考研英语阅读---2004 text3

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何凯文背诵考研英语阅读真题10篇

1、 2003 Text 2科学家应该对动物保护主义的错误言论作出回应To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed forthe triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing. 〞One such causenow seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals haverights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animalrights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, andfew people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations ofcruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at arecent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to useanything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come fromanimal research. When assured that they do, she replied,“ Then I would have to say yes. 〞Askedwhat will happen when epidemics return, she said, “ Don’worry,tscientists will find some way of using computers. 〞Such well-meaning people justdon’tunderstand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way -- in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. Weneed to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother ’ship replacement, a father ’ s bypass operation, baby ’ s vaccinations, and even a pet’ s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seemswasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt〞middle school classes and presenttheir own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lestanimal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance oftruth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animalsreceive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, thehealth research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements aboutthe value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish theprecious embers of medical progress.2、 2004 Text 3诚然经济疲软但是不用慌乱，公众也保持乐观When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’ t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’ t cuttilli ng,orfi polishing as many nails as she’ d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to$50 weekly, but last month twolongtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softeningeconomy. “ I ’ m a good economic indicator,〞shesayseservice.“ Ithatprovidpeoplecan do without when they ’ reconcerned about saving some dollars.So〞Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard ’ s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus.“ I don’ t know if otheraregoingclientsto abandon me, too.〞 she says.Even before Alan Greenspan ’admission that America ’reds-hot economy iscooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shopperstemper their spending. For retailers,who last year took in 24 percent of theirrevenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at acrucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percentomfr last year’ s pace.But don’soundt any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, notpanicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’ slong-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’ retinodespair because, despite the dreadful headlines,their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in mostregions. In Manhattan,“ there’ s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses, 〞says broker BarbaraCorcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets.“ Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,John Tealdi, a〞 says Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about theirability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers wouldcheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’ t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings,which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Dinersmight see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan ’hots new Alain Ducasserestaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may stillbe worth toasting.3、 2004 Text 4美国学校应该成为美国反智主义的抗衡力Americans today don’placet a very high value on intellect. Our heroes areathletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are wherewe send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for thesake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren ’ t difficult to find.“ Schools have always been in a society where practicals imore important thanintellectual, says〞 education writer Diane Ravitch. “ Schools could be acounterbalance. 〞vitchRa ’ s latestok,boLeft Back: A Century of Failed SchoolReforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they areanything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mindleaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to thinkcritically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fullyparticipate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris,“ We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.〞“ Intellectis resented as a form of power or privilege, writes〞historian andprofessor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prizewinning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, andeducation. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic andpopulist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality,common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualitiesthan anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought“ We schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out atlast with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.〞MarkHuckleberryTwain’Finnsexemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized -- going toschool and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a qualitywe reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of themind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellectexamines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says ourcountry ’educationals system is in the grips of people who “joyfullyand militantlyproclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children whoshow the least intellectual promise.〞4、 2005 Text 2对待全球变暖时，应该汲取在吸烟上的教训，赶快采用行动Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking wouldkill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’tknow for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the pa nel ’ s report: “ Science never has all the answers.But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.〞Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it ’sOK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it ’sobvious that a majority of the president ’sadvisers still don’ttake global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of “paralysis by analysis〞.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’ttake the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd ofWest Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.5、 2005 Text 4正式英语的衰落是不可以防范的，但又是令人伤心的Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter ’sacademic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of“whom, 〞for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing , 〞has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russianshave a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful morethan useful. We now take our English “ on paper plates instead.〞of Achinashme, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.6、 2006 Text 1美国移民融入美国文化很成功In spite of “endless talk of difference,〞American society is an amazing machinefor homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress anddiscourse, and the casualnessand absence of deference〞characteristic of popularculture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption〞launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “ vastarrays of goods in an elegantatmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,〞 thesewere stores “ anyone could enter, regardless of clasor background. This turnedshoppinginto a public and democratic act. 〞 The mass media, advertising and sports are other forcesfor homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not bealtogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National ImmigrationForum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither atunprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 forevery 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -- language, homeownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of thefifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’or ‘very well ’after tenyears of residence〞.The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficientin English. “ Bythe third generation, the original language is lost in the majority ofimmigrant families.〞Hence the description of America as a“ graveyards.〞for langu By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a homeownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics“have higher rates of intermarriage than doU.S.-born whites and blacks〞.By the third generation, one third of Hispanic womenare married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women aremarried to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans ofsuperstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet“some Americans fearthat immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to thenation ’sassimilative power. 〞Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark anddeteriorating social environment.7、 2006 Text 4艺术家为什么变得反欢欣Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists’only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, aswe went from Wordsworth ’ s daffodils to Baudelaire’ s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’snot as if earlier times didn’tknow perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to bea bummer too.Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable.“ Celebrate! commanded〞the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we foundout it could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comesnot in denying this but in living with it. I t ’ s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.8、 2007 Text 1优秀的表现是后天努力造就的If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than inthe later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon tobe even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above. 〞Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20, 〞Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers〞.This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is moreof a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differencesare swamped by how well each person “encodes〞the information. And the bestway to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers ina wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, notjust performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers –whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming–are nearly always made, not born.9、 2007 Text 4信息安全已经引起了各方关注It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them –especially in America–the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’sagenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year –from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley–have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,〞says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’sbusiness school.“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.〞Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,〞he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore–and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personaldata get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged –though not justified –by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed onJune 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.何凯文背诵考研英语阅读真题10篇10、 2021 Text 4美国的开国先父们对于奴隶制度的复杂的情结In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw –having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’sa far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’searly leaders and the fragile nature of the country ’sinfancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong –and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distastefor slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “ like having a large bank account,says Wiencek,〞 author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “ peculiar institution, 〞including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’spolitical lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflatingthe votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’schildren –though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant hisslaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.。

考研英语2004年阅读text 3高频重点单词详解

考研英语2004年阅读text 3高频重点单词详解1. 1manicurist ['mænɪkjʊrɪst]n. 美甲师【词根记忆】：mani(手)+cur(流)+ist(从事某职业或有某信仰的人)→让手上流光溢彩的人→美甲师【短语精选】：a skilled manicurist 技艺高的美甲师【真题例句】：But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. 但是，这位47岁的美甲师也没有像她期待的那样在为客户剪指甲，磨指甲或涂甲油。

(2004 text 3)2. 5 indicator [ɪndɪkeɪtə(r)]n. 指示器【词根记忆】：indicate(暗示，指示)+or(人或物)→指示剂，指示器【短语精选】：an arrivals indicator 到达时刻指示牌【真题例句】：“I’m a good economic indicator,”she says. (我是一个很好的经济指示器)“我的工作能准确反映经济情况，”她说。

(2004 text 3)3. 50 concern [kәn'sә:n]v. 1. 涉及，关系到;2. 使关心，使担忧;n. 公司或企业;【词根记忆】：con(全部)+ cern(分离)→大家都离开，状况令人担心→使关心，使担忧【短语精选】：be concerned about 关心;挂念，顾虑【真题例句】：“I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.”“我提供的这项服务可有可无，当顾客们想节省钱时，就不来了。

”(2004 text 3)4. 1 downscalev. 缩减…规模;【词根记忆】：Down(向下)+scale(规模)→规模向下走→缩减规模【真题例句】：So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. 因此，Spero的工作就缩减了规模，购物的话也只去她家(位于郊区的Cleveland)附近的一般的Dillard百货商店，而不去像Neiman Marcus这样的高级购物中心。

2004 考研英语阅读真题Text 3(英语二)

2004 Text 3（英语⼆）购物者该做什么？Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet.But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, ﬁling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either.Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up.Spero blames the softening economy.“I'm a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.”So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of .“I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers 短⽂3经济发展速度开始减慢时，艾琳·斯派罗还不⾄于束⼿⽆策。

考研英语阅读---2004 text3

2004考研英语阅读真题翻译

2004Text1去年年末，甘特·雷德曼律师在找工作时偶然在网上发现职业资料库“职业建筑师”。

他找来找去并没有找到什么工作，但被这个网址上的“个人搜索代理”所吸引。

它的特点是互动，允许访问者自定求职要求诸如工作地点、职位和薪水，当资料库里出现与个人要求相匹配的工作岗位时它就会通过电子邮件通知求职者。

雷德曼选择关键词“法律”、“知识产权”和“华盛顿特区”。

过了三个星期，雷德曼接到第一份有职位空缺的通知。

他说：“我掘到了金子。

”他把个人简历用电子邮件寄给了雇主，接着就得到了一份驻公司顾问的职务。

因特网上与求职相关的网址数以千计，寻找可能的职业空缺费时效率又低。

有了搜索代理，就没那么多必要反复访问资料库了。

不过，虽然有一个搜索代理成功地为雷德曼找到了工作，就业专家却还是认为搜索代理并不如人意。

比如缩小你的要求条件就有可能对你不利。

一位专家说：“你每回答一次问题你就丧失一次机会。

”寻找任何职业，你都要从一个狭窄的概念开始，即你想干什么工作，然后再加以扩展。

有一位专家说：“任何这些程序中都没有那种扩展功能。

”“所有这一切都不包含职业咨询。

”相反，最佳的策略是把代理当作一种提示服务来及时跟踪某一资料库里的工作岗位信息。

当你收到电子邮件时，你就把它当作一种提醒再去查一查资料库。

一位职业搜索指南的作者说：“我不会依赖代理在数据库增加的每一项内容里去逐一寻找可能令我感兴趣的东西。

”一些网络谋划让代理诱惑寻职者成为回头客。

比如，当求职网代理向注册服务的用户发送信息时，它只提供三个它认为最可能匹配的岗位。

可能，在资料库里还有更多的匹配项；求职者于是只好再次访问这个网址来寻找一求职者的确会一而再、再而三地来上网寻找。

求职网销售副总裁塞思·皮茨说：“我们发送这些信息的当天访问量就急剧增长。

”即使非求职的人士也会发现搜索代理值得一览。

有些人利用搜索代理密切观察对于本行业的需求或搜集有关加薪的信息以备增薪谈判时胸有成竹。

2004年3月公共英语三级考试真题及答案（3）

text 3 there is one difference between the sexes on which virtually every expert and study agree: men are more aggressive than women. it shows up in 2-year-olds. it continues through school days and persists into adulthood. it is even constant across cultures. and there is little doubt that it is rooted in biology in the male sex hormone testosterone. if there's a feminine trait that's the counterpart of male aggressiveness, it's what social scien-tists awkwardly refer to as "nurturance". feminists have argued that the nurturing nature of women is not biological in origin, but rather has been drummed into women by a society that wanted to keep them in the home. but the signs that it is at least partly inborn are too numerous to ignore. just as tiny infant girls respond more readily to human faces, female toddlers learn much faster than males how to pick up nonverbal cues from others. and grown women are far more adept than men at interpreting facial expressions: a recent study by university of pennsylvania brain researcher ru-ben gur showed that they easily read emotions such as anger, sadness and fear. the only such e-motion men could pick up was disgust. what difference do such differences make in the real world? among other things, women appear to be somewhat less competitive--or at least competitive in different ways--than men. at the harvard law school, for instance, female students enter with credentials just as outstanding as those of their male peers. but they don' t qualify for the prestigious law review in proportionate numbers, a fact some school officials attribute to women' s discomfort in the incredibly competitive atmosphere. students of management styles have found fewer differences than they expected between men and women who reach leadership positions, perhaps because many successful women deliberately imitate masculine ways. but an analysis by purdue social psychologist alice eagly of 166 studies of leadership style did find one consistent difference: men tend to be more “autocratic”-making decisions on their own--while women tend to consult colleagues and subordinates more often. studies of behavior in small groups turn up even more differences. men will typically domi-nate the discussion, says university of toronto psychologist kenneth dion, spending more time talking and less time listening. 56. the passage mainly discusses__________. [ a ] how sex differences are demonstrated in social relations [ b ] how hormone determines sex differences [ c ] why there are differences between males and females [ d ] why men and women have different social roles 57. which of the following is true of women's nurturing nature according to the passage? [ a ] it is not inborn in any sense. [ b ] it is inspired by women' s families. [ c ] it is caused by social prejudice. [ d ] it is partly biological in origin. 58. the harvard law school example in paragraph 3 suggests that_________. [ a ] women are not as competitive as men [ b ] law is not the fight profession for women [ c ] women are as excellent as men when they are young [ d ] academic credentials are disproportionate to performance 59. which of the following statement is tree according to paragraph 4? [ a ] men leaders should consult colleagues and subordinates more often. [ b ] female leaders' success is due to their imitating male leaders. [ c ] men and women are different in their leadership style. [ d ] decisiveness is an important quality for a successful politician. 60. it can be inferred from the passage that the writer_________. [ a ] denies the difference sexes make in real life [ b ] is prejudiced against men [ c ] discourages women to be competitive [ d ] treats sex difference objectively part b directions: read the texts from an article in which five people talked about energy and making use of it. for questions 61 to 65, match the name of each speaker to one of the statements (a to g) given below. mark your answers on your answer sheet 1. jackson: viewed from a scientist's standpoint, all of the energy contained in fuel either now or in the future becomes heat. some of the heat is used directly or produces useful work. the rest is lost or rejected. that is to say, it is radiated into the atmosphere from the engines, motors, furnaces, power lines, television sets, boilers and all the other energy-consuming machinery thatmakes our wheels go around. browning: it is necessary to improve the efficiency with. which we use energy in order to do more work. but improvement cannot come overnight, and there are limits beyond which not even science can help. according to the center for strategic and international studies, about three quarters of the energy we use to move things, including ourselves, accomplishes no useful work. jeffrey: in terms of efficiency, buses, trains, and other forms of public transportation may be using en-ergy more efficiently than private automobiles. unless private automobiles can operate at near capacity, their overall efficiency is poor. for example, an urban bus carrying 36 passengers may achieve an efficiency of around 120 passenger-miles per gallon of gasoline. but buses are not al-ways fully loaded, and sometimes they carry no passengers at all. vandenberg: it is true that buses can sometimes run without passengers. city trains seem to be very effi-cient, but they suffer the same shortcomings as buses and cost more. except for rush hours, com-muter trains seldom run at full capacity. this wastes even more energy and is more than the management can afford. as a result, commuter trains are truly practical only in places where there are a lot of people. nathan: for some people, mass transportation may serve their needs. for others, a combination of mass transportation and private transportation may be preferable. better design and wise use of both mass transportation systems and private vehicles will play an important part in helping us make full-er use of energy for transportation. now match each of the persons (61 to 65) to the appropriate statement. note: there are two extra statements. statements 61. jackson 62. browning 63. jeffrey 64. vandenberg 65. nathan [ a ] city trains and buses have different faults to overcome.[ b ] the efficiency of the city train depends on the size of population.[ c ] public transportation is usually more energy-efficient.[ d ] private cars usually run at full capacity.[ e ] no fuel energy is fully used.[ f ] a combined means of transport can help increase energy efficiency.[ g ] problems of energy loss can never be completely solved.。

2004年考研阅读理解真题答案及解析

Unit 11 （2004）Part 1重点词汇：1. stumble across （无意间碰到，偶然发现）Police investingating tax fraud stumbleda cross a durgs ring.警方在调查瞒税案件时意外地发现了一个贩毒团伙Stumble 跌跌撞撞地走stumble about 步履蹒跚2. database（数据库＝databank）即data 数据+base 基地3. key in 键入4. notification（通知，告示）There have been no more notifications of SARS case in the last week.上星期已没有SARS病例的报告动词：notify 通知通告5. opening （空缺，机会）a business opening经商的好机会opening words 开场白6. drawback缺点，障碍;退款）即draw=拉，拖+back。

Complancency is a drawback to progresss. 自满是进步的障碍duty drawback关税退税7. eliminate （排除，消除；淘汰）eliminate trade barriers 破除贸易壁垒eliminate the losing team from the compentition 淘汰输队出竞赛8. counseling （建议;劝告;协商）vocational counseling 职业辅导动词：counsel9. implicit（内含的，含蓄的）implict acceptance 默认implicit obedience 盲从obligations which are implicit in the contract.合同中未直接载明的责任10. keep abreast of 与…齐头并进；了解…的最新情况keep abreast of what is going on by reading the newspapers.阅读报纸了解形势的发展文都教育在线：http;11. tempt（诱惑，吸引）He was tempted into a life of crime by greed and laziness. 他受贪婪和懒惰的驱使步入了罪恶的一生12. compensation（补偿，赔偿）Age has its compensations.人到老年有所失亦有所得compensation trade补偿贸易unemployment compensation 失业救济补助金难句分析：①It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.该强调句的主干是：It is （an interactive feature）that （lets…then…E-mails…），强调主语an interactive feature。

考研英语一真题手译阅读2004-Text3

car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending.
For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time.
Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.
Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran.
Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.

2004考研英语真题(英一二通用)答案+解析

-2-
13. Several months after a baby’s birth, its name will ________. [A] show the beauty of its own [B] develop more associations [C] lose the original meaning [D] help form the baby’s personality
Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A
Directions:
For questions 1-5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)
commit crimes in 大 24 家 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,
大 25 家 as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged

2004年考研英语真题及答案详解_(含答案_译文_词汇讲解)

2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through3 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,5 as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, _ 6 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 8 to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 12 lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __17_ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __ 18 _ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 20 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.1. [A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] commenting2. [A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because3. [A] interaction [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation4. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response5. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else6. [A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding7. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with8. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject9. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect10. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount11. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length12. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence13. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced14.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously15. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as16. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage17. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible18. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability19. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity20. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notific ation of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can he time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you e liminate a possibility,” says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept—what you think you want to do—then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of thi s.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that i s added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them—and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in o ur traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation toarm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.21. How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling. [B] Limited number of visits.[C] Lower efficiency. [D] Fewer successful matches.23. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means.[A] advisory. [B] compensation.[C] interaction. [D] reminder.24. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits.[C] To reserve space for more messages.[D] To increase the rate of success.25. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (includ ing his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien an d Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.[B] A type of conspicuous bias.[C] A type of personal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrimination.27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman.[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.28. The 4th paragraph suggests that .[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight29. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph5)?[A] They are getting impatient.[B] They are noisily dozing off.[C] They are feeling humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.30. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stoppedshowing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I'm a good economic indicator,” she says.“I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don't know if oth er clients are going to abandon me, too,” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predomina ntly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.31. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means_____.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work.[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation.32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic. [B] Confused. [C] Carefree. [D] Panicked.33. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 3, Paragraph 3), the author istalking about _______[A] gold market.[B] real estate.[C] stock exchange.[D] venture investment.34. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.35. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch's latest book. Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms,traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”36. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.37. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of________.[A] undervaluing intellect.[B] favoring intellectualism.[C] supporting school reform.[D] suppressing native intelligence.38. The views of Raviteh and Emerson on schooling are ______.[A] identical. [B] similar. [C] complementary. [D] opposite.39. Emerson, according to the text, is probably _________.[A] a pioneer of education reform.[B] an opponent of intellectualism.[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.[D] an advocate of regular schooling.40. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies powerPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (41) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (42) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal w ith bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (43) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American In dian languages. (44) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned thatbecause it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (45) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.Section III Writing46. Directions：Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1. describe the drawing，2. interpret its meaning, and3. support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)答案解析Section I Use of English1.完形填空翻译：许多研究青少年犯罪(即低龄人群犯罪)的理论要么强调个人要么强调社会是导致犯罪的主要因素。

2004年考研英语阅读text3知乎

2004年考研英语阅读text3知乎摘要：1.引言：介绍经济不景气时期，人们对于薪资涨幅的心理反应2.主体：介绍Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal的研究，以及研究结果3.实例：描述研究中雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为表现4.分析：解释猴子与人类在对待薪资待遇上的相似性5.结论：强调猴子也有类似人类的公平感和委屈感，挑战传统认知6.结尾：呼吁关注动物心理研究，了解它们的情感世界正文：在经济不景气的时期，人们对于薪资涨幅的关注度愈发敏感。

大多数人都期望能够获得满意的薪资待遇，以便维持生活品质。

然而，当得知同事获得更高的薪资涨幅时，即便这位同事素有懒散之名，大多数人还是会感到不公平和委屈。

这种行为被认为是人类特有的心理反应，但一项来自Emory University 的研究表明，这种反应其实并非人类独有，猴子也有同样的表现。

Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal的研究对象是雌性棕色卷尾猴。

这些猴子外表可爱，性格温顺，合作度高，且乐于分享食物。

研究发现，当这些猴子在面对薪资待遇时，也会表现出类似人类的公平感和委屈感。

在实验中，研究人员为雌性棕色卷尾猴设置了两种情境。

情境一是猴子们按照个体贡献获得相应数量的tokens，然后可以用这些tokens 换取美味的果汁。

情境二是猴子们随机获得tokens，然后用tokens 换取果汁。

在情境一中，猴子们表现出了公平感，个体贡献多的猴子获得的tokens 数量更多。

而在情境二中，猴子们则表现出了委屈感，即使个体贡献多的猴子获得的tokens 数量较少，它们也会抗议甚至拒绝参与实验。

这个研究结果表明，猴子在面对薪资待遇时，也会关注公平性和委屈感。

这挑战了人们对动物心理的传统认知，揭示了动物世界的复杂性。

此外，这项研究还为我们提供了了解动物情感世界的新视角，有助于我们更好地尊重和保护动物的权益。

总之，Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal的研究让我们意识到，不仅人类，猴子在面对薪资待遇时也会有公平感和委屈感。

Q115-考研英语阅读-2004 text3 全文翻译

2004年Text 3①When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet.②But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. ③Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up.④Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,”she says. ⑤“I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.”⑥So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. ⑦“I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too,”she says.①当谈到经济发展减缓时，艾伦·斯珀若还没有处于绝望的状态。

②但是，这个47岁的美甲师修剪、锉磨、上油的指甲却没有自己希望的那样多了。

③她大多数的客户每周消费十二到五十美元，然而上个月两名老顾客突然不光顾了。

④斯珀若将之归结于疲软的经济。

2004年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案3

Section II: Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __25__ as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __28__ to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that__30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also __33__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents;__34__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __37__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.21. [A] acting[B] relying[C] centering[D] cementing22. [A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because23. [A] interactions[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation24. [A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response25. [A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else26. [A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding27. [A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with28. [A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject29. [A] affect[B] reduce[C] chock[D] reflect30. [A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount31. [A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length32. [A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence33. [A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced34. [A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously35. [A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as36. [A] system[B] structure[C] concept[D] heritage37. [A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible[D] incredible38. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability39. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure[D] popularity40. [A] provided[B] since[C] although[D] supposing。

2004考研英语真题英语一阅读部分

Text 1 ①Hunting Hunting for a for a job job late late late last last year, year, lawyer lawyer lawyer Gant Gant Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. ②He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site's “personal search agent ”. ③It's an interactive interactive feature that feature that lets lets visitors key visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and s alary salarysalary, then E-mails , then E-mails them them when a when a matching position is posted in in the database. the database. ④Redmon chose the keywords legal, legal, intellectual intellectual property property, and Washington, D.C. , and Washington, D.C. ⑤Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. ⑥“I struck gold,”says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company company. . ①With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. ②Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. ③But although although a search agent a search agent w orked worked worked for for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. ④Narrowing Narrowing your criteria, your criteria, for example, example, may work against may work against y ou:you:“Every time you you answer a question answer a question you eliminate a possibility,”says says one one expert. ①For For any any any job job job search, search, search, you you you should should should start start start with with with a a a narrow narrow narrow concept concept —what what you you think think you you you want want want to to to do do —then broaden broaden it. it. ②“None of of these these these programs programs programs do do do that,that,”says says another another another expert. expert. ③“There's There's no no no career career career counseling counseling implicit in all of this.”④Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast o jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. ⑤“I would would not rely on agents not rely on agents for finding everything that that is added to a database that is added to a database that might might interest interest interest me,me,”says the author of a job-searching guide. ①Some Some sites sites sites design design design their their their agents agents to to tempt tempt tempt job job job hunters hunters hunters to to to return. return. ②When When CareerSite's CareerSite's CareerSite's agent agent agent sends sends sends out out messages messages to to to those those those who who who have have have signed signed signed up up up for for for its its service, service, for for example, example, it it it includes includes includes only only only three three three potential potential potential jobs jobs —those it considers the best matches. ③There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to to find them find them —and they do. ④“④“On the day after we send our messages, messages, we see a sharp we see a sharp increase in our traffic,”says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. ①Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. ②Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselve when when negotiating negotiating negotiating for a raise. for a raise. ③Although Although happily employed, happily employed, Redmon Redmon maintains maintains maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. his agent at CareerBuilder. ④“Y ou ou always always always keep keep keep your your your eyes eyes eyes open,open,”he he says. says. ⑤Working Working with with with a a a personal personal personal search search search agent agent agent means means means having having another set of eyes looking out for you. 41.How did Redmon find his job? [A] By searching openings in a job database. [B] By posting a matching position in a database. [C] By using a special service of a database. [D] By E-mailing his resume to a database. 42.Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents? [A] Lack of counseling. [B] Limited number of visits. [C] Lower efficiency. . [D] Fewer successful matches. 43.The expression“tip service”(Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means __________. [A] advisory [B] compensation [C] interaction [D] reminder 44.Why does CareerSite's agent offer each job hunter only three job options? [A] To focus on better job matches. [B] To attract more returning visits. [C] To reserve space for more messages. [D] To increase the rate of success. 45.Which of the following is true according to the text? [A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters. [B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands. [C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2 ①Over Over the the the past past past century century century, , , all all all kinds kinds kinds of of of unfairness unfairness unfairness and and and discrimination discrimination discrimination have have have been been been condemned condemned condemned or or or made made illegal. ②But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. ③This, This, for those as yet unaware of such for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. ①It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars whecustomers thumb through their phone directories. ②Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in in life over life over Zoë Zysman. ③English English names are names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. ④Y et a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. ①Thus Thus the the the American American American president president president and and and vice-president vice-president vice-president have have have surnames surnames surnames starting starting starting with with with B B and and C C C respectively; respectively; and and 26 26 of of George George George Bush's Bush's Bush's predecessors predecessors predecessors (including (including (including his his his father) father) father) had had surnames surnames in in the the first first first half half of of the the the alphabet alphabet against just 16 in the second half. ②Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries countries are are are alphabetically alphabetically alphabetically advantaged advantaged advantaged (Berlusconi, (Berlusconi, (Berlusconi, Blair, Blair, Blair, Bush, Bush, Bush, Chirac, Chirac, Chirac, Chretien Chretien Chretien and and and Koizumi). Koizumi). ③The world's three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet,even even if one of if one of them really uses Japanese characters. ④As As are are are the world's the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). ①Can Can this this this merely merely merely be be be coincidence? coincidence? ②One One theory theory theory, , , dreamt dreamt dreamt up up up in in in all all all the the the spare spare spare time time time enjoyed enjoyed enjoyed by by by the the alphabetically alphabetically disadvantaged, disadvantaged, disadvantaged, is is that that the the the rot rot rot sets sets sets in in in early. early. ③At At the the the start start start of of of the the the first first first year year year in in in infant infant infant school, school, teachers seat seat pupils pupils pupils alphabetically alphabetically from from the the front, front, to to make it it easier easier easier to to to remember remember remember their their names. ④So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those those insensitive teachers. insensitive teachers. ⑤At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged m ay may think think they they they have have have had a had a lucky escape. ⑥Y et the the result result result may may may be be worse worse qualifications, qualifications, qualifications, because because because they they they get get get less less less individual individual individual attention, attention, attention, as as as well well as less confidence in speaking publicly . ①The The humiliation humiliation humiliation continues. continues. ②At At university university university graduation graduation graduation ceremonies, ceremonies, ceremonies, the the the ABCs ABCs ABCs proudly proudly proudly get get get their their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. ③Shortlists for job interviews, interviews, election election election ballot ballot ballot papers, papers, papers, lists lists lists of of of conference conference conference speakers speakers speakers and and and attendees: attendees: attendees: all all all tend tend tend to to to be be be drawn drawn drawn up up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.46.What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars? . [A] A kind of overlooked inequality[B] A type of conspicuous bias. [C] A type of personal prejudice. [D] A kind of brand discrimination. 47.What can we infer from the first three paragraphs? [A] In both East and West, names are essential to success. [B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman. [C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names. [D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize. 48.The 4th paragraph suggests that __________. [A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students [B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class [C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students [D] students should be seated according to their eyesight 49.What does the author mean by“most people are literally having a ZZZ”(Line 2, Paragraph 5)? [A] They are getting impatient. [B] They are noisily dozing off. [C] They are feeling humiliated. [D] They are busy with word puzzles. 50.Which of the following is true according to the text? [A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated. [B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism. [C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go. [D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias. Text 3 ①When When it it it comes comes comes to to to the the the slowing slowing slowing economy economy economy, , , Ellen Ellen Ellen Spero Spero Spero isn't isn't isn't biting biting biting her her her nails nails nails just just just yet. yet. ②But But the the 47-year-old 47-year-old manicurist manicurist manicurist isn't cutting, isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. ③Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly weekly, but , but last last month two month two longtime longtime customers suddenly stopped showing customers suddenly stopped showing up. ④Spero blames the softening economy . ⑤“I'm a good economic indicator,”she says. ⑥“I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.”⑦”⑦So Spero is downscaling, shopping shopping at at at middle-brow middle-brow middle-brow Dillard's Dillard's Dillard's department department department store store store near near near her her suburban suburban Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland home, home, home, instead instead instead of of of Neiman Neiman Marcus. ⑧“I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too,”she says. ①Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that A merica's America's America's red-hot economy red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. ②From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. ③For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. ④Already Already, experts say , experts say , , holiday sales are off 7 percent from holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. ⑤But don't sound any alarms just yet. ⑥Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening. ①Consumers say they're they're not not not in despair because, despite the dreadful in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, headlines, their own their own fortunes fortunes still still feel pretty good. ②Home prices are h olding steady holding steady in most regions. ③In Manhattan,“there's a new gold rush rush happening happening happening in in in the the the $4 $4 $4 million million million to to to $10 $10 $10 million million million range, range, range, predominantly predominantly predominantly fed fed fed by by Wall Wall Street Street Street bonuses,bonuses,”says broker Barbara Corcoran. ④In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. ⑤“Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,”says John Teadly, a Bay Area real-estate , a Bay Area real-estate broker. ⑥And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. ①Many Many folks folks folks see see see silver silver silver linings linings linings to to to this this this slowdown. slowdown. ②Potential Potential home home home buyers buyers buyers would would would cheer cheer cheer for for for lower lower interest rates. ③Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. ④Many consumers seem to to have have have been been been influenced influenced influenced by by stock-market stock-market swings, swings, swings, which which which investors investors investors now now now view view view as as as a a necessary necessary ingredient ingredient ingredient to to to a a sustained boom. ⑤Diners might see an upside, too. ⑥Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant restaurant used used used to to to be be be impossible. impossible. ⑦ Not Not anymore. anymore. ⑧ For For that, that, that, Greenspan Greenspan Greenspan & & & Co. Co. Co. may may may still still still be be be worth worth toasting. 51.By “Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet ”(Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means __________. [A] Spero can hardly maintain her business [B] Spero is too much engaged in her work [C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit [D] Spero is not in a desperate situation 52.How do the public feel about the current economic situation? [A] Optimistic. [B] Confused. [C] Carefree. [D] Panicked. 53.When 53.When mentioning mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range ”(Line 3, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about __________. [A] gold market [B] real estate [C] stock exchange [D] venture investment 54.Why can many people see “silver linings ”to the economic slowdown? [A] They would benefit in certain ways. [B] The stock market shows signs of recovery . [C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom. [D] The purchasing power would be enhanced. 55.To which of the following is the author likely to agree? [A] A new boom, on the horizon. [B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy . [C] Caution all right, panic not. [D] The more ventures, the more chances. Text 4 ①Americans Americans today today today don't don't don't place place place a a very very high high high value value value on on on intellect. intellect. ②Our Our heroes heroes heroes are are are athletes, athletes, athletes, entertainers, entertainers, and and entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs, not not not scholars. scholars. ③Even Even our our our schools schools schools are are are where where where we we we send send send our our our children children children to to to get get get a a a practical practical education —not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. ④Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find. ①“Schools Schools have have have always always always been been been in in a society society where where where practical practical practical is is is more more more important important important than than than intellectual,intellectual,”says education writer Diane Ravitch. ②“Schools could be a counterbalance.”③Ravitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. ①But But they they they could could could and and and should should should be. be. ② Encouraging Encouraging kids kids kids to to to reject reject reject the the the life life life of of of the the the mind mind mind leaves leaves leaves them them vulnerable vulnerable to to to exploitation exploitation exploitation and and and control. control. ③Without Without the the the ability ability ability to to to think think think critically, critically, critically, to to to defend defend defend their their their ideas ideas ideas and and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy . ④Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris,“We will become a second-rate country. ⑤We will have a less civil society .” ①“Intellect Intellect is is is resented resented resented as as as a a a form form form of of of power power power or or or privilege,privilege,”writes writes historian historian historian and and and professor professor professor Richard Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism anti-intellectualism in in in US US US politics, politics, politics, religion, religion, religion, and and and education. education. ②From From the the the beginning beginning beginning of of of our our our history history history, , , says says Hofstadter, Hofstadter, our our our democratic democratic democratic and and and populist populist populist urges urges urges have have have driven driven driven us us to to reject reject reject anything anything anything that that that smells smells smells of of of elitism. elitism. ③Practicality Practicality, common sense, and , common sense, and native native intelligence intelligence intelligence have been considered have been considered m ore noble qualities than anything more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. ①Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”②Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn Finn exemplified exemplified exemplified American American American anti-intellectualism. anti-intellectualism. ③Its Its hero hero hero avoids avoids avoids being being being civilized civilized —going going to to to school school school and and learning to read —so he can preserve his innate goodness. ①Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. ②Intellect Intellect is is is the the the critical, critical, critical, creative, creative, creative, and and and contemplative contemplative contemplative side side side of of of the the the mind. mind. ③Intelligence Intelligence seeks seeks seeks to to to grasp, grasp, manipulate, re-order, re-order, and and and adjust, adjust, while intellect intellect examines, examines, examines, ponders, ponders, wonders, theorizes, theorizes, criticizes criticizes and imagines. ①School School remains remains remains a a a place place place where where where intellect intellect intellect is is is mistrusted. mistrusted. ②Hofstadter Hofstadter says says says our our our country's country's country's educational educational system system is is is in in in the the the grips grips grips of of of people people people who who “joyfully joyfully and and and militantly militantly militantly proclaim proclaim proclaim their their their hostility hostility hostility to to to intellect intellect intellect and and and their their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”56.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school? . [A] The habit of thinking independently[B] Profound knowledge of the world. [C] Practical abilities for future career. [D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits. 57.We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of __________. [A] undervaluing intellect [B] favoring intellectualism [C] supporting school reform [D] suppressing native intelligence 58.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are __________. [A] identical [B] similar [C] complementary [D] opposite 59.Emerson, according to the text, is probably __________. [A] a pioneer of education reform [B] an opponent of intellectualism [C] a scholar in favor of intellect [D] an advocate of regular schooling 60.What does the author think of intellect? [A] It is second to intelligence. [B] It evolves from common sense. [C] It is to be pursued. [D] It underlies power. 。

2004text3考研英语

2004text3考研英语In the 2004text3考研英语 (2004 Text 3 Postgraduate English Exam), the reading passage explores the topic of cultural differences and their impact on cross-cultural communication. It emphasizes the importance of understanding cultural diversity and provides strategies for effective communication. This article will examine the main points of the passage and offer personal insights and examples to further illustrate the topic.The passage begins by stating that cultural differences can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts in cross-cultural communication. It highlights the need to recognize and respect these differences in order to foster effective communication. To support this claim, the author introduces a study that shows how cultural misunderstandings can occur even in simple everyday interactions.One key point made in the passage is the role of language in cross-cultural communication. The author emphasizes that language is not only a tool for transmitting information but also reflects cultural values and worldview. Therefore, translating words without considering their cultural connotations can lead to misunderstandings.Additionally, the passage suggests that non-verbal communication plays a significant role in cross-cultural interactions. Different cultures have different norms regarding body language, facial expressions, and gestures. Misinterpretation of these non-verbal cues can hinder effective communication. An example mentioned in the passage is the different meanings of a nod. In some cultures, a nod signifies agreement, while in others it may imply understanding or even disagreement.The passage also acknowledges the existence of stereotypes and biases in cross-cultural communication. Stereotypes are generalizations about a particular group of people, while biases refer to preconceived opinions or attitudes toward a particular group. The author argues that these stereotypes and biases can limit understanding and hinder effective communication. It suggests that individuals should approach cross-cultural interactions with an open mind and actively challenge their own biases.To address these challenges, the passage offers strategies for effective cross-cultural communication. Firstly, it advises individuals to engage in active listening and ask clarifying questions to ensure understanding. Secondly, it suggests the need for cultural empathy, which involves putting oneself in others' shoes and trying to understand their perspectives. Thirdly, the passage emphasizes the importance of adapting one's communication style to align with the cultural norms of the other party.In conclusion, the 2004text3考研英语 passage explores the challenges posed by cultural differences in cross-cultural communication. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing and respecting these differences to foster effective communication. Strategies such as active listening, cultural empathy, and adaptability are proposed to overcome these challenges. By understanding and applying these strategies, individuals can enhance their cross-cultural communication skills and promote mutual understanding.。

04年英语第三篇阅读

Part ThreeWhen it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. "I'm a good economic indicator," she says. "I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars." So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. "I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too" she says.Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, "there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses," says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. "Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.11. By "Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet" （Line 1, Paragraph 1）, the author means ______.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work.[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation.12. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic.[B] Confused.[C] Carefree.[D] Panicked.13. When mentioning "the $4 million to $10 million range" （Lines 3 - 4, Paragraph 3）the author is talking about ________.[A] gold market.[B] real estate.[C] stock exchange.[D] venture investment.14. Why can many people see "silver linings" to the economic showdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.15. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A now boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Unit 11 （2004）Part 3重点词汇：1.manicurist指甲修饰师2.file （把...归档, 提出[申请等], 锉, 琢磨）a file of newspapers 报纸的合订本a deep file 老奸巨猾的家伙nail file 指甲锉3.downscale 缩减…规模4.middle-brow（中等文化素养的，平庸之辈[尤作贬义]）Mozart is pleasing to highbrows,middlebrows and lowbrows alike.莫扎特的作品雅俗共赏5.frenzied（狂热的） a frenzied attack 疯狂的进攻6.overbid出高价现象7.real-estate broker 房地产经纪人8.silver lining （[不幸中的] 希望，慰藉）every cloud has a silver lining乌云背后总有一线光芒9.bubble（泡沫,起泡；洋溢，充满）He blows bubbles with soap water. 他用肥皂水吹泡泡She was bubbing with confidence. 她充满信心10.swing（摇摆）let it have its swing 听其自然The ape swung along from branch to branch.那只猿猴从一根树枝荡到另一根树枝。

2004年考研英语真题及答案详解_(含答案_译文_词汇讲解)

2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people）focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence。

Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through3 with others。

Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status，5 as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families，_ 6 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate parental control. All theories，however，are tentative and are 8 to criticism。

考研英语阅读理解思路透析和真题揭秘（34）

2004年Text 2 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoeuml; Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush‘s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking， six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi）. The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world‘s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school，teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row， and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. 46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars？ [A] A kind of overlooked inequality. [B] A type of conspicuous bias. [C] A type of personal prejudice. [D] A kind of brand discrimination. [答案] A [解题思路] AAAA和Zodiac汽车出租公司这个例⼦出现在⽂章的第⼆段，是说⼈们平时通过查电话号码簿叫出租车的时候，名字以A 开头的公司⽐名字以Z开头的公司远远要有优势，这就是第⼀段中提到的"discrimination of alphabetism"（字母表主义）。

2004英语一text3解析

2004英语一text3解析【全文概述】2004年的英语一Text 3是一篇关于英语学习策略的文章。

文章通过介绍一种名为“The English Matrix”的学习方法，探讨了如何更有效地学习英语。

作者在文中详细阐述了这种方法的原理和步骤，并分享了一些成功案例。

本文旨在为英语学习者提供一种实用的学习方法和思路。

【解析文本中的重点词汇和表达】1.The English Matrix：一种英语学习方法，矩阵之意，暗示该方法具有系统性。

prehensive input：综合输入，指在学习过程中要注重听、说、读、写等多方面的输入。

3.Output orientation：输出导向，强调学习英语要注重实际运用，而非单纯地死记硬背。

4.Gradual progress：逐步进步，提醒学习者要有耐心，不要急功近利。

5.Real-life situations：真实生活场景，学习英语要结合实际生活，提高语言的实用性。

【分析文本结构及作者观点态度】本文结构清晰，逻辑性强。

作者首先介绍了The English Matrix的原理，接着详细阐述了实施步骤，最后通过成功案例证实了该方法的有效性。

作者对这种方法充满信心，并鼓励英语学习者尝试和实践。

从全文来看，作者具有积极的观点态度，旨在帮助读者找到适合自己的英语学习之路。

【提出实用性建议和启示】1.学习英语要注重综合输入，平衡听、说、读、写等多方面的能力。

2.结合实际场景进行语言输出，提高英语的实用性。

3.设定合理的学习目标，保持耐心，逐步提高英语水平。

4.尝试不同的学习方法，找到最适合自己的学习策略。

总之，2004英语一Text 3为我们提供了一种全新的英语学习视角。

通过了解和运用The English Matrix方法，学习者可以更有效地提高英语能力。

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2004 text 3
• When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” she says.
2004 text 3
• When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” she says.
2004 text 3
51. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Lines 1-2, Paragraph 1), the author means________. [A] Spero can hardly maintain her business [B] Spero is too much engaged in her work [C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit [D] Spero is not in a desperate situation
2004 text 3
• When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” she says.
考研英语阅读
-----2004年 text3
讲解人：杨斯亚
2Hale Waihona Puke 04 text 351. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Lines 1-2, Paragraph 1), the author means________.
52. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?
53. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about ________. 54. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown? 55. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
2004 text 3
• When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” she says.
2004 text 3
• When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” she says.
2004 text 3
• Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s redhot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.