浅析海明威小说的悲剧艺术

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探讨海明威文学小说的悲剧特色和死亡意识

 探讨海明威文学小说的悲剧特色和死亡意识

探讨海明威文学小说的悲剧特色和死亡意识一、文学小说悲剧的内涵综述在西方文学界,悲剧是非常重要的文学体裁之一。

很多学者、批评家专注于悲剧的哲学诉求。

他们相信在悲剧文本中,主人公与外界的灾难抗争,虽然获得了精神上胜利,但最终还是被打败甚至被毁灭,这揭示了悲剧的崇高意义。

它的意义就在于赞扬人对命运取得了精神上的胜利。

大哲亚里士多德曾把悲剧定义为是主人公自身存在的致命弱点导致的,是一种行为或者说是某种人性品格给他造成的灾难。

莎士比亚文学经典中的悲剧文本都属于这一类,比如《汉姆雷特》和《奥赛罗》。

但总体上概括,悲剧的成因一方面是命运决定的,它反映了人在与命运进行抗争时候的无能为力,另一方面,悲剧的产生又源于人本身的缺陷,正是自我导演了自己的失败甚至死亡。

一部悲剧也许只是在表达其中一种极端或者说是另一种极端,但绝大部分悲剧两种成分都有。

在海明威的作品中,我们经常能洞察到这样的悲剧阴影,甚至可以毫不夸张的说,海明威的全部长篇小说都是悲剧,而悲剧的极限所体现的就是死亡意识。

以下文字将专门分类探讨海明威作品的悲剧特色和死亡意识。

二、海明威作品的悲剧特色海明威的处女座《在我们的时代》中,悲剧的阴影还并不明显。

作者还没有把生活彻底地当做悲剧。

在这些短篇小说当中,主人公几乎都面临着强悍的外部世界,他们在现实世界里备受煎熬,被灾难磨砺,很多人得到了精神上的洗礼。

在批评家看来,这其中的悲剧色彩折射了一个作家的悲剧内容,从还不明晰走向了个人高度的悲剧想象。

不过那时候的海明威作品还并未成熟,直到若干年后他对悲剧的表达才技艺精湛。

他的悲剧终于有了鲜明的艺术特征,大概可以以下几个内容。

(一)以战争为题材的悲剧以战争为题材的悲剧最具有代表性的是小说《永别了武器》,其情节内容并不复杂,层次清晰,结构严谨、集中。

海明威在文中创造性地运用了很多艺术手法,但文本里始终没有主人公对外部世界的妥协,也没有精神上的超越。

文中有很多阴郁的特写特别吸引人,如:在一根战火点燃的木头桩上,无数蚂蚁被烧死,亨利举着孤独的身影,离开了医院。

论海明威小说的悲剧意识和乐观精神

论海明威小说的悲剧意识和乐观精神

论海明威小说的悲剧意识和乐观精神作者:穆盛婕来源:《新教育时代·教师版》2018年第14期摘要:海明威是20世纪美国文坛上最具个性的伟大作家之一。

他独特的创作方法和艺术风格开创了文学创作的一代新风,影响了一代又一代人。

悲剧意识的主题、独特的人物形象等构成了海明威独特的小说艺术。

关键词:海明威小说艺术主题乐观精神欧内斯特·海明威是20世纪美国独具特色的一位充满传奇色彩的著名小说艺术家,他的很多作品成了世界文学史上的经典。

海明威的小说以其独特的艺术风格对现当代美国和世界文学产生了重要影响,其小说艺术影响了一代又一代人。

本文将从海明威小说的主题、人物形象两个方面来分析海明威的小说艺术。

[1]一悲剧意识是海明威小说最显著的特点之一,无论是其人生经历,还是其文学作品,海明威的悲剧意识都经历了对悲剧的宿命论式的接受,对悲剧的自觉规避,以及与悲剧的抗争三个阶段。

现从三个方面来探讨海明威小说的悲剧意识:沉重的死亡阴霾、孤独的个体奋斗者和超越绝望的抗争。

1.沉重的死亡阴霾。

美国著名的评论家赫·欧贝茨称海明威的小说其实只有一个主题,那就是死亡。

一些评论家甚至评论他为制造死亡的工程师。

海明威传奇而富有冒险精神的一生,直接影响了他的写作,尤其影响了他对死亡的态度。

在海明威的许多作品中,有着对死亡不断的理性思考,从最初的恐惧到后来的超然,海明威最终把死亡看做的一种美丽,一种平静。

我们在他的众多作品里,我们随处可以看到笼罩在任务四周的死亡的阴影。

[2]海明威的早期小说《印第安营地》讲述的是一个印第安产妇难产,他的丈夫因为无法忍受难产妻子的痛苦而割断自己的喉咙结束自己生命的故事。

这个故事听起来似乎让人感觉很难相信,觉得很不可思议,一个生命的结束竟然是这样的轻易,原本可以避免的死亡却突如其来,而事实上死亡是一件再普通不过的事情,它随时伴随着人类。

《乞力马扎罗的雪》中哈里的腿被莫名奇妙地割伤了,因为没有及时消毒,最后竟然患上了坏疽症,被一个小小的伤口夺去了生命。

海明威代表作品中的悲剧主题

海明威代表作品中的悲剧主题
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探讨海明威文学小说的悲剧特色和死亡意识

探讨海明威文学小说的悲剧特色和死亡意识

探讨海明威文学小说的悲剧特色和死亡意识本文从网络收集而来,上传到平台为了帮到更多的人,如果您需要使用本文档,请点击下载按钮下载本文档(有偿下载),另外祝您生活愉快,工作顺利,万事如意!一、文学小说悲剧的内涵综述在西方文学界,悲剧是非常重要的文学体裁之一。

很多学者、批评家专注于悲剧的哲学诉求。

他们相信在悲剧文本中,主人公与外界的灾难抗争,虽然获得了精神上胜利,但最终还是被打败甚至被毁灭,这揭示了悲剧的崇高意义。

它的意义就在于赞扬人对命运取得了精神上的胜利。

大哲亚里士多德曾把悲剧定义为是主人公自身存在的致命弱点导致的,是一种行为或者说是某种人性品格给他造成的灾难。

莎士比亚文学经典中的悲剧文本都属于这一类,比如《汉姆雷特》和《奥赛罗》。

但总体上概括,悲剧的成因一方面是命运决定的,它反映了人在与命运进行抗争时候的无能为力,另一方面,悲剧的产生又源于人本身的缺陷,正是自我导演了自己的失败甚至死亡。

一部悲剧也许只是在表达其中一种极端或者说是另一种极端,但绝大部分悲剧两种成分都有。

在海明威的作品中,我们经常能洞察到这样的悲剧阴影,甚至可以毫不夸张的说,海明威的全部长篇小说都是悲剧,而悲剧的极限所体现的就是死亡意识。

以下文字将专门分类探讨海明威作品的悲剧特色和死亡意识。

二、海明威作品的悲剧特色海明威的处女座《在我们的时代》中,悲剧的阴影还并不明显。

作者还没有把生活彻底地当做悲剧。

在这些短篇小说当中,主人公几乎都面临着强悍的外部世界,他们在现实世界里备受煎熬,被灾难磨砺,很多人得到了精神上的洗礼。

在批评家看来,这其中的悲剧色彩折射了一个作家的悲剧内容,从还不明晰走向了个人高度的悲剧想象。

不过那时候的海明威作品还并未成熟,直到若干年后他对悲剧的表达才技艺精湛。

他的悲剧终于有了鲜明的艺术特征,大概可以以下几个内容。

(一)以战争为题材的悲剧以战争为题材的悲剧最具有代表性的是小说《永别了武器》,其情节内容并不复杂,层次清晰,结构严谨、集中。

悲剧荒原上的希望稻草——浅析海明威《老人与海》

悲剧荒原上的希望稻草——浅析海明威《老人与海》
参考文献

【 关键词 】 老人与海;抗争精神 ;信仰追求;悲剧 ;希望
主人公 圣地 亚哥 是海 明威着 力 塑造 的一个 “ 硬汉 ”形 象 ,其宛如身处杂草丛 生、了无 生机的悲剧荒原 中苦苦挣扎 的拓荒者 ,终究难 逃颗粒无收的命运 。另一方面 ,也正如作 者笔下 的大海 一般 ,尽 管暗流涌动 ,凶险难料 ,深处 的嗜血 狂鲨窥伺着来来往 往的航船 ; 同时 ,其也蕴含着无 限的可能 性 ,如同形貌优 美 、味道鲜美的大马林鱼一般 ,象征着希望 的曙光。而老人苦苦耕耘的那片荒原 ,以其融入天地 的荒 芜 感 ,昭示 着人 类生命 中不可抗拒的悲剧力量 ; 但老人浇灌 的 汗水 、 拓 松的土壤 ,却也催生着希望 的稻草 ,隐隐间延续着 那份忤逆 宿命 的执 着。 跌宕起伏的英雄凭证 老人圣地亚哥八 十四天未 能捕 到一 条鱼 ,小镇人 们认 为 其 “ 倒 了血霉 ” ,随老人 出海 捕鱼 的孩 子马诺林 亦被其父 母 勒令上 了其他渔船 。在这一系列 的不利 条件 下 ,圣地亚哥依 旧坚持出海 , 因为他认为捕鱼 “ 不光 是为了卖 钱糊 口” , 也“ 表 示你是个 名副其 实的渔夫 ” 。执此 信念 ,老人 行驶到从 未去 过的遥远海域 ,捕获 了从未见过 的大马林 鱼 ,击退了成群结 队的鲨鱼群 ,最后凭借破损 的渔船 , 从 遥远的海域有惊无险 地 回到小镇 ,征服 了凶险难测 的大海。由此可见 ,若 是抛开 得而复失的大马林鱼来说 , 老人此行无 疑是 完美 的。但 由于 抗争的成果被既定 的命运无情 掠夺 , 令 其抗争的过程浸染 了 深层次 的悲剧性 。但 同时 ,我们也应 看到 ,老人也并非是一 无所获 , 那条象征 “ 失败”的鱼骨也是最为真实的英雄凭 证 , 昭示着老人 曾经有过 的辉煌 战绩。而老人也将剩下的鱼头送 给 了酒铺老板 以示感 恩 ,将剑 吻送 给了孩子 以表传承 ,生命 中至关 重要 的两个举止都 烙上 了鱼骨 的印记 ,可见其珍 贵。 又如结 局处一太 太将鱼 骨误认为 鲨鱼所言 : “ 我不知 道鲨鱼 有这 么漂亮 的尾 巴,样 子也这 么好看 。 ”此刻 ,鱼 骨 已不仅 仅 只是鱼骨 , 它更 承载着 老人 的英雄形象 ,虽不起眼 ,却也 是摇曳在悲剧荒原 中,不可忽视 的希望稻草 。 二、代代相继的精神 传承 老人圣 地亚哥举 目无亲 ,最 亲近 的人 当属孩子 马诺 林 , 这也是其精神 和技艺 的传 承者 。从小随其 出海捕鱼 的马诺林 直把老人视作最 为钦佩 之人。即使在老人连续八十 四天颗

论海明威作品中的死亡情节与悲剧意识

论海明威作品中的死亡情节与悲剧意识

教育随笔论海明威作品中的死亡情节与悲剧意识陈玉荣(随州职业技术学院讲师 湖北省 441300)摘 要 悲剧意识与死亡情节是海明威作品创作的核心内容,其作品中隐藏的悲剧精神是海明威对人生不断感悟的结果和他在艺术和思想上不断成熟的标志。

本文从死亡主题,悲剧意识,悲剧精神三个方面对海明威的作品中的死亡情节与悲剧意识进行研究。

关键词 海明威 死亡情节 悲剧意识一、死亡情节厄纳斯特·海明威(Ernest Hemingwag,18991961)一生创作颇丰。

综观海明威的生平和作品,可以看出海明威的作品和生命中与死亡有着不解之缘,美国评论家贝茨(Bates)曾做过这样的评论,“实际上海明威的作品只有一个主题,那就是‘死亡’。

”[8](精神的圣火永不熄灭) 海明威本人也承认“一切故事讲到相当长度都是以死结束的”(同上)[9]作家对死亡主题的敏感和偏爱形成了浓重的海明威式的死亡情结。

对死亡的思考与态度也贯穿着海明威的人生之路,这反映了海明威对死亡问题的高度关注。

他从不同角度对死亡主题进行了阐释,对人类精神和勇气进行讴歌和礼赞。

作家大量涉猎死亡这一主题,凸现出他对该主题的偏爱。

海明威在他的作品中大量描写了死亡,死亡在表现人人生悲剧结局与虚无本质方面,是荒谬的,可怕的,然而在表现人,尤其是陷于悲观主义或限于自身缺陷不能超越自我的人的人生的升华时,死亡却是优美的,有价值的。

在对死亡的态度上,海明威并没有消极地面对死亡,而是认为“活着,则勇敢地活下去”,他认为“死是一种美” 1952年,海明威发表了著名的中篇小说《老人与海》。

这是一部寓意很深的作品,表明了劳动者求生的道路是艰难的,但又认为即使如此也不要向困难和厄运屈服。

这里,作家还是着力于写那种宁死不屈的“男子汉精神”,着力于写人在面对死亡时,死亡的结果无所谓,重要的是人对死的态度和精神风范。

人类无法超越死亡,海明威显然清醒地认识到了这一点。

死亡具有人们谁也无法逃避的特征,死亡具有一种神秘莫测的力量和性质,死亡摧毁人们对生命、事业、爱情、友谊的信心,粉碎人的主观世界所勾画出的愉快、美妙的图景,对人类造成痛苦和悲哀,无奈和凄凉。

海明威作品艺术特色探析

海明威作品艺术特色探析

海明威作品艺术特色探析一海明威简介欧内斯特・海明威(ErnestHemingway,1899-1961)是美国20世纪最重要的文学大师,他一生笔耕不辍,为后世留下了许多脍炙人口的小说,如《太阳照常升起》、《乞力马扎罗的雪》、《永别了,武器》、《老人与海》、《弗朗西斯・麦康伯短促的幸福生活》,等等。

海明威于1899年7月出生在美国芝加哥郊外的一个橡胶园,父亲埃德・海明威是一个有教养、受人尊敬的医生,一个清教徒。

海明威的母亲葛蕾丝・霍尔则热爱音乐和美术,会唱、会画。

他们都有意识地以自己的个性和兴趣爱好去影响儿子,甚至按照自己的想法去塑造儿子。

这样,就使海明威从小养成了崇尚大自然和勇敢、顽强的性格,练就了一副强健的体魄,同时从母亲那里继承了艺术修养、审美观念。

但这种生活环境的优越带给海明威情感上更多的体验却是不愉快,在冷漠疏远而又充满矛盾的家庭里,海明威不仅没有安全感、快乐感、幸福感,而且还觉得很压抑,很恐惧,以至于产生了强烈的对立情绪,这些经历也对其成年后的创作产生了深远的影响。

二“悲剧美学”题材的选择“迷惘”是海明威创作个性的显著特征,是笼罩其作品的统一风格,他的许多作品的主人公都给人以迷惑、怅然若失的印象,因此,海明威被列为“迷惘的一代”的代表作家。

海明威之所以能创造出威武雄壮的悲剧英雄,其深刻原因就在于他能把自己独特的人生经历与悲剧观升华成艺术创造,创作出别具一格的悲剧小说。

海明威在他的文学创作过程中,对个体生命的孤独、失败与死亡予以特别的关注,并把它们作为自己悲剧小说的永恒主题。

《太阳照常升起》展示人类生存的悲剧性处境,《永别了,武器》中描绘了主人公亨利拒绝无尊严、不悲壮的死亡,《丧钟为谁而鸣》中作者在自身唤起早年曾接受的为“真理、正义、忠诚、崇高、美德、荣誉”而献身的理念。

总之,在海明威的作品中,作者赋予他的悲剧主人公以更多的社会和历史的内涵。

可以说,作者创造了不同类型的悲剧英雄,这些悲剧英雄具有不同的悲剧美学品质,作者从他们各自的人生阅历中挖掘了悲剧的潜在涵义,拓展了悲剧的美学意义,也使海明威本人成为“悲剧”美学题材的代表人物之一。

论海明威小说的悲剧性

论海明威小说的悲剧性

试论海明威小说中的悲剧意识的发展摘要:海明威小说中的悲剧意识从他最早的短篇小说集《在我们的时代里》,到他自杀身亡之前发表的非虚构散文作品《危险的夏天》,甚至他死后由其遗孀玛丽女士整理出版的纪实文学《不固定的圣节》,贯穿了其小说创作的始末。

本文结合他的四部著名小说,分析其各个时期小说中悲剧意识的发展。

关键词:海明威小说;悲剧意识;发展二十世纪是个充满死亡焦虑的世纪:第一次世界大战夺走了三千多万人的生命,第二次世界大战又有八千多万人死亡。

这种特殊的社会背景使作家和哲学家形成特殊的世界观,他们对死亡主题进行剖析思考,形成自己的思想体系。

“迷惘的一代”作家们正是生活在这个动荡时期,他们在这场大动荡中觉醒了,思想也日臻成熟,他们对未来失去信心,变得不耐烦而且多疑,他们不能适应战后平静的生活,大战中所受的痛苦完全改变了他们的性情,战争的狂乱一直萦绕在他们脑中,从而嘲讽任何形式的理想主义。

盛行于二三十年代的“迷惘的一代”文学流派公认的代表代家,就是被称为美国二十世纪上半期最有才华的“天才小说家”欧内斯特·海明威(1899-1961)。

海明威一生多次参战,受过无数次伤,他从小就弄瞎了一只眼。

在第一次世界大战中,他被奥军炮弹炸倒在地,腿上中弹二百三十七片。

在伦敦时,头部严重震荡缝了五十七针。

他曾多次遇上飞机失事,侥幸未死,得到了阅读自己讣告的罕见“特权”。

而且,海明威不只伤在身上,还伤在心上。

他一生三次离婚,两次参战,每次都受尽刺激。

“强烈的忧郁症”和“多疑症”常常笼罩着他的内心世界。

成名后生活的优裕,并没有使他的精神创伤痊愈,反而使他更加迷惘仿徨,以至怕死怕到想去找死。

不过,海明威是不愿默默地忍受伤痛的,他要把伤痕无形地表现出去,于是他把自己的身心之伤转移到他的人物形象上去了。

这些人物可以看作同一个人物的逐渐变化,从而也使得他的性格影响了他对文本的创作。

海明威小说中的悲剧意识从他最早的短篇小说集《在我们的时代里》,到他自杀身亡之前发表的非虚构散文作品《危险的夏天》,甚至他死后由其遗孀玛丽女士整理出版的纪实文学《不固定的圣节》,贯穿了其小说创作的始末,本文结合他的四部著名小说,分析其各个时期小说中悲剧意识的发展。

海明威小说硬汉形象的悲剧色彩

海明威小说硬汉形象的悲剧色彩

摘要欧内斯特·海明威是现代文学巨匠。

他把其自身独特的悲剧人生故事和富有传奇色彩的人生体验融入他的艺术创造中,创造出了海明威式的英雄,人们称之为“准则英雄”。

基于“准则英雄”在海明威作品中的地位,以及悲剧意识在海明威作品中的体现,本论文以悲剧色彩为出发点,从人与自然的抗争、人与社会的较量、人与自我精神的对抗三个方面来对英雄形象的悲剧色彩进行研究。

第一部分简要介绍了海明威其人其作,以及他的主要创造特色之一——“准则英雄”的塑造。

第二部分介绍了悲剧色彩并分析了“准则英雄”的基本素质。

同时,从海明威的生死观角度评述了“准则英雄”的基本内涵。

第三部分分析了海明威三部小说中“准则英雄”的悲剧色彩。

《老人与海》讲述了人与自然拼搏的悲剧;《永别了,武器》展示了人在巨大社会灾祸面前的悲惨处境和悲剧性的结局,确证了人在强大残酷的社会面前无望而苍凉;《乞力马扎罗的雪》是揭示人性脆弱的最好篇章,确证了人性的复杂多样。

第四部分论述“准则英雄”形象对美国文学的影响和它的局限性。

结语总结了海明威笔下的“准则英雄”都经历着痛苦并且以悲剧收场,但是英雄们在斗争中表现出来的精神品质,对现代人战胜生存困境依然有着重要的意义。

关键词:海明威;准则英雄;悲剧色彩ABSTRACTErnest Hemingway is a giant of modern literature. His unique life story has been an important part of his creation, from which a unique tragic hero of Hemingway has been created, also called “Code Hero”. In view of the i mportance of “Code Hero” and the tragic theme in Hemingway’s works, this thesis intends to make a detailed study of it. This paper tries to study the tragic color of Hemingway’s Code Hero from the three aspects of human-and-nature resistance, human-and-soc iety competition; human’s self-confrontation. The first part gives a general introduction of Hemingway and his works and his Code Hero. The second part deals with the tragic color and the basic characteristics of Code Hero. Meanwhile, it analyses the characteristics of Code Hero from Hemingway’s point of view of life and death. The third part analyses the tragic color of Code Hero of Hemingway’s three novels. In The Old Man and the Sea, we can see the tragedy of man-and-nature struggle. It confirms that the power of nature is overwhelming. Human beings can not challenge the nature. A Farewell to Arms delicates the great social scourge in the face of the tragic situation and the tragic outcome. It confirms that human beings are hopeless when facing the vicious society. The Snows in Kilimanjaro is the best chapter to reveal human vulnerability. It confirms the complex diversity of humanity. The fourth part deals with the significance and limitations of Code Hero. The conclusion states that Code Heroes all suffer the pains and have tragic endings. However, the spirit they demonstrate plays an important role to modern men in their confrontation with difficulties.Key words:Earnest Hemingway; Code Hero; tragic colorContents1.Introduction (50)2. Tragic color and Code Hero (51)2.1 Tragic color (51)2.2 The basic characteristics of Code Hero (52)3. The tragic theme of Code Hero in Hemingway’s novels (53)3.1 The natural tragedy in The Old Man and the Sea (53)3.2 The social tragedy in A Farewell to Arms (55)3.3 The spiritual tragedy in The Snows of Kilimanjora (57)4. The significance and limitations of Code Hero (59)4.1 The significance of Code Hero in American literature (59)4.2 The limitations of Code Hero (60)5.Conclusion (62)Acknowledgements (63)References (64)1.IntroductionEarnest Hemingway was an American writer and journalist. During his lifetime he had written and had published seven novels and six collections of short stories; and two works of non-fiction. He is a giant of modern literature. His own background as a wounded veteran of World War I, as an engaged combatant in the fight against Nazism, and as a “he-man”with a passion for outdoor adventures and other manly pursuits reinforce his association.Because of his background and experience, tragic color can be found everywhere in his writings. The theme of death is evident in stories as early as India Camp. It also can be found in The Sun Also Rises. And the theme of death permeates the nature which Hemingway defines. According to Stoltzfus and Fiedler, Hemingway’s nature is a place for rebirth, for therapy, and the hunter of fisherman has a moment of transcendence when the prey is killed. Nature is where men are without women: men fish; men hunt; men find redemption in nature.Code Heroes plays an important role in explaining the theme of death and tragedy .These typical characters share some same characteristics. They are tough, brave, straight and tolerant. In addition, they are never afraid of failure or death. However, all these heroes do not have happy endings and their fates are full of tragic colors. According to his Code Hero, Hemingway is intended to delay the idea of “Grace under Pressure”. More importantly, “Grace under Pressure” is the center idea of his tragic theme---the significance and value of death, and its essence is to entrust the limited life by the eternal or the infinite significance and value. Thus in the final, it refers to a person’s significance and value and also mentions the philosophy of life’s intensification, development and expansion.Many researches have been done on his novels. On the basis of these researches, my thesis is divided into three main chapters. In first chapter, the definition of the tragic color will be cleared and the characteristics of Code Hero will be defined. In the second chapter, the heroes of three novels will be analyzed. The tragic color in these heroes will be discussed from the points ofenvironment, society and psychology. In the last chapter, the significance of Hemingway’s tragic color—especially in the American literature—will be discussed.2. Tragic color and Code HeroHemingway has his own understanding and view of death based on his complicated life experiences and his repeated encountering with death. In books like The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, Death in the Afternoon, For Whom the Bell Toll and The Old Man and the Sea, we can detect a life-and-death struggle. The melody of the struggle remains so loud and sonorous. Through these books, Hemingway has stated that death is unavoidable, is the end of the life, but death means even more; the value and meaning of a person’s life is to face the death and to fight with it with a bighearted attitude. Life and death has merged into a whole. Death is a part of life.2.1 Tragic colorTragic color is not a fragmentary phenomenon in Hemingway’s work. E. Ross once said that: “many people mistakenly view death as a threat. On the contrary, death is a challenge.”[1]92Hemingway also expressed the similar opinion that is “we’d better challenge the fate rather than yield to it.”[6]34Such power of Hemingway is from the combination of disappointment and courage. The fact is that Hemingway never yields to his despair but finds the power to deal with it. Courage and firm attitude are weapons for Hemingway’s Code Hero. These heroes use these weapons to fight with the unfair life.We can not only find tragic color in Hemingway’s work but also death affairs. These death affairs embody Hemingway’s theme of death, which also reflect tragic color.Many researches have been done in the study of death. These researches can be a long time dated back and are well established. It is not difficult for us to find that many literature works are related to death. We can find it in Greek tragedies, Renaissance and Enlightment works. We can also find it in the 19thcentury realistic novels. And what makes Hemingway’s writings quite unique also lies in his unusual way of dealing with death. Death is the main idea that Hemingway has expressed in his novels. Tragic colors can be realized between lines. Stoltzfus believes Hemingway’s writings exhibit the concept of existentialism: redemption is possible at the moment of death if the concept of “nothingness” is embr aced. [3]213When death is faced with dignity and courage then life can be lived with authenticity. In Hemingway’s works those who live an “authentic” life find redemption at the moment of death.2.2 The basic characteristics of Code HeroIn Hemingway’s novels, what these Code Heroes face are the same. That is in the cruel and desperate outer world, a lot of barriers, which will surely cause fragmentary and pains, are given to people. For example, in Winner Take Nothing, What Manuel faces is a strong bull; in To Whom the Bell Rings, what Jordan faces is the bridge which must be destroyed; in The Old Man and The Sea, what Santiago faces is the misfortune of no fishes for eighty four days. These barriers are called tests for people. What’s more, the tests are often taken place in the sudden of timidity or bravery. At that time, the person’s attitude begins to become a thing which is pure and mystery. “The world breaks every one and afterward many are strong at the broken places. But those that will not break it kill. It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially. If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry.”[2] 47Says Hemingway in A Farewell to Arms. The world tests people, describes people and destroy people. The one who is failed to stand will fail to the test while the one who has passed the final test will present the “the Grace under Pressure”. The key of them in becoming the Code Hero of Hemingway is that they face the cruel life directly and the sufferings bravely. They fight with the destiny, insisting on their own dignity and belief. When they are confronting the sufferings, they show their outstanding spiritual power. They fight to death, no surrender under pressure or no complaints in adversity. They maintain an image all the time, the power of life and the proud of dignity. All of these are characteristics of Code Hero.These Code Heroes are not only the actors under the pressure, but also the winners of failure. Firstly, they are the graceful actors under pressure. They regard life as a lonely battle which is full of passion of acting. Only revolting can people change the fate. In Hemingway’s opinion, this world is full of evil and violence; rules must be established so that people can survive in such a society. The Code Heroes in his writings create the value and meaning of life by acting, pursuing the Grace under great Pressure. They have firm belief and have love of life. They are full of beauty of personality. Secondly, they are stronger of failure. Because of many reasons, they can not reach the goal. So that they are losers in general people’s view. However, the power of pursuing of them will never fade, so that they are winners. Moreover, the adversity and sufferings can not make them lose heart, but trigger them greater spirit and dignity. These heroes keep the dignity of human being which will never be beaten.3. The tragic theme of Code Hero in Hemingway’snovelsIn most of Hemingway’s literature works, Code Heroes are the most charming images he has created. These Code Heroes are mostly bullfighter, boxer, hunter and soldier. They struggle and fight in the malicious world with belief and bravery. Their fates are cruel and miserable. They accept and face the life tragedies which are from the nature、the society and the psychology. They struggle hard but still can not escape from death..3.1 The natural tragedy in The Old Man and the SeaThe Old Man and the Sea is known as an ode of the bravery. We adore Santiago who is a typical Code Hero in this novel. However, we can not deny the fact that the novel’s tragic ending and its tragic meaning. It demonstrates the tragic color in nature which happens on Santiago.Santiago, the old man of Hemingway’s last great novel is the strongest character of the Code Hero. In The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway presents old age facing life and death with courage, hope and wisdom. It can be said thatThe Old Man and the Sea is not the story of youthful disillusion or youthful love but the story of an aged man. This aged man’s power of will has replaced the power of flesh, and the wisdom of humility and true pride has replaced the arrogance of either simple pessimism or romantic self-sacrifice. [3] 84 At the beginning, we have known that “He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish.”[4]64This beginning sentence drops a hint of tragic ending to us. Despite this, he continues to go to sea and believes he will catch more fish. The old man has a strong willing to change his luck and sails out father than he has ever before. Then we witness his glorious victory. Santiago has caught a big fish. After hard struggling, Santiago has won the fight between the man and the fish. Yet, the author has pulled Santiago to another fight with sharks. At last, all the old man can do is to steer his boat toward lights of Havana with the skeleton of the marlin. The adventure ends with a tragic color.The reason of Santiago’s tragedy is that he fights with the invisible power of fate. This power is much more powerful and beyond his capacity. Though Santiago knows the power of nature is unconquerable, he has no choice but go ahead bravely without looking back. It is an important point of Code Hero and also shows the tragic fate of heroes. The reason that Hemingway gives such an ending to Santiago is that human beings can not offend the nature. The more you want to challenge, the more you will realize that the power of nature is overwhelming. One who intends to rule the nature will go nothing but tragic ending. [11]75For Santiago, success and failure are two equal facets of the same existence. They are transitory forms which capriciously arrive and depart without affecting the underlying unity between him and nature. As long as he focuses on this unity and sees himself as a part of nature, he can not be defeated by whatever misfortunes befall him.For Santiago, “The old man was dreaming about the lions.” [13]124We can infer from it that Santiago does not lose heart; on the contrary, he is dreaming of being the bravest lion hunter. Facing failure, Hero is the one who will stand up and fight bravely as before. Tragedy also has another meaning that is “A man can be destroyed but not defeated.”[4]31The natural tragic in this novel not only gives people a lesson that humanbeings can not challenge nature but also inspires people to walk forward with confidence. Santiago teaches us a good lesson.3.2 The social tragedy in A Farewell to ArmsA Farewell to Arms is one of the most outstanding war novels of Hemingway. A Farewell to Arms is on the ground of World War One. It presents the whole course of the hero Henry, reflecting the tragic color in the society. In the story, Hemingway declares a fact that his generation had to live on though they are lonely, lost and hopeless after the war.[5]59In this story, Hemingway again gives us a vivid example of the Grace under the Pressure.A Farewell to Arms is a tale of tragic romance between an American Lieutenant, Frederic Henry and a British army nurse Catherine, which unfolds along the Italian front during World War One. Throughout the story, Henry appears as a naïve young man. He is aimless, drifting along the ups and downs of life. At first, he has no intends to find anything specifically. But he finds meaning in his relationship with Catherine and realizes what he has lost only when she dies. Only at that time, Henry becomes a hero from a naïve person. The war, the death of Catherine, the lost of love makes Henry a tragic hero. [5]231 At the beginning, Henry is a naïve man. He is innocent about the war. He chats and talks about beautiful adventures with those officers. He does not know the real meaning of the war to a man, and does not realize that the war has destroyed the world. Then, Henry and his companies get an attack during an Austrian artillery. And he is badly wounded in his legs. This is the first time Henry sees himself being wounded, and the first time he feel the harshness of the war by himself.[5]167War makes people sad, disgusting and expressed. [8]95 It is against the peace and freedom which is said at first. Henry realizes it deeper when he returns to the front line. Now, Henry has differed from a young man who is voluntary to join the war to a person who strongly opposes the war.[10]116Henry once has said that “Anger was washed away in the river along with any obligation.”[15]134It is not only an important point of Henry’s new war theme, but also a must of the individual tragic development. [5]53The tragic fate of Henry is destined. He knows he has the courage to fight, but he does not know that the tragedy starts before his action. What he faces is not just the war but the much bigger power. Fighting with the cold world, an individual is always lonely and doomed to lose. In Henry’s memory, the ants in the fire dead with no clear reason. Some were burnt to dead immediately, some “swarmed out and went first toward the centre where the fire was; then turned back and ran toward the end.”When there were enough on the end they fell off into the fire. Some got out; their bodies burnt and flattened, and went off not knowing where they were going. [15]43Henry is just one of these survival ants, mentally and physically exhausted. [5]142Even though he is running out of the fire, he does not know where he is going.Henry’s love affair is also another tragedy. Henry got know about Catherine in a hospital by his friend. In his opinion, being company with Catherine is much better than “going every evening to the house for officers where the girls climbed all over you and put your cap on backward as a sign of affection between their trips upstairs with brother officers”. [15]52 This opinion of love lays tragedy at the beginning.As Catherine lies in pain, in the hospital, Henry sees her and he finally begins to see her as human and realizes that she is so important to him. This is when Henry realizes that she is all that he has. He realizes that she is everything in his life. [8] When Catherine dies, Henry realizes that he has lost everything he has. The one person makes him find meaning in his life is gone.First he turns to the army to give him something. He looks to it as something that he could treasure and something that would give him meaning. But he finds nothing but pain. Then he looks to love and he finds Catherine. The death of Catherine makes him breakdown.He is stunned by grief. He feels meaningless without Catherine. There is no place to go, nothing to do, no one to talk to.[10]42According to so many tragic colors in A Farewell to Arms, we have got to know that only a farewell to arms and to wars can people really get to the peaceful destination.Henry is a tragic hero. He fights bravely but loses finally. His spirit of “Grace under Pressure” impressed us. In the social practice, if a person wants to get a positive part, he or she has to conflict with social limitations. In theseconflicts, human beings are in inferior position. We will lose our life or destroy our spirit in the tragic end. Yet, in this tragic ending, we feel the meaning of life and the power of moving forward. It presents a beauty of tragedy. Henry gives us a typical example.3.3 The spiritual tragedy in The Snows of KilimanjoraThe Snows of Kilimanjora is a great work of Hemingway because it is written by the use of stream of consciousness. It is a story about a writer named Harry and his lover Helen. They hunt in the Kilimanjora but meet with a mishap. Harry recalls his life when he is dying. Finally, Harry dies on the top of Klimanjora and the woman are struck with a panic. In this tragic story, Hemingway creates Harry, the hero, who overcomes the pain in spirit.In order to relief his own depression and stir his inspiration, Harry goes to Africa for hunting. A series of accidents has happened and Harry is injured. Harry can not move and is isolated in Kilimanjaro, as well as his lover. They can do nothing but wait for rescue. Yet, Harry is near to death. In deep despair Harry asks the woman to kill him. Harry believes that shooting him to death is a good way to run away from the struggle before death.“Don’t be silly. I’m dying now. Ask those bastards.”[12]56The anxiety about death is overwhelming. “…he had no pain and with the pain the horror had gone and all he felt now was a great tiredness and anger that this was the end of it.”[12]67He is angry for the woman who has brought him here and makes him desperate. He is also angry for the driver who breaks the car down, making them isolated. Because for the fear of death, he wants to ruin everything to identify that he is alive, even these things are his swift and amour. [12]23Night falls. He suddenly thinks about death. He felt sad again. “It came with a rush; not as a rush of water nor of wind; but of a sudden evil-smelling and the odd thing was that he hyena sipped lightly along the edge of it.”[14]56It is so thrilling that the smell of death calls the hyena. Harry is so afraid that he needs to write to cover his frighten up. Harry buries hatred and sorry for his meaningless death. He even has illusion: “just then, death had com and rested its head on the foot of the cot and he could smell its breath.” “It can be two bicycle policemen as easily or be a bird. Or it can have a wide snout like ahyena.”[14]231Gradually, he is beaten down by his fear.Fear is the death. He suffers a lot from the fear of death. He tries hard to relief himself, wanting to write, drinking a lot, recalling the past glory, even indulging in the illusion. However, after spiritual torture, he still can not escape from death.In Harry’s last dream, he is on the plan, flying over mountains and forests, through snow storm, up to Kilimanjaro. During his flight, he is dead, without pain or sorrow but with hope and joy. It can be explained that Harry is reluctant to leave. It also stands for the spiritual torture among people which ruins soul. Harry’s death is a tragic. The torturing course of him is filled with tragic color.Only when he is dying, Harry suddenly realizes and regrets. He strongly feels the cruel of death. Death deprives him of life and joy. He regrets that he has indulged in luxury and dissipation and lost himself. Hemingway presents his understanding of death to readers through the consciousness of Harry. Life and death are opposite. Life is an essence of human existing while death is the end of life, making life weak and people realize the true self and the main idea of life.[14]126Hemingway tells us through the fate of Harry, that is, in the worldly society, people can not control their own lives. What’s more, the destruction of a person is not only the destruction of his physical body but also the spiritual dilemma which will never be overcome. In this novel, Harry is tortured a lot when he is dying. The pain he has experienced makes us personally on the scene. We also feel the pain and immerse in sorrow. Because of the suffering of Harry, we start to ponder over the pain of life. The pain makes people realize the differences between human beings and other creatures. The pain also teaches us to understand the meaning of life is to reduce, cast off and over step the difficulties. Therefore, human beings should have bravery to deal with the difficulties, fight with the pains and say no to the fate.“A life can be trivial, but death will never be. Death let the living people see, along with a person’s death, the world loses something which requires a will of life.”[7] 98Hemingway does not make his heroes sink into the tragedy. On the contrary, h e repeated pushing his heroes to the board of death and let them make a self-examination of life. Then, do the choice. [17]104The task for human beings is not only to overcome the barriers but also tosmooth the spiritual obstacles away. The conflict in spiritual world can be concretized as the intense conflict between the soul and the flesh, or live and death, or love and hate, or success and failure, or morality and interests. The above mentioned conflict will surely give greatly misery to human beings. People have to pay a lot in order to move forward. Then tragedy is inevitable. The Snows of Kilimanjaro is a novel which confers the tasks of death, career and love. Harry, the hero, experiences his strong spiritual struggle and presents his power.4. The significance and limitations of Code HeroThe influence of Hemingway’s writings on American literature was considerable and continues today. James Joyce called “A clean, well lighted place” “one of the best stories ever written”. [17]21 Hemingway has created his Code Hero to display his tragic theme. His Code Hero has encouraged the Lost Generation. We can also say that Code Hero means a lot in American literature. However, we can not deny the fact that Code Hero has limitations because of the author’s background and the society.4.1 The significance of Code Hero in American literatureHemingway creates Code Hero, who plays an important role in his writings. As Hemingway once defined the Code Hero as “a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage, and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful.”the Code Hero measures himself how well he can handle the difficulties the life throws to him. The Code Hero is typically individualist and free-willed, but the core quality is how to face death. Once he faces death bravely and becomes a man, he must continue to struggle and prove himself to retain his manhood through maintaining “Grace under Pressure”.According to the images of Code Hero, Hemingway makes efforts to establish the human being’s dignity in literature and he has succeeded. Looking into the images of Code Hero, we can find that what Hemingway stresses is thepositive aspect in personality. Since the Renaissance, human beings have thought themselves very important in the universe and superior to other creatures. It is the reason that emphasizing individuality becomes the basic characteristic in western culture. Consequently, individuality, freedom and equality are the main rhythm in western literature. Under this cultural and literary background, western modern people eager to discover the life’s meaning and value and to find the right way of existing. All of these make Code Hero come into being, so as the spirit of “Grace under Pressure”. This spirit influences a generation of western people, giving them hope to move on.It is the fact that the influence of Hemingway is overwhelming. However, it is difficult for us to tell which time, which author and how. “The influence of Hemingway is everywhere, but you can not identify which one belongs to Hemingway,”[19]42 says Dong Hengzhuan, “the influence is permeated.”[19]74That is true because the art of Hemingway has already permeated into the world literature.4.2 The limitations of Code HeroWe have deeply admired the charming of Code hero. However, we can not ignore the tragic ending of these heroes. They suffer a lot, get nothing, and feel desperate when they fight alone. Inspired by heroism and individualism, Hemingway does not realize the power and the intelligence of the masses, nor understand the power of environment and the society. “What he relies is his heroism. He fights with the evil society alone. It is easy to understand the tragic ending.” [17]96These heroes are lonely. But they make themselves so lonely. They rely too much on their own power and exclude others. In the world of Hemingway, heroes look up down others’existence. Outside the subjective awareness of heroes, there are many objective wills existing which are hard to handle, change or conquer. These wills are too powerful for any heroes to conquer.Take Santiago for example. Santiago can beat big fishes and fight to the end with sharks. But his victories are doomed to be eaten by sharks no matter how hard he has struggled. After a horrifying fight, though Santiago has maintained his sense and dignity, he still loses the fish which can certificate hisvictory. The heroes who Hemingway speaks highly of are all lonely. They are for heroism. They pursue the meaning of individual life but lose the consistence with the society. It is the reason why they fall into solitary in a real world.The power and the rule of environment and society can not be challenged. Santiago does not catch any fish for eighty four days. He has also lost his only following boy. In front of the strong power of environment, the old man is always in adverse. The nature teaches human beings a cruel lesson. The fishbone which the old man finally protects from the sharks is the rubbish which will be taken by waves. It is very ironic that what raises people’s interests is only the size of the fish bone, not the dignity of Santiago. The dignity of the old man will finally be forgotten by the cruel time.To sum up, the tough fights and struggles between heroes and environment or society or spirit are all tragic. Obviously, this heroism has many disadvantages. It is simple, isolated and rigid which does not coincide with era today.。

读书心得——《老人与海》的悲剧艺术

读书心得——《老人与海》的悲剧艺术

读书心得——《老人与海》的悲剧艺术0 引言海明威是20世纪美国现代文学史上伟大的小说家之一。

他亲历了两次世界大战与经济大萧条,在战后恢复建设时期,在家中自杀,结束了自己的一生。

在海明威的观念里,整个世界充满了浓烈的悲剧色彩,人生就是一场永恒的命运悲剧。

他在文学创作之初就坚持把个体生命的孤独与死亡当作自己悲剧小说创作的永恒主题,其中《老人与海》是他对悲剧艺术进行探索的巅峰之作。

在这部小说中,海明威通过老人圣地亚哥捕鱼的故事描写了人类的悲剧命运,以象征手法展现了人生的孤独、死亡和荒谬。

结合海明威的生活经历以及作品的创作背景,本文主要探讨了《老人与海》的孤独和死亡主题,并评述了其悲剧艺术的美学价值。

1 《老人与海》的孤独主题人是社会性动物,离不开与现实社会中其他个体的联结。

而在现代西方文学中,人是与社会脱离的孤独的个体,存在主义文学更是将人类孤独的状态描述得淋漓尽致。

正如萨特所说,他人就是地狱[2],人不仅无法真正理解他人、融入社会,还需要孤独地与社会、环境、人生和命运抗争,在孤独的生存中探索生命的意义、彰显生命的价值。

在小说《老人与海》中,海明威以寓言故事的方式展现了人类孤独的生存状态和命运悲剧。

1.1 海明威的孤独主题溯源存在主义哲学认为,孤独是人类社会永恒的命题,也是人类基本的存在方式[3]351。

每个人都只能孤独地生活在世界上,孤独地与命运抗争,并孤独地死去,唯一的区别在于不同的人对待人生、社会和命运的态度各不相同。

20世纪美国文学作品的感情基调逐渐由豁达向悲悯和忧郁转变。

这个时期的作家更倾向于用沉重的笔风、尖锐的词语描绘现实生活的残酷,揭露现实社会中的罪恶和无法逃避的痛苦,并对人生悲剧进行思考。

作为美国现代文学史上最成功的存在主义作家之一,海明威一生饱受战争的摧残和命运的捉弄,但是不管遇到何种痛苦和不幸,他始终以“硬汉形象”面对生活和命运,在与命运的抗争中表现出不可被打败的硬汉精神。

他的小说刻画的英雄人物以及硬汉角色都是孤独的存在,孤独地对抗着命运,孤独地面对人生的挫折,这种生活境遇本身就充斥着浓重的悲剧色彩。

海明威的小说悲剧艺术

海明威的小说悲剧艺术

86海明威的小说悲剧艺术尹虹霓 阿坝师范学院外国语学院摘要:海明威笔下所写的小说悲剧属于一种艺术,其一般通过人与时代的对立、人与人的对立和人与自然的对立给予有效的展现,除了给人以心灵的震撼外,还给人以巨大的情感共鸣,以更好的展现出悲剧美学的全貌。

本文将会对海明威悲剧色彩小说进行介绍,并从抽象悲剧艺术、脆弱人性的悲剧技术、宏伟的时代悲歌三个方面来对海明威的小说悲剧艺术进行探究,以更好的加深人们对海明威的小说的了解和掌握。

关键词:海明威;小说悲剧艺术海明威被认为是美国20世纪最伟大的作家,他的作品既对20世纪世界时局动荡给予了有效的浓缩,而且还对“人性”的崇高敬意给予了有效的谱写,并在历史发展中给人留下了非常深刻的印象,其中悲剧艺术是海明威小说作品中经常采用的表现形式,他把小说的创作与20世纪时代背景紧密的联系在一起,既能够将精神境界的审美有效的呈现在小说作品之中,同时也可以将人类美好的渴求毁灭在社会矛盾之中,更好的突出小说悲剧艺术,加深人们对小说作品的理解和掌握。

一、海明威悲剧色彩小说概述通过对海明威的小说作品进行分析可以发现,《在我们的时代里》是第一部小说作品,而《激流中的岛屿》是最后一部小说作品,不管是短篇还是长篇小说,也不管是何种题材的作品,悲剧性都是其共同的特征,并且可以认为悲剧是海明威小说的共同主题。

《太阳照样升起》是一部长篇小说,弥漫着非常浓厚的悲剧气氛,从小说的扉页中可以了解到其来源于《传道书》中所描述的一段文字,其寓意是大地亘古不变,而人世世代代的代谢,太阳匆匆落下,最终回归到其升起的地方,风一会儿往北吹,一会儿往南吹,不停的旋转,好像可以吹到很远的地方,而实际上最终又会回到原来的轨迹。

从这里可以发现作者的创作意图是为了暗示人生不仅是徒劳的,同时也是虚空的,但是其悲剧既是注定又是永恒的。

在《太阳照样升起》中对“迷惘的一代”的形象给予了成功的塑造,战争已经把美国战后一代人们的希望无情的蹂躏,导致他们显得还是那么的空虚、迷惘,只希望能够痛快地活在当下,不愿意对明天会如何给予考虑。

海明威小说的悲剧色彩

海明威小说的悲剧色彩

海明威的作品中 经常出现死亡和 毁灭的主题,引 发读者对生命意 义的思考和人类
命运的关注。
海明威通过悲剧 色彩的描绘,揭 示了人类存在的 困境和生命的脆 弱,引导读者思 考人类的命运和
未来。
汇报人:XX
孩子形象
代表作品:《老人与海》 中的小男孩马诺林
性格特点:勇敢、善良、 纯真
悲剧命运:在战争中失去 亲人,生活艰辛
人物意义:象征着人类的 希望和未来
简洁明快的语言风格
海明威的小说语言简练,不追求华丽的辞藻,而是通过简单的词汇和句式来表达 深刻的情感和思想。
海明威的语言风格非常直接,他善于用最少的语言表达最多的意思,使得他的作 品非常易于阅读和理解。
孤独与疏离
海明威小说中的人物常常感到孤独和疏离,无法融入社会或与他人建立亲密关系海明威通过描绘人物的孤独和疏离,反映了当时社会的人际关系疏离和个人困境。 孤独和疏离感是海明威小说中常见的主题,这种情感常常与悲剧事件相关联。
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添加标题
海明威通过悲剧人物的形象,展现了 人性中的自私、软弱和虚荣,同时也 揭示了人性的善良、勇气和坚韧。
海明威的作品中经常出现对人类价值 观的探讨,这些探讨揭示了人类在面 对道德和伦理问题时的复杂性和悲剧 性。
对社会的批判与反思
海明威的小说揭示了社会的黑暗面,批判了不公和腐败现象。
海明威通过悲剧人物的形象,反思了人性的弱点和局限。
战争与暴力
海明威的小说中经常出现战争场景,强调战争对人类造成的身体和心理创伤。 海明威的作品中经常描绘暴力和血腥场面,这些场景突出了人类暴力和死亡的一面。 海明威通过战争和暴力的描写,反思人类历史和文明的发展,探讨人类命运和前途的问题。 海明威在小说中通过战争和暴力的描写,表达了自己对人类生存状态的关注和思考。

海明威小说的悲剧艺术

海明威小说的悲剧艺术

海明威小说的悲剧艺术海明威小说的悲剧艺术摘要:海明威是一个出色的作家,从1961年以来,对海明威的研究一直都没有中断过,出版他的遗作,再版他的作品,甚至还把他搬上了荧幕。

海明威的小说以他传奇的经历为背景刻画出了一个个悲剧主人公。

本文从“悲剧”这一美学角度为切入点,阐述其“悲剧性”的世界观及其悲剧作品的美学价值。

关键词:悲剧意识;准则英雄;迷惘;西西弗斯一、海明威小说的创作背景任何一个作家的创作,总是离不开他所处时代的影响,其作品又无不打上时代的烙印。

第一次世界大战以前维多利亚时代的美国,地处相邻两大洋的保护之中,人们的思想和道德观念是封闭的,温文尔雅的道德规范占主导地位。

后来随着工业的不断发展,西进运动使美国版图不断扩大,以及实现快速致富的“美国梦”的影响,给这块原本平静、较少竞争的土地注入了一些鲜活的血液。

一战,像催化剂一样加速了维多利亚社会结构的瓦解。

海明威也像大多数爱国青年一样参加了一战。

战争的残酷使海明威的身心遭受了极大的伤害,后来他回忆说:“对于作家来说,有战争的经验是难能可贵的。

但这种经验太多了,却有危害。

”战后,他茫然过,试图用爱情和寻欢作乐忘却痛苦;他也困惑过,什么事都不想做。

然而,他最后把这一切伤感、失落、惆怅及痛苦诉诸笔端,饱含激情地倾诉了被战争摧残的一代人的内心创伤,开始了小说创作。

不同的经历背景决定一个作家将观察到什么,将对什么发生兴趣,海明威有着如此的经历,他的作品才呈现出暴力、争斗、失败和死亡等主题。

二、海明威小说的悲剧美1.海明威小说的死亡意识海明威小说中的悲剧意识是由死亡意识和失败意识来体现的。

死是一个人生命的终点,也是最具悲剧感的表现。

试想现代人整日带着不同的面具,奔忙穿梭于人生的大舞台上,不就是为了能在有生之年活得舒适一点吗?他们最怕的就是那个悲剧性时刻的.到来,那时,人世间的繁华终成一场空,连他们自己最后也只剩下了一缕烟和几抹青灰。

2. 海明威小说的失败意识海明威主人公的悲剧结局不仅仅是死亡,更有一种浓郁的失败意识,即他的主人公吃了败仗。

浅析海明威小说中的悲剧色彩

浅析海明威小说中的悲剧色彩
一、创作灵感来自社会环境
海明威生活的年代,表面上虽说工业发达,物质充裕,但背后却潜伏着许多不安的因素,加速了经济大萧条的发生。一战二战的发生,更是让人们伤痕累累,痛不欲生。
为了拯救世界,为了改变贫苦的生活,人们怀着对美好生活的向往奔赴战场,但目睹了人类空前的大屠杀,经历了种种苦难,承受了“民主”、“光荣”等口号的欺骗之后,曾经的人们对社会、对人生大感失望。迷惘、彷徨之后,人们“迷失”在通向“美国梦”的道路上。了解了上层社会的实际状况,发现了昔日追逐的美丽梦想已成泡影,饱尝了艰辛工作却不能满足自我生存需要的艰辛。这代人对战争所代表的阶级利益深感痛恶;这代人摒弃了传统的价值观念和信仰;这代人经历了坎坷与痛苦并最终觉醒;这代人的身上还体现了在追求美好人生中的种种失望;这代人是孤独的迷惘者。
亨利,当他在意大利战场上经历过枪林弹雨、满身枪孔后,他同样完成了从一个乳臭未干的中学生向一个战争受害者的转变。当他跳河逃生时已经深刻地意识到战争已不存在正义与邪恶之分,因为在这场战争中夺人性命的不仅仅是德奥联军,就连自己的盟军意大利人也成了杀人不眨眼的杀人狂。此时的他心灵受到极度震荡,他深深认识到战争疯狂到了不肯放过任何一个人的邪恶地步。为了抗拒邪恶,保持自己的纯净心灵,追寻自己的理想生活,他同样选择退出战争。但命运总是爱捉弄人,在凯瑟琳和孩子离他而去时,他最终完成了从一个战争参与者向战争幸存者的过渡。此时的他已经伤痕累累,遍体鳞伤,痛不欲生,无论从肉体还是到灵魂,每一处都滴洒着毁灭性的血与泪。
老人没有沮丧,没有倦怠,他继续出海,向限度发起挑战。他终于钓到了一条鱼。如同老人是人中的英雄一样,这条鱼也是鱼中的英雄。鱼奋力反抗,拼命地想要挣脱,将老人拖至茫茫大海中央,在海中与老人进行决战。在这场鱼与人的交战中,鱼也想获胜,想尽了各种方法来对付老人。鱼在水下坚持几天几夜,让老人不能休息,用有力的身躯猛击船体,用尖利的牙齿试图撕咬老人,想尽了种种“酷刑”来折磨老人,把他弄得血肉模糊、伤痕累累。也许鱼认为,走投无路的老人会割断钓绳,逃之夭夭,得到解放,那么它就是胜利者。可是,老人没有产生过放弃的念头,他选择继续战斗。他把那条鱼当作一个可与之交战的强大敌手,一次又一次地向限度发起挑战,他不要宣告自己是失败者,他要胜利。

略谈《老人与海》的悲剧美

略谈《老人与海》的悲剧美

2014.02学教育47略谈《老人与海》的悲剧美徐阳平(四川工程职业技术学院外语系,四川德阳618000)[摘要]《老人与海》是海明威巅峰时期的又一力作,悲剧艺术展现了被毁灭的美,具有长久而强烈的情感渲染力,深深震撼了我们的心灵。

本文以独特的悲剧审美视角,重点解析了《老人与海》这部巨著中所蕴含的悲剧美。

[关键词]《老人与海》;悲剧意境;悲剧美一、老人与命运抗争所表现的悲剧美《老人与海》中海明威塑造的主人公是一位孤苦的古巴老人形象,他谱写了一曲失败者的悲歌。

小说以“他是独个儿摇只小船在湾流打鱼的老汉,已经八十四天没有钓到一条鱼了”的独特形式开篇,为圣地亚哥的悲剧历程埋下了伏笔。

他没有可敬的亲人,没有富足的家境,有的只是作为一个纯粹的人对生活最基本的要求和一个孤独的灵魂。

窘迫的生活,坎坷的经历,年迈的命运,无一不使得我们为之动容,同情、怜悯之心在读者心中油然而生。

在其他渔夫看来,他背时背运,倒霉透顶,俨然是悲剧上演的现实版本。

然而,就是这个孤寡的老人,凭借豁达的心态和强大的自信顽强的抗争着命运的压迫,“硬汉”的形象悄然而立。

尽管孤身一人、年迈体弱,但圣地亚哥顽强的意识仍支撑他继续为生存而战。

悲剧人物的伟大行为为生命赋予了新的含义:生存的意义不只是在于活下去,其更深层的含义是为了生存的意志和尊严,不懈的抗争,尽管失败也永不退缩。

小说中圣地亚哥曾对自己说过这样一句话令我深深为之触动,“人不是为失败而生的,一个人可以被毁灭但不能被打败”。

悲剧的背后是失败,失败则衍生了圣地亚哥老人对人生的态度,这是海明威“重压下的优雅”最好的诠释范本。

总体来说,在圣地亚哥与命运的争斗中,他是一个失败者,是一场悲剧的“表演者”。

其悲剧性就在于他现有的能力已不足以与命运的力量相对抗,失败的结局早已注定。

然而与古典的悲剧所不同,小说中讲述的故事并未给我们带来难鸣的悲伤,相反却给了我们一次强烈的精神冲击。

海明威为这场失败的争斗附加了一种奋发向上,永不服输的战斗精神。

〖2021年整理〗《论文海明威的作品风格及其悲剧意识》优秀教案

〖2021年整理〗《论文海明威的作品风格及其悲剧意识》优秀教案

海明威的作品风格及其悲剧意识摘要海明威作品的写作风格表现为语言简练,具有电报风格,独特的“冰山理论”叙事手法的采用,以及象征的运用使其作品带有中西交汇的悲剧意识。

关键词:悲剧意识海明威象征美国著名小说家海明威是一位不平凡的语言大师,他以“精通现代叙事艺术”和“在当代风格所发挥的影响”而荣获1954年诺贝尔文学奖。

他的作品语言简练,具有电报风格。

其独特的叙事手法被称为“冰山理论”,作品中还大量运用象征来展示深刻的内涵。

这种写作风格使其作品中的悲剧意识既具有西方传统的深沉特点又具有东方的含蓄色彩。

一语言特色:电报风格在海明威的小说中无处不在,无论是叙述事实,铺陈景物,对话,还是揭示人物的心理活动,都可见其痕迹。

《老人与海》的语言是简洁的,而所表达的思想又十分深刻,引人深思。

这样不仅揭示了文体的结构关系,也表现了现代艺术的走向和审美情趣——“越少,也就越多”,即语言的表述方式简练客观而节奏迅速,具有电报风格。

如:“老人清楚,他必须得保持体力,所以就强迫自己吃前一天捕获到的、原打算做诱饵用的金枪鱼。

在右手切鱼、吃鱼的时候,他那只被勒伤的左手开始抽筋,而且,由于那条大马林鱼在抵抗,他必须拼尽全力拉住鱼线,所以那只手搐得像一只爪子。

桑提亚哥对自己的身体状况既感到气馁,又忿恨不已,他希望金枪鱼能使他的伤手恢复劲力。

他吃鱼的时候,产生一种强烈的愿望,想喂一喂那条马林鱼,像对兄弟那样。

”这段描写的是老人在与鱼僵持时的几个简单的动作。

就用词而言,海明威喜欢用动词和名词写作,少用形容词,以增强动感,而且几乎所有的动词和名词都简明、易懂。

他倾向用英语中最核心、最普通的词汇。

二叙事手法:冰山理论“冰山有八分之七在水下,只有八分之一是显露出来的。

任何你知道的,你都可以省去不写,这只会增强你的冰山。

重要的是那没有显露出来的部分。

”“冰山理论”的主要特点是含蓄,它对所提出的事实不加评论、解释,让读者从简洁平谈的叙述中去慢慢品味、猜想。

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作风格影响后世读者最大的地方。 海明威出生于美国伊利诺 身上和内心都饱受战争的折磨。 在他的回忆录里也说到:“对于
伊州芝加哥郊外橡树园镇一个医生的家庭,父亲很喜欢钓鱼 作家来说,有战争的经验是难能可贵的。 但这种经验太多了,
等户外运动 ,而母亲酷 爱 文 学 ,这 些 都 给 海明 威 以 后 的 生 活 却有危害。 ”他也一度茫然过、困惑过,也曾经用爱情和其他方
实现快速致富的美国梦的影响下,原本平静、安详、少竞争的 我们现代人来说,每天都生活在不同面具下面,不仅要忙于
生活环境,被这些先进思想所充实。 在第一次世界大战的催化 生计 ,还要穿梭与不同 的 人 与 人 之 间 ,为 的 就 是在 这 有 生 之
下,加速了维多利亚社会的瓦解。 而中学毕业的海的伤害,使得他在精神上迷惘,因而他的文学流派也被人们称为“迷惘的一代”。 海明威一生创作了许多作品
如 :《老 人 与 海 》、《太 阳 照 常 升 起 》、《永 别 了 ,武 器 》、《丧 钟 为 谁 而 鸣 》等 多 部 作 品 ,这 些 作 品 里 体 现 了 海 明 威 坚 强 、宽
厚、仁慈、爱心,虽然他受到了外界巨大的压力,但他仍然是精神上的强者。 海明威在写作风格上简洁、直接也成为影
心理上造成巨大的伤害,使得他在精神上迷惘,因而他的文 个作家经历的不同、所处环境的不同、历史背景的不同,都会
学流派也被人们称为“迷惘的一代”。 海明威创作的小说一般 对其观察事物、感受事物有各自的见解,海明威的经历才使
都以自己的传奇经历为刻画背景,描述了不同悲剧的主人公 得他的作品展现出了暴力、战争、迷惘、死亡等这些内容。
2、海明威小说里的失败意识之美学 在海明威小说里许多主人公的悲剧结局不仅是死亡,也有一 种失败在里面,在海明威小说里《太阳照常升起》是描写了一 位像海明威一样流落他乡的年轻美国人,在第一次世界大战 后, 因为战争使得他们在心里和生理上都造成了巨大的伤 害,因而迷失了前进的方向,他们空虚、忧郁、困苦,他们想有 所作为但战争让他们在精神上迷惘、困惑,而走入社会又是 尔虞我诈,让他们厌恶,从而他们只能选择终日沉沦。 在小说 里主人公杰克和勃莱特终日隔海相望,就像浩瀚的大海上漂 浮的两块没有方向的木板,在风浪的作用下偶然的相互的碰 撞一下,可又在这短暂的碰撞后意味着再次的分离,虽然他 们没有被敌人消灭,可在精神上难道不是个失败者吗? 小说 的主人公亨利虽然没有死,可他在精神上失去了一切,包括 他的妻子、孩子、愿终生奋斗的事业等等,最后一无所有成为 一个了无牵挂的人。 而小说里的另一个主人公桑提亚哥也不 是因为战争而死亡, 可他的种种行为并不被周围人所理解, 使得他被敢孤独,等同于被生活打败。 在海明威的小说里一 直围绕这孤独、失望、悲伤等等这些主题,可这些也真实的反 应了海明威自己真实生活和对世界观的写照,从不同侧面展 示了不同的人格魅力。 海明威小说里的失败意识背后要表现 的是一种勇敢正直,无畏地面对痛苦和死亡的精神,展现了 无论困难多大,情况多么严重,都不失勇气和决心的一种精 神之美。
度,阐述海明威的悲剧世界关和悲剧文学作品的美学价值。
[关键词] 海明威;悲剧意识;迷惘
DOI:10.16412/ki.1001-8476.2016.03.025
作为上个世纪美国具有代表的杰出作家海明威,不仅写 年轻的海明威的内心受到了极大的伤害,战争结束后,虽然
作风格简洁、直接,其装饰性的字眼也很少用,这也是他的写 海明威受到了十字军功奖章、银质奖章等多种荣誉,可他的
每个杰出的作家都离不开他们所处的时代环境的影响, 悲剧人物也同时带给读者一种悲剧的美,这种美不单单是海
这些旷世杰作都全部被打上了时代的烙印。 在上个世纪第一 明威内心表现出来的一种个人的独有特征,同时也成为他作
次世界大战前,也就是维多利亚时代时期的美国,人们的思 品里一种写作风格,被读者认可而流传到今。
想和道德观念是处在一个封闭的时期,又受到英国社会的影
1、 海明威小说里是死亡意识之美学
响,人们都处于温雅、绅士的一种道德占聚了主导地位。 后来
海明威小说里的失败和死亡意识都体现了一种悲剧意
随着英国工业革命冲击,美国经济也发生了巨大变化和发展, 识,生与死是人生的一个开始和结束,死亡则是生命走向人
在西进运动的促使下美国版图也得到了不断扩大,后来为了 生的一个终点,也成为一个人最具有悲剧色彩的展现。 对于
这种死亡的意识展现的淋漓尽致,在小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》里, 海明威描写了西班牙的内战,在描写满怀理想的美国青年约 丹自愿去参加战争,在逃亡时候受伤被遗弃,于是他选择了 独自与敌人战争,最后自杀的悲剧故事。 在小说里海明威将
49
人物刻画的生动,不仅让读者能从这个悲剧主人公身上感受 到压力和厄运打击,也能真正感受到他的,勇往直前,甚至视 死如归的一种美的精神,经管最后失败了,可也保持了人的 尊严和勇气,他仍然是胜利者的风度,也是海明威最终要表 达的一种死亡之美。
候正好在美国西南的《星报》当实习记者,和大多数爱国青年 的来到,当那悲剧的来临,也就意味着人世间所有的一切将
一样,怀揣着理想参加了第一次世界大战。 而残酷的战争让 成为零,最后也就只是剩下那一缕青烟。 在海明威小说里将
[作者简介] 张晓鹏(1976.9=)张家口阳原人,硕士研究生,讲 师,研 究方 向 为英语语言文学,现任张家口职业技术学院应用外语系教师。 张丽超(1983.6-)女,唐山滦 南人,研 究生 ,现任 河北 省张家 口职 业技 术学 院应用外语系讲师。 研究方向为英语语言文学。
浅析海明威小说的悲剧艺术
张晓鹏 张丽超 张家口职业技术学院,河北张家口 075000
[摘要] 海明威是上个世纪美国非常具有代表的杰出作家,他出生在美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥郊外一个医生家庭,他的
母亲 喜 爱 文 学 ,这 也 对 他 以后 的 写 作 产 生 了 不 少 的影 响 。 海 明 威 一 生 经 历 了两 次 世 界 大 战 ,也 使 得 他 在生 理 和 心 理 上
响后世最大的地方 。 从上个世纪六十年代以来 ,对海明威的作品研究就一直没有中断过 ,他的作品也不断的被许多国
家翻译成不同文字出版,有的甚至还将这些作品搬上了荧幕。 海明威创作的小说一般都以自己的传奇经历为刻画背
景,描述了不同悲剧的主人公的人生经历 ,也同时展示了海明威的内心创伤和迷惘 。 本文从海明威小说的悲剧艺术角
的 人 生 经 历 ,也同 时 展 示 了 海 明 威 的 内 心 的 创 伤 和 迷 惘 ,这 也
二、海明威小说里的悲剧之美
成为海明威小说的悲剧艺术核心部分。
海明威的小说里一般都是描写了不同悲剧的主人公的
一、海明威小说的艺术创作背景
人 生 经 历 ,也 同 时 展示 了 海 明 威 的 内 心 的 创 伤 和 迷 惘 ,这 些
产生了很大的影响。 当年中学毕业的海明威在美国西南的 式让自己忘记那些苦难的经历,可最后他还是把这一切的伤
《星报》当实习记者,这也为海明威写作风格上奠定了良好的 痛、茫然、惆怅都用文字来进行倾诉,将战争给人们内心的摧
基础。 海明威一生经历了两次世界大战,也使得他在生理和 残和创伤,全部展现出来,着也是他真正小说创作的开始。 每
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