose three answers]●Describe the influences on Dewey in more detail●Expand the introductory biographical sketch●Remove unnecessary content throughout the paper●Use consistent references throughout the paper●Add an explanation of Dewey’s view on individuality4. Why does the professor mention the political science club?●To encourage the student to run for club president●To point out that John Dewey was a member of a similar club●To suggest an activity that might interest the student●To indicate where the student can get help with his paper5. Why does the professor say this:●To find out how many drafts the student wrote●To encourage the student to review his own work●To emphasize the need for the student to follow the guidelines●To propose a different solution to the problemLecture 16. What is the lecture mainly about?●The importance of Locke’s views to modern philosophical thought●How Descartes’ view of knowledge influenced tre nds in Western philosophy●How two philosophers viewed foundational knowledge claims●The difference between foundationalism and methodological doubt7. Why does the professor mention a house?●To explain an idea about the organization of human knowledge●To illustrate the unreliability of our perception of physical objects●To clarify the difference between two points of view about the basis of human knowledge●To remind students of a point he made about Descartes in a previous lecture8. What did Locke believe to the most basic type of human knowledge?●Knowledge of one’s own existence●Knowledge acquired through the senses●Knowledge humans are born with●Knowledge passed down from previous generations9. According to the professor, what was Descartes’ purpose f or using methodological doubt?●To discover what can be considered foundational knowledge claims●To challenge the philosophical concept of foundationalism●To show that one’s existence cannot be proven●To demonstrate that Locke’s views were essentially corre ct10. For Descartes what was the significance of dreaming?●He believed that his best ideas came to him in dreams●He regarded dreaming as the strongest proof that humans exist.●Dreaming supports his contention that reality has many aspects.●Dreaming illustrates why human experience of reality cannot always be trusted.11. According to Descartes, what type of belief should serve as a foundation for all other knowledge claims?● A belief that is consistent with what one sees and hears● A belief that most other people share● A belief that one has held since childhood● A belief that cannot be falseLecture 212. What is the main purpose of the lecture?●To show that some birds have cognitive skills similar to those of primates●To explain how the brains of certain primates and birds evolved●To compare different tests that measure the cognitive abilities of animals●To describe a study of the relationship between brain size and cognitive abilities13. When giving magpies the mirror mark test, why did researchers place the mark on magpies’ throats?●Throat markings trigger aggressive behavior in other magpies.●Throat markings are extremely rare in magpies.●Magpies cannot see their own throats without looking in a mirror.●Magpies cannot easily remove a mark from their throats.14. According to the professor, some corvettes are known to hide their food. What possible reasonsdoes she provide for this behavior? [Choose two answers]●They are ensuring that they will have food to eat at a later point in time.●They want to keep their food in a single location that they can easily defend.●They have been conditioned to exhibit this type of behavior.●They may be projecting their own behavioral tendencies onto other corvids.15. What is the professor’s attitude toward the study on p igeons and mirror self-recognition?●She is surprised that the studies have not been replicated.●She believes the study’s findings are not very meaningful.●She expects that further studies will show similar results.●She thinks that it confirms what is known about magpies and jays.16. What does the professor imply about animals that exhibit mirror self-recognition?●They acquired this ability through recent evolutionary changes.●They are not necessarily more intelligent than other animals.●Their brains all have an identical structure that governs this ability.●They may be able to understand another animal’s perspective.17. According to the professor, what conclusion can be drawn from what is now known about corvettes’ brains?●The area in corvids’ brains tha t governs cognitive functions governs other functions as well.●Corvids’ brains have evolved in the same way as other birds’ brains, only more rapidly.●Corvids’ and primates’ brains have evolved differently but have some similar cognitive abilities.●The cognitive abilities of different types of corvids vary greatly.Conversation 21. Why does the man go to see the professor?●To learn more about his student teaching assignment●To discuss the best time to complete his senior thesis●To discuss the possibility of changing the topic of his senior thesis●To find out whether the professor will be his advisor for his senior thesis2. What is the man’s concern about the second half of the academic year?●He will not have time to do the necessary research for his senior thesis.●He will not be allowed to write his senior thesis on his topic choice.●His senior thesis advisor will not be on campus.●His student teaching requirement will not be complete before the thesis is due.3. What does the man imply about Professor Johnson?●His sabbatical may last longer than expected.●His research is highly respected throughout the world.●He is the English department’s specialist on Chaucer.●He is probably familiar with the literature of the Renaissance.4. Why does the man want to write his senior thesis on The Canterbury Tales? [Choose two answers]●He studied it during his favorite course in high school.●He has already received approval for the paper from his professor.●He thinks that the knowledge might help him in graduate school.●He has great admiration for Chaucer.5. Why does the professor say this:●She is uncertain whether the man will be able to finish his paper before the end of the summer.●She thinks the man will need to do a lot of preparation to write on a new topic.●She wants to encourage the man to choose a new advisor for his paper.●She wants the man to select a new topic for his paper during the summer.Lecture 36. What is the lecture mainly about?●The differences in how humans and plants sense light●An explanation of an experiment on color and wavelength●How plants sense and respond to different wavelengths of light●The process by which photoreceptors distinguish wavelengths of light7. According to the professor, what is one way that a plant reacts to changes in the number of hours of sunlight?●The plant absorbs different wavelengths of light.●The plant begins to flower or stops flowering.●The number of photoreceptors in the plant increases.●The plant’s rate of photosynthesis increases.8. Why does the professor think that it is inappropriate for certain wavelength of light to be named “far-red”?●Far-red wavelengths appear identical to red wavelengths to the human eye.●Far-red wavelengths have the same effects on plants as red wavelengths do.●Far-red wavelengths travel shorter distances than red wavelengths do.●Far-red wavelengths are not perceived as red by the human eye.9. What point does the professor make when she discusses the red light and far-red light that reaches plants?●All of the far-red light that reaches plants is used for photosynthesis.●Plants flower more rapidly in response to far-red light than to red light.●Plants absorb more of the red light that reaches them than of the far-red light.●Red light is absorbed more slowly by plants than far-red light is.10. According to the professor, how does a plant typically react when it senses a high ratio of far-red light to red light?●It slows down its growth.●It begins photosynthesis.●It produces more photoreceptors.●It starts to release its seeds.11. In the Pampas experiment, what was the function of the LEDs?●To stimulate photosynthesis●To simulate red light●To add to the intensity of the sunlight●To provide additional far-red lightLecture 412. What does the professor mainly discuss?●Evidence of an ancient civilization in central Asia●Archaeological techniques used to uncover ancient settlements●The controversy concerning an archaeological find in central Asia●Methods used to preserve archaeological sites in arid areas13. What point does the professor make about mound sites?●They are easier to excavate than other types of archaeological sites.●They often provide information about several generations of people.●They often contain evidence of trade.●Most have been found in what are now desert areas.14. Why does the professor compare Gonur-depe to ancient Egypt?●To point out that Gonur-depe existed earlier than other ancient civilizations●To emphasize that the findings at Gonur-depe are evidence of an advanced civilization●To demonstrate that the findings at these locations have little in common●To suggest that the discovery of Gonur-depe will lead to more research in Egypt15. What does the professor imply about the people of Gonur-depe?●They avoided contact with people from other areas.●They inhabited Gonur-depe before resettling in Egypt.●They were skilled in jewelry making.●They modeled their city after cities in China.16. Settlements existed at the Gonur-depe site for only a few hundred years. What does the professor say might explain this fact? [Choose two answers]●Wars with neighboring settlements●Destruction caused by an earthquake●Changes in the course of the Murgab River●Frequent flooding of the Murgab River17. What is the professor’s opinion about the future of the Gonur-depe site?●She believes it would be a mistake to alter its original form.●She doubts the ruins will deteriorate further.●She thinks other sites are more deserving of researchers’ attention.●She is not convinced it will be restored.TPO-29Conversation 11. What is the conversation mainly about?●What the deadline to register for a Japanese class is●Why a class the woman chose may not be suitable for her●How the woman can fix an unexpected problem with her class schedule●How first-year students can get permission to take an extra class2. Why does the man tell the woman that Japanese classes are popular?●To imply that a Japanese class is unlikely to be canceled●To explain why the woman should have registered for the class sooner●To encourage the woman to consider taking Japanese●To convince the woman to wait until next semester to take a Japanese class3. Why does the man ask the woman if she registered for classes online?●To explain that she should have registered at the registrar’s office●To find out if there is a record of her registration in the computer●To suggest a more efficient way to register for classes●To determine if she received confirmation of her registration4. What does the man suggest the woman do? [Choose two answers]●Put her name on a waiting list●Get the professor to sign a form granting her permission to take the class●Identify a course she could take instead of Japanese●Speak to the head of the Japanese department5. What does the man imply when he points out that the woman is a first-year student?●The woman has registered for too many classes.●The woman should not be concerned if she cannot get into the Japanese class●The woman should not register for advanced-level Japanese classes yet●The woman should only take required courses at this timeLecture 16. What does the professor mainly discuss?●Causes of soil diversity in old-growth forests●The results of a recent research study in a Michigan forest●The impact of pedodiversity on forest growth●How forest management affects soil diversity7. According to the professor, in what way is the soil in forested areas generally different from soil in other areas?●In forested areas, the soil tends to be warmer and moister.●In forested areas, the chemistry of the soil changes more rapidly.●In forested areas, there is usually more variability in soil types.●In forested areas, there is generally more acid in the soil.8. What does the professor suggest are the three main causes of pedodiversity in the old-growth hardwood forests she discusses? [Choose three answers]●The uprooting of trees●The existence of gaps●Current forest-management practices●Diversity of tree species●Changes in climatic conditions9. Why does the professor mention radiation from the Sun?●To point out why pits and mounds have soil with unusual properties●To indicate the reason some tree species thrive in Michigan while others do not●To give an example of a factor that cannot be reproduced in forest management●To help explain the effects of forest gaps on soil10. Why does the professor consider pedodiversity an important field of research?●It has challenged fundamental ideas about plant ecology.●It has led to significant discoveries in other fields.●It has implications for forest management.●It is an area of study that is often misunderstood.11. Why does the professor give the students an article to read?●To help them understand the relationship between forest dynamics and pedodiversity●To help them understand how to approach an assignment●To provide them with more information on pits and mounds●To provide them with more exposure to a controversial aspect of pedodiversityLecture 212. What is the main purpose of the lecture?●To explain how musicians can perform successfully in theaters and concert halls with pooracoustics●To explain how the design of theaters and concert halls has changed over time●To discuss design factors that affect sound in a room●To discuss a method to measure the reverberation time of a room13. According to the lecture, what were Sabine’s contr ibutions to architectural acoustics? [Choose two answers]●He founded the field of architectural acoustics.●He developed an important formula for measuring a room’s reverberation time.●He renewed architects’ interest in ancient theaters.●He provided support for using established architectural principles in the design of concert halls.14. According to the professor, what is likely to happen if a room has a very long reverberation time?●Performers will have to make an effort to be louder.●Sound will not be scattered in all directions.●Older sounds will interfere with the perception of new sounds.●Only people in the center of the room will be able to hear clearly.15. Why does the professor mention a piano recital? [Choose two answers]●To illustrate that different kinds of performances require rooms with different reverberationtimes●To demonstrate that the size of the instrument can affect its acoustic properties●To cite a type of performance suitable for a rectangular concert hall●To exemplify that the reverberation time of a room is related to its size16. According to the professor, what purpose do wall decorations in older concert halls serve?●They make sound in the hall reverberate longer.●They distribute the sound more evenly in the hall.●They make large halls look smaller and more intimate.●They disguise structural changes made to improve sound quality.17. Why does the professor say this:●To find out if students have understood his point●To indicate that he will conclude the lecture soon●To introduce a factor contradicting his previous statement●To add emphasis to his previous statementConversation 21. Why does the student go to see the professor?●To explain why he may need to hand in an assignment late●To get instruction on how to complete an assignment●To discuss a type of music his class is studying●To ask if he can choose the music to write about in a listening journal2. What does the student describe as challenging?●Comparing contemporary music to earlier musical forms●Understanding the meaning of songs that are not written in English●Finding the time to listen to music outside of class●Writing critically about musical works3. Why does the student mention hip-hop music?●To contrast the ways he responds to familiar and unfamiliar music。
如果大学不把基础研究和应用研究区分开,永远无法培养出真正需要的人才
54国际人才交流EDUCATION INTERNATIONALIZATION教育国际化2020年12月19日，图灵奖获得者、中国科学院外籍院士、北京大学访问讲席教授、前沿计算研究中心主任约翰·霍普克罗夫特（John Hopcroft）受邀在2020中国计算机教育大会作题为《以教育质量提升助力中国经济发展》的主旨报告，介绍他与中国工程院院士、北京大学教授高文于2018年共同发起“高校计算机专业优秀教师奖励计划”的初衷。
以下由北京大学前沿计算研究中心翻译整理自报告原文，小标题为编者所加，以飨读者。
今天我们在这里表彰和奖励一批杰出的教师。
54位获奖教师是通过严格的评审程序，从中国的44所优秀大学中选拔出来的。
中国大学需要专注提升教学质量20年前，中国的父母们开始意识到，他们的孩子需要接受大学教育才能找到一份理想的工作。
为了满足人们对高等教育的迫切需要，中国每年新建近50所大学，增加了70万名教师来教授新增的6000万本科生。
如今，中国已经具备了为众多学生提供教育的基本条件，重点开始转向提升教育的质量。
中国的一些顶尖大学创建了精英班，每个班选拔25—30名学生。
然而，这些精英班的规模太小了，远远不能满足需求。
另外，许多精英班的学生毕业后选择去海外深造，留在中国申请理工科博士学位的高质量学生相对有限。
人才在世界各地是均匀分布的，但机会却并非如此。
中国拥有全世界1/5的人才，所有的优秀学生都希望进入顶尖大学，接受最好的教育。
我曾作为客座教授，在中国的几所大学教过刚入学的新生，他们的水平完全不逊于美国大学的新生，甚至更好。
然而，当我教大三的学生时，我发现他们在知识水平和能力上已落后于美国同年级的学生。
我意识December 19th, 2020, the Turing Award winner John Hopcroft, a visiting professor at Peking University and the Director of PKU Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies, made a keynote speech on The Role of Im-proving Education in China’s Economic Growth at the 2020 Computer Education Conference of China. Below is his full thought-provoking speech.Today we are here to recognize and honor a group of outstand-ing faculty. They have been selected by a rigorous process where faculty who care about quality of teaching sat in on lectures of computer science faculty at the top 44 universities in China and selected the 54 teachers that we are recognizing here today.Universities in China need to focus on improving teaching qualityTwenty years ago parents began to realize that their children needed a college education to get a good job. To prevent unhap-py citizens, China needed to provide the capacity to meet this demand. China created approximately 50 universities per year and added 700,000 faculty to handle an additional sixty million undergraduates. Now that the educational capacity has been met, the focus has switched to creating quality.A number of top universities in China created elite programs with twenty-five to thirty students that are world class. How -ever, the elite programs are too small for China’s needs. Many of the graduates from these elite programs go abroad for their PhD. There are not enough high-quality applicants for China’s PhD programs in science and engineering.Talent is uniformly distributed around the world but oppor-tunity is not.China has one fifth of the world’s talent and its students want to get into one of the top universities. As a visit-ing professor I have taught incoming freshmen in Chinese uni-versities who are the equivalent or even better than freshmen in the US. However, when I taught juniors, I noticed a substantial difference in preparation and abilities. This probably happens because of the quality of university education in China. One of the C9 universities invited me to help hire faculty for their CS如果大学不把基础研究和应用研究区分开，永远无法培养出真正需要的人才文/约翰·霍普克罗夫特（John Hopcroft，美） 译/李睿 杨韫利If universities do not keep applied and basic research separate,they will never produce the talent that they need到，这可能是中国大学的教育质量出现了问题。
2020真题试卷英语答案
2020真题试卷英语答案由于我无法访问具体的2020年真题试卷内容，我将提供一个通用的英语答案模板，适用于多种类型的英语考试。
以下是一些可能的题型及其答案示例。
听力部分1. 问题: What is the main topic of the conversation?答案: The main topic of the conversation is about planning a trip to the countryside.2. 问题: Why does the man suggest going to the museum?答案: The man suggests going to the museum because thereis a special exhibition of ancient artifacts that he thinks the woman would find interesting.3. 问题: What does the woman agree to do?答案: The woman agrees to meet the man at the library at 3 pm to discuss their project.阅读部分1. 问题: What is the author's opinion on the use of technology in education?答案: The author believes that technology, when used appropriately, can greatly enhance the learning experience and make education more accessible.2. 问题: According to the passage, what are the benefits of learning a second language?答案: The passage highlights that learning a second language can improve cognitive skills, enhance job prospects, and foster a deeper understanding of other cultures.3. 问题: What is the main argument of the article regarding climate change?答案: The main argument of the article is that immediate and collective action is necessary to mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure a sustainable future.语法填空1. Despite the heavy rain, they managed to reach the summit of the mountain.2. The new policy will come into effect from the beginning of next month.3. It is widely believed that regular exercise contributes toa healthy lifestyle.完形填空1. The correct answer is "although" to show contrast between the two ideas.2. The appropriate word to fill in the blank is "consequently," indicating a result.3. The word "frequently" fits best to describe how often the event occurs.写作部分题目: Write an essay on the importance of environmental protection.答案:Environmental protection is a critical issue that demands the attention of every individual. The Earth is our only home, and it is imperative that we take measures to preserve its natural resources and ecosystems.Firstly, protecting the environment is essential for maintaining the balance of ecosystems. Biodiversity is avital component of this balance, and it is being threatened by human activities such as deforestation and pollution. By implementing conservation efforts, we can ensure that species continue to thrive and contribute to the overall health of the planet.Secondly, environmental protection is crucial for human health. Pollution, whether it be air, water, or soil, can have severe consequences on our well-being. Clean air and water are fundamental to our survival, and by reducing pollution, we can improve the quality of life for all.Lastly, environmental protection is an economic necessity. Sustainable practices not only benefit the environment but also create new job opportunities and foster innovation in green technologies. Investing in renewable energy and sustainable agriculture can lead to a more resilient and prosperous economy.In conclusion, the importance of environmental protection cannot be overstated. It is a collective responsibility that requires the commitment of governments, businesses, and individuals alike. By taking action today, we can secure a healthier and more sustainable future for generations to come.请注意，以上内容仅为示例，并非针对特定试卷的答案。
老夏考研英语作文预测
老夏考研英语作文预测英文：As an international student, I have been preparing for the English postgraduate entrance examination for a long time. The English composition is an important part of the exam, and I have been trying my best to improve my writing skills. In my opinion, the topics for the English composition in the postgraduate entrance examination are quite diverse, and it is difficult to predict what the specific topic will be. However, I have been practicing writing essays on various topics to prepare myself for any possible themes.One of the topics that I think might appear in the exam is about the impact of technology on education. This is a very relevant and important topic in today's society. Technology has significantly changed the way we learn and access information. For example, the rise of online learning platforms and educational apps has made it easierfor people to learn new things anytime and anywhere. On the other hand, there are concerns about the overreliance on technology in education and its potential negative effects on traditional teaching methods.Another possible topic could be about the importance of cultural diversity in the workplace. With globalization, more and more companies are operating in diverse cultural environments. It is essential for employees to have an understanding and appreciation of different cultures in order to work effectively in such environments. I can give examples of how cultural diversity has enriched the workplace and led to innovative ideas and solutions.Overall, I believe that the key to writing a good English composition is to have a clear structure, logical arguments, and rich examples. I have been working on improving my vocabulary and sentence structures to make my essays more coherent and persuasive.中文：作为一名国际学生，我已经为英语研究生入学考试做了很长时间的准备。
定期英语知识点总结
定期英语知识点总结Grammar1. Parts of SpeechThere are eight parts of speech in English: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. They can be classified as common or proper nouns, and they can be singular or plural.Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. They include personal pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they), possessive pronouns (my, your, his, her, its, our, their), and demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those).Verbs are words that express an action, a state of being, or a linking between a subject and an object. They can be classified as transitive or intransitive, and they can be in different tenses (past, present, future) and moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive).Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns. They can be classified as attributive or predicative, and they can be in different degrees (positive, comparative, superlative).Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They can be classified as adverbs of manner, adverbs of time, adverbs of place, adverbs of frequency, and adverbs of degree.Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. They can be classified as simple or compound prepositions, and they are used to indicate time, place, direction, cause, manner, and more.Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses. They can be classified as coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions.Interjections are words or phrases that express strong feelings or emotions. They are often used as standalone expressions and are not directly connected to the other parts of the sentence.2. Sentence StructureEnglish sentences have a specific structure, which consists of a subject, a verb, and an object (SVO). However, some sentences may have a different structure, such as subject-verb (SV), subject-verb-object (SVO), subject-linking verb-adjective (SLA), subject-linking verb-noun (SLN), and subject-verb-complement (SVC).In English, the word order in a sentence is important, and it follows the subject-verb-object pattern in most cases. However, there are some exceptions to this rule, such as in questions, commands, and more complex sentence structures.3. TensesEnglish verbs can be used in different tenses to indicate the time of an action. The main tenses in English are:- Present simple: used to describe habits, routines, general truths, and scheduled events.- Present continuous: used to describe actions happening at the moment of speaking, temporary actions, and future arrangements.- Present perfect: used to describe actions or events that have a connection to the present, completed actions with relevance to the present, and experiences in someone's life.- Past simple: used to describe completed actions in the past.- Past continuous: used to describe actions that were ongoing in the past at a specific time. - Past perfect: used to describe actions that happened before another action or event in the past.- Future simple: used to describe actions or events that will happen in the future.- Future continuous: used to describe actions that will be ongoing at a specific time in the future.- Future perfect: used to describe actions that will be completed before a specific time in the future.4. ModalsEnglish uses modal verbs to express attitudes, abilities, necessities, possibilities, and more. The main modal verbs in English are: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would. Vocabulary1. Word FormationEnglish is a language that has a rich vocabulary, and there are many ways to form new words from existing ones. Some common word formation processes in English include:- Prefixation: adding a prefix to the beginning of a word (e.g., re- in "rewrite").- Suffixation: adding a suffix to the end of a word (e.g., -able in "readable").- Compound words: combining two or more words to form a new one (e.g., "bedroom").- Conversion: changing the part of speech of a word without adding an affix (e.g., "to bottle" as a verb and "a bottle" as a noun).- Back-formation: creating a new word by removing an affix from an existing word (e.g., "editor" from "editorial").- Abbreviation: forming a new word by shortening an existing one (e.g., "phone" from "telephone").- Acronym: forming a new word from the initial letters of a phrase (e.g., "NASA" from "National Aeronautics and Space Administration").2. Word FamiliesIn English, many words are related to each other through common roots, prefixes, or suffixes. These words form word families, and understanding them can help you expand your vocabulary. For example, the word "communicate" is related to "communication," "communicative," "communicator," and "communicative."3. Synonyms and AntonymsEnglish has a rich variety of words, and it is important to know synonyms (words with similar meanings) and antonyms (words with opposite meanings) to express yourself clearly and effectively.4. Idioms and Phrasal VerbsIdioms are expressions with a figurative meaning that is different from the literal meaning of the individual words (e.g., "a piece of cake" meaning something very easy). Phrasal verbs are combinations of a main verb and one or more particles (e.g., "give up" meaning to stop doing something).ConclusionIn conclusion, English grammar and vocabulary are essential for effective communication in the language. By understanding the key points discussed in this article, you can improve your language skills and become a more proficient English speaker and writer. It is important to practice these points regularly, and continue learning new words and structures to expand your language abilities. Goodluck!。
带有缓冲约束的板式家具混合流水车间调度求解方法
林业工程学报，２０２３，８（３）：１９８－２０４ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＤＯＩ：１０．１３３６０／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．２０９６－１３５９．２０２２０９０３８收稿日期：２０２２－０９－２６㊀㊀㊀㊀修回日期：２０２３－０１－３１基金项目：国家自然科学基金（３１９７１５９４）㊂作者简介：王金鑫，男，博士，研究方向为木制品数字化制造技术㊂通信作者：曹平祥，男，教授㊂Ｅ⁃ｍａｉｌ：ｎｊｆｕｃｐｘ＠１６３．ｃｏｍ带有缓冲约束的板式家具混合流水车间调度求解方法王金鑫，伍占文，胡伟，宋超军，郭晓磊，曹平祥∗（南京林业大学材料科学与工程学院，南京２１００３７）摘㊀要：探讨板式家具生产在缓冲约束下的混合流水车间调度问题，建立缓冲约束，并研究求解方法，为解决由于当前家具生产调度方法缺乏考虑缓冲约束使得现代调度技术难以实际应用的问题提供科学依据㊂以板件数量作为缓冲约束中容量的表征，根据混合流水车间调度问题的特征，建立工序间有限缓冲约束，并将其编码进遗传算法的适应度函数中；设计满足调度问题特征的交叉操作㊁变异操作㊁个体评估与选择操作㊂其中，交叉操作采用部分映射法，变异操作采用单点插入法，个体评估采用已建立的适应度函数，选择操作则采用精英保留策略和轮盘赌方法㊂最后利用ＭＡＴＬＡＢ对遗传算法各模块进行编程，通过文献中的案例进行算法的可行性验证㊂通过对已有文献的调度规则和方法（先进先出原则㊁ＮＥＨ算法㊁模拟退火算法㊁粒子群算法㊁蚁群优化算法和改进布谷鸟搜索算法）进行对比试验，结果显示本研究提出的遗传算法在以完工时间为优化目标的前提下均优于其他方法㊂同样在考虑缓冲约束的案例场景中，本研究提出的方法也具有有效性㊂基于遗传算法的工序间有限缓冲约束下板式家具多产线混合流水车间调度问题的结果具有一定的可行性，可以为板式家具生产调度技术提供新的解决思路，但仍需综合考虑更多的生产动态因素来提高其实际应用能力㊂关键词：板式家具；生产调度；混合流水车间调度；有限缓冲；遗传算法中图分类号：ＴＳ６６４．１㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀文献标志码：Ａ㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀文章编号：２０９６－１３５９（２０２３）０３－０１９８－０７ＨｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｉｎｐａｎｅｌｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅｗｉｔｈｂｕｆｆｅｒｃｏｎｓｔｒａｉｎｔＷＡＮＧＪｉｎｘｉｎ，ＷＵＺｈａｎｗｅｎ，ＨＵＷｅｉ，ＳＯＮＧＣｈａｏｊｕｎ，ＧＵＯＸｉａｏｌｅｉ，ＣＡＯＰｉｎｇｘｉａｎｇ∗（ＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓａｎｄＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ２１００３７，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｊｏｂｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓｈａｖｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｔｈｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓｏｆｐａｎｅｌｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅｂｙｓｈｏｒｔｅｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｃｙｃｌｅｓ，ｌｅａｄｉｎｇｔｏｅｎｌａｒｇｅｄｐｒｏｆｉｔｍａｒｇｉｎｏｆｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇｊｏｂｓｈｏｐａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓｆｏｒｐａｎｅｌｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｓｓｕｍｅｕｎｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｓｔｏｒａｇｅｓｐａｃｅｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ，ｂｕｔｔｈｉｓｉｓｎｏｔｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌｌｙｔｈｅｃａｓｅａｎｄｔｈｕｓｌｉｍｉｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｏｆｔｈｅｓｅａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓｆｏｒｒｅａｌ⁃ｗｏｒｌｄａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｉｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｔｈｅｈｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｗｉｔｈｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｂｕｆｆｅｒｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｉｎｔｈｅｐａｎｅｌｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｔｈｅｃｏｎｓｔｒａｉｎｔｏｆｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｂｕｆｆｅｒｃａｐａｃｉｔｙ，ａｎｄｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄｔｈｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ，ｗｈｉｃｈｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄａｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｂａｓｉｓｆｏｒｓｏｌｖｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｔｈａｔｍｏｄｅｒｎｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓｗｅｒｅｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｔｏｂｅａｐｐｌｉｅｄｉｎｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅｓｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｌａｃｋｏｆｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｕｆｆｅｒｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｃｏｎｓｔｒａｉｎｔｓｉｎｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ．Ｔａｋｉｎｇｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｐｌａｔｅｓａｓｔｈｅｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃａｃｈｅｃａｐａｃｉｔｙ，ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｔｈｅｈｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｂ⁃ｌｅｍ，ｔｈｅｃｏｎｓｔｒａｉｎｔｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｃａｃｈｅｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓｗａｓｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ，ａｎｄｉｔｗａｓｅｎｃｏｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｆｉｔｎｅｓｓｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｎｔｈｅｃｒｏｓｓｏｖｅｒｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ，ｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｅｖａｌｕａ⁃ｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｗｅｒｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄｔｏｍｅｅｔｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ．Ａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｍ，ｔｈｅｃｒｏｓｓ⁃ｏｖｅｒｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｄｏｐｔｅｄｔｈｅｐａｒｔｉａｌｍａｐｐｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄ，ｔｈｅｍｕｔａｔｉｏｎｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｄｏｐｔｅｄｔｈｅｓｉｎｇｌｅｐｏｉｎｔｉｎｓｅｒｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄ，ｔｈｅｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎａｄｏｐｔｅｄｔｈｅｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓｌｙｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｆｉｔｎｅｓｓｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｄｏｐｔｅｄｔｈｅｅｌｉｔｅｒｅｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙａｎｄｒｏｕｌｅｔｔｅｍｅｔｈｏｄ．Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ，ＭＡＴＬＡＢｗａｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｐｒｏｇｒａｍｅａｃｈｍｏｄｕｌｅｏｆｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌｇｏ⁃ｒｉｔｈｍ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｎｔｈｅｆｅａｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｗａｓｖｅｒｉｆｉｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｃａｓｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ．Ｔｈｅｃｏｍｐａｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｓｔｓｏｆｓｏｍｅｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｒｕｌｅｓａｎｄｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｉｎｔｈｅｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ｓｕｃｈａｓｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｉｎｆｉｒｓｔｏｕｔｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ，ＮＥＨａｌｇｏ⁃ｒｉｔｈｍ，ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｎｅａｌｉｎｇａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ，ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｗａｒｍｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ，ａｎｔｃｏｌｏｎｙｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍａｎｄｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｃｕｃｋｏｏｓｅａｒｃｈａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｗｅｒｅｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙｗａｓｄｕｅｔｏｏｔｈｅｒｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｏｎｔｈｅｐｒｅｍｉｓｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅｗａｓｔｈｅｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎｔａｒｇｅｔ．Ｎｏｔａｂｌｙ，ｉｔｗａｓｓｈｏｗｎａｂｏｕｔａ２７．９％ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｃｏｓｔｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｉｎｆｉｒｓｔｏｕｔｒｕｌｅｔｈａｔｉｓｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅ㊀第３期王金鑫，等：带有缓冲约束的板式家具混合流水车间调度求解方法ｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ．Ｉｎｔｈｅｃａｓｅｓｃｅｎａｒｉｏｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｉｎｇｃａｃｈｅｃｏｎｓｔｒａｉｎｔｓ，ｔｈｅｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｉｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｗａｓｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｔｈｅｈｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｐａｎｅｌｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅｗｉｔｈｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｂｕｆｆｅｒｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｈａｄｃｅｒｔａｉｎｆｅａｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄｃｏｕｌｄｐｒｏｖｉｄｅａｎｅｗｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｔｈｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｏｆｐａｎｅｌｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅ，ｉｍｐｒｏｖｉｎｇｉｔｓｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｉｔｉｓｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｔｏｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｍｏｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｄｙｎａｍｉｃｆａｃｔｏｒｓｉｎｔｈｅｆｕｔｕｒｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｐａｎｅｌｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅ；ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇ；ｈｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇ；ｓｔｏｒａｇｅｓｐａｃｅｌｉｍｉｔａｔｉｏｎ；ｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌ⁃ｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ㊀㊀板式家具是以各种贴面人造板作为板式部件，借助五金联接件㊁圆榫等结合方式组装而成的［１］㊂家具产品与人们的生活息息相关，而随着人们生活和消费水平的提高，顾客逐渐参与设计家具风格，体现了 我的家，我做主 的消费理念㊂同时，板式家具的市场焦点已经从早期的降低劳动力成本和产品成本的竞争转向产品新颖性及其质量㊁价格㊁交货期与服务的竞争，其中缩短产品生产周期则直接影响到产品利润［２－３］㊂为降低产品生产周期，现代生产调度技术对车间生产线的资源进行了整合与重新分配［４－５］㊂尽管板式家具的产品种类繁多，但是其生产工艺非常相似㊂一块板件的加工顺序可包括开料㊁封边㊁钻孔㊁分拣和包装，其中开料㊁封边和钻孔是三大主要工序［６－７］㊂此外，至少有一道工序会包含多台加工设备㊂因此，板式家具的生产调度问题可以归类为混合流水车间调度问题［８－９］㊂鉴于此类问题属于ＮＰ难（ｎｏｎ⁃ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｓｔｉｃｐｏｌｙｎｏｍｉａｌ⁃ｔｉｍｅｈａｒｄｎｅｓｓ，ＮＰ⁃ｈａｒｄｎｅｓｓ）问题，对于求解家具生产混合流水车间调度问题方法的研究，求解方法一般分为精确求解法㊁启发式算法和元启发式算法㊂传统的整数规划方法目前只适用于小规模案例的精确求解［１０］㊂随着混合流水车间调度问题由两阶段衍生到ｋ阶段，并且阶段间的复杂约束以及机器数量和板件种类上的差异，使得整数规划的求解速度下降㊂具体表现为：解空间随着问题规模的增大而急剧增加，并且问题的复杂度呈指数增长，因此，整数规划难以在有效时间内获得最优解㊂启发式算法主要包括分派规则和局部搜索算法㊂分派规则主要包括最短加工时间优先㊁最早交货期优先㊁最早设备可用㊁先进先出（ｆｉｒｓｔｉｎｆｉｒｓｔｏｕｔ，ＦＩＦＯ）等［１１－１２］㊂但通过这些规则并不能针对复杂多样的混合流水车间调度问题获得较好的解㊂局部搜索算法主要通过更新当前已有解的关键路径来获取更优解，常用的有变领域搜索［１３］㊁迭代本地搜索［１４］和迭代贪婪［１５］等方法㊂这些方法能切入实际案例求解大规模问题，但搜索较慢而且效果一般㊂最后一种为元启发式算法，与启发式算法不同的地方在于该方法将随机因素嵌入整个搜索过程，并多次调用算法来产生更优解㊂常用的元启发式算法有遗传算法（ｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ，ＧＡ）［１６］㊁蚁群优化算法（ａｎｔｃｏｌｏｎｙｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎ，ＡＣＯ）［１７］㊁模拟退火算法（ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｎｅａｌｉｎｇ，ＳＡ）［１８］㊁粒子群算法（ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｗａｒｍｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎ，ＰＳＯ）［１９］㊁改进布谷鸟搜索算法（ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｃｕｃｋｏｏｓｅａｒｃｈａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ，ＩＣＳ）［２０］等一系列方法㊂遗传算法作为该系列方法的经典代表，通过对算法框架的搭建㊁编解码的设计㊁适应度函数的问题导向设计㊁算法参数设定以及全局搜索与局部搜索间的权衡，可求得混合流水车间调度问题的优化解㊂依据文献研究，板式家具生产调度问题的研究更多聚焦在对完工时间的优化呈现出良好的结果，但均假设了无限工序间的缓冲区域㊂而在实际家具生产过程中缓冲区域的容量是有限的，并且当容量超出其承载力后就会造成生产阻塞，影响生产效率［２１］㊂因此，对于板式家具制造过程中考虑有限缓冲约束的混合流水车间调度问题的研究具有现实意义㊂综上所述，笔者提出了一个基于遗传算法解决板式家具生产中有限缓冲约束的混合流水车间调度问题的方法㊂具体采用基于操作的编码方式将有限缓冲约束编码在适应度函数中，聚焦于缓冲约束的影响，而不考虑其他诸如设备故障和紧急插单等因素㊂利用ＭＡＴＬＡＢ对遗传算法各模块进行编程，通过文献中的案例进行算法的可行性验证，为板式家具生产调度的理论建模和数学求解提供新的解决思路㊂１㊀缓冲约束１．１ 问题表述对板式家具制造的３道主要工序进行研究，即开料㊁封边和钻孔的有限缓冲约束生产调度问题㊂假设每道工序都包含相同数量的设备，并且同一工序下每台设备为同型机，即加工相同的板件所需时间一致㊂而对于同一工序下设备不尽相同的情况会在后续研究中进一步探讨㊂因此，一块板件的加工时间只和它所处的工序有关㊂对于开料工序而９９１林业工程学报第８卷言，板件的加工时间即从标准原料板件送入电子开料锯切割，到切割后的小板件被送离该设备的时间；对于封边工序，加工时间即从板件进入封边机封边到板件离开封边机的时间，其主要由封边机的进给速度和板件的尺寸决定；对于钻孔工序，加工时间即从板件被装夹上钻孔机钻孔到钻孔完成离开钻孔机的时间，其主要由孔的数量㊁位置及尺寸决定㊂最后，两相邻工序间缓冲区的容量设置为相等㊂因此，该问题可被视为考虑缓冲约束的混合流水车间调度问题㊂对于经典混合流水车间调度问题的描述已有文献报道［９］，而对于考虑板式家具有限缓冲约束的混合流水车间调度问题则定义如下㊂假设有一工件集合Ｊｊ，ｊ＝１，２， ，ｎ{}表示工件编号；一个工序集合Ｍｋ，ｋ＝１，２，３{}依次代表开料㊁封边和钻孔工序；一个设备集合ｍｋ，ｌ，ｌ＝１，２， ，Ｌｋ{}代表工序ｋ的第ｌ台设备㊂定义一项操作Ｏｊ，ｋ代表工件Ｊｊ在工序Ｍｋ上加工㊂每个工件Ｊｊ都需要执行相同的加工顺序，一次只能在一台设备ｍｋ，ｌ上加工，并且只有该工件的前道工序加工完成后才能进行后道工序的加工㊂最后，ＰＯｊ，ｋ()㊁ＳＯｊ，ｋ()和ＣＯｊ，ｋ()分别代表工件Ｊｊ在工序Ｍｋ的加工时间㊁开始加工时间点和结束加工时间点㊂１．２㊀基于工序间的有限缓冲约束对于非钻孔工序的设备ｍｋ，ｌ，都允许其暂时存储一定数量的板件，直到下道工序的设备可用㊂其中，当前存储容量用ｂ＝１，２， ，Ｂ{}表示㊂如果经过机器ｍｋ，１加工并存储在机器ｍｋ，ｌ后的缓冲区板件数量小于Ｂ时，机器ｍｋ，１可以继续加工后续的板件直到其数量满足最大数量Ｂ㊂如果经过机器ｍｋ，１加工并存储在机器ｍｋ，ｌ后的缓冲区板件数量等于Ｂ时会出现２种情况，分别是ｋ＝１，２{}或者ｋ＝３㊂当ｋ＝３时，所有机器上的已加工工件都会被立即转移，因此缓冲约束不会对该工序的加工有任何影响㊂当ｋ＝１，２{}时，为了不失一般性，作如下假设：１）工件Ｊｊ为安排在机器ｍｋ，１上的下个待加工工件；２）如果ｋ＝２，则ｋ＝１或者操作Ｏｊ，ｋ－１已经完成加工，因此可以随时加工操作Ｏｊ，ｋ；３）当完成操作Ｏｊ，ｋ的加工后，工件Ｊｊ被安排到下道工序的机器ｍｋ＋１，１上处理，且该机器在加工Ｏｊ，ｋ＋１之前已经完成了操作Ｏｊᶄ，ｋ＋１的加工㊂其中，工件ｊᶄ为工件ｊ在工序（ｋ＋１）的紧前工件㊂如果机器ｍｋ，１存储的ｂ块板件无法被传递到下道工序的ＣＯｊᶄ，ｋ＋１()之前加工，则必须遵循条件ＣＯｊᶄ，ｋ＋１()ɤＣＯｊ，ｋ()，从而满足缓冲区最大容量Ｂ的约束，如图１所示㊂因此，ＳＯｊ，ｋ()可精确表示为：ＳＯｊ，ｋ()ȡＣＯｊᶄ，ｋ＋１()－ＰＯｊ，ｋ()（１）如果有存储在机器ｍｋ，１后的工件Ｊｊᵡ能够被传递到下道工序的ＣＯｊᶄ，ｋ＋１()之前加工，且ｊʂｊᵡ，则ＳＯｊ，ｋ()会提前为：ＳＯｊ，ｋ()ȡＳＯｊᵡ，ｋ＋１()－ＰＯｊ，ｋ()（２）因此，Ｏｊ，ｋ的调度可表示为：Ｓ（Ｏｊ，ｋ）＝ｍｉｎＣ（Ｏｊᶄ，ｋ＋１）－Ｐ（Ｏｊ，ｋ），Ｓ（Ｏｊᵡ，ｋ＋１）－Ｐ（Ｏｊ，ｋ）[]图１㊀工序间有限缓冲约束示例Ｆｉｇ．１㊀Ａｎｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｓｔｏｒａｇｅｓｐａｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ其他情况也可以通过类似的方式解决，但由于篇幅限制，此处进行了省略㊂调度的目标是优化完工时间㊂１．３㊀问题建模混合整数规划模型常被用来表征生产调度问题，其中也包括混合流水车间调度问题㊂本研究的优化目标为完工时间，具体如下：ｆ＝ｍａｘＣＯｊ，３()[]＝ｍａｘＳＯｊ，３()＋ＰＯｊ，３()[]（４）ðＬｋｌ＝１ｘｊ，ｋ，ｌ＝１，∀ｊɪ１，２， ，Ｊｊ{}；ｋɪ１，２，３{}（５）ｙｊ，ｊ－，ｋ＋ｙｊ－，ｊ，ｋɤ１，∀ｊ－ɪ１，２， ，Ｊｊ{}，ｊ－ʂｊ（６）Ｔ＝Ｕ３－ｙｊ－，ｊ，ｋ－ｘｊ－，ｋ，ｌ－ｘｊ，ｋ，ｌ()，∀ｌɪ１，２， ，Ｌｋ{}（７）ＳＯｊ，ｋ()－ＳＯｊ－，ｋ()＋ＰＯｊ－，ｋ()[]＋Ｔȡ０（８）ｘｊ，ｋ，ｌɪ０，１{}（９）ｙｊ－，ｊ，ｋɪ０，１{}（１０）Ｓ（Ｏｊ，ｋ）＝ｍｉｎ[Ｃ（Ｏｊᶄ，ｋ＋１）－Ｐ（Ｏｊ，ｋ），Ｓ（Ｏｊᵡ，ｋ＋１）－Ｐ（Ｏｊ，ｋ）]，ｊʂｊᶄ，ｊʂｊᵡ，ｋ＝１，２{}（１１）式中：Ｕ为一个极大的正数；ｘｊ，ｋ，ｌ是一个决策变量，表示如果工件ｊ在工序ｋ的第ｌ台机器上加工，其值取１，否则为０；ｙｊ－，ｊ，ｋ是一个决策变量，表示如果工序ｋ上的工件ｊ在工件ｊ－之后加工，其值取１，否则为０㊂００２㊀第３期王金鑫，等：带有缓冲约束的板式家具混合流水车间调度求解方法式（４）是目标函数，表示最后一道钻孔工序上最后一个工件的结束时间；式（５）表示每个工件都要经历相同的工序，并且只能在每道工序的一台设备上加工；式（６）表示同道工序上不同工件的先后约束关系；式（７）表示应满足工件ｊ和工件ｊ－都在工序ｋ的第ｌ台设备上加工，且工件ｊ－在工件ｊ前加工，否则式（８）无效；式（９） （１０）定义了决策变量；式（１１）表示满足有限缓冲约束时工件ｊ的开始加工时间，其计算逻辑见１．２节㊂２㊀遗传算法求解本研究的遗传算法流程见图２，以下分步骤阐述该算法的具体操作与参数选择㊂图２㊀遗传算法流程Ｆｉｇ．２㊀Ａｆｌｏｗｏｆｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ步骤１：初始化种群Ｐ中的个体Ｉｉ，ｉɪ１，２， ，ｐ{}，如图３所示㊂个体只与工件和工序相关，并且操作Ｏｊ，ｋ只能在操作Ｏｊ，ｋ－１之后加工㊂种群数量设置为１０㊂图３㊀一个包含３个工件的个体Ｉｉ示例Ｆｉｇ．３㊀ＡｎｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｎｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌＩｉｗｉｔｈｔｈｒｅｅｊｏｂｓ步骤２：采用部分映射法进行交叉操作㊂交叉概率设置为０．６，当满足交叉概率时进行交叉操作㊂当交叉操作完成后，需要对子代进行可用性检查，即满足步骤１中加工操作Ｏｊ，ｋ只能在操作Ｏｊ，ｋ－１之后加工的要求㊂如满足条件则跳至步骤３，否则交换基因顺序，使其满足条件㊂步骤３：采用单点插入法进行变异操作㊂变异概率设置为０．４，当满足变异概率时进行变异操作㊂变异操作结束后也需对子代进行可行性检查，方法同步骤２㊂步骤４：采用精英保留策略和轮盘赌方法进行个体的评估与选择㊂其中的评估准则为表示所有工件全部完成时间的适应度函数，其表达式为ｆ＝ｍａｘＣＯｊ，３()[]＝ｍａｘＳＯｊ，３()＋ＰＯｊ，３()[]㊂如果Ｏｊ，３是某钻孔机上的第１个工件，则ＳＯｊ，３()仅取决于它在前道封边工序的完工时间，即ＣＯｊ，２()，则有ＳＯｊ，３()＝ＣＯｊ，２()；否则，ＳＯｊ，３()还需与该机器上它的紧前工件加工情况相比较，该紧前工件的操作记为Ｏｊ－，３，则有Ｓ（Ｏｊ，３）＝ｍａｘ［Ｃ（Ｏｊ－，３），Ｃ（Ｏｊ，２）］㊂而Ｃ（Ｏｊ，２）则可通过Ｃ（Ｏｊ，２）＝Ｓ（Ｏｊ，２）＋Ｐ（Ｏｊ，２）来计算㊂如果加工Ｏｊ，２的机器达到了缓冲上限，则可通过式（１１）来计算Ｓ（Ｏｊ，２）㊂整个计算过程可用递归法实现，但不在本研究讨论范围内，故省略详细计算过程㊂在对每个个体使用上述方法进行适应度计算后，按照适应度值升序排序；然后选择前５的个体作为精英保留，对其余的个体采用轮盘赌的方法再生成下一代种群㊂步骤５：算法进行终止或者循环的条件取决于本次循环中最优个体的适应度值与过去迭代中的最优个体进行比较㊂如果与过去迭代中的平均值相比，最优个体适应度值的整体改善没有显著变化，则算法将终止，并返回最优个体作为调度的最终解决方案；否则该算法返回步骤２㊂为了避免算法潜在的不间断运行，本工作中还应用了最大迭代次数１００㊂如果达到最大迭代次数，则无论结果质量如何，算法都将终止㊂３㊀应用实例３．１㊀有限缓冲约束的案例分析以Ａ公司某经典板式家具产品单开门床头柜生产线作为本次试验对象来验证本研究方法的可行性，该产线的设备布置如图４所示㊂其中，封边工序和钻孔工序均有２台同型机㊂图４㊀板式家具有限缓冲约束案例的设备布局Ｆｉｇ．４㊀Ｅｑｕｉｐｍｅｎｔｌａｙｏｕｔｏｆｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｂｕｆｆｅｒｃａｓｅｏｆｐａｎｅｌｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅ该产品包含１０块板件，以及若干五金件和１个拉手，但五金件和拉手不在本研究考虑范围内㊂故每块板件可算作一个独立工件，其加工时间依据该公司实际数据得出，开料㊁封边㊁钻孔的加工时间１０２林业工程学报第８卷分别为１０ １５，３０ ３５，３０ ４０ｓ／块㊂每道工序的加工时间均是一个范围，并且服从均匀分布㊂工序间缓冲区的容量设置为１，试验结果如图５所示㊂当开料与封边工序间的容量达到上限时，共有４块板件的开始加工时间点需要调整，分别是工件１㊁工件２㊁工件３和工件４㊂图５中虚线部分的工件表示该工件在缓冲区的等待时间㊂由于工件７完成开料工序后缓冲区内有工件２正在等待，并且下道封边工序的设备均在加工，所以工件７必须留在该设备上等待，直至缓冲区或下道工序的设备两者间最早可用的一方出现后，工件７才能离开开料设备㊂因此，后继工件１必须调整开始开料的时间㊂在本案例中，根据式（１１），其最早可用时间为工件７进入缓冲区的时间；同理可得其他需要调图６㊀考虑缓冲约束的板式家具混合流水车间三产线调度结果甘特图Ｆｉｇ．６㊀Ｇａｎｔｔｃｈａｒｔｓｏｆｈｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｉｎｔｈｒｅｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｌｉｎｅｓｗｉｔｈｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｂｕｆｆｅｒｏｆｐａｎｅｌｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅ图５㊀考虑缓冲约束的板式家具混合流水车间调度结果甘特图Ｆｉｇ．５㊀Ｇａｎｔｔｃｈａｒｔｏｆｈｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｗｉｔｈｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｂｕｆｆｅｒｏｆｐａｎｅｌｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅ整时间的工件㊂因此，该调度优化结果验证了本研究的遗传算法对解决板式家具混合流水车间调度问题具有可行性㊂该公司为了应对大量订单下的生产压力，采用３条生产线来协同完成生产计划㊂不同产线相同工序的设备均为同型机，且板件不会跨产线生产，各产线设备数量如表１所示㊂表１㊀３条生产线各工序的设备数量Ｔａｂｌｅ１㊀Ｌａｙｏｕｔｓｏｆｔｈｒｅｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｌｉｎｅｓ工序设备数量产线１产线２产线３开料２２１封边２２１钻孔３３１㊀㊀本次试验共有３０块板件，且板件在各工序的加工时间沿用表１的数据㊂相邻工序间的缓冲区容量设置为２㊂试验结果如图６所示，在产线１，当开料与封边工序间的容量达到上限时，共有４块板件的开始加工时间点需要调整，分别是工件７㊁工件１８㊁工件２１和工件２５㊂当工件６完成开料时，缓冲区已满，并且下道封边工序的设备均在加工㊂因此，后继工件２１无法直接开料，必须等到工件６顺利进入缓冲区后才能开始加工，工件２１的开始时间需调整为缓冲区中的最早可用时间，也就是工件６进入缓冲区的时间；同理可得需要调整开始加工时间的其他板件㊂该调度优化结果验证了本研２０２㊀第３期王金鑫，等：带有缓冲约束的板式家具混合流水车间调度求解方法究的遗传算法对解决板式家具混合流水车间多产线有限缓冲约束的调度问题具有可行性，并且具备一定的实际应用意义㊂３．２㊀对比试验选取最大完工时间作为本次对比试验的评估目标㊂根据前人研究家具制造混合流水车间调度问题的方法［２０］，提出了一种改进布谷鸟搜索算法（ＩＣＳ），与其他当前企业常用的诸如先进先出（ＦＩＦＯ）㊁ＮＥＨ㊁模拟退火（ＳＡ）㊁蚁群优化（ＡＣＯ）和粒子群算法（ＰＳＯ）等方法对比具有一定优势㊂本研究采用文献［２０］中的案例数据，一个批次２０个工件的加工时间数据如表２所示㊂文献［２０］同时处理６０个批次，即１２００个工件的调度㊂该对比试验采用本研究提出的方法进行求解，具体为相同的工件数量㊁相同的工序数量㊁相同的设备布局及数量㊁相同的工件加工时间和相同的约束，从而保证在相同背景下仅对本研究的遗传算法进行有效性验证㊂最大完工时间的方法对比见表３，采用本研究的遗传算法可获得完工时间为９８３５ｓ的调度结果，该结果优于其他方法㊂相比其他方法中最短的ＩＣＳ为１０７７７ｓ，本研究提出的方法仍然缩短了大约８．７％的时间㊂因此，该方法在解决一般家具制造混合流水车间调度问题上具有较好的可行性㊂表２㊀一个批次工件在不同工序的加工时间Ｔａｂｌｅ２㊀Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｔｉｍｅｓｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｊｏｂｓｉｎｏｎｅｂａｔｃｈｓｉｚｅ单位：ｓ工件工序冲孔（５）弯曲（８）焊接（５）加压（３）钻孔（１）１５４４８０００２３５６３１６００３５９２２６１００４６０００００５２２３６０００６５７１１７２００７３１００００８１９００６８０９４８７２５９００１０５７２０２４００１１０００９１０１２０００２８０１３４７７６０００１４０００６４０１５０００２９０１６７２５３００３９１７０００７８０１８０００６００１９０００４２０２００００７５０㊀注：工序名称括号内的数字表示该工序内的设备数量，且为同型机㊂表３㊀最大完工时间的方法对比Ｔａｂｌｅ３㊀Ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｆｏｒｍａｘｉｍｕｍｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅ方法加工顺序最大完工时间／ｓ本研究方法１６，８，７，１９，１２，１３，１５，１０，４，５，１１，２０，１８，２，１，３，６，１４，９，１７９８３５ＩＣＳ１５，８，５，１８，１９，９，１２，２０，４，６，７，３，１６，１３，１４，１７，２，１１，１０，１１０７７７ＰＳＯ１２，４，１９，５，１４，１７，３，２，１５，６，９，１１，１６，１０，１８，１３，８，７，１，２０１０９３４ＳＡ１９，８，１４，４，１３，６，１８，９，１５，１１，２０，１６，３，２，７，１７，１２，１，５，１０１１００７ＡＣＯ１４，５，１３，４，１５，２０，１９，１２，１，１６，１８，１１，６，７，８，１０，１７，２，９，３１１０３９ＮＥＨ２０，１９，８，７，１１，１２，３，５，４，１８，１３，１７，９，１６，６，１０，１４，１，２，１５１１２５２ＦＩＦＯ１，２，３，４，５，６，７，８，９，１０，１１，１２，１３，１４，１５，１６，１７，１８，１９，２０１３６４０㊀注：加工顺序表示２０个工件的加工顺序㊂㊀㊀为了进一步评估本研究遗传算法的性能，采用百分比偏差（Ｄ）作为测量标准，计算方法如下：Ｄ＝Ｃｘ－Ｃ０Ｃｘˑ１００％（１２）式中：Ｃｘ表示其他方法（分别为ＩＣＳ㊁ＰＳＯ㊁ＳＡ㊁ＡＣＯ㊁ＮＥＨ和ＦＩＦＯ）的完工时间；Ｃ０表示本研究遗传算法得到的完工时间㊂经式（１２）计算后的结果如表４所示㊂本研究提出的遗传算法对比当前企业常用的ＦＩＦＯ而言，缩短了大约２７．９％的完工时间，间接表明采用本研究方法可以减少２７．９％的生产成本，这对于家具制造企业具有实际意义㊂表４㊀最大完工时间的百分比偏差Ｔａｂｌｅ４㊀Ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｄｅｖｉａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｍａｘｉｍｕｍｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅ其他方法ＦＩＦＯＮＥＨＡＣＯＳＡＰＳＯＩＣＳＤ／％２７．９１２．６１０．９１０．６１０．１８．７４㊀结㊀论对工序间有限缓冲的板式家具混合流水车间调度问题的方法进行了研究㊂具体为：首先对缓冲约束的特性进行了研究，讨论满足缓冲约束的２种临界情况，提出相应处理策略并形成统一的缓冲约束；其次，将缓冲约束编码进遗传算法的适应度函数中，并设计其余的算法参数与操作，形成了本研３０２林业工程学报第８卷究的求解方法；最后，通过２个案例来验证本研究方法的可行性㊂第１个案例考虑了缓冲约束的板式家具多产线混合流水车间调度问题，试验结果良好，表明其具有一定的可行性；第２个案例则对比了其他的解决方法，以最大完工时间为评估目标㊂试验结果显示本研究方法均优于其他方法，这表明本研究方法具有较好的有效性㊂但要提高该方法的实际应用能力，则需引入更多的实际板式家具生产线中存在的其他约束来改进该方法，例如可考虑非同型机㊁各工件的工艺存在差异以及各工序间的缓冲区容量不同等情形㊂参考文献（Ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ）：［１］曹平祥，王福辕．板式家具数字化制造技术浅谈［Ｊ］．木材工业，２０１３，２７（１）：３５－３８．ＤＯＩ：１０．１９４５５／ｊ．ｍｃｇｙ．２０１３．０１．０１２．ＣＡＯＰＸ，ＷＡＮＧＦＹ．Ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｉｇｉｔａｌｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇｔｅｃｈ⁃ｎｏｌｏｇｙｉｎｐａｎｅｌｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ［Ｊ］．ＣｈｉｎａＷｏｏｄＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ，２０１３，２７（１）：３５－３８．［２］ＩＲＩＴＡＮＩＤＲ，ＳＩＬＶＡＤＡＬ，ＳＡＡＶＥＤＲＡＹＭＢ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｓｕｓ⁃ｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈＬｉｆｅＣｙｃｌｅＡｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔ：ａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｉｎａｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｌｅａｎｅｒＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，２０１５，９６：３０８－３１８．ＤＯＩ：１０．１０１６／ｊ．ｊｃｌｅｐｒｏ．２０１４．０５．０２９．［３］ＷＡＮＧＬ，ＨＥＪＦ，ＸＵＳＪ．Ｔｈｅａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ４．０ｉｎｃｕｓｔｏｍｉｚｅｄｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ［Ｊ］．ＭＡＴＥＣＷｅｂｏｆＣｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ，２０１７，１００：０３０２２．ＤＯＩ：１０．１０５１／ｍａｔｅｃｃｏｎｆ／２０１７１０００３０２２．［４］ＹＡＮＧＬＺ，ＬＩＪ，ＣＨＡＯＦ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｊｏｂｓｈｏｐｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇａｎｄｓｃｈｅｄｕ⁃ｌｉｎｇｆｏｒｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅｒｓｗｉｔｈｍａｎｕａｌｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ［Ｊ］．ＥｘｐｅｒｔＳｙｓｔｅｍｓ，２０２１，３８（７）：ｅ１２３１５．ＤＯＩ：１０．１１１１／ｅｘｓｙ．１２３１５．［５］ＹＡＮＧＬＺ，ＬＩＪ，ＨＡＣＫＮＥＹＰ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｍａｎｕａｌｔａｓｋｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｊｏｂｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｕｓｉｎｇａｆｕｚｚｙｉｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ［Ｃ］／／２０１７ＩＥＥＥＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｏｎＩｎｔｅｒｎｅｔｏｆＴｈｉｎｇｓ（ｉＴｈｉｎｇｓ）ａｎｄＩＥＥＥＧｒｅｅｎＣｏｍｐｕｔｉｎｇａｎｄＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ（ＧｒｅｅｎＣｏｍ）ａｎｄＩＥＥＥＣｙｂｅｒ，ＰｈｙｓｉｃａｌａｎｄＳｏ⁃ｃｉａｌＣｏｍｐｕｔｉｎｇ（ＣＰＳＣｏｍ）ａｎｄＩＥＥＥＳｍａｒｔＤａｔａ（ＳｍａｒｔＤａｔａ）．Ｊｕｎｅ２１－２３，２０１７，Ｅｘｅｔｅｒ，ＵＫ．ＩＥＥＥ，２０１８：１３９－１４６．ＤＯＩ：１０．１１０９／ｉＴｈｉｎｇｓ⁃ＧｒｅｅｎＣｏｍ⁃ＣＰＳＣｏｍ⁃ＳｍａｒｔＤａｔａ．２０１７．２６．［６］ＢＡＲＢＵＭＣ，ＲＥＨＲ，ＩＲＬＥＭ．Ｗｏｏｄ⁃ｂａｓｅｄｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ［Ｍ］／／ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｓｉｎＷｏｏｄＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇａｎｄＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ．Ｈｅｒｓｈｅｙ：ＩＧＩＧｌｏｂａｌ，２０１４：１－４５．ＤＯＩ：１０．４０１８／９７８－１－４６６６－４５５４－７．ｃｈ００１．［７］熊先青，李荣荣，白洪涛．中国智能家具产业现状与发展趋势［Ｊ］．林业工程学报，２０２１，６（１）：２１－２８．ＤＯＩ：１０．１３３６０／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．２０９６－１３５９．２０２００３００２．ＸＩＯＮＧＸＱ，ＬＩＲＲ，ＢＡＩＨＴ．ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｓｔａｔｕｓａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｔｒｅｎｄｏｆｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｔｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，２０２１，６（１）：２１－２８．［８］ＺＨＡＯＹＲ．ＯｐｔｉｍａｌｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐａｎｅｌｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅｒｅｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｂｌｅｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍｂａｓｅｄｏｎＴＣＰＮａｎｄＧＡ［Ｃ］／／Ｐｒｏｃｅｅｄｉｎｇｓｏｆ２０１１ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｏｎＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃ＆ＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌＥｎ⁃ｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇａｎｄＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ．Ａｕｇｕｓｔ１２－１４，２０１１，Ｈａｒｂｉｎ，Ｃｈｉｎａ．ＩＥＥＥ，２０１１：２１７９－２１８２．ＤＯＩ：１０．１１０９／ＥＭＥＩＴ．２０１１．６０２３４７１．［９］ＭＡＲＩＣＨＥＬＶＡＭＭＫ，ＰＲＡＢＡＨＡＲＡＮＴ．Ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｎｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｈｙｂｒｉｄｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｓｃａｔｔｅｒｓｅａｒｃｈ（ＩＨＧＳＳ）ａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｆｏｒｍｕｌｔｉｓｔａｇｅｈｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｗｉｔｈｍｉｓｓｉｎｇｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ［Ｊ］．ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌａｎｄＳｙｓｔｅｍｓＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，２０１４，１６（１）：１２０．ＤＯＩ：１０．１５０４／ｉｊｉｓｅ．２０１４．０５７９４６．［１０］ＳＡＷＩＫＴ．Ｂａｔｃｈｖｅｒｓｕｓｃｙｃｌｉｃｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｏｆｆｌｅｘｉｂｌｅｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｂｙｍｉｘｅｄ⁃ｉｎｔｅｇｅｒｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｉｎｇ［Ｊ］．ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ，２０１２，５０（１８）：５０１７－５０３４．ＤＯＩ：１０．１０８０／００２０７５４３．２０１１．６２７３８８．［１１］ＧＯＮＺÁＬＥＺ⁃ＮＥＩＲＡＥＭ，ＧＡＲＣÍＡ⁃ＣÁＣＥＲＥＳＲＧ，ＣＡＢＡＬ⁃ＬＥＲＯ⁃ＶＩＬＬＡＬＯＢＯＳＪＰ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｓｔｏｃｈａｓｔｉｃｆｌｅｘｉｂｌｅｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｕｎｄｅｒｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅａｎｄｑｕａｌｉｔａｔｉｖｅｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｃｒｉｔｅｒｉａ［Ｊ］．Ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ＆ＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，２０１６，１０１：１２８－１４４．ＤＯＩ：１０．１０１６／ｊ．ｃｉｅ．２０１６．０８．０２６．［１２］ＲＡＨＭＡＮＩＤ，ＨＥＹＤＡＲＩＭ，ＭＡＫＵＩＡ，ｅｔａｌ．Ａｎｅｗａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｏｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｓｔｏｃｈａｓｔｉｃｄｉｓｒｕｐｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｆｌｅｘｉｂｌｅｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｗｉｔｈｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄｎｅｒｖｏｕｓｎｅｓｓ［Ｊ］．ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ，２０１３，８（３）：１７３－１７８．ＤＯＩ：１０．１０８０／１７５０９６５３．２０１３．８１２３３２．［１３］ＲＡＨＭＡＮＩＤ，ＲＡＭＥＺＡＮＩＡＮＲ．Ａｓｔａｂｌｅｒｅａｃｔｉｖｅａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｉｎｄｙｎａｍｉｃｆｌｅｘｉｂｌｅｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｕｎｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｄｉｓｒｕｐｔｉｏｎｓ：ａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙ［Ｊ］．Ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ＆ＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，２０１６，９８：３６０－３７２．ＤＯＩ：１０．１０１６／ｊ．ｃｉｅ．２０１６．０６．０１８．［１４］ＳＣＨＵＬＺＳ，ＮＥＵＦＥＬＤＪＳ，ＢＵＳＣＨＥＲＵ．Ａｍｕｌｔｉ⁃ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｉｔｅｒａｔｅｄｌｏｃａｌｓｅａｒｃｈａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｆｏｒｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｅｎｅｒｇｙ⁃ａｗａｒｅｈｙ⁃ｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｌｅａｎｅｒＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，２０１９，２２４：４２１－４３４．ＤＯＩ：１０．１０１６／ｊ．ｊｃｌｅｐｒｏ．２０１９．０３．１５５．［１５］ＹＩＮＧＫＣ，ＬＩＮＳＷ．Ｍｉｎｉｍｉｚｉｎｇｍａｋｅｓｐａｎｆｏｒｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄｈｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｗｉｔｈｍｕｌｔｉｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｒｔａｓｋｓ［Ｊ］．ＥｘｐｅｒｔＳｙｓｔｅｍｓＷｉｔｈＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ，２０１８，９２：１３２－１４１．ＤＯＩ：１０．１０１６／ｊ．ｅｓｗａ．２０１７．０９．０３２．［１６］ＯĜＵＺＣ，ＥＲＣＡＮＭＦ．Ａｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｆｏｒｈｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗ⁃ｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｍｕｌｔｉｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｒｔａｓｋｓ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＳｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇ，２００５，８（４）：３２３－３５１．ＤＯＩ：１０．１００７／ｓ１０９５１－００５－１６４０－ｙ．［１７］ＴＡＲＩＧＡＮＵ，ＳＩＲＥＧＡＲＩ，ＳＩＲＥＧＡＲＫ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｕｓｉｎｇａｎｔｃｏｌｏｎｙｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｎｆｕｒｎｉｔｕｒｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ［Ｊ］．ＩＯＰＣｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅＳｅｒｉｅｓ：ＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，２０２１，１１２２（１）：０１２０５６．ＤＯＩ：１０．１０８８／１７５７－８９９ｘ／１１２２／１／０１２０５６．［１８］ＷＡＮＧＨＭ，ＣＨＯＵＦＤ，ＷＵＦＣ．Ａｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｎｅａｌｉｎｇｆｏｒｈｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｍｕｌｔｉｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｒｔａｓｋｓｔｏｍｉｎｉｍｉｚｅｍａｋｅｓｐａｎ［Ｊ］．ＴｈｅＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｄｖａｎｃｅｄＭａｎｕｆａｃｔｕ⁃ｒｉｎｇＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，２０１１，５３（５）：７６１－７７６．ＤＯＩ：１０．１００７／ｓ００１７０－０１０－２８６８－ｚ．［１９］ＴＳＥＮＧＣＴ，ＬＩＡＯＣＪ．Ａｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｗａｒｍｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｆｏｒｈｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗ⁃ｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｍｕｌｔｉｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｒｔａｓｋｓ［Ｊ］．Ｉｎ⁃ｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ，２００８，４６（１７）：４６５５－４６７０．ＤＯＩ：１０．１０８０／００２０７５４０７０１２９４６２７．［２０］ＭＡＲＩＣＨＥＬＶＡＭＭＫ，ＰＲＡＢＡＨＡＲＡＮＴ，ＹＡＮＧＸＳ．Ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｃｕｃｋｏｏｓｅａｒｃｈａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｆｏｒｈｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｔｏｍｉｎｉｍｉｚｅｍａｋｅｓｐａｎ［Ｊ］．ＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＳｏｆｔＣｏｍｐｕｔｉｎｇ，２０１４，１９：９３－１０１．ＤＯＩ：１０．１０１６／ｊ．ａｓｏｃ．２０１４．０２．００５．［２１］ÇＯＬＡＫＭ，ＫＥＳＫＩＮＧＡ．Ａｎｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅａｎｄｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｒｅｖｉｅｗｆｏｒｈｙｂｒｉｄｆｌｏｗｓｈｏｐｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ［Ｊ］．ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＣｏｍｐｕｔａｔｉｏｎｓ，２０２２，１３（２）：１８５－２２２．ＤＯＩ：１０．５２６７／ｊ．ｉｊｉｅｃ．２０２１．１２．００１．（责任编辑㊀莫弦丰）４０２。
类比大学英文作文
类比大学英文作文英文：When it comes to writing English essays in college, I believe that there are a few key elements that are necessary for success. Firstly, it is important to have a clear understanding of the prompt and what is being asked of you. This will help you to stay on track and ensure that your essay is focused and coherent. Additionally, it is important to conduct thorough research and gather as much information as possible on the topic at hand. This will help you to develop a well-informed and well-supported argument.Another important aspect of writing English essays in college is to use proper grammar and syntax. This will help your writing to be more clear and concise, and will also make it easier for your reader to understand your ideas. Additionally, it is important to use a wide variety of vocabulary and to avoid repeating the same words andphrases over and over again. This will help to keep your writing interesting and engaging.Finally, I believe that it is important to take the time to revise and edit your work. This will help you to catch any errors or mistakes that you may have missed the first time around, and will also help you to refine your ideas and arguments. By following these key elements, I believe that anyone can become a successful English essay writer in college.中文：在大学英文作文方面，我认为成功的关键因素有几个。
专升本专业英语作文
专升本专业英语作文When it comes to writing an essay in English for a specialized field such as those in the context of a Bian Sheng Ben 专升本 program which is a Chinese educational term for a pathway from an associate degree to a bachelors degree there are several key elements to consider. Here is a detailed guide on how to write a professional English essay for a specialized field1. Understanding the TopicBegin by thoroughly understanding the topic you are given. Make sure you know the specific area of study and the key concepts involved.2. ResearchConduct indepth research on the subject. Use academic databases journals and books related to your field. Make sure to note down the sources for citation purposes.3. Thesis StatementDevelop a clear and concise thesis statement that encapsulates the main argument or point of your essay. This should be included in your introduction.4. StructureOrganize your essay into a logical structure. Typically this includes an introduction body paragraphs and a conclusion.5. IntroductionIntroduce the topic and provide background information. State your thesis statement and outline the main points you will discuss in the essay.6. Body ParagraphsEach paragraph should focus on a single main idea that supports your thesis. Start with a topic sentence provide evidence e.g. data quotes examples and then analyze the evidence in relation to your thesis.7. Use of Professional LanguageUse terminology specific to your field. Avoid slang and colloquialisms. Ensure your language is precise and appropriate for an academic context.8. Citation and ReferencingProperly cite all the sources you use in your essay. Follow the citation style required by your institution or the one commonly used in your field e.g. APA MLA Harvard.9. ConclusionSummarize the main points of your essay and restate your thesis in a new way. Discuss the implications of your findings and suggest areas for further research if applicable. 10. Proofreading and EditingAfter writing your essay proofread it for grammatical errors typos and clarity. Ensure that your sentences are wellstructured and that your argument flows logically.11. FormattingPay attention to the formatting requirements such as font size line spacing and margins. Make sure your essay adheres to these guidelines.12. OriginalityEnsure that your work is original and avoid plagiarism. Use plagiarism detection software if necessary to check your work before submission.Example Outline for a Specialized English EssayTitle The Impact of Technological Advancements on Your FieldI. IntroductionBackground on technological advancementsThesis statement The integration of technology has significantly transformed Your Field enhancing efficiency and opening new avenues for innovation.II. Body ParagraphsA. The role of technology in improving processes within Your FieldTopic sentenceEvidence e.g. specific technological tools or systemsAnalysisB. Challenges faced due to the rapid pace of technological changeTopic sentenceEvidence e.g. examples of challenges faced by professionalsAnalysisC. The future of Your Field with continued technological integrationTopic sentencePredictions and projectionsAnalysisIII. ConclusionRecap of the main pointsRestated thesisFinal thoughts on the significance of technology in Your FieldIV. ReferencesA list of all the sources cited in your essay formatted according to the required citation style.By following these guidelines you can craft a wellstructured informative and persuasive specialized English essay that demonstrates your understanding of the subject matter and your ability to communicate effectively in an academic setting.。
人字体位在妇科腹腔镜手术中的效果观察
人字体位在妇科腹腔镜手术中的效果观察发布时间：2022-06-24T03:23:36.555Z 来源：《世界复合医学》2022年5期作者：陈位兰[导读] 目的：研析妇科腹腔镜手术中采用人字体位的效果。
方法：将60例2021年2月-2022年2月期间陈位兰四川省叙永县人民医院四川泸州 646400【摘要】目的：研析妇科腹腔镜手术中采用人字体位的效果。
方法：将60例2021年2月-2022年2月期间于我院接受妇科腹腔镜手术患者作为本次对比研究的观察对象，依据手术体位的差异将其各自分为研究组、对照组，各组患者30例，分别予以人字体位、常规截石位，最终对比手术效果及术后情况。
结果：术中患者体位安置耗时比较，接受人字体位的研究组时间更短、稳固性更高（P＜0.05）；术后并发症的发生概率同样也是研究组更低（P＜0.05）。
结论：在妇科腹腔镜术中，采用人字体位，在缩短体位安置耗时基础上，大大提升患者术中舒适度，同时避免术后出现并发症，意义显著。
【关键词】妇科；腹腔镜手术；人字体位；效果Effect of human font position in gynecological laparoscopic surgery[Abstract] Objective: To study the effect of herringbone position in gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Methods: 60 patients who underwent gynecological laparoscopic surgery in our hospital from February 2021 to February 2022 were observed in this comparative study. They were divided into study group and control group according to the difference of operation position. 30 patients in each group were given herringbone position and conventional lithotomy position respectively. Finally, the operation effect and postoperative situation were compared. Results: Compared with the time spent in the placement of patients during operation, the study group receiving herringbone posture had shorter time and higher stability (P < 0.05); The incidence of postoperative complications was also lower in the study group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In gynecological laparoscopic surgery, the use of herringbone posture can greatly improve the comfort of patients on the basis of shortening the time of posture placement, and avoid postoperative complications.[Key words] Gynecology; Laparoscopic surgery; Herringbone position; effect随着临床医疗技术的进步与发展，腹腔镜手术的应用已经逐渐成熟，在临床妇科疾病中，通过腹腔镜手术治疗，在保证临床治疗效果的同时，减少手术创伤、促进患者预后、并且增强术后患者伤口美观性，近年来临床妇科患者选择腔镜手术比例不断上升。
英语小话题作文
When it comes to writing a short essay on a small topic in English,there are several steps you can follow to ensure your writing is clear,concise,and engaging.Here are some tips to help you craft a compelling essay:1.Choose a Specific Topic:Select a topic that is narrow enough to be covered in a short essay.For example,instead of writing about The Environment,you might choose The Impact of SingleUse Plastics on Marine Life.2.Create a Strong Thesis Statement:Your thesis statement should clearly state the main point of your essay.It should be specific and arguable,not just a statement of fact.3.Outline Your Essay:Before you start writing,create an outline to organize your thoughts.This should include an introduction,body paragraphs,and a conclusion.4.Write the Introduction:Begin your essay with an engaging introduction that includes your thesis statement.You might start with a hook to grab the readers attention,such as a quote,a question,or an interesting fact.5.Develop Body Paragraphs:Each body paragraph should focus on one main idea that supports your thesis.Start with a topic sentence,then provide evidence and examples to back up your point.Make sure to explain how each piece of evidence relates to your thesis.e Transitions:Smooth transitions between paragraphs and sentences help your essay flow logically.They can be words or phrases like Furthermore,In addition,or On the other hand.7.Write the Conclusion:Your conclusion should summarize your main points and restate your thesis in a new way.Its also a good place to leave the reader with a final thought or call to action.8.Edit and Revise:After writing your first draft,take the time to review and revise your work.Check for clarity,coherence,grammar,and punctuation.Make sure your essay is wellorganized and your arguments are persuasive.9.Proofread:The final step is to proofread your essay for any typos or errors that may have been missed during the editing process.Heres a brief example of a small topic essay:Title:The Benefits of Learning a Second LanguageIntroduction:In todays globalized world,the ability to speak a second language has become increasingly valuable.This essay will explore the cognitive,social,and professional advantages of being bilingual.Body Paragraph1:Cognitive BenefitsTopic Sentence:Learning a second language can significantly enhance cognitive abilities. Evidence:Studies show that bilingual individuals have improved memory, problemsolving skills,and delayed onset of dementia.Body Paragraph2:Social BenefitsTopic Sentence:Being bilingual opens up a world of social and cultural opportunities. Evidence:It allows for deeper connections with people from diverse backgrounds and a greater appreciation for different cultures.Body Paragraph3:Professional BenefitsTopic Sentence:Proficiency in a second language can be a significant asset in the job market.Evidence:Bilingual employees are often sought after for their ability to communicate with international clients and colleagues.Conclusion:In conclusion,the benefits of learning a second language extend beyond mere communication.They contribute to personal growth,cultural understanding,and career advancement,making the effort to become bilingual well worth the investment. Remember,the key to a successful small topic essay is to focus on a specific aspect of a larger subject and provide a wellstructured,wellsupported argument.。
专四英语作文提纲
专四英语作文提纲In the era of globalization, the importance of English proficiency cannot be overstated. As a student preparing for the English Proficiency Test, I've realized that mastering the language is key to unlocking opportunities in various fields.The test, often referred to as the 'Special Four', is a significant milestone for English learners. It assesses not only vocabulary and grammar but also the ability to comprehend complex texts and express thoughts clearly in writing.To excel in the writing section, one must practice crafting concise and coherent essays. This requires a deep understanding of the essay prompt and the ability to organize thoughts logically.Moreover, the ability to support arguments with relevant examples is crucial. It demonstrates a comprehensive grasp of the subject matter and the capacity to persuade the reader.In addition to content, the structure of the essay plays a vital role. A well-structured essay with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion is more likely to score high marks.Lastly, proofreading is an indispensable step in thewriting process. It helps to eliminate grammatical errors and awkward phrasing, ensuring the essay is polished and professional.Preparing for the 'Special Four' is not just about studying; it's about developing a deep appreciation for the English language and its nuances. With dedication and practice, success in the test is within reach.。
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A Comparative Study of Shortening in English and ChineseLanguage and thought are closely interrelated. The differences in languages represent the differences in modes of thinking. The shortening in English and Chinese is a special language phenomenon which reflects social development and cultural changes.Along with the development of social economy and technology, the communication between people becomes more and more quickly. Language is the carrier of social life; therefore, it changes along with the progress and requirements of the society .Some of the commonly used words before have been knocked out because of its limitations, and some new vocabulary appeared because of its inevitability, which also get the most people's recognition. English as a foreign language has also appeared some changes, of which is significantly is English words tendency of shortening. The study of the tendency of shortenings can help English learners better understand the English language, and the correct understanding and short words can improve work efficiency, what’s more, increase mutual understanding.Shortening of words exists in every language, and there’s no addition to English. It is probably caused by the following reasons:in one hand, the trends of development of English is simplified, and the words turn to monosyllabic；in the other hand，today, the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements，and it needs a speeding in speaking and writing. There are four types of shortening in English:1.clipped word：A clipped word is created by cutting out one ormore than one syllables of a word, which fall into four classifications:1)Apocope: approximately-----approx；automobile----auto;examination----exam; gasoline----gas.2)Aphaeresis：hamburger---burger ; taxicab----cab;bicycle----cycle；earthquake----quake.3)Front and back clipping: influenza----flu;refrigerator---fridge; assistant----asst; department----dept 4)Syncope: fluidonics----fluidics; fossilization----fossilation;pacificist----pacifist; symbolology----symbology;cannot----can’t2.initialism：Initialism is formed from the initial letters of more than two words. Initialism cannot be pronounced as a word, but letter by letter. Such as: AD----anno Domini; BC----before Christ; CEO ----chief executive officer; GDP----Gross Domestic Product; NPC----National People’s Countries.3.acronym：Acronym refers to a word formed from the initial letters of a name, such as was for women's army corps, or by combining initial letters or parts of a series of words, such as radar for ra dio d etecting a nd r anging. Such as: SARS----Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome；PETS----Public English Test System; APEC---- Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation; DINK----Double Income; NATO----North Atlantic Treaty Organization.4.blend：Blending refers to the formation of a word by combining parts of two (or more than two) words. Such as smog----smoke+fog; Microsoft----microcomputer+software; Wal-Mart----Sam Walton+mart; camcorder----camera+recorder; brunch----breakfast+lunch.Then，why do they interest us？convenient？time-saving？fashionable？Or…..yes，they are all right. But now we conclude them for four parts：1．Economy principle。
Pay lowest price，and get maximum value。
It is a basic principle of human being。
So does the way to use language。
It refers to that we express our needs or ideas by fewest words。
It is a fairly economicalway。
E.g. OPEC is short for Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries. Obviously, OPEC is much simple and easy to remember, without losing or destroying its original meaning.2. Euphemistic function or face-saving.Some words refer to those having something to do with embarrassment, and when we talk with others we use shortening words instead of them. E.g. sanno, which refers to sanitary engineer who has something to do with garbage.3. In- groupSome words are only used inside a certain group or community. E.g. in a family, we usually use nicknames to call others. Such as, Lezzy is short for Elizabeth, and Lezzy is more affectionate.4. Melody functionWhen words are shortened, such as VIP (very important person), we can pronounce it as /vip/. It reads more musical.Besides, shortening can be used in a humorous way. E.g. GASP (Greater Alliance to Stop Pollution). Besides the humor, the word also takes us into a warning sight: people are gasping in the situation of air pollution.Chinese abbreviation phenomenon can traded back in ancient time. It can be found in ancient literatures. With the acceleration of modern social life, people are required to express the most information to others in the shortest time.In modern Chinese, the most main words by gather information compound and into the compound abbreviations, the investigation of the words, analysis, and this paper summarizes the two kinds of structure types:1.Associative Form: This is combined by verb and verb, suchas: 保教（保育和教育）／比学赶帮（比先进、学先进、赶先进、帮后进）／裁回（裁决并驳回）／测绘（测量和绘制）／冲扩（冲洗和扩印）／调访（调查、访问）／调研（调查、研究）.2.Omitting Form: This is shorten from a noun, such as:中国（中华人民共和国）/美国（美利坚合众国）/法国（法兰西共和国）/3.Merger Form: This is shorten and combine from two ormore nouns, such as:中石化（中国石油化工）/宝钢（宝山钢铁集团有限公司）/央视（中国中央电视台）All in all, the shortening in English and Chinese has differences and similar.Similar is that they all have the following three characteristics: Firstly, no matter in English or in Chinese, the shortening are always used in a wide range. Secondly, they all have high use frequency. The last is that the condition of using shortening is complicated, and lacks the necessary specifications in addition.And Differences are mainly reflected in three aspects: First of all, the formation characteristics of the shortening in English and in Chinese are not the same, the shortening are generally coming from abbreviation and simplify of the letters or syllables. But in Chinese, they are generating from the abbreviation and simplify of the word or terms. Secondly, their ranges of application are different. They only can use in their specific range, and not in any conditions that they can be use. Thirdly, the principles of using shortening are not the same in English and in Chinese. Both English and Chinese have their own principles, they cannot be broken optionally. We must follow the principles of their own that we can better use them.Then we come to the end. By shortening words, we can communicate more conveniently, frequently and words may be more varied. With the development of the world, language and lexicon will be more advanced. But we should never misuse shortening. And in formal talk, it’s best to be guarded in our words.卢秋雅英语09112号。