Permanent Mold Optimization Case Study - Riser Size with Water Cooling
机械专业英语词汇合集-机械人必背(字母表版)
西南交通大学2013级研究生录V 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hardening淀积硬化precision精确，精密度presentation描述，表示primarily主要地principle原理，机理productivity生产率proficient精通的，熟练的propergate繁殖，传播，传送prototype原型provision规定，条款，准备，事物pulley皮带轮pump抽水机punch冲压机，冲头，冲孔Qquadrant象限quantum量子，量quenching淬火Rrack架，行李架，拷问台，齿条radius半径rake茂密丛生的ratio比，比率raw生的ray射线reactive反应性的rebate槽reciprocate直线往复运动reciprocating往复运动的，往复recrystallization再结晶refine使变得完善refining精炼refractory耐熔的release发布，发行remove切除repeatability可重复的reproducible可再生的，可复习的，能繁殖的resemble类似于resharpen再次磨尖residue余渣resin树脂resistance抵抗力，反抗，反抗行动，阻力，电阻，反对restrain抑制，阻止，束缚restrict限制，约束retailer零售商rigid刚性的riser冒口robust强壮的，强健的，坚固的，结实的，耐用的rod杆，棒rolling轧制rotary旋转rough粗糙的routing特形铣runner流道rust生锈Sscrap小片，残余物，废料screeching嘎吱声screw螺杆，螺丝钉sculpture雕刻的，雕塑的segment部分，段，节semiconductor半导体servo伺服shank胫，刀杆，模柄shielded有屏蔽的shrink收缩shrinkage收缩，缩小，减低significant有重大意义的simulation模拟，仿真sintering烧结sisal剑麻，西沙尔麻slab平板slag熔渣sleeve套筒slice切片slide滑轨slot狭缝smith铁匠，锻工soldering软钎焊solid固体sophistication复杂性spindle锭子，纺锤，轴，杆，心轴spring弹簧squeeze挤压stain使染色stainless不锈的stamping冲压件standard标准standardization标准化stationary不动的stick粘贴，卡住streamlined流线型的strenghth强度strip长条，条状stripper卸料板stud图钉styrene苯乙烯submerged水下的subsequently后来，随后suction吸，吸入sulfide硫化物sulfur硫superalloy超耐热合金，超级合金，高温高强度合金swaging模锻swarf木屑synonymous同义的synthetic合成的，人造的Ttailings残渣，尾矿tailorable可裁制成衣的tailstock尾架tap攻螺纹tarnish金属失去光泽，无光泽tempering回火template模样，模板temporary一次性的thermal热的，热量的thermite铝热剂thermodynamic热力学的thermodynamics热力学thermoplastic热塑性的thermoset热固性塑料thermosetting热硬化性的，热固性的throttle节气门tilt倾斜tin锡，马口铁tip装顶端tire轮胎titanium钛toggle拨动开关tolerance公差toolholder刀柄tooling模具toolroom工具室top达到顶端topography地形，地势，地貌torque转力矩touch粘连toughness韧性track轨道tradeoff折衷，权衡transfer传递transmission变速器transparency透明的transverse横向的tribology摩擦学troublesome令人烦恼的，讨厌的trunnion枢轴tube管，软管tumbler不倒翁tungsten钨turbocharger涡轮增压机turret小塔Uubiquitous无所不在的，普遍存在的ultrasound超声波ultraviolet紫外光的undercut侧凹，侧抽芯upset镦粗vacuum真空valve阀门vaporized蒸汽的，雾状的variation变化vehicle车辆vent排气口，孔，缺口versatile多用途的versatility通用性version形式，种类vertical垂直的vessel容器vibration振动virtually几乎，实际上visualization可视化vitreous玻璃的volume体积，容积volumetric测定体积的Wwashstand盥洗盆，盥洗台wavy有波浪的way滑道，导轨welding焊接woodruff车叶草workpiece工件wrap包，裹Zzinc锌。
机械专业英文词典
机械专业英文词典Mechanical Engineering English DictionaryAdhesion: The tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another. Adhesion is an important property in the field of mechanical engineering as it affects the performance and durability of various materials and components.Airfoil: A structure designed to produce lift when air flows around it. Airfoils are commonly used in aircraft wings, propeller blades, and turbine blades.Bearings: Mechanical components that support and guide moving parts. Bearings reduce friction and enable smooth rotation or linear motion in machines and equipment.Casting: A manufacturing process in which a liquid material is poured into a mold and allowed to solidify into a desired shape. Castings are commonly used to produce complex metal components.Damping: The process of reducing or controlling the oscillations, vibrations, or noise in mechanical systems.Damping is achieved through the use of various materials and devices such as dampers and isolators.Elasticity: The ability of a material to deform under stress and return to its original shape when the stress is removed. Elasticity is an important property in the design and analysis of mechanical components.Fatigue: The weakening and eventual failure of a material subjected to repeated or fluctuating loads over time. Fatigue is a common cause of failure in mechanical components and structures.Gears: Mechanical components with toothed surfaces that transmit motion and power between rotating shafts. Gears are widely used in machinery, vehicles, and various mechanical systems.Heat exchanger: A device used to transfer heat between two or more fluids at different temperatures. Heat exchangers are commonly found in refrigeration, air conditioning, and power generation systems.Ignition: The process of initiating combustion in an internal combustion engine. Ignition systems are used toignite the fuel-air mixture in spark-ignition engines and diesel engines.Joule: A unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). One joule is equal to the work done by a force of one newton acting over a distance of one meter.Kinematics: The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of objects without considering the forces that cause the motion. Kinematics is concerned with the position, velocity, and acceleration of objects.Lubrication: The process of reducing friction and wear between moving surfaces by introducing a lubricant such as oil or grease. Lubrication is essential for the proper functioning and longevity of mechanical systems.Machining: The process of shaping or finishing a workpiece by removing material using various cutting tools. Machining operations include milling, turning, drilling, and grinding.Newton's laws of motion: Three fundamental principles that describe the behavior of objects under the influenceof forces. Newton's laws of motion are widely used in the analysis and design of mechanical systems.Optimization: The process of finding the best solutionto a problem within given constraints. Optimization is an important aspect of mechanical engineering, especially in the design and operation of systems and components.Pressure: The force per unit area exerted by a fluid or gas. Pressure plays a crucial role in the design and analysis of fluid systems, hydraulic systems, and pneumatic systems.Quality control: The process of ensuring that products and processes meet the desired standards and requirements. Quality control is essential in mechanical engineering to ensure the reliability and performance of manufactured components.Resilience: The ability of a material to absorb energy without undergoing permanent deformation. Resilience is an important property in the design of impact-resistant materials and structures.Stress analysis: The process of evaluating the internal forces and stresses in a mechanical component or structure. Stress analysis is used to ensure the safety andreliability of engineering designs.Thermodynamics: The branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat, work, and energy. Thermodynamics is essential for understanding and analyzing the behavior of various mechanical and thermal systems.Ultrasonic testing: A non-destructive testing technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to detect flaws or defects in materials. Ultrasonic testing is widely used in the inspection of welds, castings, and other critical components.Vibration: The oscillation of mechanical systems or components around a reference point. Vibration analysis is important for predicting and controlling the dynamic behavior of machines and structures.Welding: The process of joining two or more metal pieces by heating them to a high temperature and applying pressure or filler material. Welding is a common method for fabricating metal structures and components.中文翻译：粘附：不同颗粒或表面相互粘附的倾向。
提高塑料制品合格率的关键在于设计 塑料产品设计人员和塑胶模具设计人员必读
脫模角 Draft Angles
ABS, 脫模不易, 2004. 3. 8.
四型腔模 开三腔方 能顶出， 环保故， 不得加脫 模剤。
侧壁：1.5t(顶)~1.6t(底) x 12h 单边脱模角0.24°
制品设计 Part Design
d. 正确的收缩率 Correct Mold Shrinkage 大部份发表的收缩率，是以3.175mm (1/8吋)的壁厚为准。 但是当前制品采用的塑件壁厚超过3mm者越来越少，根据 3.175mm 3.175mm壁厚的收缩率决定的型腔尺寸往往偏大，成型的薄 壁塑件也随之偏大，合格率自然偏低。 Most published mold shrinkage is based on the wall thickness of 3.175mm (1/8 inch), but the thickness of most current parts is less than 3mm. The dimensions of the mold cavity is overestimated when a mold shrinkage based on a thinner wall thickness is used. A larger mold cavity will produce a larger part which causes a low yield during injection molding.
气动工具管件, POM, 浙江省慈 溪市, 缩孔, C. Hsu: 浇口太薄, 2006. 4. 18.
1.5厚浇口 加在3.7壁 厚处
浇口厚度応大 于(3.7 x 0.7 =) 2.6 mm00D (全电) X Φ32, 江苏省苏州市, 气痕, 2005. 10. 5.
外文翻译注塑模的单浇口优化
Single gate optimization for plastic injection moldAbstract:Abstract: This paper deals with a methodology for single gate location optimization for plastic injection mold. The objective of the gate optimization is to minimize the warpage of injection molded parts, because warpage is a crucial quality issue for most injection molded parts while it is influenced greatly by the gate location. Feature warpage is defined as the ratio of maximum displacement on the feature surface to the projected length of the feature surface to describe part warpage. The optimization is combined with the numerical simulation technology to find the optimal gate location, in which the simulated annealing algorithm is used to search for the optimum. Finally, an example is discussed in the paper and it can be concluded that the proposed method is effective.Key words: Injection mold, Gate location, Optimization, Feature warpage.INTRODUCTIONPlastic injection molding is a widely used, com- plex but highly efficient technique for producing a large variety of plastic products, particularly those with high production requirement, tight tolerance, and complex shapes. The quality of injection molded parts is a function of plastic material, part geometry, mold structure and process conditions. The most important part of an injection mold basically is the following three sets of components: cavities, gates and runners, and cooling system.Lam and Seow (2000) and Jin and Lam (2002) achieved cavity balancing by varying the wall thick- ness of the part. A balance filling process within the cavity gives an evenly distributed pressure and tem- perature which can drastically reduce the warpage of the part. But the cavity balancing is only one of the important influencing factors of part qualities. Espe- cially, the part has its functional requirements, and its thicknesses should not be varied usually.From the pointview of the injection mold design, a gate is characterized by its size and location, and the runner system by the size and layout. The gate size and runner layout are usually determined as constants. Relatively, gate locations and runner sizes are more flexible, which can be varied to influence the quality of the part. As a result, they are often the design pa- rameters for optimization.Lee and Kim (1996a) optimized the sizes of runners and gates to balance runner system for mul- tiple injection cavities. The runner balancing was described as the differences of entrance pressures for a multi-cavity mold with identical cavities, and as differences of pressures at theend of the melt flow path in each cavity for a family mold with different cavity volumes and geometries. The methodology has shown uniform pressure distributions among the cavities during the entire molding cycle of multiple cavities mold.Zhai et al.(2005a) presented the two gate loca- tion optimization of one molding cavity by an effi- cient search method based on pressure gradient (PGSS), and subsequently positioned weld lines to the desired locations by varying runner sizes for multi-gate parts (Zhai et al., 2006). As large-volume part, multiple gates are needed to shorten the maxi- mum flow path, with a corresponding decrease in injection pressure. The method is promising for de- sign of gates and runners for a single cavity with multiple gates.Many of injection molded parts are produced with one gate, whether in single cavity mold or in multiple cavities mold. Therefore, the gate location of a single gate is the most common design parameter for optimization. A shape analysis approach was pre- sented by Courbebaisse and Garcia (2002), by which the best gate location of injection molding was esti- mated. Subsequently, they developed this methodol- ogy further and applied it to single gate location op- timization of an L shape example (Courbebaisse,2005). It is easy to use and not time-consuming, while it only serves the turning of simple flat parts with uniform thickness.Pandelidis and Zou (1990) presented the opti- mization of gate location, by indirect quality measures relevant to warpage and material degradation, which is represented as weighted sum of a temperature dif- ferential term, an over-pack term, and a frictional overheating term. Warpage is influenced by the above factors, but the relationship between them is not clear. Therefore, the optimization effect is restricted by the determination of the weighting factors.Lee and Kim (1996b) developed an automated selection method of gate location, in which a set of initial gate locations were proposed by a designer and then the optimal gate was located by the adjacent node evaluation method. The conclusion to a great extent depends much on the human design er’s in tuition, because the first step of the method is based on the desi gner’s proposition. So the result is to a large ex- tent limited to the designer’s experience.Lam and Jin (2001) developed a gate location optimization method based on the minimization of the Standard Deviation of Flow Path Length (SD[L]) and Standard Deviation of Filling Time (SD[T]) during the molding filling process. Subsequently, Shen et al.(2004a; 2004b) optimized the gate location design by minimizing the weighted sum of filling pressure, filling time difference between different flow paths, temperature difference, and over-pack percentage. Zhai et al.(2005b) investigated optimal gate location with evaluation criteria of injection pressure at the end of filling. These researchers presented the objec- tive functions asperformances of injection molding filling operation, which are correlated with product qualities. But the correlation between the perform- ances and qualities is very complicated and no clear relationship has been observed between them yet. It is also difficult to select appropriate weighting factors for each term.A new objective function is presented here to evaluate the warpage of injection molded parts to optimize gate location. To measure part quality di- rectly, this investigation defines feature warpage to evaluate part warpage, which is evaluated from the “flow plus warpage” simulation outputs of Moldflow Plastics Insight (MPI) software. The objective func- tion is minimized to achieve minimum deformation in gate location optimization. Simulated annealing al- gorithm is employed to search for the optimal gate location. An example is given to illustrate the effec- tivity of the proposed optimization procedure.QUALITY MEASURES: FEATURE WARPGEDefinition of feature warp ageTo apply optimization theory to the gate design, quality measures of the part must be specified in the first instance. The term “quality” may be referred to many product properties, such as mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, ergonomical or geometrical prop- erties. There are two types of part quality measures: direct and indirect. A model that predicts the proper- ties from numerical simulation results would be characterized as a direct quality measure. In contrast, an indirect measure of part quality is correlated with target quality, but it cannot provide a direct estimate of that quality.For warpage, the indirect quality measures in related works are one of performances of injection molding flowing behavior or weighted sum of those. The performances are presented as filling time dif- ferential along different flow paths, temperature dif- ferential, over-pack percentage, and so on. It is ob- vious that warpage is influenced by these perform- ances, but the relationship between warpage and these performances is not clear and the determination of these weighting factors is rather difficult. Therefore, the optimization with the above objective function probably will not minimize part warpage even with perfect optimization technique. Sometimes, improper weighting factors will result in absolutely wrong re- sults.Some statistical quantities calculated from the nodal displacements were characterized as direct quality measures to achieve minimum deformation in related optimization studies. The statistical quantities are usually a maximum nodal displacement, an av- erage of top 10 percentile nodal displacements, and an overall average nodal displacement (Lee and Kim,1995; 1996b). These nodal displacements are easy to obtain from the simulation results, the statistical val- ues, to some extents, representing the deformation. But the statistical displacement cannot effectively describe the deformation of the injection molded parts.In industry, designers and manufacturers usually pay more attention to the degree of part warpage on some specific features than the whole deformation of the injection molded parts. In this study, feature warpage is defined to describe the deformation of the injection parts. The feature warpage is the ratio of the maximum displacement of the feature surface to the projected length of the feature surface (Fig.1):where γ is the feature warpage, h is the maximum displacement on the feature surface deviating from the reference platform, and L is the projected length of the feature surface on a reference direction paralleling the reference platform.For complicated features (only plane feature discussed here), the feature warpage is usually sepa- rated into two constituents on the reference plane, which are represented on a 2D coordinate system:where γx, γy are the constituent feature warpages in the X, Y direction, and L x, L y are the projected lengths of the feature surface on X, Y component.Evaluation of feature wa rpageAfter the determination of target feature com- bined with corresponding reference plane and pro- jection direction, the value of L can be calculated immediately from the part with the calculating method of analytic geometry (Fig.2). L is a constant for any part on the specified feature surface and pro- jected direction. But the evaluation of h is more com- plicated than that of L.Simulation of injection molding process is a common technique to forecast the quality of part de- sign, mold design and process settings. The results of warpage simulation are expressed as the nodal de- flections on X, Y, Z component (W x, W y, W z), and the nodal displacement W. W is the vector length of vector sum of W x·i, W y·j, and W z·k, where i, j, k are the unit vectors on X, Y, Z component. The h is the maximum displacement of the nodes on the feature surface, which is correlated with the normal orientation of the reference plane, and can be derived from the results of warpage simulation.To calculate h, the deflection of ith node is evaluated firstly as follows:where W i is the deflection in the normal direction of the reference plane of ith node; W ix, W iy, W iz are the deflections on X, Y, Z component of ith node; α,β,γ are the angles of normal vector of the reference; A and B are the terminal nodes of the feature to projectingdirection (Fig.2); WA and WB are the deflections of nodes A and B:where W Ax, W Ay, W Az are the deflections on X, Y, Zcomponent of node A; W Bx, W By and W Bz are the de- flections on X, Y, Z component of node B; ωiA and ωiB are the weighting factors of the terminal node deflections calculated as follows:where L iA is the projector distance between ith node and node A. Ultimately, h is the maximum of the absolute value of W i:In industry, the inspection of the warpage is carried out with the help of a feeler gauge, while the measured part should be placed on a reference plat- form. The value of h is the maximum numerical reading of the space between the measured part sur- face and the reference platform.GATE LOCATION OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM FORMATIONThe quality term “warpag e”means the perma- nent deformation of the part, which is not caused by an applied load. It is caused by differential shrinkage throughout the part, due to the imbalance of polymer flow, packing, cooling, and crystallization.The placement of a gate in an injection mold is one of the most important variables of the total mold design. The quality of the molded part is greatly af- fected by the gate location, because it influences the manner that the plastic flows into the mold cavity. Therefore, different gate locations introduce inho- mogeneity in orientation, density, pressure, and temperature distribution, accordingly introducing different value and distribution of warpage. Therefore, gate location is a valuable design variable to minimize the injection molded part warpage. Because the cor- relation between gate location and warpage distribu- tion is to a large extent independent of the melt and mold temperature, it is assumed that the moldingconditions are kept constant in this investigation. The injection molded part warpage is quantified by the feature warpage which was discussed in the previous section.The single gate location optimization can thus be formulated as follows:Minimize:Subject to:where γ is the feature warpage; p is the injection pressure at the gate position; p0 is the allowable in- jection pressure of injection molding machine or the allowable injection pressure specified by the designer or manufacturer; X is the coordinate vector of the candidate gate locations; X i is the node on the finite element mesh model of the part for injection molding process simulation; N is the total number of nodes.In the finite element mesh model of the part, every node is a possible candidate for a gate. There- fore, the total number of the possible gate location N p is a function of the total number of nodes N and the total number of gate locations to be optimized n:In this study, only the single-gate location problem is investigated.SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHMThe simulated annealing algorithm is one of the most powerful and popular meta-heuristics to solve optimization problems because of the provision of good global solutions to real-world problems. The algorithm is based upon that of Metropolis et al. (1953), which was originally proposed as a means to find an equilibrium configuration of a collection of atoms at a given temperature. The connection be- tween this algorithm and mathematical minimization was first noted by Pincus (1970), but it was Kirkpatrick et al.(1983) who proposed that it formed the basis of an optimization technique for combina- tional (and other) problems.To apply the simulated annealing method to op timization problems, the objective function f is used as an energy function E. Instead of finding a low energy configuration, the problem becomes to seek an approximate global optimal solution. The configura- tions of the values of design variables are substituted for the energy configurations of the body, and the control parameter for the process is substituted for temperature. A random number generator is used as a way of generating new values for the design variables. It is obvious that this algorithm just takes the mini- mization problems into account. Hence, while per- forming a maximization problem the objective func- tion is multiplied by (−1) to obtain a capable form.The major advantage of simulated annealing algorithm over other methods is the ability to avoid being trapped at local minima. This algorithm em- ploys a random search, which not only accepts changes that decrease objective function f, but also accepts some changes that increase it. The latter are accepted with a probability pwhere ∆f is the increase of f, k is Boltzm an’s constant, and T is a control parameter which by analogy with the original application is known as the system “tem perature”irrespective of the objective function involved.In the case of gate location optimization, the implementation of this algorithm is illustrated in Fig.3, and this algorithm is detailed as follows:(1) SA algorithm starts from an initial gate loca- tion X old with an assigned value T k of the “tempera- ture”parameter T (the “temperature” counter k is initially set to zero). Proper control parameter c (0<c<1) in annealing process and Markov chain N generateare given.(2) SA algorithm generates a new gate location X new in the neighborhood of X old and the value of the objective function f(X) is calculated.(3) The new gate location will be accepted with probability determined by the acceptance functionFig.3 The flow chart of the simulated annealing algorithmAPPLICATION AND DISCUSSIONThe application to a complex industrial part is presented in this section to illustrate the proposed quality measure and optimization methodology. The part is provided by a manufacturer, as shown in Fig.4. In this part, the flatness of basal surface is the most important profileprecision requirement. Therefore, the feature warpage is discussed on basal surface, in which reference platform is specified as a horizontal plane attached to the basal surface, and the longitu- dinal direction is specified as projected reference direction. The parameter h is the maximum basal surface deflection on the normal direction, namely the vertical direction, and the parameter L is the projected length of the basal surface to the longitudinal direc- tion.Fig.4 Industrial part provided by the manufac tur e rThe material of the part is Nylon Zytel 101L (30% EGF, DuPont Engineering Polymer). The molding conditions in the simulation are listed in T able 1. Fig.5 shows the finite element mesh model ofthe part employed in the numerical simulation. It has1469 nodes and 2492 elements. The objective func- tion, namely feature warpage, is evaluated by Eqs.(1), (3)~(6). The h is evaluated from the results of “Flow+Warp” Analysis Sequence in MPI by Eq.(1), and the L is measured on the industrial part immediately, L=20.50 mm.MPI is the most extensive software for the in- jection molding simulation, which can recommend the best gate location based on balanced flow. Gate location analysis is an effective tool for gate location design besides empirical method. For this part, the gate location analysis of MPI recommends that the best gate location is near node N7459, as shown in Fig.5. The part warpage is simulated based on this recommended gate and thus the feature warpage is evaluated: γ=5.15%, which is a great value. In trial manufacturing, part warpage is visible on the sample work piece. This is unacceptable for the manufacturer.The great warpage on basal surface is caused bythe uneven orientation distribution of the glass fiber, as shown in Fig.6a. Fig.6a shows that the glass fiber orientation changes from negative direction to posi- tive direction because of the location of the gate, par- ticularly thegreatest change of the fiber orientation appears near the gate. The great diversification of fiber orientation caused by gate location introduces serious differential shrinkage. Accordingly, the fea- ture warpage is notable and the gate location must be optimized to reduce part warpageT o optimize the gate location, the simulated an- nealing searching discussed in the section “Simulated annealing algorithm” is applied to this part. The maximum number of iterations is chosen as 30 to ensure the precision of the optimization, and the maximum number of random trials allowed for each iteration is chosen as 10 to decrease the probability of null iteration without an iterative solution. Node N7379 (Fig.5) is found to be the optimum gate loca- tion.The feature warpage is evaluated from the war- page simulation results f(X)=γ=0.97%, which is less than that of the recommended gate by MPI. And the part warpage meets the manufacturer’s requirements in trial manufacturing. Fig.6b shows the fiber orien- tation in the simulation. It is seen that the optimal gate location results in the even glass fiber orientation, and thus introduces great reduction of shrinkage differ- ence on the vertical direction along the longitudinal direction. Accordingly, the feature warpage is re- duced.CONCLUSIONFeature warpage is defined to describe the war- page of injection molded parts and is evaluated based on the numerical simulation software MPI in this investigation. The feature warpage evaluation based on numerical simulation is combined with simulated annealing algorithm to optimize the single gate loca- tion for plastic injection mold. An industrial part is taken as an example to illustrate the proposed method. The method results in an optimal gate location, by which the part is satisfactory for the manufacturer. This method is also suitable to other optimization problems for warpage minimization, such as location optimization for multiple gates, runner system bal- ancing, and option of anisotropic materials.注塑模的单浇口优化摘要：本文论述了一种单浇口位置优化注塑模具的方法。
注塑模具设计英文参考文献
Injection molding die design is a crucial aspect of the manufacturing process to produce high-quality plastic products. Various technical references have been published over the years, providing valuable insights into the design principles, strategies, and best practices related to injection molding die design. Here are some key references that can be used as a starting point for further exploration:1.Injection Mold Design Engineering (David O. Kazmer, 2011) This bookprovides a comprehensive overview of injection mold design, covering topics such as mold geometry, gating systems, cooling and heating, ejector systems, and mold materials. It also discusses the analysis and optimization of molddesigns using computer-aided engineering tools.2.Injection Molds and Molding: A Practical Manual (Jiri Karasek, 2006)This practical manual offers a step-by-step guide to injection mold design and production. It covers various aspects of mold design, including cavity and core geometry, runner systems, venting, cooling, ejection, and mold materials. The book also addresses common design challenges and troubleshootingtechniques.3.Plastic Injection Molding: Manufacturing Process Fundamentals(Douglas M. Bryce and Charles A. Daniels, 2014) This reference provides an in-depth understanding of the injection molding process and its fundamentals. It discusses the principles of mold design, material selection, process parameters, molding defects, and mold maintenance. The book emphasizes the importance of considering the design-for-manufacturability aspect in mold design.4.Mold Design Using SolidWorks (Edward J. Bordin, 2010) Focused onmold design using SolidWorks software, this book provides practical insights into mold design methodology, including parting line creation, runner system design, cooling strategies, and mold analysis. It also covers advanced topicssuch as hot runner systems and side actions.5.Designing Injection Molds for Thermoplastics (H.T. Rowe, 2010) Thiscomprehensive reference addresses the design considerations specific tothermoplastic injection molds. It covers mold configuration, gating design,cooling strategies, shrinkage and warpage control, and mold materials. Thebook also includes case studies and practical tips for mold design optimization.6.Mold-Making Handbook (Kurtz Ersa Corporation, 2009) Thishandbook offers practical advice on mold design, construction, andmaintenance. It covers topics like mold steel selection, surface finishing, cavity design, cooling channels, ejection systems, and high-precision molding. Thereference provides insights into the latest developments in mold-makingtechnology.These references provide a solid foundation for understanding injection mold design principles, methodologies, and considerations. Additionally, industrypublications, research papers, and case studies can offer further insights into specific design aspects, material selection, and advanced techniques. It is important to consult multiple sources and stay updated with the latest trends and advancements in injection mold design to ensure efficient and robust manufacturing processes.。
第九章 C-MOLD介绍
第九章C-MOLD軟體與模型網格C-MOLD起源於1974年康乃爾大學Prof. K. K. Wang(王國欽)之Cornell Injection Molding Program (CIMP)計劃，最初之軟體是由Prof. K. K. Wang和他的學生Dr. V. W. Wang(王文偉)開發，並於1986年成立Advanced CAE Technology Inc.銷售C-MOLD軟體，於1988年成立C-MOLD Polymer Laboratory建立塑膠材料性質的測試。
Advanced CAE Technology Inc.於2000年被澳洲的Moldflow Corp.併購，並於2001年底發布將C-MOLD整合到Moldflow Plastics Insight 3.0 (MPI 3.0)，號稱為Synergy。
C-MOLD的主要產品包括：(1)7個process solution packages，(2)2個productivity solution packages，(3)2個performance solution packages。
C-MOLD之Process Solution整合模組以提供元件和模具設計的基礎，提供功能包括：✁防止短射✁平衡流動✁評估縫合線位置✁評估設置澆口位置✁流道尺寸最佳化✁設定排氣孔位置✁設計導流器與限流器✁射出壓力最小化✁評估需求之鎖模力✁螺桿速度曲線最佳化C-MOLD之Productivity Solution整合Process Solution之功能和冷卻模擬，提供：✁冷卻系統對於元件和模具的影響之視覺效果。
✁改變參數以獲得最佳的冷卻條件。
C-MOLD之Performance Solution擴充Productivity Solution的功能，進一步提供：✁纖維配向性(fiber orientation)。
✁凝固應力(Frozen-in stresses)。
AFF_Rotterdam_CaseStudySolutions
C H A P T E R1AAF RotterdamCase synopsisThis case deals with a theatrical services company based just outside Rotterdam in The Nether-lands. Small when it was founded back in 1999, the company has now grown to employ 16 full-time and 20 freelance employees and has a revenue of slightly over €3 million. Two types of services have emerged. The first concerns the sale and hiring of stage equipment (mainly light-ing, sound and staging equipment). The other involves production services, including designing, constructing and installing entire sets for shows and conferences. The case describes the various departments within the company and the nature of both types of services. The company seems to be reaching the point where the requirements and objectives of both types of services, to some extent, conflict with each other. Yet both types of services are still mutually dependent. The underlying issue in the case is how to reconcile the needs of the two services.Using the caseThis is a general introduction case to operations and process management. It is not a case where there is a ‘correct answer’, or even a clear and well-defined decision to be made. Rather it is a case that can be used to illustrate both the general approach to understanding operations as em-bedded in the diagnostic logic chain used in Chapter 1, and the nature of some general operations management issues such as focus. Because of this, the case is best used at the begin-ning of a course in order to set the agenda for the topics that will be covered in the course. The case is sufficiently general for tutors to draw out from the case, whichever topic they are going to cover in the course. For example, although inventory management is not explicitly empha-sized within the case, it is clear that the inventory of lighting and other equipment is a key decision for the hire and sales part of the company. Students can be encouraged to discuss this issue generally during the case debrief so that its inclusion in the course can be justified. While the case can be set as a group assignment prior to presentation and discussion, it is also suitable for individual reading by students who then can contribute to the discussion in class. So, at the first session, one could simply ask the students to read through the case and then use it to promote a general discussion on operations and process management during the session. Notes on questionsQuestions 1 – Do you think Marco Van Hopen understands the importance of operations to his business?This question can be used to discuss the issue of what a full understanding of operations and process management means in any business. During this discussion it is useful to point out the difference between the technical knowledge that is embedded in any operation or process on one hand, and the tasks that are necessary to run the operation or process on the other. Marco VanHopen is clearly knowledgeable and certainly enthusiastic because of his knowledge of the task. He regards production services in particular, as being an exciting and high adrenalin business to be in. This is why he started the company. As the company has grown he has become aware of how important it is to organize the company’s operations internally. This has been forced on him because of the growth of the company. What was acceptable for a relatively small group is no longer viable for a large business. Individual processes and the needs of the customers they service (internal or external) must be identified, and they must be designed and organized to meet these needs. From the various statements attributed to Marco, he is now coming to see this. He is also beginning to understand the nature of the relationships between the various processes within his business. In particular, the sometimes-conflicting needs of sales and hiring on one hand and production services on the other are becoming evident.So the answer to the question, “Does he understand the importance of operations?” most like-lyis, “Yes, but not as yet fully.”Question 2 – What contribution does he seem to expect from his opera-tions?Chapter 1 of the text identifies four contributions of operations management.1. It should attempt to control (or minimize) the cost base of the business.2. It should attempt to increase the revenue of the business through its ability to serve customers.3. It should do these two things without needing to invest an excessive amount of capital in thebusiness, and4. It should be able to develop the capabilities that will bring it more business in the future. Although these points are not addressed explicitly (they rarely are in any organization) there is enough evidence from Marco’s statements to make some judgement. See the table below.Contribution ofoperationsAny evidence?Operations’ contribution to reducing costs Yes, there is some evidence. For example, ‘ “…..by working to-gether more we could increase our ability to take on more work without increasing our cost base.”Increased revenue through serving customers Again, yes. “…… we have succeeded in differentiating ourselves through offering a complete design, build and install service that is creative, dependable, and sufficiently flexible to incorporate last minute changes”.Table continuedContribution ofoperationsAny evidence?Minimize the investment needed This is less clear. However, Marco is clearly aware of the amount he has invested. “…. We have over €1 million invested in the equipment….”. Also, he sees maintaining investment in new equipment as being vital to the company’s future success. “….we need access to the latest equipment in order to win production services contracts”. This is used as a justification for retaining the sales and hire part of the company but there is no explicit discus-sion of the trade-off between the benefits this investment brings and the costs (including opportunity costs) in a period when the company is growing quickly.Develop the capabilities to secure future business There is very little evidence that Marco is yet thinking about the future in terms of operations capabilities. He sees the company as growing and that changes will have to be made, but it is growth that is central to his thinking rather than developing unique capa-bilities that will protect him from competition in the future. Of course, he may just wish to develop the business to a certain size and then sell it.Question 3 – Sketch out how you see the supply network for AAF and AAF’s position within itThis question can be used to explore the issue of “Who exactly is the customer?”, and to estab-lish the idea of the three levels of operations and process management analysis.• The level of the supply network• The level of the operation or business• The level of the individual process.There are many ways of drawing the supply network for any type of business and this is also true for AAF. However, the diagram below is one way of illustrating the various relationships between some of the significant players in the supply network, where the double-headed arrow means that either the flow of service is both ways or the nature of the relationship is one of col-laboration rather than a straightforward supply of service.The first point to make is that within AAF Rotterdam there are two important collections of op-erations processes, one for each of the service groups that AAF supplies. There is also a relationship between them insomuch as production services rely on equipment hire and sales having the very latest in sophisticated technology, while Marco sees production services as be-ing the major customer for the equipment hire and sales part of his company.There are several suppliers to AAF, but the ones mentioned explicitly in the case are other equipment hire and sales companies. These are important because maintaining relationships with similar hire and sales companies allows AAF to supply its own customers even when it has run out of its own equipment. And, although the other equipment hire and sales companies are competitors, it is in their interests and AAF’s interest to cooperate because it allows all of them to maintain supply without over investment in equipment.There is a similar ambiguity on the demand side of the network. Much of AAF’s work comes from production companies who are in turn taking responsibility for supplying services to the final clients. Yet AAF themselves will also take on this role for some clients. In other words, at times, AAF finds itself a competitor to its own customers. Of course, this is not unusual, but it is worth exploring the implications of this with students. Similarly, AAF will act as a supplier to other production companies, so its customers will also be in competition with each other. Ideas of partnership, supply, dual sourcing, 100% supply agreements and so on can be brought in at this point, if considered relevant.There may also be other suppliers to the final clients and/or the production company, such as the companies that own the venue for the conference or performance, the performers or compère, and so on. These organizations may be serving the final client or the production company, but it is almost always important for AAF to develop some kind of relationship with them because they will be (or should be) collaborating to provide the final service.Question 4 – What are the major processes within AAF and how do they relate to each other?There are four processes mentioned explicitly in the case. They are:• The production services process• The equipment hire and sales process• The design studio process• The administration processIn fact each of these processes is probably composed of other, smaller processes, but we will treat them at this level. There are a number of ways of distinguishing between these processes, but the important point to bring out in the discussion is that the processes do differ. Therefore, because they differ, they would need managing in different ways. Perhaps the most important way of distinguishing between the processes is to use the four Vs explained in the text. The fig-ure below summarizes each of these processes on the four V dimensions.Production services are of low volume but each job is different and so the variety is high. Varia-tion is high (more lumpy as it says in the case) and because much of the value is added with the eventual customer , visibility is high.Design will be very similar to production services because it is an essential part of production services. Volume may be lower because not all clients require design services. Variety may even be higher than design services because not all designs will be accepted by the clients. Variation is likely to be similar to production services, as is visibility, although much of the de-sign will take place without the client being present.At the other end of the scale, equipment hire and sales is of far higher volume, and although in one sense variety is also high, the real effective variety is lower because every transaction is very similar, even if what is actually being hired or sold is different. Variation is more predict-able and, although some clients require installation, the degree of visibility or value-added with the client present is relatively low.Administration is surprisingly similar to equipment hire and sales. The volume of transactions is likely to be very high (possibly several transactions for each client), and although every transac-tion will be different, the broad type of transaction is essentially the same. Sending an invoice is sending an invoice even if each invoice is different, sending an invoice is very essential. Varia-tion is difficult to assess for the administration process. A fair assumption is that peaks and troughs could coincide for both the services offered by the company, and therefore variation could be relatively high. Visibility is likely to be similar to equipment hire and sales. The ad-ministration process is very much a back-office process.An alternative analysis is to use a polar diagram such as the one below.You can make the axes of the polar diagram anything you like. The main point is to demonstrate that the two main processes are different.As a follow-up to this discussion it is useful to ask the questions, “How will the various man-agement decisions for these processes differ?” For example, to what extent can each of these processes be strictly defined? (Less so with production services and design where creativity is important, or more so with administration and equipment hire and sales where outputs are more standardized). What kind of job designs do the staff involved in each of these processes require? (Low volume, high variety, variation and visibility processes generally require flexible multi-skilled staff with good customer-facing skills; processes at the other end of the dimensions re-quire staff who understand the importance of dependability, adhering to the process and promoting efficiency). Other aspects of operations management can also be raised such as plan-ning and control, capacity management, quality management and so on. In each case, theapproach for the two main processes will be slightly different. This is a very important point to discuss at this stage in a course.Question 5 – Evaluate Van Hopen’s idea of increasing the flexibility with which the different parts of the company work with each otherTry and guide the class towards two alternative approaches to organizing the business.(a) Promote flexibility between the two main processes.(b) Separate the two main processes so that each can focus on its own requirements.This is a fundamental decision for Marco Van Hopen. The idea of treating the organization as one large flexible process that can perform any of the business’s services is fine when the com-pany is small (indeed it is the characteristic of most small companies). Yet, when the company grows there is increasingly a need to segment the organization to match the segmentation of the markets being served. In other words, move towards option (b) by focusing each process on what it should be good at.Try to guide the class towards identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each of the two approaches. Ask them how small operations are usually organized (one big flexible process) then ask them how large operations are organized (separated processes).Ask them to identify the dangers of moving towards a more segmented and focused set of proc-esses. Any student of the class who has worked in large organizations will point out the lack of flexibility and the communications problems that arise with very separate processes. Although the term "silo mentality” has become very much a cliché, it is probably the term that most stu-dents will recognize as summarizing some of the dangers with approach (b).。
PROE各命令的中英文对照
PRO/E的中英文对照你设置config.pro时，没有对“仅显示从文件载入”的选项打勾就保存了？把config.pro文件删除就行了File文件NEW新建OpenSet working Directory 设置工作目录Closewindow 关闭窗口Save保存Save acopy保存副本Backup备份Copyfrom复制自Integrate集成Rename重命名Erase→Current拭除→当前Notdisplayed 不显示Del ete→old versions删除→旧版本Allversions 所有版本Instance ope rations→Update index实例操作→更新索引Accelerator options 加速器选择Declare声明Print打印Send to→Mail recipient(as attachment) 发送至→作为附件发送给收件人Mail recipient(as link) 作为链接发给收件人Exit退出Edit编辑Regenerate再生Copy复制Mirror镜像Move移动Flipnormal反向法向Fill填充Intersect相交Merge合并Pattern阵列Warp投影Trim修剪Extend延伸Offset偏移Thicken加厚Solidify实体化Suppress隐含Resume恢复Delete删除Properties属性Setup设置Reference参照Definition定义Pattentable阵列Scalemodel缩放模型Featureoperations特征操作Select-preferences选取→优选项Deselectall 取消选取全部Fine查找Hyperlink超级链接View视图Repaint重画Shade着色Orientation-Standard orientation 方向→标准方向Previous上一个Refit重新调整Reorient重定向Viewmode 视图模式Viewtype 视图类型Visibility-hide可见性→隐藏Unhide取消隐藏Unhideall 全部取消隐藏ViewManager视图管理Color andappearance颜色和外观Modelsetup-light模型设置→光源Perspective透视图Roomeditor 房间编辑Rendercontrol 渲染控制AnalysisDisplay 分析显示Meshsurface 网格曲面Display setting-model display 显示设置→模型显示Datumdisplay 基准显示Performance性能Visibilities可见性Systemcolors 系统颜色Insert插入Hole孔Shell壳Rib筋Draft拔模Round倒圆角Chamfer- Edgechamfer 倒圆角→边倒角Cornerchamfer 拐角倒角Extrude拉伸Revolve旋转Sweep-Protrusion扫描→伸出项ThinProtrusion 薄板伸出项Cut切口Thincut薄板切口Surface曲面Surfacetrim 曲面修剪Thin surfacetrim 薄板曲面修剪Blend-Protrusion混合→伸出项ThinProtrusion 薄板伸出项Cut切口Thincut薄板切口Surface曲面Surfacetrim 曲面修剪Thin surfacetrim 薄板曲面修剪Swept blend- Protrusion 混合扫描→伸出项ThinProtrusion薄板伸出项Cut切口Thincut薄板切口Surface曲面Surfacetrim曲面修剪Thin surfacetrim 薄板曲面修剪Helical sweep- Protrusion 螺旋扫描→伸出项ThinProtrusion薄板伸出项Cut切口Thincut薄板切口Surface曲面Surfacetrim曲面修剪Thin surfacetrim 薄板曲面修剪Modeldatum-plane模型基准→平面Axis轴Point-point点→点Sketched草绘的Offset coordinatesystem 偏移坐标系Field域Coordinatesystem坐标系Default coordinatesystem 缺省坐标系SketchedCurve草绘曲线Curve曲线Analysis分析Evaluate估算Reference参照Graph图形Ribbon带Offsetplanes偏移平面Cosmetic-thread修饰→螺纹Sketch草绘Groove凹槽Ecadarea。
分子链间 分子链内 英文
分子链间分子链内英文Molecular Chain Interactions and Intramolecular Chain Dynamics.The study of polymers and macromolecules involves a deep understanding of the interactions and dynamics within and between molecular chains. These chains, composed of repeating units, exhibit unique behaviors that depend on the nature of the chemical bonds, the flexibility of the chain, and the presence of external factors such as temperature and pressure.Molecular Chain Interactions.Molecular chain interactions refer to the forces that exist between different polymer chains. These interactions are primarily of two types: covalent and non-covalent. Covalent interactions, such as cross-linking, are permanent and result in a chemical bond formation between chains. Non-covalent interactions, on the other hand, are weakerand include forces like Van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions.Van der Waals forces, which are the weakest type of intermolecular force, arise due to temporary dipole-dipole interactions or the attraction between induced dipoles. Hydrophobic interactions occur when water-hating (hydrophobic) parts of different chains seek to avoid contact with water by associating with each other. Electrostatic interactions result from the attraction or repulsion between oppositely charged regions of different chains.The strength of these interactions determines the physical properties of the polymer, such as its viscosity, elasticity, and tendency to form aggregates. For example, polymers with strong intermolecular interactions tend to be more viscous and less elastic, while those with weak interactions may exhibit the opposite behavior.Molecular Chain Dynamics.Molecular chain dynamics refer to the movements and conformational changes that occur within a single polymer chain. These dynamics are governed by the thermal energy of the system and the flexibility of the chain.At high temperatures, thermal energy promotes more frequent and larger-scale conformational changes within the chain, leading to increased chain mobility. Conversely, at low temperatures, the chain becomes more rigid, and conformational changes occur less frequently.The flexibility of the chain, determined by the length of the bonds, the angle between bonds, and the presence of any steric hindrance, also plays a crucial role. Chains with shorter bonds and wider angles between them are generally more flexible and exhibit greater conformational freedom.Interactions and Dynamics in Polymer Processing.In polymer processing, such as extrusion, molding, and spinning, the understanding of chain interactions anddynamics is crucial. During processing, external forces are applied to the polymer, causing changes in its conformation and structure. The interactions between chains affect how the polymer flows, its viscoelastic behavior, and its final mechanical properties.For example, in extrusion, the polymer is forced through a die under high pressure and temperature. The strength of the intermolecular interactions determines the ease with which the polymer can be extruded. Strong interactions lead to higher viscosity and require higher processing temperatures and pressures.Similarly, in molding, the polymer is heated and pressed into a mold cavity. The chain dynamics determine how the polymer fills the cavity, its ability to form intricate shapes, and its final surface finish.Conclusion.The interactions and dynamics within and between molecular chains play a pivotal role in determining thephysical and mechanical properties of polymers. A fundamental understanding of these phenomena is essential for effective polymer processing, optimization of product properties, and the development of novel polymer materials. As polymer science continues to evolve, so does our understanding of the intricate dance performed by these molecular chains.。
Autodesk Simulation Moldflow 塑料注射模具注射模拟软件说明书
Plastics made perfect.Autodesk®Simulation Moldflow®Plastic injection moldingsimulation of a concept consumer printer. Designed in Autodesk ® Inventor ® software. Simulated in Autodesk ® Simulation Moldflow ® software. Rendered in Autodesk ® 3ds Max ® software.11Autodesk ® Simulation Moldflow ® plastic injection molding software, part of the Autodesk Simulation solution for Digital Prototyping, provides tools that help manufacturers predict, optimize, and validate the design of plastic parts, injection molds, and e xtrusion dies. Companies worldwide use Autodesk ® Simulation Moldflow ® Adviser and Autodesk ® Simulation Moldflow ® Insight software to help reduce the need for costly physical proto-types, reduce potential manufacturing defects, and get innovative products to market faster.Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Product Line Autodesk is dedicated to providing a wide range of injection molding simulation tools to help CAE analysts, designers, engineers, mold makers, and molding professionals create more accurate digital prototypes and bring better products to market at less cost.Validation and Optimization of Plastic PartsInnovative plastic resins and functional plastic part designs are on the rise in almost every industry. Plastics and fiber-filled composites answer growing pressures to reduce costs and cut time to market. The need for simulation tools that provide deep insight into the plastic injection molding process hasnever been greater.2Hot Runner SystemsModel hot runner system components and set up sequential valve gates to help eliminate weld lines and control the packing phase.Plastic Flow SimulationSimulate the flow of melted plastic to help optimize plastic part and injection mold designs, reduce potential part defects, and improve the molding process.Part DefectsDetermine potential part defects such as weld lines, air traps, and sink marks, then rework designs to help avoid these problems.Thermoplastic FillingSimulate the filling phase of the thermoplasticinjection molding process to help predict the flow of melted plastic and fill mold cavities uniformly; avoid short shots; and eliminate, minimize, or reposition weld lines and air traps.Thermoplastic PackingOptimize packing profiles and visualize magnitude and distribution of volumetric shrinkage to help minimize plastic part warpage and reduce defectssuch as sink marks.Part Layout SimulationValidate and optimize plastic parts, injection molds, resinselection, and the injection molding process.Feed System SimulationModel and optimize hot and cold runner systems and gating configurations. Improve part surfaces, minimize part warpage, and reduce cycle times.Gate LocationIdentify up to 10 gate locations simultaneously. Minimize injection pressure and exclude specific areas when determining gate location.Runner Design WizardCreate feed systems based on inputs for layout, size, and type of components, such as sprues, runners, and gates.Balancing RunnersBalance runner systems of single-cavity, multicavity, and family mold layouts so parts fill simultaneously,reducing stress levels and volume of material.3Mold Cooling SimulationImprove cooling system efficiency, minimize part warpage, achieve smooth surfaces, and reduce cycle times.Cooling Component ModelingAnalyze a mold’s cooling system efficiency.Model cooling circuits, baffles, bubblers, and mold inserts and bases.Cooling System AnalysisOptimize mold and cooling circuit designs to help achieve uniform part cooling, minimize cycle times, reduce part warpage, and decrease manufacturing costs.WarpagePredict warpage resulting from process-induced stresses. Identify where warpage might occur and optimize part and mold design, materialchoice, and processing parameters to help control part deformation.Core Shift ControlMinimize the movement of mold cores by deter-mining ideal processing conditions for injection pressure, packing profile, and gate locations.Fiber Orientation and BreakageControl fiber orientation within plastics to help reduce part shrinkage and warpage across the molded part.CAE Data ExchangeValidate and optimize plastic part designs using tools to exchange data with mechanical simulation software. CAE data exchange is available with Autodesk ® Simulation, ANSYS ®, and Abaqus ®software to predict the real-life behavior of plasticparts by using as-manufactured material properties.Rapid Heat Cycle MoldingSet up variable mold surface temperature profiles to maintain warmer temperatures during filling to achieve smooth surfaces; reduce temperatures in the packing and cooling phases to help freeze parts and decrease cycle times.Shrinkage and Warpage SimulationEvaluate plastic part and injection mold designs to help control shrinkage and warpage.ShrinkageMeet part tolerances by predicting part shrinkage based on processing parameters and grade-specificmaterial data.4Thermoset Flow SimulationSimulate thermoset injection molding, RIM/SRIM, resin transfer molding, and rubber compound injection molding.Reactive Injection MoldingPredict how molds will fill with or without fiber-reinforced preforms. Help avoid short shots due to pregelation of resin, and identify air traps and problematic weld lines. Balance runner systems, select molding machine size, and evaluate thermoset materials.Microchip EncapsulationSimulate encapsulation of semiconductor chips with reactive resins and the interconnectivity of electrical chips. Predict bonding wire deformation within the cavity and shifting of the lead frame due to pressure imbalances.Underfill EncapsulationSimulate flip-chip encapsulation to predictmaterial flow in the cavity between the chip andthe substrate.Specialized Simulation ToolsSolve design challenges with simulation.Insert OvermoldingRun an insert overmolding simulation to helpdetermine the impact of mold inserts on melt flow, cooling rate, and part warpage.Two-Shot Sequential OvermoldingSimulate the two-shot sequential overmolding process: one part is filled; the tool opens and indexes to a new position; and a second part is molded over the first.BirefringencePredict optical performance of an injection-molded plastic part by evaluating refractive index changes that result from process-induced stresses. Evaluate multiple materials, processing conditions, and gate and runner designs to help control birefringence in the part.MuCell ®MuCell ® (from Trexel, Inc.) simulation results include filling pattern, injection pressure, and cell size. These are all critical factors in optimizing a given part for the process, as well as theprocess itself.Specialized Molding ProcessesSimulate a wide range of plastic injection molding processes and specialized process applications.Gas-Assisted Injection MoldingDetermine where to position polymer and gas entrances, how much plastic to inject prior to gas injection, and how to optimize size and placement of gas channels.Co-Injection MoldingVisualize the advancement of skin and core materials in the cavity and view the dynamic relationship between the two materials as filling progresses. Optimize material combinations while maximizing the product's cost-performance ratio.Injection-Compression MoldingSimulate simultaneous or sequential polymer injection and mold compression. Evaluate material candidates, part and mold design,and processing conditions.5CAD Interoperability and MeshingUse tools for native CAD model translation and optimization. Autodesk Simulation Moldflow provides geometry support for thin-walled parts and thick and solid applications. Select meshtype based on desired simulation accuracy and solution time.CAD Solid ModelsImport and mesh solid geometry from Parasolid ®-based CAD systems, Autodesk ® Inventor ® software, CATIA ® V%, Pro/ENGINEER ®, Creo ® Elements/Pro, Autodesk ® Alias ®, Siemens ® NX ®, Rhino ®, and SolidWorks ®, as well as ACIS®, IGES, and STEP universal files.Error Checking and RepairScan imported geometry and automatically fix defects that can occur when translating a model from CAD software.Centerline Import/ExportImport and export feed system and coolingchannel centerlines from and to CAD software, to help decrease modeling time and avoid runner and cooling channel modeling errors.Autodesk Simulation Moldflow CAD Doctor Check, correct, heal, and simplify solid models imported from 3D CAD systems to prepare for simulation.3D SimulationsPerform 3D simulations on complex geometry using a solid, tetrahedral, finite element mesh technique. This approach is ideal for electrical connectors, thick structural components, and geometries with thickness variations.Dual Domain TechnologySimulate solid models of thin-walled parts using Dual Domain™ technology. Work directly from 3D solid CAD models, leading to easier simulation of design iterations.Midplane MeshesGenerate 2D planar surface meshes with assignedthicknesses for thin-walled parts.6Results Interpretation and PresentationUse a wide range of tools for model visualization, results evaluation, and presentation.Results AdviserQuery regions of a model to identify primary causes of short shots and poor part or cooling quality. Get suggestions on how to correct the part, mold, or process.Photorealistic Defect VisualizationIntegration with Autodesk ® Showcase ® software enhances quality assessments of plastic parts by examining near-photorealistic renderings of digital prototypes.Automatic Reporting ToolsUse the Report Generation wizard to create web-based reports. Prepare and share simulation results more quickly and easily with customers, vendors, and team members.Microsoft Office Export CapabilityExport results and images for use in Microsoft ® Word reports and PowerPoint ® presentations.Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Communicator Collaborate with manufacturing personnel, procurement engineers, suppliers, and external customers using Autodesk ® Simulation Moldflow ® Communicator software. Use the Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Communicator resultsviewer to export results from Autodesk Simulation Moldflow software so stakeholders can more easily visualize, quantify, and compare simulation results.Material DataImprove simulation accuracy with precise material data.Material DatabaseUse the built-in material database of grade- specific information on more than 8,500 plastic materials characterized for use in plastic injection molding simulation.Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Plastics Labs Get plastic material testing services, expert data-fitting services, and extensive material databases with the Autodesk ® Simulation Moldflow ® Plastics Labs.Productivity ToolsUse advisers and extensive help to boost productivity.Cost AdviserLearn what drives part costs to help minimize those costs. Estimate product costs based on material choice, cycle time, post-molding operations, and fixed costs.Design AdviserQuickly identify areas of plastic parts that violate design guidelines related to the injection molding process.HelpGet help on a results plot, including information on what to look for and how to correct typical problems. Learn more about solver theory, interpreting simulation results, and designing better plastic parts and injection molds.Results Evaluation and Productivity ToolsVisualize and evaluate simulation results, and use automatic reporting tools to share the results with stakeholders. Take advantage of features such as a material database and advisersto further boost productivity.Automation and CustomizationAutomate common tasks and customize Autodesk Simulation Moldflow software for your organization.API ToolsApplication programming interface (API) tools enable you to automate common tasks, customize the user interface, work with third-party applications, and help implement corporatestandards and best practices.Feature ComparisonCompare the features of Autodesk Simulation Moldflow products to learn how Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Adviser and Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Insight software can help meet the needs of your organization.78。
冲压模具 英文论文
Computational published quarterly by the Association
Materials Science of Computational Materials Science
The optimal design of micro-punching
die by using abductive and SA methods
J.-Ch. Lin a, K.-S. Lee b, W.-S. Lin c,*
a Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, National Formosa University,
64 Wunhua Road, Huwei, Yunlin ,Taiwan
of the punch and die has been a common topic for scholars.
Design/methodology/approach: The input parameters (punching times, clearance) and output results (wear)
MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
92 (C) Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved. 2009
As a result, the mathematics model is difficult to converge and the neural network will inaccurately predict wear.
优化设计 英文专著
优化设计英文专著Optimization Design: A Comprehensive GuideIntroduction:Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Optimization Design- Definition and importance of optimization design- Basic principles and goals of optimization design- Various approaches and methodologies used in optimization designChapter 2: Mathematical Modeling Techniques for Optimization Design- Overview of mathematical modeling in optimization design- Commonly used mathematical models and algorithms- Optimization techniques for linear and nonlinear problems Chapter 3: Multi-objective Optimization Design- Introduction to multi-objective optimization design- Pareto optimality and Pareto frontiers- Multi-objective optimization algorithms and applications Chapter 4: Genetic Algorithms in Optimization Design- Basics of genetic algorithms and their relevance to optimization design- Chromosomes, genes, and fitness functions in genetic algorithms - Applications of genetic algorithms in optimization design Chapter 5: Particle Swarm Optimization in Optimization Design - Overview of particle swarm optimization techniques- Swarm intelligence and social behavior in particle swarmoptimization- Implementing particle swarm optimization in optimization design Chapter 6: Artificial Neural Networks in Optimization Design- Introduction to artificial neural networks and their role in optimization design- Structure, training, and application of artificial neural networks in optimization- Case studies and examples of artificial neural networks in optimization designChapter 7: Real-Life Applications of Optimization Design- Optimization design in engineering and manufacturing- Optimization design in transportation and logistics- Optimization design in finance and investmentChapter 8: Future Trends in Optimization Design- Emerging technologies and methodologies in optimization design - Challenges and opportunities for optimization design in the digital age- Potential applications and impact of optimization design in various fieldsConclusion:- Recap of key concepts and techniques covered in the book- Final thoughts on the significance of optimization design in improving efficiency and effectiveness in various domains Appendix:- Glossary of key terms and definitions- List of references for further reading- Index for easy navigation and reference。
模具英语词汇
模具英语词汇abrasive grinding 强力磨削abrasive 磨料的,研磨的absence 不在，缺席accesssory 附件accommodate 适应accordingly 因此,从而,相应地accuracy 精度,准确性actuate 开动(机器),驱动adequate 足够的adhesive 粘合剂adjacent 邻近的adopt 采用advance 进步advisable 可取的agitate 摇动a large extent 很大程度algorithm 算法align 定位，调准alignment 校直all-too-frequent 频繁allowance 容差,余量alternate 交替,轮流alternatively 做为选择,也许aluminiun 铝ample 充足的analysis 分析ancillary 补助的,副的angular 有角的annealing 退火aperture 孔applied loads 作用力appropriate 适当的arc 弧,弓形arise 出现,发生arrange 安排article 制品,产品ascertain 确定,查明assemble 组装attitude 态度auxiliary 辅助的avoid 避免axis 轴axle 轮轴,车轴alternative 替换物backup 备份batch 一批bearing 轴承,支座bed 床身behavior 性能bench-work 钳工工作bend 弯曲beneath 在•••下bin 仓，料架blank 坯料blank 冲裁,落料blanking 落料模blast 一阵（风）blemish 缺点,污点bolster 模座,垫板boring 镗削,镗孔bracket 支架brass 黄铜break down 破坏breakage 破坏brine 盐水brittle 易碎的buffer 缓冲器built-in 内装的bulging 凸肚burr 毛刺bush 衬套by far •••得多,最by means of 借助于boost 推进cabinet 橱柜call upon 要求carbide 碳化物carburzing 渗碳carriage 拖板,大拖板carry along 一起带走carry down over 从•••上取下carry out 完成case hardening 表面硬化case 壳,套cast steel 铸钢casting 铸造,铸件category 种类caution 警告，警示cavity and core plates 凹模和凸模板cavity 型腔,腔,洞centre-drilling 中心孔ceramic 陶瓷制品chain doted line 点划线channel 通道,信道characteristic 特性check 核算chip 切屑,铁屑chuck 卡盘chute 斜道circa 大约circlip (开口)簧环circuit 回路,环路circulate (使)循环clamp 夹紧clamp 压板clay 泥土clearance 间隙clip 切断，夹住cold hobbing 冷挤压cold slug well 冷料井collapse 崩塌,瓦解collapsible 可分解的combination 组合commence 开始,着手commence 开始commercial 商业的competitive 竞争的complementary 互补的complexity 复杂性complication 复杂化compression 压缩comprise 包含compromise 妥协,折衷concern with 关于concise 简明的,简练的confront 使面临connector 连接口,接头consequent 随之发生的,必然的console 控制台consume 消耗,占用consummate 使完善container 容器contingent 可能发生的CPU (central processing unit) 中央处理器conventional 常规的converge 集中于一点conversant 熟悉的conversion 换算,转换conveyer 运送装置coolant 冷却液coordinate (使)协调copy machine 仿形(加工)机床core 型芯,核心corresponding 相应的counteract 反作用,抵抗couple with 伴随contour 轮廓crack （使）破裂，裂纹critical 临界的cross-hatching 剖面线cross-section drawn 剖面图cross-slide 横向滑板CRT (cathoder-ray tube) 阴极射线管crush 压碎cryogenic 低温学的crystal 结晶状的cubic 立方的,立方体的cup (使)成杯状,引伸curable 可矫正的curvature 弧线curve 使弯曲cutter bit 刀头,刀片cyanide 氰化物complicated 复杂的dash 破折号daylight 板距decline 下落,下降,减少deform (使)变形demonstrate 证明depict 描述deposite 放置depression 凹穴descend 下降desirable 合适的detail 细节，详情deterioration 退化,恶化determine 决定diagrammmatic 图解的，图表的dictate 支配die 模具,冲模,凹模dielectric 电介质die-set 模架digital 数字式数字dimensional 尺寸的,空间的discharge 放电,卸下,排出discharge 卸下discrete 离散的,分立的dislodge 拉出,取出dissolution 结束distinct 不同的，显著的distort 扭曲distort (使)变形,扭曲distributed system 分布式系统dowel 销子dramaticlly 显著地drastic 激烈的draughting 绘图draughtsman 起草人drawing 制图drill press 钻床drum 鼓轮dual 双的，双重的ductility 延展性dynamic 动力的edge 边缘e.g.(exempli gratia) [拉]例如ejector 排出器ejector plate 顶出板ejector rob 顶杆elasticity 弹性electric dicharge machining 电火花加工electrode 电极electro-deposition 电铸elementary 基本的eliminate 消除,除去elongate (使)伸长,延长emerge 形成,显现emphasise 强调endeavour 尽力engagement 约束,接合enhance 提高,增强ensure 确保，保证erase 抹去,擦掉evaluation 评价,估价eventually 终于evolution 进展excecution 执行,完成execute 执行electrochemical machining 电化学加工exerte 施加experience 经验explosive 爆炸(性)的extend 伸展external 外部的extract 拔出extreme 极端extremely 非常地extremity 极端extrusion 挤压,挤出envisage 设想Fahrenheit 华氏温度fabricate 制作,制造flat-panel technology 平面(显示)技术facility 设备facing 端面车削fall within 属于,适合于fan 风扇far from 毫不,一点不,远非fatigue 疲劳feasible 可行的feature 特色,特征feed 进给feedback 反馈female 阴的,凹形的ferrule 套管file system 文件系统fitter 装配工,钳工fix 使固定,安装fixed half and moving half 定模和动模facilitate 帮助flexibility 适应性,柔性flexible 柔韧的flow mark 流动斑点follow-on tool 连续模foregoing 在前的,前面的foretell 预测,预示,预言forge 锻造forming 成型four screen quadrants 四屏幕象限fracture 破裂free from 免于gap 裂口,间隙gearbox 齿轮箱govern 统治,支配,管理grain 纹理graphic 图解的grasp 抓住grid 格子,网格grind 磨,磨削,研磨grinding 磨光,磨削grinding machine 磨床gripper 抓爪,夹具groove 凹槽guide bush 导套guide pillar 导柱guide pillars and bushes 导柱和导套handset 电话听筒hardness 硬度hardware 硬件headstock 床头箱,主轴箱hexagonal 六角形的,六角的hindrance 障碍,障碍物hob 滚刀,冲头hollow-ware 空心件horizontal 水平的hose 软管,水管hyperbolic 双曲线的i.e. (id est) [拉]也就是identical 同样的identify 确定,识别idle 空闲的immediately 正好,恰好impact 冲击impart 给予implement 实现impossibility 不可能impression 型腔in contact with 接触in terms of 依据inasmuch (as) co因为,由于inch-to-metric conversions 英公制转换inclinable 可倾斜的inclusion 内含物inconspicuous 不显眼的incorporate 合并,混合indentation 压痕indenter 压头independently 独自地,独立地inevitably 不可避免地inexpensive 便宜的inherently 固有的injection mould 注塑模injection 注射in-line-of-draw 直接脱模insert 嵌件inserted die 嵌入式凹模inspection 检查,监督installation 安装integration 集成intelligent 智能的intentinonally 加强地，集中地interface 界面internal 内部的interpolation 插值法investment casting 熔模铸造irregular 不规则的，无规律irrespective of 不论,不管irrespective 不顾的,不考虑的issue 发布，发出joint line 结合线kerosene 煤油keyboard 健盘knock 敲，敲打lance 切缝lathe 车床latitude 自由lay out 布置limitation 限度,限制,局限(性) local intelligence 局部智能locate 定位logic 逻辑longitudinal 纵向的longitudinally 纵向的look upon 视作,看待lubrication 润滑machine shop 车间machine table 工作台machining 加工made-to-measure 定做maintenance 维护,维修majority 多数make use of 利用male 阳的,凸形的malfunction 故障mandrel 心轴manifestation 表现,显示massiveness 厚实，大块measure 大小,度量microcomputer 微型计算机microns 微米microprocessor 微处理器mild steel 低碳钢milling machine 铣床mineral 矿物,矿产minimise 把减到最少,最小化minute 微小的mirror image 镜像mirror 镜子moderate 适度的modification 修改,修正modulus 系数mold 模,铸模mold 制模,造型monitor 监控monograph 专著more often than not 常常motivation 动机mould split line 模具分型线moulding 注塑件move away from 抛弃multi-imprssion mould 多型腔模narrow 狭窄的NC (numerical control) 数控nevertheless 然而,不过nonferrous 不含铁的,非铁的normally 通常地novice 新手,初学者nozzle 喷嘴,注口numerical 数字的objectionable 有异议的，讨厌的observe 观察obviously 明显地off-line 脱机的on-line 联机operational 操作的,运作的opportunity 时机,机会opposing 对立的,对面的opposite 反面optimization 最优化orient 确定方向orthodox 正统的，正规的overall 全面的,全部的overbend 过度弯曲overcome 克服,战胜overlaping 重叠overriding 主要的,占优势的opposite 对立的,对面的pack 包装package 包装pallet 货盘panel 面板paraffin 石蜡parallel 平行的penetration 穿透peripheral 外围的periphery 外围permit 许可,允许pessure casting 压力铸造pillar 柱子,导柱pin 销,栓,钉pin-point gate 针点式浇口piston 活塞plan view 主视图plasma 等离子plastic 塑料platen 压板plotter 绘图机plunge 翻孔plunge 投入plunger 柱塞pocket-size 袖珍portray 描绘pot 壶pour 灌,注practicable 行得通的preferable 更好的,更可取的preliminary 初步的，预备的press setter 装模工press 压,压床,冲床,压力机prevent 妨碍primarily 主要地procedure 步骤,方法,程序productivity 生产力profile 轮廓progressively 渐进地project 项目project 凸出projection 突出部分proper 本身的property 特性prototype 原形proximity 接近prudent 谨慎的punch 冲孔punch shapper tool 刨模机punch-cum-blanking die 凹凸模punched tape 穿孔带purchase 买，购买push back pin 回程杆pyrometer 高温计quality 质量quandrant 象限quantity 量，数量quench 淬火radial 放射状的ram 撞锤rapid 迅速的rapidly 迅速地raster 光栅raw 未加工的raw material 原材料ream 铰大reaming 扩孔,铰孔recall 记起,想起recede 收回,后退recess 凹槽,凹座,凹进处redundancy 过多re-entrant 凹入的refer 指,涉及,谈及reference 参照,参考refresh display 刷新显示register ring 定位环register 记录,显示,记数regrind 再磨研relative 相当的,比较的relay 继电器release 释放relegate 把降低到reliability 可靠性relief valves 安全阀relief 解除relieve 减轻,解除remainder 剩余物,其余部分removal 取出remove 切除,切削reposition 重新安排represent 代表,象征reputable 有名的,受尊敬的reservoir 容器,储存器resident 驻存的resist 抵抗resistance 阻力,抵抗resolution 分辨率respective 分别的,各自的respond 响应,作出反应responsibility 责任restrain 抑制restrict 限制，限定restriction 限制retain 保持,保留retaining plate 顶出固定板reveal 显示，展现reversal 反向right-angled 成直角的rigidity 钢度rod 杆,棒rotate (使)旋转rough machining 粗加工rough 粗略的routine 程序rubber 橡胶runner and gate systems 流道和浇口系统sand casting 砂型铸造satisfactorily 满意地saw 锯子scale 硬壳score 刻划scrap 废料,边角料,切屑screwcutting 切螺纹seal 密封section cutting plane 剖切面secure 固定secure 紧固,夹紧,固定segment 分割sensitive 敏感的sequence 次序sequential 相继的seriously 严重地servomechanism 伺服机构servomotor 伺服马达setter 安装者set-up 机构sever 切断severity 严重shaded 阴影的shank 柄shear 剪,切shot 注射shrink 收缩side sectional view 侧视图signal 信号similarity 类似simplicity 简单single-point cutting tool 单刃刀具situate 使位于,使处于slide 滑动,滑落slideway 导轨slot 槽slug 嵌条soak 浸,泡,均热software 软件solid 立体,固体solidify (使)凝固solidify (使)固化solution 溶液sophisiticated 尖端的,完善的sound 结实的,坚固的spark erosion 火花蚀刻spindle 主轴spline 花键split 侧向分型,分型spool 线轴springback 反弹spring-loaded 装弹簧的sprue bush 主流道衬套sprue puller 浇道拉杆square 使成方形Servomechanism Laboratoies 伺服机构实验室stage 阶段standardisation 标准化startling 令人吃惊的steadily 稳定地step-by-step 逐步stickiness 粘性stiffness 刚度stock 毛坯,坯料storage tube display 储存管显示storage 储存器straightforward 直接的strain 应变strength 强度stress 压力,应力stress-strain 应力--应变stretch 伸展strike 冲击stringent 严厉的stripper 推板stroke 冲程,行程structrural build-up 结构上形成的sub-base 垫板subject 使受到submerge 淹没subsequent 后来的subsequently 后来,随后substantial 实质的substitute 代替,替换subtract 减,减去suitable 合适的,适当的suitably 合适地sunk 下沉,下陷superior 上好的susceptible 易受影响的sweep away 扫过symmetrical 对称的synchronize 同步,同时发生tactile 触觉的,有触觉的tailstock 尾架tapered 锥形的tapping 攻丝technique 技术tempering 回火tendency 趋向,倾向tensile 拉力的,可拉伸的tension 拉紧,张紧terminal 终端机terminology 术语,用辞theoretically 理论地thereby 因此,从而thermoplastic 热塑性的thermoplastic 热塑性塑料thermoset 热固性thoroughly 十分地,彻底地thread pitch 螺距thread 螺纹thrown up 推上tilt 倾斜,翘起tolerance 公差two-plate mould 双板式注射模tong 火钳tonnage 吨位,总吨数tool point 刀锋tool room 工具车间toolholder 刀夹,工具柄toolmaker 模具制造者toolpost grinder 工具磨床toolpost 刀架torsional 扭转的toughness 韧性trace 追踪transverse 横向的tray 盘，盘子，蝶treatment 处理tremendous 惊人的,巨大的trend 趋势trigger stop 始用挡料销tungsten 钨turning 车削twist 扭曲，扭转tracer-controlled milling machine 仿形铣床ultimately 终于undercut moulding 侧向分型模undercut 侧向分型undercut 底切underfeed 底部进料的undergo 经受underside 下面,下侧undue 不适当的,过度的uniform 统一的,一致的utilize 利用Utopian 乌托邦的,理想化的valve 阀vaporize 汽化vaporize (使)蒸发variation 变化various 不同的,各种的vector feedrate computation 向量进刀速率计算vee 字形velocity 速度versatile 多才多艺的,万用的vertical 垂直的via prep经,通过vicinity 附近viewpoint 观点wander 偏离方向warp 翘曲washer 垫圈wear 磨损well line 结合线whereupon 于是winding 绕,卷with respect to 相对于withstand 经受,经得起work 工件workstage 工序wrinkle 皱纹使皱yield 生产zoom 图象电子放大。
丹麦科技大学书籍imm Unconstrained Optimization 3 Edition March 2004
IMM
A BSTRACT
UNCONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION
3. Edition, March 2004 Poul Erik Frandsen, Kristian Jonasson Hans Bruun Nielsen, Ole Tingleff
This lecture note is intended for use in the course 02611 Optimization and Data Fitting at the Technical University of Denmark. It covers about 15% of the curriculum. Hopefully, the note may be useful also to interested persons not participating in that course. The aim of the note is to give an introduction to algorithms for unconstrained optimization. We present Conjugate Gradient, Damped Newton and Quasi Newton methods together with the relevant theoretical background. The reader is assumed to be familiar with algorithms for solving linear and nonlinear system of equations, at a level corresponding to an introductory course in numerical analysis. The algorithms presented in the note appear in any good program library, and implementations can be found via GAMS (Guide to Available Mathematical Software) at the Internet address The examples in the note were computed in M ATLAB. The programs are available in a toolbox immoptibox, which can be downloaded from http://www.imm.dtu.dk/∼hbn/immoptibox.html
连铸板坯宽面边部纵向凹陷的预防_鲁永剑
１．３ 结晶器足辊 段 侧 面 冷 却 或 支 撑 不 足 造 成 边 部 凹陷
在连 铸 坯 出 结 晶 器 以 后，如 果 结 晶 器 侧 面 足 辊 段冷却强度不足或 者 侧 面 导 辊 支 撑 不 足，同 样 会 造 成板坯侧 面 鼓 肚 进 而 形 成 铸 坯 边 部 凹 陷 。 ［１２］ 在 宽
种常见的铸坯 缺 陷，对 此 前 人 做 了 大 量 的 研 究 。 ［３－５］ 而本文所讲的连铸板坯宽面边部纵向凹陷在一般的 普碳钢上也时有发 生，是 不 同 于 横 向 凹 坑 的 一 种 缺 陷。该缺陷出现的位置 距 铸 坯 角 部 ２０～３０ ｍｍ，且 经 常 伴 有 其 他 缺 陷 ，如 夹 渣 、纵 裂 纹 、窄 面 鼓 肚 等 ，图 １［６］是 板 坯 边 部 纵 向 凹 陷 形 貌 示 意 图 。
１ 连铸板坯宽面边部凹陷的产生原因 分析
在以前不锈钢（如 ＳＵＳ３０４、ＳＵＳ３２１等不锈 钢） 生产中，铸坯表面凹 陷，尤 其 横 向 凹 陷 （凹 坑），是 一
图 １ 板 坯 边 部 纵 向 凹 陷 及 伴 生 铸 坯 缺 陷 示 意 图 Ｆｉｇ．１ Ｓｃｈｅｍａｔｉｃ ｄｉａｇｒａｍ ｏｆ ｄｅｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｓ ａｎｄ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ ｓｕｂｓｕｒｆａｃｅ ｃｒａｃｋｓ
第６期
鲁 永 剑 等 ：连 铸 板 坯 宽 面 边 部 纵 向 凹 陷 的 预 防
· ３５ ·
长缓慢［１１］，另一个方面由于结 晶 器 水 口 注 流 对 侧 面 冲击过强，其上回流 会 使 保 护 渣 液 渣 层 向 着 结 晶 器 水口靠拢，即上回流 钢 液 将 液 态 保 护 渣 向 水 口 方 向 “赶 ”，使 得 靠 近 铸 坯 窄 面 处 液 渣 层 薄 ，越 靠 近 水 口 液 渣 层 越 厚 ，如 图 ５ 所 示 ，因 此 结 晶 器 窄 面 以 及 宽 面 边 部的液渣流入量将会明显降低。随着坯壳的凝固收 缩 ，在 液 渣 流 入 少 的 位 置 将 出 现 较 大 的 气 隙 ，进 一 步 引 起 传 热 量 的 减 少 ，加 之 钢 液 注 流 分 配 较 多 的ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ热 量 ， 他们共同作用导致连铸板坯窄面和及宽面边部坯壳 变薄，铸坯进一步凝 固 后 收 缩 又 得 不 到 内 部 钢 水 补 充，从而向内产 生 凹 陷。 同 时 因 结 晶 器 液 面 角 部 翻 卷 严 重 ，保 护 渣 被 卷 入 初 生 坯 壳 ，出 结 晶 器 后 被 冷 却 水冲掉后形成渣坑，导 致 凹 陷 常 还 伴 随 有 渣 坑 的 出 现。这种情况下造成的板坯宽面边部凹陷如图６所 示。
机械工程专业英语单词
Lesson 1 Basic Concepts in M e c h a n i c s机械学的基本概念mechanics n.力学modify v.修改,调解,变更manageable a.可控制管理的incline v.使倾斜ramp n.斜板,斜坡道slope v.使倾斜friction n.摩擦roll v.滚动multiplier n.放大器,乘法器broom n.扫帚convert v.转变化handle n.手柄把sweep v.扫荡描,掠过efficiency n.效率gauge vt.测计量,校验bearing n.轴承ideal mechanical advantage 理想的机械效益neglect vt.忽略Lesson 2 Basic Assumption in Plasticity Theory 塑性理论的基本假设assumption n.假定plasticity n.塑性investigate v.调查,研究deformation n.变形metal forming process 金属成型工艺过程strain rate n.应变速率strength n.强度stress n.应力yield stress 屈服应力flow stress 流动应力tensile stress 拉伸应力compressive stress 压缩应力shear stress 剪切应力geometry n.几何形状elastic a.弹性的springback n.回弹bending n.弯曲,折弯precision forming 精密成型tolerance n.公差continuum n.连续体metallurgical a.冶金学的grain n.晶粒dislocation n.位错uni-,tri-,multi-axial a.单,三,多轴向的anisotropy n.各向异性cylindrical a.圆柱体的cross-section n.横截面platen n.工作台板,模板coincide with 一致,相符validity n.正确有效,合法with ease 轻而易举的,很容易的Lesson 3 Optimization for Finite Element Applications有限元优化的应用optimization n.优化,优选法finite element 有限元iterative a.反复的,迭代的alternative .交替的,可供选择的manual a.手动的,人工的trial-and-error 试凑法bias vt,n.使偏向重、差a desktop platform 计算机桌面平台constraint v,n.强制,约束response n.反响应,灵敏度parameter n.参数parametric a.参数的preprocess vt.预先加工,预处理mesh n,v.网格,啮合capability n.能力,性能,容量loop n.环,回路,循环pose v.提出model n.模型,样品displacement n.位移,排量,替换buckling n.弯翘曲,挠度factor n.因素gradient n.坡梯度,斜率flur n.电,磁,热,光通量,流量multidisciplinary a.多学科的deflection n.偏移转,离,挠曲Lesson 4 Metals 金属toughness n.韧性corrosion n.腐蚀dump v.倾倒,堆放recyle v.反复循环利用copper n.铜aluminum n.铝bronze n.青铜器alloy n.合金wear v.磨损metallic a.含金属制的specification n.操作规程,技术要求,说明书extract vt.提炼,萃取iron n.铁carbon n.碳ferrous a.含铁的ferrous metals 黑色金属lead n.铅zinc n.锌tin n.锡ore n.矿石mineral n,a.矿物的impurity n.杂质,不纯Lesson 5 Metallic and Nonmetallic Materials金属和非金属材料magnesium n.镁nickel n.镍brass n.黄铜luster n.光泽ductility n.延展性,可锻性it is likely that 很可能it is certain to inf.必然,一定density n.密度be distinguished from 与…区分coefficient n.系数in connection with 关于,与…相关结合category n.种类hardness n.硬度elasticity n.弹性beam n.横梁,一束光penetration n.贯穿,渗透abrasion n.磨损耗roll n,v.轧辊,滚,轧mill n.轧钢机,铣床spring n.弹簧permanent a.永久的rupture n.破开裂stamp n.冲压hammer n.锻锤Lesson 6 Plastics and Other Materials塑料和其他材料inorganic acid 无机酸sulphuric acid 硫酸hydrochloric acid 盐酸solvent n.溶剂carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳rigid a,n.坚硬的,刚性的,刚度mouldmold n.模子,塑模,铸模decoration n.装饰fabricate vt.制造备,生产injection molding 注射模塑法blow molding 吹塑法compression molding 压塑法,模压法extrusion n.挤压vacuum forming 真空模塑法powder metallurgy 粉末冶金constituent n,a.组成的,部分,组元simultaneously adv.同时subsequently adv.随后coherent a.互相凝聚的,协调一致的fusion n.熔化,熔接crystalline n,a.结晶的,晶体的restriction n.限制定,节流blend n,v.混合物,融合press n,v.压力机,压制homogeneous a.均匀的sinter n,vt.烧结物Lesson 7 Die Life and Die Failure 模具的寿命和失效die n.模具,锻冲模,凹模die life 模具寿命die failure 模具损坏deterioration n.变坏,退化,损耗surface finish 表面光洁度breakdown n.破坏,击穿lubrication n.润滑cracking n.裂纹breakage n.断裂mode n.方式,状态,模式thermal fatigue 热疲劳layer n.层abrasive n,a.研磨料的,磨损的impression n.模膛,型腔槽heat checking 热裂纹,龟裂steep n,a.陡坡的,急剧的reversal n.颠倒,相反overload n,v.使过超载initiation n.开初始,发产生discrete a.不连续的,单个的variable n.变量cavity n.模膛,型槽stock n.坯料,原材料impact n,v.冲击,碰撞Lesson 8 Cold Working and Hot Working冷加工和热加工coldhot working 冷热加工forging n.锻造,锻件classification n.分类recrystallization n.再结晶take place 发生strain deformation hardening 应变变形硬化be referred to as 叫做,称为,被认为是warm working 温加工,温锻ultimate a,n.最终的,首要的,极限stress relieving 消除应力处理austenitic a.奥氏体的stainless steel 不锈钢annealing n.退火grain size 晶粒度solid solution 固溶体refinement n.精炼制,细化hazard n.危险,未知数,意外事件inherent a.固有的,先天的,本质的sensitive a.灵敏的,敏感的abnormal a.非正常的critical strain 临界应变Lesson 9 Casting 铸造casting n.铸造件die-casting n.模铸件foundry n.铸造车间pour v.浇注suitability n.适应性pig iron 生铁cupola n.冲天炉,化铁炉erosion n.腐蚀,侵、烧蚀ladle n.铁水包graphite n.石墨solidify v.使凝固disjoin v.拆散,分开ingot n.钢锭destructive a.破坏性的,有害的retard vt,n.使延缓,推迟solvent n,a.溶剂的copper-base alloy 铜基合金Lesson 10 Metal Forming Processes in Manufacturing 制造中的金属成形工艺machine-building 机械制造plastic working 塑性加工billet n 坯料,锻坯blank n.坯料,冲压板坯configuration n.外形,配置,排布stroke n.行程,冲程amortize v.阻尼,缓冲,分期偿还reliability n. 可靠性,安全性drawing n.锻坯拔长,线,管材拉拔deep drawing 深冲压brake forming 压折弯机成型stretch forming 张拉成型military n,a.军队事,人的consumer goods 消费品integrity n.完整性,完全善jet engine 喷气发动机turbine n.涡汽轮机,透平机regarding 考虑到,关于Lesson 11 Forging锻造armor n.铠甲immortalize vt.使不朽灭blacksmith n.锻工mechanical press 机械压力机hydranlic press 液压机anvil n.锤砧,砧座craftsman n.技工handling n.处理,装卸,搬运flexibility n.柔韧性,灵活性drawn out 拔长upset n.镦粗,顶锻closed impression die 闭式模锻rapid-impact blow 快速冲击,猛打vertical a.立式的ram n.锤头,滑块,活动横梁block n.模块draft n.模锻斜度symmetrical a.轴对称的sizing n.整形,校正,定径drop forging 落锻,锤模锻impression die forging 模锻final forging 终锻overheat n.过热furnace n.熔,高炉pyrometer n.高温计Lesson 12 Benefits and Principles of Forging锻造的优点和工作原理metalworking n.金属压力加工knead v.揉搓制refine v.精炼制,细化porosity n.多孔性,疏松orient v.使定取向flow line 流线stress field 应力场manual skill 手工技巧at one’s command 自由使用,支配soundness n.致密性,坚固性,无缺陷attainable a.可达得到的open die forging 自由锻gross n.总共,重大confine vt. 限制,约束convert v.转变换,更换broken up 破断裂,分散microshrinkage n.显微缩孔elimination n.消除,淘汰align v.调整,对中,校直Lesson 13 Welding焊接welding v,n.焊接,熔焊pressurewelding 压力焊spotwelding 点焊buttwelding 对头缝焊fusionwelding 熔焊,熔接fiux-shielded arc welding 熔剂保护电弧焊diversity n.不同多样性fastening v,n.连接件,紧固件shielding n.遮护,屏蔽soldering v,n.软钎焊,低温焊料bismuth n.铋cadmium n.镉rivet n,v.铆钉,铆接braze n,vt.硬钎焊,铜焊oxidation n.氧化flux n.焊接,助溶剂squeeze v.挤压oxy-acetylene n,a.氧乙炔的torch n.焊炬electrode n.电焊极,焊条filler n.填充剂overlap v.搭接,重叠strike v.攻打击,放电Lesson 14 Heat Treatment热处理heat treatment 热处理microstructure n.显微组织low-carbon steel 低碳钢prescribe v.规定,指示microscopic a.显微的,微观的spheroidizing n.球化处理normalizing n.正火,正常化annealing n.退火hardening n.淬火tempering n.回火soaking=holding n.均热,保温retarding media 延缓介质prolonged a.长时间的,持续很久的critical temperature 临界温度globular a.球形状的carbide n.碳化物,硬质合金quenching n.淬火,骤冷removal n.除去,放出Lesson 15 Introduction to Mechanism机构介绍mechanism n.机械,机构,机构学kinematic a.=kinematical 运动的,运动学的kinematic chain 运动链link n.构件,杆件. v.连接结definite a.确定的constrained a.约束的,限定的unconstrained a.无约束的linkage n.连杆组,机构joint n.结接台,铰链. a.连接的,联合的pin n.销钉,铰销revolution v.旋转,转动. n.回转体prismatic a.棱柱形的nonlinear a.非线性的four-bar linkage 四杆机构kinematic chain 运动链prime mover 原动者机,驱动件coupler n.连接件,连杆pivot n.枢轴,轴销,回转副,旋转中心configuration n.外形,构造,结构inversion n.转换,更换slider-crank mechanism 曲柄滑块机构multiloop n.多环链,a.多回路的sketch n.草简,示意图,v.画草图,草拟skeleton diagram 草图,示意图,简图envision v.想象binary a.二双,复的,二元的ternary a.三元的ternary links 三杆组quaternary a.四元的quaternary links 四杆组cam 凸轮cam follower n.凸轮从动件gear n.齿轮sprocket n.链轮belt n.皮,布,钢带pulley n.带轮spherical a.球的,球面的helical a.螺旋的three-dimensional 三维的,空间的intuitively adv.直觉观地synthesis n.合成法,综合kinematician n.运动学研究者家innate a.先天的,固有的Lesson 16 Movement Analysis 运动分析criterion n.判断标准,判据,准则branch n,v.分部,支transmission angle 传动角rock n.摆动, v.摇动oscillate v.摆动,摇动parallelogram n.平行四边形antiparallelogram n.反平行四边形frame n.机架,构架impart v.给予,分给to impart M to N 把M给Ntorque n.力矩,扭矩dynamic a.=dynamical 动力的,动力学的inertia n.惯性物,惯量static a.=statical 静力学的,静的index n.指数,指标friction n.摩擦thumb n.拇指,v.用拇指翻rule of thumb 根据经验和实际所得的做法matrix n.矩阵determinant n.行列式derivative n.导数derivative of M with respect to N M对于N的导数movability n.可动性,易动性parameter n.参数discount v.打折扣,忽视absolute a.绝对的graphical a.图形的,图解的polygon n.多边形theorem n.定理stress n.应力bearing n.轴承centripetal a.向心的Lesson 17 Kinematic Synthesis运动的综合packaging machinery 包装机械lubrication n.润滑specification n.技术要求actuation n.驱动jerk n.震动,冲击axis n.轴线,心,中心线contour n.外形,轮廓线eccentricity n.偏心度,率gear ration 齿轮速,齿数比topologically adv.拓扑学地customary a.通常的,习惯的correlate v.使相关,使发生关系analog n.=analogue 类似物,模拟linear analog 线性模拟second acceleration 二阶加速度higher acceleration 高阶加速度paraphrase v.释义,意译describe v.叙述,描述,作…运动category n.种类,类别deliberation n.慎重考虑province n.省,领域preconceive v.预想,事先想好analog computer 模拟计算机trace v.追踪,描画timing n.定时,计时,配时pitch v.投掷trajectory n.轨迹embed v.嵌入,夹在层间orientation n.定方位,取方向scoop n.勺子,铲斗, v.挖,掘,铲Lesson 18 Cams and Gears凸轮和齿轮cam n.凸轮gear n.齿轮curve n.曲线 a.弯曲的groove n.槽,沟mate v.配合,啮合cylindrical a.圆柱的two-dimensional or planer 两维的或平面的three-dimensional or spatial 三维的或空间的normal n.法线 a.垂直的complement n,a.余角,余的collinear a.共线的lateral a.横向的,侧向的stem n.杆guide n.导向件器,装置,导槽座intermittent a.间断的,不连续的dwell n,v.停止,小停顿inertial a.惯性的,惯量的engage v.啮合rack n.齿条noncircular a.非圆的conjugate a.共轭的,n.共轭值线cycloidal a.摆线的involved a.渐开线的, n.渐开线tolerance n.间隙,公差spur gear 直齿圆柱轮radial a.径向的,沿半径的offset n,vt.偏移,偏心 a.偏心的disk cam 盘形凸轮tangent n.切线 a.相切的,切线的concentric a.同圆的,同心的camshaft n.凸轮轴pitch curve 节线herringbone a.人字形的intersect v.横穿,相交parallel helical gear斜齿轮,平行轴螺旋齿轮crossed helical gear 交错轴螺旋齿轮face gear 端面齿轮spiral bevel gear 螺旋齿圆锥齿轮worm n.蜗杆skew bevel 斜齿圆锥齿轮hypoid gear 准双曲面直角交错轴双曲面齿轮addendum n.齿顶,齿顶高project v.伸出,突出clearance n.间隙dedendum pl. dedendan.齿根,齿根高tooth space 齿间距backlash n.间隙,齿隙Lesson 19 Screws, fasteners and joints螺纹件、紧固件和联接件screw n.螺钉,螺丝, v.旋紧,攻丝fastener n.紧固件joint n.连联接,接合bolt n.螺栓nut n.螺母cap screw 有头螺钉setscrew n.定位固定,调整螺钉rivet n.铆钉, v.用铆钉铆接key n.键weld n,v.焊接,熔焊braze n,v.钎焊,铜焊clip n.夹子, v.夹住,夹紧synonymous a.同意义的monotonous a.单调的taint n.污点,污染 v.弄脏tough a.坚韧的ductile a.可延伸的,有延展性的,韧性的tighten v.上紧,拉紧twist v.扭转jumbo n.大型喷气式客机titanium n.钛close-tolerance 高精密度的tooling n.工具,刀具 v.用刀具切削加工proliferate v.增殖,增殖assembly n.安装,装配,组件tap n.丝锥, v.攻螺丝stud n.双头螺栓resemble v.类似,像thread n.螺纹线,v.车螺纹drill n,v.钻孔hexagon head 六角头fillister n.凹槽flat head 平头hexagon socket head 六角沉头disassemble v.拆开tensile a.拉张力的,受拉的shear n.剪切力 v.剪切断harden v.使硬化washer n.垫圈preload n.预载荷fatigue n.疲劳micrometer n.千分尺,千分表elongation n.拉伸长modulus n.模数,模量wrench n.扳手dial n.刻度盘fractional a.分数的,小数的Lesson 21 Helical, Worm and Bevel Gears斜齿轮、蜗杆蜗轮和锥齿轮helical gear 斜齿轮worm n.蜗杆,螺杆bevel gear 圆锥齿轮helix n,a.pl. helices 或 helixes 螺旋线,螺旋线的right hand 右手,右旋的helicoid .螺旋面,体,螺旋状,纹的wrap v.缠绕unwind v.解开,展开generate v.产生,展成加工engagement n.啮合,接触diagonal n,a.对角线的objectionable a.该反对的,不能采用的spiral n,a. 螺旋线的,卷线的spiral gear 螺旋齿轮mesh n.啮合worm gear 蜗轮pinion n.小齿轮pitch cylinder 节圆柱concave a.中凹的curvature a.曲率screw-like 像螺丝杆的thread n.线状物,螺纹线envelop v.包围,封闭enclose v.包围lead angle 导角cast v.铸造mill v.铣削outboard a,ad.外侧的,向外pronounced a.明确的,显着的stress n.应力tapered a.锥形的positively ad.确定地,强制传动地Pitch-line velocity 节线速度automobile differential 汽车差速器gearing n.齿轮传动装置offset n.偏置,横距hypoid a.准双曲面的hyperboloid n.双曲面,双曲面体Lesson 22 Shafts, Clutches and Brakes轴、离合器和制动器shaft n.轴clutch n.离合器brake n.制动器pulley n.皮,胶带轮flywheel n.飞轮sprocket n.链轮,星轮bending moment 弯曲力矩torsional a.扭转的static a.静力,态的axle n.心轴,轮轴spindle n.心轴,主轴deflection n.偏移,弯曲fillet n.圆角,倒角peening n.喷射加工硬化法shot peening 喷丸硬化stiff a.刚性的inertia n.惯性,惯量slippage n.滑动actuation n.驱动,开动coefficient n.系数statics n.静力学rim n.边缘,轮缘shoe n.闸瓦,制动片块band n.带,条cone n.圆锥miscellaneous a.混合的,杂项的assume v.假设,承担statical a.=static,静态的equilibrium n.平衡reaction n.反应,反力overload-release clutch 超载释放保护离合器magnetic fluid clutch 磁液离合器shift v.变换,使移动lever n.杆,手柄jaw n.颚板,夹爪ratchet n.棘轮circumferentiallyad v.周围地,圆周地mate v.配合,啮合,联接synchronous a.同步的linear drive 线性驱动装置clicking n.‘卡塔’声freewheel v.空转coupling n.联轴器sleeve n.套筒flat n.平面部分 a.平的periphery n.圆周,周边wedge n.楔形物 v.楔入pawl n.棘爪powder n.粉末mixture n.混合物electromagnetic a.电磁的coil n.线圈excitation n.刺激,激励shearing a.剪切的lockup n.锁住Lesson 41 Definition of Robotics and the Robot System manipulator n.操作器,控制器,机械手peripheral a.周围的,外围的idiot n.白痴integrate v.使成为一体,使结合起来hard automation 刚性自动化a host of 许多Lesson 42 Basics of ComputersIexecute v.执行binary a.二进制的read only memory ROM 只读存储器random access memory RAM读写存储器,随机存储器erasable a.可擦去的volatile a.可丢失的Lesson 43 Basics of Computers二harsh a.恶劣的robust a.稳定的configuration n.结构,组态Morse Code 莫尔斯电码suffice v.足够interference n.干扰fluctuation n.脉动,波动expendable a.可消耗的intermediate a.中间的adaptor n.转换器transformer n.变压器rectifier n.整流器capacitor n.电容器Zener diode 齐纳稳压二极管buffer n.缓冲寄存器come across 碰到Baud rate 波特率Lesson 44 Programmable Controllersalbeit conj.虽然light-emitting diodes 发光二极管relay ladder logic 继电器梯形逻辑图archaically a.古体的,旧式的retention n.保留,保持versed a.熟练的,精通的fluidics n.射流sheer a.完全的,绝对的profligate a.浪费的proprietary a.专利的,专有的boolean expression 布尔表达式Lesson 45 CAD/CAMComputed-aided designCAD n.计算机辅助设计Computed-aided manufacturingCAM n.计算机辅助制造automatic factory n.自动化工厂drafting n.制图Computer-aided engineering n.计算机辅助工程management information systems n.管理信息系统graphics terminal n.图像终端a shared data base n.公用数据库three-dimensional a.三维的keyboard n.键盘lightpen=light pen n.光笔magnify v.放大flip v,n.翻转copy v.拷贝a mirror image 镜像symmetrical a.对称的artwork n.印刷线路原图Geometric modeling n.几何模型制造kinematics n.运动学Lesson 48 Flexible Manufacturing Systemsfexible manufacturing systemsFMS 柔性制造系统flexible manufacturing cellesFMC 柔性制造单元automated guided vehicles 自动搬运小车conveyor n.传送装置pallet loading and unloading carts 上下料小车part program 零件程序data base 数据库data processing networks 数据处理网络inspection program 检测程序robot program 自动机程序real-time control data 实时控制数据the Control hierarchy 控制层次real-time fault recovery 实时故障恢复unmanned operation 无人化操作chip removel 排屑module n.模块,组件intelligent node智能节点。
注塑模具英文文献
Employing current design approaches for plastic parts will fail to produce the true minimum manufacturing cost in these cases.
Minimizing manufacturing costs for thin injection
molded plastic components
1. Introduction
In most industrial applications, the manufacturing cost of a plastic part is mainly governed by the amount of material used in the molding procend the part deformation after molding [12], analyzing the effects of wall thickness and the flow length of the part [13], and analyzing the internal structure of the plastic part design and filling materials flows of the mold design [14]. Reifschneider [15] has compared three types of mold filling simulation programs, including Part Adviser, Fusion, and Insight, with actual experimental testing. All these approaches have established methods that can save a lot of time and cost. However, they just tackled the design parameters of the plastic part and mold individually during the design stage. In addition, they did not provide the design parameters with minimum manufacturing cost. Studies applying various artificial intelligence methods and techniques have been found that mainly focus on optimization analysis of injection molding parameters [16,17]. For in-stance He et al. [3] introduced a fuzzy- neuro approach for automatic resetting of molding process parameters. By contrast , Helps et al. [18,19] adopted artificial neural networks to predict the setting of molding conditions and plastic part quality control in molding. Clearly, the development of comprehensive molding process models and computer-aided manufacturing provides a basis for realizing molding parameter optimization [3 , 16,17]. Mok et al. [20] propose a hybrid neural network and genetic algorithm approach incorporating Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) to derive initial settings for molding parameters for parts with similar design features quickly and with acceptable accuracy. Mok’s approach was based on past product processing data, and was limited to designs that are similar to previous product data. However, no real R&D effort has been found that considers minimizing manufacturing costs for thin plastic components. Generally, the current practical approach for minimizing the manufacturing cost of plastic components is to minimize the thickness and the dimensions of the part at the product design stage, and then to calculate the costs of the mold design and molding process for the part accordingly, as shown in Fig. 1. The current approach may not be able to obtain the real minimum manufacturing cost when handling thin plastic components. 1.2Manufacturing requirements for a typical thin plastic component As a test example, the typical manufacturing requirements for a thin square plastic part with a center hole, as shown in Fig. 2, are given in Table 1.
第九章 C-MOLD介绍
第九章C-MOLD軟體與模型網格C-MOLD起源於1974年康乃爾大學Prof. K. K. Wang(王國欽)之Cornell Injection Molding Program (CIMP)計劃，最初之軟體是由Prof. K. K. Wang和他的學生Dr. V. W. Wang(王文偉)開發，並於1986年成立Advanced CAE Technology Inc.銷售C-MOLD軟體，於1988年成立C-MOLD Polymer Laboratory建立塑膠材料性質的測試。
Advanced CAE Technology Inc.於2000年被澳洲的Moldflow Corp.併購，並於2001年底發布將C-MOLD整合到Moldflow Plastics Insight 3.0 (MPI 3.0)，號稱為Synergy。
C-MOLD的主要產品包括：(1)7個process solution packages，(2)2個productivity solution packages，(3)2個performance solution packages。
C-MOLD之Process Solution整合模組以提供元件和模具設計的基礎，提供功能包括：✁防止短射✁平衡流動✁評估縫合線位置✁評估設置澆口位置✁流道尺寸最佳化✁設定排氣孔位置✁設計導流器與限流器✁射出壓力最小化✁評估需求之鎖模力✁螺桿速度曲線最佳化C-MOLD之Productivity Solution整合Process Solution之功能和冷卻模擬，提供：✁冷卻系統對於元件和模具的影響之視覺效果。
✁改變參數以獲得最佳的冷卻條件。
C-MOLD之Performance Solution擴充Productivity Solution的功能，進一步提供：✁纖維配向性(fiber orientation)。
✁凝固應力(Frozen-in stresses)。
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Progressive Changes in Riser Horizontal Size
1.2
Horizontal Size Scale
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Optimization Run Number
Constraints
A constraint is some aspect of a design that determines whether that design is acceptable or not.
In this optimization, the Constraint that is applied is the absence of porosity within the casting.
Design Variables
These are elements that are allowed to vary when the computer is searching for an optimum process design.
In this optimization, the height and horizontal size (roughly, the diameter) of the riser are considered to be two Independent Design Variables.
OPTICast allows shrinkage in the riser material (the blue material in this image) but not in the casting material (gray material). In order to provide a factor of safety, a cylinder of casting material was inserted internally into the bottom of the riser. This prevents the system from allowing the riser to pipe all the way down to the surface of the casting.
What do we mean by optimization?
Optimization refers to a mathematical method of finding the best combination of design inputs to produce a desired output, within desired constraints. OPTICast uses Multi-Variable Response Surface Methodology to identify optimum points within a design space.
This optimization required 22 simulation runs to complete.
The first chart shows the change in height of the riser for each of the 22 runs.
Progressive Changes in Riser Height
For the actual riser optimization, a more realistic riser shape was created with drafted sides and radius corners.
Inlet Gate
Water Cooling Channel
DME Steel Pin
Steps Required for Optimization
1.) Develop an Initial Design. 2.) Define three types of elements: • Design Variables • Constraints • An Objective Function 3.) Launch the Optimization
The Optimization Process
The Optimization Engine varies each Design Variable within the Design Space to create a series of process models.
Each design is evaluated as to whether it violates any Constraint.
The Objective Function
The Objective Function is the single result which you are trying to either maximize or minimize. In this optimization, the Objective Function is to find the smallest riser size (the highest ratio of casting weight to total metal weight) which will fulfill the constraint, i.e., produce a casting without porosity
Initial Design Foundry Engineer
The typical simulation process using “Manual” optimization to find the best result.
Process Simulation System
Revised Design
Each design is then evaluated to determine if the Objective Function has been achieved, through the use of convergence criteria.
How OPTICast Works
Modify the 3D Simulation Model Decide on new values for Design Variables Yes/No Were Constraints violated?
Thermal Center
Based on this analysis, it appeared that the best orientation and size for this riser was 90 degrees from the orientation as per the initial mold design.
“Factor of Safety” disk
Design Variable 2
Design Variable 1
The Optimization was then run by allowing the riser height and diameter to vary independently, and measuring the yield and the porosity within the cast material.
Process Simulation System
Revised Design
Simulation Results Not Acceptable? Optimization Engine Decide What to Change
Acceptable? Done
The “Layered System” Approach
Run a Simulation with
Was an optimum value of the Objective Function achieved?
Examine Results
No/Yes
DONE
In order to optimize a riser, we need to have an initial design. The starting point for this design was a thermal analysis performed on 09-23-04 which indicated the thermal center location of this casting.
In OPTICast, the HyperOpt Optimization System from Altair Engineering is used to search for the best design.
Optimizing Engine
Casting Process Simulator
1.4
Vertical Height Scale
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Optimization Run Number
The next chart shows the progressive change in horizontal size of the riser for each of the 22 runs.
Thermal Center
Thermal analysis confirmed that the thermal center with this new orientation and riser was outside the casting and in the riser.
A metal core with water cooling channel was used for the main bore.
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Simulation Results Not Acceptable? Decide What to Change Foundry Engineer