19翻硕考研复习资料--MTI必备知识(5)
翻译硕士(MTI)考研必备百科全书之科技常识
翻译硕士（MTI）考研必备百科全书之科技常识报考翻译硕士（MTI）（MTI）的朋友都知道，百科知识在考试中也是占很大比例的，但是这需要我们对中国古现代文学有很深的认识，并了解很多常识，如果你属理工科且没有这些积累那么就需要早早下功夫了。
凯程网小编为大家奉上翻译硕士（MTI）考研百科知识大全，希望报考翻硕的小伙伴们努力学习不断充实自己，为最终的考试打好坚实的基础。
同时也希望正在备考翻硕考研的同学们通读，加深印象。
【科技常识】最早创造数字的是印度人。
第一个公开向神学挑战并宣告自然科学独立的科学家是哥白尼。
发现行星运动定律的天文学家是开普勒。
发现磁铁在线圈中运动能产生电流的科学家是迈克尔•法拉第。
在第二次工业革命中，首先制成发电机的是西门子。
19世纪80年代，德国发明家卡尔•本茨成功地制造出第一辆由内燃机驱动的汽车。
19世纪90年代，德国人鲁道夫•狄塞尔发明了柴油机。
1903年，美国人莱特兄弟制造了飞机。
德国人齐柏林建造了飞艇。
1876年，定居美国的苏格兰人贝尔试验有线电话成功。
第一个研制成功原子弹的国家是美国。
目前世界上拥有核武器的国家包括：印度、巴基斯坦、美国、英国、法国、中国和俄国。
目前世界软件出口最大的发展中国家是印度。
热力学第一定律即能量守衡与转化定律，其内容为：在任何孤立的系统中，不论发生何种变化，无论能量从一种形式转化为另一种形式，或从一种物质传递给另一种物质，系统的总能量守恒;热力学第二定律是指热能的传递具有不可逆性，即在没有外界作用的情况下，热能只会从热体传向冷体，而不可能从冷体传向热体;热力学第三定律是系统的熵在绝对零度时为零。
20世纪80年代初中国提出了“蓝色革命”的新构想，其科学含义是利用现代科学技术向蓝色海洋乃至内陆水域索取人们所需要的众多优质水产品。
运用试管香蕉技术来推广优良香蕉品种，这种技术属于细胞工程。
在世界上第一次把圆周率精确到小数点后7位数的科学家是祖冲之。
目前国际公认的高技术前沿是指计算机与信息技术。
考研英语翻译都有哪些重点知识
考研英语翻译都有哪些重点知识考研英语翻译都有哪些重点知识我们在准备考研的复习时，需要把翻译的重点知识掌握好。
店铺为大家精心准备了考研英语翻译的复习要点，欢迎大家前来阅读。
考研英语翻译重点：分句翻译的五种类型英译汉时，由于两种语言的句子结构大不相同而往往需要改变一下句子结构以适应于汉语的表达习惯。
采用分句、合句进行翻译的作法正是为了达到这种目的而运用的一种重要技巧。
所谓分句，就是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子;所谓合句，就是指把原文的两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个简单句。
运用这种分句、合句的汉译技巧可以使译文层次分明，更合乎于汉语的表达习惯。
分句翻译的技巧共分五种类型，合句汉译的技巧共分三种类型。
先谈谈分句汉译技巧的五种类型。
1、主语分句汉译技巧。
A man spending twelve days on the moon would find, on returning to the earth, that a year had passed by already.一个人如果在上度过了十二天，回到地球以后就会发现一年已经过去了。
2、谓语分句汉译技巧。
It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻，氧气是大气中最活泼的元素。
3、定语分句汉译技巧He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达两磅。
4、状语分句汉译技巧Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.阳光射入了它所能透过的'地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了幽影。
考研英语翻译知识点与技巧总结
考研英语翻译知识点与技巧总结考研英语中，翻译部分对于很多考生来说是一个具有挑战性的板块。
要在这一部分取得较好的成绩，掌握相关的知识点和技巧至关重要。
下面将为大家详细总结考研英语翻译的重要知识点和实用技巧。
一、考研英语翻译知识点1、词汇词汇是翻译的基础。
在考研英语翻译中，会遇到很多生僻词、多义词以及熟词僻义。
例如，“address”常见的意思是“地址”，但在某些语境中可能表示“处理、解决”；“appreciate”通常表示“欣赏、感激”，但也有“意识到、理解”的意思。
因此，考生需要在平时的学习中积累词汇，并注重词汇在不同语境中的含义和用法。
2、语法语法知识对于准确理解和翻译句子至关重要。
考研英语翻译中常见的语法点包括：各类从句（定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句等）、被动语态、虚拟语气、非谓语动词（动词不定式、动名词、分词）等。
（1）定语从句定语从句在考研英语翻译中经常出现。
在翻译定语从句时，需要根据其与先行词的关系，灵活选择翻译方法，如前置法、后置法或融合法。
例如：The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting（我昨天买的那本书很有趣。
）这里采用了前置法，将定语从句“which I bought yesterday”直接翻译在先行词“book”之前。
（2）状语从句状语从句包括时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句等。
翻译时要准确理解从句与主句之间的逻辑关系，并选择恰当的连接词。
比如：When I was a child, I often played in the park（当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常在公园里玩耍。
）（3）被动语态被动语态在英语中使用广泛，在翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯进行灵活处理。
有时可以保留被动形式，有时需要转换为主动形式。
例如：The problem was solved successfully（这个问题被成功解决了。
2019考研翻硕MTI百科知识
2019考研翻硕百科知识早期希腊文化概述希腊半岛上讲希腊语的名族创造的最早的文明：迈锡尼文明“黑暗时代”与“古风时代”的发展，为古典文化时代的繁荣奠定了基础（一）荷马史诗1.包括两部史诗：《伊利亚特》《奥德赛》2.研究“黑暗时代”希腊社会的唯一文字史料：“荷马史诗”（“黑暗时代”又称为“荷马时代”）3.“荷马史诗”的题材：迈锡尼时代晚期的特洛伊战争4.《伊利亚特》：原意为“伊利翁之歌”，全诗共15693行，描写了特洛伊战争第十年最后51天的故事5.《奥德赛》：全诗共12110行，描述了特洛伊战争结束之后，希腊联军一位足智多谋的将领奥德修斯历尽艰辛返回故里的故事6.欧洲最早的文学巨著、欧洲文学的渊源：“荷马史诗”7.“荷马史诗”用何种语言写成：古希腊语的爱奥尼亚方言8.被但丁称为“诗人之王”的是：荷马9.明显受到“荷马史诗”影响的作品：罗马诗人维吉尔的《伊尼特》10.“荷马史诗”的重要题材是：神话传说11.“荷马史诗”的作用：为奥林帕斯教的建立奠定了基础12.“荷马史诗”反映了：希腊宗教处于从自然崇拜、祖先崇拜和氏族崇拜向人格神崇拜的过渡阶段13.被尊为“希腊的名族诗人”的是：荷马（二）赫西俄德（黑暗时代晚期的另一位伟大诗人）1.代表作：长诗《工作与时日》（又译《田功农时》）、《神谱》2.《工作与时日》：共828行，主要内容是生产技术的指导和伦理道德的训诫，规劝人们公正、勤劳和谨慎。
反映了古希腊黑暗时代晚期氏族社会解体和奴隶制逐渐形成过程中的农村经济生活3.《神谱》：是一部描述当时希腊人想象开天辟地以来的诸神世系的系谱；分为序曲、主题和尾声三部分。
它是以后哲学的、思辨的宇宙生成论的范本（三）抒情诗1.古风时代抒情诗颇为繁荣，因此古风时代又被称为“抒情时代”2.抒情诗源于：配乐吟唱的民歌3.分为三类：哀歌、琴歌、讽刺诗4.抒情时代著名诗人：阿喀罗科斯、梭伦、萨福5.阿喀罗科斯：希腊第一个抒情诗人他诗歌中表现出来的个人主义开创了希腊文学中的一种新格调6.梭伦：希腊著名政治家、改革家、卓越的哀歌诗人7.萨福：抒情时代著名女诗人，以独唱琴歌著称。
2019翻译硕士百科知识总结精选
罗马古典文化上篇（一）罗马政体与政治思想1.罗马政体发展经历的三个阶段：王政时代、共和时代、帝国时代2.王政时代（前753-前509）：罗马由氏族社会向国家政权过渡3.罗马共和国的一切官吏都由大会选举产生；保民官负责保护平民利益；国家政权实际落入元老院之手4.波里比阿撰写巨著40卷《通史》；认为罗马称霸地中海的原因是执政官、元老院和人民大会三权制衡的结果；其混合政体论已经包含了分权学说的萌芽，对西塞罗及近代西方资产阶级的分权学说都有影响5.维护共和制的杰出代表：西塞罗，主要政治学和法学著作是《论共和国》《论法律》，其分权思想和法制原则对西方近现代政治思想影响很大6.公元前27年，屋大维建立元首制，罗马共和国为帝国取代7.公元3世纪，戴克里先将元首称号正式改为君主，实现了元首制到君主制的转变（二）罗马社会生活与习俗鹅拯救了罗马流血决斗、洗澡（三）早期宗教与深化1.被尊为众神之首的是：朱彼特即宙斯2.祭司集团具有很大的宗教影响3.罗马帝国后期，多神教被基督教取代（四）罗马法与法学1.罗马第一部成文法：《十二表法》，为罗马法的发展奠定了基础2.罗马私法中的两个体系：市民法、万民法3.西塞罗发展了斯多葛派的自然法理论，将哲学的自然法发展为法学的自然法4.罗马“法学五杰”：盖约、巴比尼安、包鲁斯、乌尔比安、莫迪斯蒂努斯5.盖约编写《法学阶梯》（五）文学1.古代罗马人在借鉴希腊字母的基础上创造自己的拼音字母：拉丁字母2.罗马第一位诗人和剧作家：李维•安德罗尼库，首次把《奥德赛》译成拉丁文，为罗马是个和戏剧的发展奠定了基础3.罗马共和国时代最著名的戏剧家：普劳图斯，主要作品为喜剧。
代表作《商人》《一坛金子》《孪生兄弟》《吹牛的军官》等20部4.另一喜剧作家泰伦斯，代表作《婆母》《两兄弟》等6部5.散文方面影响较大的是西塞罗，57篇演说辞和800多篇书信6.罗马文学的黄金时代：屋大维统治时期7.黄金时代三大诗人：维吉尔、贺拉斯、奥维德8.维吉尔主要作品：《牧歌》《农事诗》《伊尼特》（又译为《埃涅阿斯记》，是“文人史诗”的开端）9.贺拉斯代表作《颂歌》10.奥维德代表作《变形记》。
19翻硕考研翻译技巧
19翻硕考研翻译技巧英译汉指导：形式否定但意义肯定 这一类翻译方法与上面一类“形式肯定但意义否”结合起来，就是通常人们所说的“正话反说、反话正说”的翻译技巧。
常见的带有隐含肯定意义的词组或单词主要有：not…until(直到……才)，not…too(越……越好)，none but(只有)，nothing but(只有，只不过)，nothing more than(仅仅)，no sooner…than(刚一……就)，none other than(不是别的人或物而正是)，none the less(依然，仍然)，not but that(虽然)“make nothing of ”(对……等闲视之)，for nothing(徒然，免费)，not only…but also(不仅……而且)，not…long before(很快就)，no more than(仅仅，只是)，no other than(只有，正是)等等。
There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of forces. 各种材料在力的作用下，多少都会有些变形。
It is no more than a beginning. 这仅仅是个开端。
They gave me the wrong book, and I didn’t notice it until I got back to my room. 他们把书给错了。
直到我回到我的房间才注意到了。
You can’t be too careful in doing experiments. 你做实验要特别小心。
形式肯定但意义否定 (一)more than can…结构 more than can…相当于英语的can not…，翻译为“简直不，无法，难以”;而more than one can help相当于as little as possible，翻译“尽量不，绝对不”。
MTI研友总结翻译硕士考研百科知识汇总
MTI研友总结翻译硕士考研百科知识汇总中文翻译硕士（MTI）考研百科知识汇总是为了帮助考研的中文翻译
专业的学生，总结了一些相关的考试知识，希望可以帮助到大家。
1.考试内容：中文翻译硕士考试主要包括中文基础知识、外语知识、
翻译理论与实践等方面的内容。
2.中文基础知识：主要包括文字学、古代汉语、现代汉语、修辞学等
方面的知识。
考生需要熟悉中国传统文化和语言文字学的基本知识，具备
较高的语言表达能力。
3.外语知识：主要包括英语、日语、法语、俄语等外语的基础知识、
语法、词汇、阅读理解等。
考生需要具备良好的外语读写能力，并且了解
外语国家的社会文化背景，以便进行准确的翻译。
4.翻译理论与实践：主要包括翻译理论、翻译技巧、翻译方法等方面
的知识。
考生需要了解翻译的基本原理和方法，具备一定的翻译能力和实
践经验。
5.备考建议：考生应该提前规划备考时间，重点复习考试的核心内容，多做模拟试题和真题，提高答题速度和准确度。
同时，要注重阅读相关的
教材和参考书籍，扩大知识面和词汇量。
总之，中文翻译硕士考研是一项综合性的考试，考生需要全面掌握考
试的各个方面内容，提前做好准备并加强练习，才能取得良好的考试成绩。
希望以上总结对于考研的同学们有所帮助。
翻硕MTI 考研词汇必备汇总分享
翻硕MTI考研词汇必备汇总分享未接电话missed call伪造材料forged document (50 students from the Chinese mainland and Taiwan have been thrown out of United Kingdom-based Newcastle University for using forged qualification documents, UK media reported. 据英国媒体报道，50名中国大陆和台湾留学生因伪造留学申请材料，日前被英国纽卡斯尔大学开除。
) 伪证false evidence (13 government officials have been punished and a man arrested for presenting false evidence to prove the highly endangered South China tiger existed in the wild. )温饱工程Adequate Food and Clothing Program文本短信服务SMS (Short Messaging Service)稳定物价stabilize prices稳定压倒一切Maintaining stability is of top priority文化产业culture industry文化冲击culture shock文化底蕴cultural deposits文化旅游culture-oriented travel文化渗透cultural infiltration文化体制改革cultrual restructuring文科liberal arts文联literary federation文明礼貌月Ethics and Courtesy Month文明社区model community文凭主义credentialism纹身tattoo温室气体greenhouse gases文韬武略civil and military skills问讯处information desk; inquiry desk稳、准、很sure,accurate and relentless文化搭台，经济唱戏to use culture to set up the stage and the economy to put on a show文化设施cultural facilities稳健的货币政策prudent monetary policy文明行车courteous driving温室气体排放greenhouse gas emissions (New Zealand will ban traditional light bulb sales from October 2009 to cut greenhouse gas emissions and save up to half a billion dollars in energy costs over 12 years, the government said yesterday.)问责风暴accountability furor违法分包illegal subcontracting窝里斗internecine struggle我们在国际上说话是算数的We always live up to our international commitments.五保户household enjoying the five guarantees (childless and infirm oldpersons who are guarateed food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses)无尘粉笔dust-free chalk无党派人士non-party personage屋顶花园roof garden无风不起浪There are no waves without wind. There's no smoke without fire. 无缝网络Seamless Network无氟冰箱freon-free refrigerator无公害蔬菜"green" vegetable无固定期限合同open-ended contract (The labor law makes the use of written contracts mandatory and encourages open-ended contracts to protect the rights of workers. 《新劳动合同法》规定，为保护劳动者的合法权益，企业必须与劳动者签订书面合同，并鼓励签订无固定期限合同。
mti考研复习资料
mti考研复习资料MTI（Master of Translation and Interpreting）考研是许多翻译爱好者和专业人士追求的梦想。
为了能够顺利通过考试，复习资料的选择是至关重要的。
本文将就MTI考研复习资料的选择和使用进行探讨，希望对考生们有所帮助。
首先，选择合适的复习资料是复习备考的关键。
MTI考研的科目涉及语言学、翻译理论、专业知识等多个方面，因此，复习资料的选择要全面覆盖这些内容。
可以从教材、参考书、习题集等多个渠道获取资料。
教材是考生必备的基础资料，可以系统地学习各个科目的知识点。
参考书可以帮助考生更深入地理解和掌握相关概念和理论。
习题集则是巩固知识和提高解题能力的好帮手。
在选择复习资料时，要根据自己的实际情况和时间安排进行合理的选择，不要盲目追求多而忽略了质。
其次，合理利用复习资料也是至关重要的。
复习资料不仅仅是被动接受的工具，更应该成为主动学习的助力。
在使用教材时，可以结合自己的学习情况，制定合理的学习计划，按部就班地进行学习。
在阅读参考书时，要注重理解和思考，可以将书中的重点内容摘录下来，并进行总结和归纳，以便于复习时的回顾。
在做习题集时，要注重思考解题思路和方法，不仅仅追求答案的正确性，更要理解解题的逻辑和过程。
此外，可以结合网络资源，如在线课程、学习社区等，拓宽复习的渠道和方式，提高学习效果。
另外，与复习资料相辅相成的还有备考计划的制定和执行。
复习资料只是帮助考生复习的工具，而备考计划则是考生顺利备考的保障。
在制定备考计划时，要考虑到自己的时间安排、学习能力和复习进度等因素，合理安排每天的学习时间和内容。
可以将整个复习过程分解为若干个阶段，每个阶段都有具体的目标和计划，以便于检查和调整。
在执行备考计划时，要保持良好的学习习惯和规律的作息时间，避免拖延和浪费时间。
同时，要有耐心和毅力，坚持不懈地进行复习，不断提高自己的学习效果。
最后，考生还可以结合实际情况进行针对性的复习。
给翻译硕士考研复试的百科翻译知识
给翻译硕士考研复试的百科翻译知识一、佛经翻译时期安世高——小乘佛经的首译者安世高(东汉)：西域安息人，太子，博学多识，笃信佛教，弃王位而向佛，游化西域，后旅居中国，通晓汉语，注重修行，译经20多年，多是直译。
“义理明晰，辩而不华”，《明度五十校计经》，开后世禅学之源。
支谦——《法句经序》支谦(三国)：月支人，博览经籍，莫不谙究。
世间伎艺，多所综习。
遍学异书，通六国语。
孙权时(二二二―二五二)拜为博士，辅导太子孙亮。
谦以经多梵文，集众本译为汉文行于世。
约三十年间，译经八十八部、一百一十八卷。
其翻译以大乘“般若性空”为重点。
反对译文尚质，主张“曲得圣义，辞旨文雅”，首创“会译”，译文加注也始于他，《法句经序》是中国首篇重要译论。
鸠摩罗什——最著名的佛经翻译大师鸠摩罗什(六朝)，印度人，我国著名佛教学者、佛经翻译家。
出家后，通晓大乘经论，后到了中国长安，前后所译的经论，有380多卷。
鸠摩罗什倾向于意译，“其文约而诣(畅达)，其旨婉而彰”，提出了表现原作文体风格问题，促进了六朝佛学繁荣和隋唐佛教诸宗形成。
释道安——五失本，三不易释道安(晋代)：著名佛教学者，讲授《般若经》。
他不懂梵文，通过同本异译比较研究翻译。
他貌丑心慧，“穷览经典，钩深致远”后，对佛经进行注释，凡二十二卷。
利于佛教的广泛传播，为后世佛经注释作出范例。
还总结出翻译的“五失本，三不易”学说，具有翻译本体论意义。
(一)胡语里边，倒装句很多，翻译时必须要改过来，使之顺从汉语语法，适应中文的结构;(二)胡语的经典文字质朴，而中国人喜好文字华美，翻译时为了适合中国人好文的习惯，在文字上不得不加以润饰，以便流通;(三)胡经原原本本，十分详细，尤其是颂文部分，同一意义往往要反复三、四次，翻译时，对这些重复的句子要加以删略;(四)胡经中在长行之后，另有重颂，复述长行的内容，翻译时往往也得删除，才能使译文洗练;(五)胡经中，每说完一事，再说另一件事时，往往还要把前边那件事重说一遍，因此翻译时，也不得不对这些重复的话一并删除。
[考研英语]考研翻译中必须掌握的词汇
![[考研英语]考研翻译中必须掌握的词汇](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/3634ac9d6429647d27284b73f242336c1eb93007.png)
考研翻译中必须掌握的词汇如果感觉很多，记不完的话，可以详细的掌握一下90年、92年、96年、99年、03年、05年和06年中的词汇和短语。
这不失为一种“临时抱佛脚”，或者说“亡羊补牢”的做法。
其实，也是一个学生的问题带给我的思考。
这两天上课，好多同学都问我：老师，到现在了，还有那么一点时间，我基础不是特别好，我怎么复习呢，现在看书又不是那么能沉下心来看，怎么办？当时，我思考了一下，觉得问的是基础问题，到今天，考试还有20天，而如果再抱着大纲背单词，打基础，似乎已经来不及了。
回家路上，在思考这个问题，怎么办？结果，我还是想到了真题，真题中的单词。
为什么用真题，已经强调过无数次，所以，不说这个道理了。
而到如今，马上就要考了，为什么还要记单词呢？是基于以下几点考虑：1．这是来自真题中的单词，就完全是可能会再一次重新考的单词。
2．记这些单词的心态是，我能记住就记住，记不住就算了；同时，记这些单词的时间，最好不要集中记忆，不要给自己“我今天就要把这些单词全记住了再休息”这样一种暗示。
因为复习到现在，基础知识够好的人，可以把这些单词全部用自己零散的时间来解决了；如果基础知识不人，感觉回天乏术，多的又不想看，那么这些单词就相对而言，是属于“少而精”，需要掌握的单词了，也需要自己花点休息的时间，磨磨蹭蹭的背呗。
3．哦，顺便说一声，我整理的是翻译中的重点词汇。
而阅读文章中需要掌握的单词，周雷老师那本书上，对每一篇文章中的重点单词都标注出来了，建议大家只看周老师标注出来的[大纲单词]，因为超纲词毕竟是少数。
4．红色是需要掌握的，并且可能是会再次出现的词汇。
5．选择的时候带有个人主观性，没有完全精确的数据统计。
凭个人记忆在选择的，如果上一篇文章中出现的常考词，下篇文章再出现，我也可能会标注出来。
但是，在同一篇文章中，尽量不重复。
1990年英译汉试题People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as” nature vs. nurture”.(62)Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict belie ve that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the “nurture” theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our考研翻译中必须掌握的词汇(1)biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence，offered by the two theories. Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we ar e born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.(64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologica lly inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1991年英译汉试题The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001?To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it poss ible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home.In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all，people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.1992年英译汉试题“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear. (71)There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily，make distinctions，reason logically，and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character，social adjustment，physical endurance，manual skills，or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes. (72)To criticise it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticising a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.(73)Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us be gin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one’s best，the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do，and the intellectual ability to do it. (74)The first two must be equal for all who are being compared，if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable，and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies，of course，in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his tes t; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence”. (75)On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence，but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared，and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.1993年英译汉试题(71)The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference，but there is just the same kind of difference，between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person，as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales，and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (72)It is not that the scales in the one case，and the balance in the other，differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.Y ou will understand this better，perhaps，if I give you some familiar examples. (73)Y ou have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction（归纳法）and deduction，that by the help of these operations，they，in a sort of sense，manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws，and that out of these，by some special skill of their own，they build up their theories. (74)And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes，and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words，you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms，you will discover that you are quite wrong，and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere’s plays，where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose（散文）during the whole of his life. In the same way，I trust that you will take comfort，and be delighted with yourselves，on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. (75)Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning，of the very same kind，though differing in degree，as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.1994年英译汉试题According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71)Science moves forward, they say, not so much through theinsights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) “In short”, a lea der of the new schoo l contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” (73) Over the years, tools and technolog y themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, <<<<Newton>>>>, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as <Edison> attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.(74)Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.1995年英译汉试题The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading dependspartly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades research productive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in thiscontext. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kids of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kinds of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1996年英译汉试题The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. (71)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. (72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. (73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good ” as opposed to “bad”science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. (74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. (75)New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start.(71)Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. (72)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. (73)It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental,question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it. (74)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view, which hol ds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.(75)When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.考研英语1998年英译汉试题They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. (71)But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing andexpected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy.)(72)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventfully, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. (73)Astrophysicists wor king with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.(74)If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. (75)Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plaus ible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.考研英语1999年英译汉试题(71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.(72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.(73)During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodolgy is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. (74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the variousbranches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accus ed of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. (75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to soc ial science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.考研英语2000年英译汉试题Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. (71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.(73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, (74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has theeffect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. (75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropr iate programs and putting them into effect.考研英语2001年英译汉试题In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing v irtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.(71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.(73)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take plac e. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says. (74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start o f man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people。
翻译硕士考研详解
考研不考数学的同学，翻译硕士一定要了解！本篇主要是写给要考翻译硕士的你，看完本篇会让你对翻译硕士有个全新的了解，也会衡量自己要不要考这个专业，如果看完本篇文章你没任何收获，那只能说明你已经是MTI 大神！！！好了，言归正传，很多同学开始考研都是比较迷茫的，看着数学欲哭无泪，日思夜想自己到底能考一个什么专业，哲学类？法学类？教育学类？历史学类? 每天纠结的不行，得到的答案也一知半解。
那么现在就给你们说说在不考数学里面相对就业还算不错的专业，翻译硕士（MTI），下面从翻硕简介、适合考生、就业情况、考试科目、备考建议、院校选择等方面来介绍一下翻硕简介翻译硕士（MTI）是什么？官方的解释：为适应我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设事业发展的需要，促进中外交流，培养高层次、应用型高级翻译专门人才。
所以我国设置翻译硕士专业学位。
一句话来说“应用型高级翻译人才”。
要说翻硕，就肯定要说到文学这个学科门类，文学分为三个一级学科；中国语言文学、外国语言文学、新闻传播学；翻硕对应的就是外国语言文学下面的专硕。
翻硕设笔译、口译两个培养方向，这两个方向可以结合自己实际情况进行选择。
喜欢口头表达的同学可以选择口译，相对来说整体招生学校少一点。
更多的学校笔译、口译初试考的都是一样的，复试有稍微的差别。
（结合自己的情况具体分析）注意！2007年仅培养英语语种的翻译硕士，目前有的语种有英法德日俄西阿和泰语，其中泰语只有广西民族大学有，阿语和西语只有北外，北语和天外三所学校有，其余小语种学校相对较多。
适合考生哪些学生适合考翻译硕士呢？1）本科就是翻译专业的同学，如果考研肯定是首选这个专业。
2）本科是英语专业的同学，想继续在英语这方面有深造，考学硕英语言文学，要考二外，二外不太好复习，没有把握；考学科教学英语，教育学专硕是教育学里最热门的招生的学校就是围绕着师范类，竞争压力比较大；所以说翻硕相对的最好的一个选择，各种层次的学校都有招生；3）本科不是英语专业同学，对英语感兴趣，考英语言文学，二外没学过，考不了；考学科教学英语，很多学校对学科英语专业有限制，要么是教育学的报考要么是英语专业的报考限制。
2019考研MTI翻硕百科知识
一．希腊古典时代文化的繁荣（一）城邦民主政治（西方民主政治的渊源）1.以雅典为代表的希腊城邦民主政治，是希腊奴隶制文化的一大政治特色2.古希腊城邦政治制度演进阶段：君主政治、贵族政治、僭主政治、民主政治3.雅典民主政治的起点：梭伦改革最终确立：克利斯提尼改革（这次改革使民主政治最终确立）4.雅典民主政治空前繁荣的时代：“伯里克利时代”本时期雅典国家最高权力机构：公民大会公民大会的常设机构：五百人会议（国家最高行政机关）最高司法、监察机关：陪审法庭最高军事机关：十将军委员会5.少数贵族共和制城邦的典型代表：斯巴达6.希腊城邦的本质：公民的自治团体，城邦属于全体公民（二）雅典的日常生活与习俗1.雅典习俗中的特殊现象：对同性恋的认可男子在宗教仪式、体育竞技、格斗中要赤身裸体2.雅典群众性文艺生活的重要形式：戏剧（三）古典时代的哲学1.总特征：1）对爱奥尼亚的唯物主义传统的继承，创立原子论唯物主义，把古希腊朴素唯物主义发展到更高形式，代表人物为留基波和德谟克里特2）探讨的重心从研究自然转向研究人与社会，即从自然哲学转向人本主义哲学，代表人物：智者派、苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德2.原子论学派创始人：留基波3.德谟克里特：“希腊人中第一个百科全书式的学者”、原子论的主要贡献者他认为一切事物的本原是“原子”和“虚空”他的认识论是：影响说早期自然哲学发展的最高成果是：德谟克里特的原子论4.智者学派（诡辩论者）的代表人物：普罗塔哥拉（提出“人是万物的尺度”）智者学派出现的意义：1）标志古希腊早期自然哲学的终结2）为苏格拉底哲学铺平道路3）为希腊哲学的发展开辟新方向4）促进个人主义的发展5.苏格拉底：雅典著名的唯心主义哲学家批判以往的神学目的论、提出“善“的原则，“美德即知识”6.柏拉图：古希腊这哲学家中留下著作最多的人，代表作主要为对话，如《辩诉篇》《裴多篇》《理想国》《巴门尼德篇》《智者篇》7.柏拉图建立起了以客观唯心主义理念论为核心的庞大的唯心主义体系；柏拉图哲学的最基本的概念：理念；他的认识论是唯心主义的先验论8.亚里士多德：名言“吾爱吾师，但吾更爱真理”主要哲学著作：《形而上学》提出了实体论百科全书式的学者，大量著作如《工具篇》《物理学》《论灵魂》《伦理学》《政治学》《雅典政制》《诗学》《修辞学》他是逻辑学的创始人他是古典时代哲学的集大成者，对古希腊哲学进行了比较系统的批判性总结（四）政治学说1.代表人物：柏拉图、亚里士多德2.柏拉图主要著作：《理想国》《政治家篇》《法律篇》；在《理想国》中提出了“正义“的国家观和贤人政治的主张，把全体自由民分为统治者、保卫者和生产者三个等级；贤人政治（哲学为王）是柏拉图理想国的支柱亚里士多德（西方政治学的奠基人）主要著作：《政治学》《雅典政制》；开创了西方传统政治学体系，被誉为政治学的创始人。
翻译硕士(MTI)考研冲刺必备：翻译专业名词解释汇总篇
翻译硕士（MTI）考研冲刺必备：翻译专业名词解释汇总篇做了这么多年学生的大家都知道不管学习哪门专业都会有本专业的专业用语，翻译肯定也不会例外，在临考之际，小编帮大家汇总了一些关于翻译硕士（MTI）考研在专业名词和语句，搭配相应的解释和翻译，希望大家有利于大家复习这方面相关知识，预祝大家取得满意的成绩！翻译硕士（MTI）考研专业名词复习科学发展观the Outlook of Scientific Development倡导公正、合理的新秩序观call for the establishment of a new just and equitable order以平等互利为核心的新发展观new thinking on development based on equality and mutual benefit推动树立以互信、互利、平等和协作为主要内容的新安全观foster a new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination主张形成以尊重多样性为特点的新文明观foster a new thinking on civilization that respects diversity新能源观new thinking on energy development有关先进文化的词汇古为今用、洋为中用旧译let the ancient serve the present, let the foreign serve the national现译draw from past and foreign achievements文艺工作cultural and art work; work in the cultural field牢牢把握先进文化的前进方向firmly keep to the direction of an advanced culture/cultural advancement文化与经济和政治互相交融interaction between cultural work, and economic and political activitiescultural elements/factors intermingle with economic and political factors民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化a socialist culture that is distinctly Chinese, pro-science and people-oriented弘扬主旋律，提倡多样化promote mainstream values and uphold cultural diversity以科学的理论武装人，以正确的舆论引导人，以崇高的精神塑造人，以优秀的作品鼓舞人Equip/empower people with scientific theories, guide them with correct opinions/ convey to themright messages/provide them with correct media guidance, imbue them with a noble spirit and inspire them with excellent/fine works具有中国气派的社会主义文化Chinese-style socialist culture; socialist culture with Chinese appeal越是民族的，越是世界的The pride of a nation is also the pride of the world.What's unique for a nation is also precious for the world.When you are unique, the world comes to you.文艺应当贴近群众，贴近生活，贴近实际。
2019考研英语句式翻译基础复习技巧【五篇】
2019考研英语句式翻译基础复习技巧【五篇】导读：本文2019考研英语句式翻译基础复习技巧【五篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。
【篇一：代词句式】(一)人称代词及物主代词的指代【真题例句】Additional social stress may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.【解析】从结构来看，该句because of 的后边接两个名词短语the population explosion和problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport来表示原因。
其中，第二个名词短语又含有一个短语themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport,来补充说明mass migration movements。
因此，这里的代词themselves 指代名词短语mass migration movements。
【参考译文】由于人口的猛增或大量的人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流通变得相对容易)造成的种种问题也回对社会造成新的压力。
(二)不定代词的指代【真题例句】While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.【解析】不定代词one 指代名词短语definition of history。
MTI翻译知识积累
【知识积累1】茶叶党（Tea Party）茶叶党是美国的一个政党，发端于1773年的美国东北部的波士顿，是革命的代名词。
2009年4月15日是美国纳税日，新生的茶叶党发动了全国性的游行示威活动。
2010年1月底，全美茶叶党分支有1134个，茶叶党兴起显示反奥巴马情绪。
简介：各种发泄不满情绪的团体聚集到一起，成为“茶叶党”运动；如果被政客恶性利用，可能对社会造成威胁。
历史上的美国茶叶党发端于1773年，当时仍属英国殖民地的美国东北部的波士顿民众，为反抗英国殖民当局的高税收政策，发起了波士顿倾茶事件，愤怒的人们把英国东印度公司3条船上的342箱茶叶倾倒在波士顿海湾，这是北美人民反对英国暴政的开始，参加者遂被称之为茶叶党（Tea Party）。
从此之后，茶叶党也就成了革命的代名词。
茶叶党的重生始于2009年2月。
当时，美国国家广播公司电视主持人桑特利，在节目中表示反对奥巴马政府的房屋救济贷款政策，并呼吁茶叶党再现。
于是，很快就有人开始谋划并成立了茶叶党。
这是新茶叶党。
600余名重生茶叶党的代表，从美国各地积聚到田纳西州，召开了茶叶党重生的首次全国大会。
茶叶党已经成为保守派民粹主义者发泄不满的平台，这是共和党政治复兴或国家分裂的力量，正如马萨诸塞州参议员补选所表现出来的。
但它也是对于类似斯道特等那些过去漠不关心政治者的深刻个性转变，他们声称要准备对抗暴君。
特点：它们通常都是政治新苗，声称独立，令人惊异地讲出由于衰退而惊醒的同样故事。
由于失业、住房被法拍和退休金缩水，他们的家庭被从根拔掉，他们说想要知道为什么会发生那种事，应当归咎于何人。
茶党虽然是松散的民间团体，不过茶党大概有三点共性：一，反对“大政府”。
茶党人认为，要解决问题，靠政府不如靠个人。
他们担心政府过多干预造成权力过度集中。
二，民粹色彩浓厚。
茶党运动中，对非主流族裔的歧视性发言往往赢得喝彩。
三，延续上世纪90年代初美国民间政治运动思潮。
当年的情形与今天颇为相似——经济不景气，民间对政府政策存在诸多不满，谋求自下而上改变现状，重塑美国政治格局。
翻译专业翻译基础知识考研必备
翻译专业翻译基础知识考研必备1．Tytler的三原作(2)Thetyleandmannerofwritinghouldbeoftheamecharacterathatoft heoriginal.(1)译文应完全复写出原作的思想。
(2)译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。
(3)译文应和原作同样流畅。
2．严复－信达雅在《天演论译例言》中提出“译事三难：信（不倍原文faithfulne）、达（刻意求显e某preivene）、雅（期以行远elegance）的三字标准：“译事三难：信、达、雅。
求其信已大难矣！顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。
”严复的“信达雅”涵盖翻译方法、翻译过程、翻译效果等堪称一个翻译理论体系。
3．林纾强调译者的学识水平、在翻译时译者应投入自己的主观感情。
多次论述中西文体的异同、译名统一、翻译方法等并主张译诗应“存其旨而易其辞，本意并不亡失”。
4.鲁迅－忠实、通顺鲁迅指出翻译必须兼顾两面：求其易解和保存原作丰姿。
既要信，又要顺，以信为主，以顺为辅，主张直译。
5.郭沫若最突出的翻译观点之一是“好的翻译等于创作”，创造性地提出“风韵译”。
朱光潜的艺术论。
林语堂提出翻译地三条标准：忠实、通顺、美。
主张“句译”。
6．傅雷强调译者本身的条件、气质对原作的“适应力”，翻译必须保存原作的精神和美感特征。
提出翻译“重神似不重形似”翻译观。
7．钱钟书认为：文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”。
把作品从一国文字转化成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。
8．辜正坤－多元互补辜正坤提出“翻译标准多元互补论”：（1）“翻译标准是多元的而非一元的。
”（2）“翻译标准既是多元的，又是一个有机的然而变动不居的标准系统。
在这个系统中，最高标准是最佳近似度。
最佳相似度是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有实际意义的是一大群具体标准。
”（3）“具体标准群中又有主标准和次标准的区别。
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19翻硕考研复习资料--MTI必备知识（5）
【知识积累35】VC 风险投资
❀概述
风险投资（venture capital）简称是VC在我国是一个约定俗成的具有特定内涵的概念，其实把它翻译成创业投资更为妥当。
广义的风险投资泛指一切具有高风险、高潜在收益的投资；
狭义的风险投资是指以高新技术为基础，生产与经营技术密集型产品的投资。
根据美国全美风险投资协会的定义，风险投资是由职业金融家投入到新兴的、迅速发展的、具有巨大竞争潜力的企业中一种权益资本。
❀阶段
风险投资的运作包括融资、投资、管理、退出四个阶段。
融资阶段解决“钱从哪儿来”的问题。
通常，提供风险资本来源的包括养老基金、保险公司、商业银行、投资银行、大公司、大学捐赠基金、富有的个人及家族等，在融资阶段，最重要的问题是如何解决投资者和管理人（风险投资家）的权利义务及利益分配关系安排。
投资阶段解决“钱往哪儿去”的问题。
专业的风险投资机构通过项目初步筛选、尽职调查、估值、谈判、条款设计、投资结构安排等一系列程序，把风险资本投向那些具有巨大增长潜力的创业企业。
管理阶段解决“价值增值”的问题。
风险投资机构主要通过监管和服务实现价值增值，“监管”主要包括参与被投资企业董事会、在被投资企业业绩达不到预期目标时更换管理团队成员等手段，“服务”主要包括帮助被投资企业完善商业计划、公司治理结构以及帮助被投资企业获得后续融资等手段。
价值增值型的管理是风险投资区别于其他投资的重要方面。
退出阶段解决“收益如何实现”的问题。
风险投资机构主要通过IPO、股权转让和破产清算三种方式退出所投资的创业企业，实现投资收益。
退出完成后，风险投资机构还需要将投资收益分配给提供风险资本的投资者。
❀六要素
风险资本、风险投资人、投资对象、投资期限、投资目的和投资方式
❀特点
风险投资是一种权益资本（Equity），而不是借贷资本（Debt）。
风险投资是一种长期的（平均投资期为5－7年）流动性差的权益资本。
一般情况下，风险投资家不会将风险资本一次全部投入风险企业，而是随着企业的成长不断地分期分批地注入资金。
风险投资家既是投资者又是经营者。
，风险投资家为风险企业提供的不仅仅是资金，更重要的是专业特长和管理经验。
风险投资最终将退出风险企业。
风险投资虽然投入的是权益资本，但他们的目的不是获得企业所有权，而是盈利，是得到丰厚利润和显赫功绩从风险企业退出。
【知识积累36】集体诉讼Class action
含义:多数成员彼此间具有共同利益，因人数过多致无法全体进行诉讼，得由其中一人或数人为全体利益起诉或应诉。
集体诉讼的威力在于，只要有一个人发起诉讼，其他所有相同利益受损者会一呼百应，最终导致的赔偿数量会非常惊人，如上世纪90年代赔偿金额高到数千亿美元的美国烟草业诉讼案就是典型的集体诉讼。
在证券市场，集体诉讼也是有效的维权方式。
【知识积累37】AIM 伦敦另类投资市场
英文Alternative Investment Market的缩写，指英国为那些不够资格在伦敦股票交易所正式上市的公司所设的市场，这些公司通常是规模较小或高风险的企业。
这是继美国纳斯达克市场之后,欧洲成立的第一家二板市场。
宽松的条例包括较少的条例及没有公司市值或发行股票数量的要求。
部分在另类投资市场上市的公司其后会转投主板市场，但在近年来更多的公司由主板市场转到另类投资市场，基于另类投资市场让投资者获得更佳的税务优惠及公司不用被重重条例规限。
2005年共有40家公司由主板市场转到另类投资市场，而只有两家公司作反向迁移。
另类投资市场亦逐渐国际化，由于对比起萨班斯-奥克斯利法案，上市条件较为宽松（虽然只有四分一的AIM上市公司符合萨班斯-奥克斯利法案立法前的上市条件），截至2005年12月共有超过270家外国公司获准在另类投资市场上市。
在AIM上市的好处 :
AIM是伦敦证券交易所为较小的，正在成长中的公司开设的全球性市场。
它使这些企业能有机会得到伦敦市场— 欧洲最大和最有活力的市场— 的资金和流动性。
AIM提供在公开市场上进行交易的好处，并且让公司在一种灵活的鉴定环境中发展。
这些公司被吸引到AIM来的主要原因有：
准入标准比较宽松，使各种各样的公司能在发展的早期阶段进入公开的市场。
管理制度不太严格，让企业作为股票上市公司学习体验，而不受英国上市主管部门规定的整套行为准则的制约。
收购规定比较宽松，有利于通过收购进行扩展。
某些税务优惠，这对某些公司来说可能是一个优势。
AIM在1995年成立，现在已有700多家公司（51家是海外公司）在AIM上市，市场资
本总额达到一百亿英镑。
AIM在最近一些年份首次公开发行（IPO）市场不景气的全球下获得了成功。
2002年，AIM有60家公司IPO，占这年西欧所有IPO的46%。
【知识积累38】主板市场和二板市场
❀主板市场：Main-Board Market也称为一板市场，指传统意义上的证券市场（通常指股票市场），是一个国家或地区证券发行、上市及交易的主要场所。
主板市场先于创业板市场产生，二者既相互区别又相互联系，是多层次资本市场的重要组成部分。
相对创业板市场而言，主板市场是资本市场中最重要的组成部分，很大程度上能够反映经济发展状况，有“国民经济晴雨表”之称。
主板市场对发行人的营业期限、股本大小、盈利水平、最低市值等方面的要求标准较高，上市企业多为大型成熟企业，具有较大的资本规模以及稳定的盈利能力。
中国大陆的主板市场包括上交所和深交所两个市场。
❀创业板GEM （Growth Enterprises Market ）board
是地位次于主板市场的二板证券市场，以NASDAQ市场为代表，在中国特指深圳创业板。
在上市门槛、监管制度、信息披露、交易者条件、投资风险等方面和主板市场有较大区别。
其目的主要是扶持中小企业，尤其是高成长性企业，为风险投资和创投企业建立正常的退出机制，为自主创新国家战略提供融资平台，为多层次的资本市场体系建设添砖加瓦。
在创业板市场上市的公司大多从事高科技业务，具有较高的成长性，但往往成立时间较短规模较小，业绩也不突出，但有很大的成长空间。
创业板市场最大的特点就是低门槛进入，严要求运作，有助于有潜力的中小企业获得融资机会,促进企业的发展壮大。
❀主板市场和二板市场的区分
主板市场和二板市场的区分最主要是在上市公司的规模和融资额上。
二板市场是一国证券主板市场之外的证券交易市场，它的明确定位是为具有高成长性的中小企业和高科技企业融资服务，是针对中小企业的资本市场。
与主板市场相比，在二板市场上市的企业标准和上市条件相对较低。
从国外的情况看，创业板市场与主板市场的区别是：不设立最低盈利的规定，以免高成长的公司因盈利低而不能挂牌；提高对公众最低持股量的要求，以保证公司有充裕的资金周转；设定主要股东的最低持股量及出售股份的限制，如两年内不得出售名下的股份等，以使公司管理层在发展业务方面保持对股东的承诺。
此外，创业板使用公告板作为交易途径，不论公司在何地注册成立，只要符合要求即可获准上市。
【知识积累39】投资回报率ROI
投资回报率（Return On Investment）是指通过投资而应返回的价值，它涵盖了企业的获利目标。
利润和投入的经营所必备的财产相关，因为管理人员必须通过投资和现有财产获得利润。
❀公式
投资回报率（ROI）=年利润或年均利润/投资总额×100%
投资回报率（ROI）往往具有时效性--回报通常是基于某些特定年份。
❀ROI的优点
投资报酬率能反映投资中心的综合盈利能力，且由于剔除了因投资额不同而导致的利润差异的不可比因素，因而具有横向可比性，有利于判断各投资中心经营业绩的优劣；此外，投资利润率可以作为选择投资机会的依据，有利于优化资源配置。
❀ROI的缺点
这一评价指标的不足之处是缺乏全局观念。
当一个投资项目的投资报酬率低于某投资中心的投资报酬率而高于整个企业的投资报酬率时，虽然企业希望接受这个投资项目，但该投资中心可能拒绝它；当一个投资项目的投资报酬率高于该投资中心的投资报酬率而低于整个企业的投资报酬率时，该投资中心可能只考虑自己的利益而接受它，而不顾企业整体利益是否受到损害。
ROI是一个比值。
不能表现出一个项目的投资回报的绝对值。