4 Diction方法
翻译中的遣词用句
基本的翻译技巧一般包括1).Diction(选词用字); 2).Amplification(增益); 3).Omission(省略);4).Repetiton(重复);5).Conversion(转换); 6).Restructuring(词序调整); 7).Negation(正说反译，反说正译);8).Division(长句拆译).遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。
由于英汉分属不同的语系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。
本期用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交织，5.无对等词语。
词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。
本期从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义，即1.根据构词法辨别词义；2.根据指代关系辨别词义；3.根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；4.根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。
在词义辨析的基础上，本期归纳了英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧：1.推演法，2.移植法，3.引伸法，4.替代法，5.释义法，6.合并法，7. 图形法和8.音译法。
1. Correspondence Between English and Chinese at Word Level----英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况In most cases there is no existing pattern for sentence translation, nor are there fixed rules for word transformation. Generally speaking, the correspondence between English and Chinese at word level may be categorized as follows:1) Word-for-word CorrespondenceThis is most evidently shown in proper nouns and technical terms.For example: Marxism = 马克思主义Aspirin ＝阿斯匹林2) One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same MeaningThis is a common case in translation.For example:犬：dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier……3) One Word with Several Equivalents of Different MeaningThis is also very common in translation. For example:carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧…..走：walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, trapes, shamble, prance, scamper, clump, tiptoe ….羊：sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb……4) Equivalents Interwoven with One Another5) Words Without EquivalentsIn this case, an explanation is given instead of an equivalent.For example:clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人阴：(in Chinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world阳：(in Chinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world（目不识）丁: (not know one's) ABC2. Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word-----词义辨析Since English words are prone to various meanings, it is of vital importance for a translator to discern the right meaning of a given word. And the following are the major methods of discriminating word meaning suggested by some linguists.1) Judging from the Word FormationIn order to discriminate the original meaning of an English word, it is necessary for us to have a knowledge of English lexicology, and specifically, a knowledge of word formation, such as compounding, derivation, affixation, blending, acronym, clipping, etc. A good command of them will help to shed light on the correct meaning of some difficult words.For example, the word ""parabiospheric"", which consists of para-(outside) +bio-(biologic) +spheric (having the form of a sphere). After a brief analysis, we may safely put it into ""外生物层的"". Another more complicated instance, pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. This extremely long word seems appallingly complicated. However, an anatomic study of its composition enables us to get a clear understanding of its meaning: pneumono- (of lung) +ultra- (beyond) + micro (very small) + scopic- (of viewing or observing) + silico- (of silicon)+ volcano + coni- ( koni, of dust) + osis (forming the name of a disease). Even if we are not sure of the equivalent of this medical term, we may roughly get the right meaning of the long word: a kind of lung disease caused by extremely small silicon particles. And a look into some dictionary leads us to the definite answer: 硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病（一种矿工易染的病）。
选词方法
4.Choice of collocative meanings
• 练习 Heavy A heavy rain; a heavy load; a heavy crop; Heavy news; a heavy vote; a heavy schedule; Heavy advertising; heavy casualties; A heavy sea; a heavy buyer; a heavy demand Heavy sorrow; a heavy thinker; a heavy politician; A heavy play; This book is heavy reading.
Choice of contextual meanings
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Show me the complain book. Milton’s Paradise Lost consists of twelve books. books. That’s all I remember,sir, on the Book. Book. He claims to have been graduated from this college,but his name is not on the books. books. He is always painstaking at his books. The music was fine,but the book was very poor. How many names are there on your books? books? He went out to the village to pay trademen’s books.
Choice of grammatical meanings
翻译技巧4 措词、具体化、词类转换
• 在西南地区广西、贵州、湖南、四川等省份，“吊脚楼”是 山乡少数民族如苗、侗、壮、布依、土家族等的传统民居样 式。尤其在黔东南，苗族、侗族的吊脚楼极为常见。这里的 自然条件号称“天无三日情，地无三里平”，于是山区先民 创造出了独特的“吊脚楼”。 • 吊脚楼依山而建，用当地盛产的杉木，搭建成两层楼的木构 架，柱子因坡就势长短不一地架立在坡上。房屋的下层不设 隔墙，里面作为猪、牛的畜棚或者堆放农具和杂物；上层住 人，分客堂和卧室，四周向外伸出挑廊，可供主人在廊里做 活和休息。廊柱大多不是落地的（便于廊下面的通行无碍）， 起支撑作用的主要是楼板层挑出的若干横梁，廊柱辅助支撑， 使挑廊稳固地悬吊在半空，这种住宅因其外形和结构特点被 称为“吊脚楼”。吊脚楼的优点明显，人住楼上通风防潮， 又可防止野兽和毒蛇的侵害，这种住宅在西南山区至今仍有 建造。
• When a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly such as the City, which means the “business centre of London”, the Peninsula, which refers to the “Iberian Peninsula”, and the Prophet, which stands for “Mohammed”.
dictpython用法
dictpython用法字典（Dictionary）是Python中常用的一种数据结构，用于存储键-值对（key-value pair）的集合。
字典通过键进行索引，可以快速访问到对应的值。
以下是字典的基本用法：1. 创建字典：可以使用花括号`{}` 或者`dict()` 函数来创建一个字典。
pythonempty_dict = {}print(empty_dict) # {}person = {"name": "Alice","age": 25,"city": "New York"}print(person) # {"name": "Alice", "age": 25, "city": "New York"}2. 访问字典中的值：使用键来访问字典中的元素，使用方括号`[]` 或者`get()` 方法。
pythonprint(person["name"]) # Aliceprint(person.get("age")) # 253. 修改字典中的值：可以直接通过键来修改字典中的值。
pythonperson["age"] = 26print(person) # {"name": "Alice", "age": 26, "city": "New York"}4. 添加键-值对：通过使用新的键和对应的值，可以向字典中添加新的键-值对。
pythonperson["gender"] = "female"print(person) # {"name": "Alice", "age": 26, "city": "New York", "gender": "female"}5. 删除键-值对：使用`del` 关键字可以删除字典中的键-值对。
专四写作 措辞与语句 Diction and sentence
DictionChoice of wordsDiction•I Choosing words•II. Words to Avoid•III. Overcoming Chinglish•Proper words in proper places make a true definition of style. Jonathan Swift •Use the right word, not the second cousin.The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightening and the lightning bug. Mark Twain :•语不惊人死不休Du Fu•Words should be only the clothes, carefully custom-made to fit the thought. Jules Renard •We should endeavor to use words that correspond as closely as possible with what we feel, see, think, imagine, experience and reason.GoetheI Choosing wordsChoosing the appropriate and exact words•A. Levels of words•B. Meanings of words•C. General and specific wordsI Choosing words•A. Levels of wordsa. from a stylistic point of view: formal/learned, common and colloquial (slang words, dialectal words and certain words that are often used by uneducated speakers)b. standard and nonstandard (or substandard words)•B. Meanings of wordsa. denotation/literal meaning本义the direct, explicit meaning or reference of a word or a term (Webster’s New Word Dictionary)b. connotation/associative meaning转义Idea or notion suggested by or associated with a word, phrase, etc. in addition to its explicit meaning, or denotationI Choosing wordsCompare:•Tom is ambitious/ tough-minded/ foresighted/ firm/ self-respecting/ persistent.•Tom is pushy/ ruthless/ calculating/stubborn/egotistical/ nagging.•country, nation, state, land•ask, question, interrogate•time, age, epoch•large, big•thrifty, frugal, stingy•modest, humble•slender, slim, emaciatedThese words can be called synonyms but may be different in stylistic level, in the degree ofemphasis, in emotional coloring, in tone and in collocation.•Mind:Very often an English word has no exact Chinese equivalent and it has to be translated in different ways in different contexts.•Choices•1. A few listeners were uninterested/ disinterested and dozed off.•2. Though she has grown up, her behavior is often childlike/childish.•3. Her clothes, though made of cheap/inexpensive material, are quite elegant.•4. Is that old/elderly woman/lady sitting by the window your mother?•5. I am sorry to refuse/decline your kind invitation.•6. This homely/ugly old man is a well-known composer.•7. This servile man was especially humble /modest when he was talking with his superiors.•8. My father became stout/fat as he grew older.•9. I can never forget the little/small town where I spent my happy childhood.•10. The modernization programme has won the support of the whole nation/country.C. General and specific words•Professionals-----scientists, doctors, teachers lawyers, journalistsscientists-----physicists, chemistschemists---biochemists •Compare:•Fido is the most lovable creature I know.•Fido is the first animal I ever liked.•Fido is one of our three dog s.•Fido is the fastest hound I have ever seen.•We have three hounds: a dachshund(德国种小猎狗) named Willy, a gray hound named Mick, and a basset(短腿猎犬) named Fido.由一般（general）趋于特定（specific）•Specific words are much more concrete and colorful than the general ones; they seem to make the reader see, hear, smell, touch or feel what the writer wished to describe. They help to make writing clear, exact, vivid and striking, for they are more informative and expressive than general words. General words convey a kind of emotion (love), condition (misery), thought (democracy), theory (evolution), science (biology) or a group of things (creature, plant, organism).•Too many specific words may result in difficulty in grasping the main idea while too many general words may cause the writing to be dull and difficult.由一般（general）趋于特定（specific）•Abstract and general words are indispensable, and the accomplished writer can take advantage of both, can move back and forth between the language of ideas and the language of hard realities.由一般（general）趋于特定（specific）•1. a. She loves flowers.• b. She loves roses and chrysanthemums.•2. a. A few houses were destroyed yesterday.• b. Five houses were burnt down yesterday.•3. a. If a person is reading his love letter, you must not lean over his shoulder to read it.• b. If a person is reading his love letter, you must not lean over his shoulder to share it.•4. a. It grew dark before seven o’clock. The wind was strong and the rain was heavy.• b. It grew dark before seven o’clock. Wind and rain whipped the house.•5. a. An elderly man had collapsed while crossing the street, and an ambulance took him to a hospital. • b. An elderly man had collapsed while crossing the street, and an ambulance rushed him to a hospital.•6. a. Trees surround the water near our summer place.• b. Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.See if you can create clearer pictures from these sentences•A car was parked in the street.•Some children stood anxiously at the counter.•Our friends have a place at the shore.•The table was cluttered with his things.•A man was standing at the corner.•She bore a great burden.•A shiny red Mercury convertible was parked against the curb near a hydrant.•Four little urchins in ragged blue jeans stood with their smudgy faces pressed against the candy counter.•The Rothblums have a two-bedroom bungalow a block from the ocean in Brandt Beach, New Jersey. •Jeff’s notebook, books, and baseball glove cluttered the diningroom table.•A tall, lanky farmer in faded overalls and a battered straw hat was leaning against the mailbox on the corner of Main Street and First Avenue.•After her mother died, Sylvia helped raise her younger brothere and cared for her ill father.Compare:•1) We experienced difficulty in that situation.•2) The cartilage in my ankle ripped painfully as I slammed onto the icy sidewalk. As I lay on my back, cursing myself for jogging in subzero weather, the chill of the morning wind made me shiver. I tried to raise my body but my ankle would not move, and all I could do was fall back on my concrete bed. I felt nothing, but pain, cold and dismay.Provide specific words for the following general words:•brightly-colored red, scarlet•Slowly two miles an hour•Run sprint, dash, gallop, race, dart, trot,scurry, scamper, lope•Walk amble saunter trudge drag strolltiptoe clump slouch prance tramptotter trot wade waddle shuffleswag swagger mince stride strutstagger hobble limp plod stumbletoddle loiter lurch sneak padProvide specific words for the following general words:•A good man Good food•House•Laugh•Beverage•See•Say•Walk•Skilful•Hit•Weapon•Big•Small•BraveProvide specific words for the following general words:•Afraid•Complain•Pleased•True•Stubborn•Flexible•Thin•Fat•Noise•Silence•Beautiful•Ugly•Active•Inactive由模糊（vague）趋于明确（definite）•1．a. It was a dreadful journey.b. It was a tiring, tedious and dangerous journey.•2. a. Although the commander had an awful temper and a terrible voice, he showed wonderful care for his men.b. Although the commander had a fiery temper and a gravely voice, he showed fatherly care for his men.由模糊（vague）趋于明确（definite）Lazy adverbs (懒散副词)•Absolutely, awfully, dreadfully, terribly, terrifically, frightfully, horribly, desperately, fiercely, badly, hugely, simply, wildly, jolly, right, pretty, precisely, mighty, marvelously, tremendously, wonderfully…Compare•The beggar was awfully thin. /The beggar was pitifully thin.•My new teacher is absolutely handsome. /My new teacher is strikingly handsome.•My supervisor’s tone is very critical. /My supervisor’s tone is sharply critical.•It is terribly hot today. / It is burning hot today.•We had a wildly cold night. / We had a freezing night.由抽象（abstract）趋于具体（concrete）•1. a. Mr Bunney looked at the vegetables before him．b. Mr Bunney gazed dismally at the vegetables before him．•2. a. The man was standing under a tree.b. Jim Jones, our village postman, was walking under a large oak-tree.•3. a. The cable consists of many wires.b. The cable consists of 100 strands of very fine copper wires.•4. a. He had a misfortune while swimming.b. A shell fragment ripped open his right arm while he was swimming.•5. a. Tom is a lazy boy.b. Tom usually sleeps late in the morning and does little work after he gets up.由抽象（abstract）趋于具体（concrete）Look•She spotted him immediately among the people in the railway station, because he was wearing his yellow hat.•The men in the boated sighted land.•They were observed entering the bank at 8:30.•Several possible buyers are coming to view the house.•He scanned the pages of the book to what it was about.•He witnessed the accident himself; he saw it all.•She glanced down the list of names.•Stop eyeing me like that.•She peered through the mist, trying to find the right path.•He gaped at her in surprise.D. Using idioms•An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meaning s of the words that form it.Common types of idioms:•Phrasal verbs put up with, look forward to, carry on•N.+ prep. + n. a straw in the wind, the apple of one’s eye, like a fish out of water•Prep. +n. on the air, at length, at large, in person, with flying colors•V. +n. slip one’s mind, go to the dogs, stew in one’s own juice, teach an ol d dog new tricks, teach one’s grandmother to suck eggs•As…as as big as life, as poor as church mouse, as mute as a fish, light as a feather •Pairs of words in black and white, sink or swim, high and dry, touch and go•Sayings Don’t count y our chickens before they are hatched. A stitch in time saves nine. One man’s meat is another man’s poison. Tastes differ. Each dog will have his own day.Idioms in sentences•The first American presidential dark horse was James Polk.•You can’t tell how she feels, she doesn’t wear her heart on her sleeve.•John could not go to a library, and writing the report was a job of making bricks without straw.•The quickly-called meeting of the President and his cabinet was a straw in the wind.•Although it is a small nation, it is a formidable opponent, for it is armed to the teeth.•John said he was more interested in the competition itself than in the prize. Obviously it was sour grapes to him.•Don’t waste time here, talk turkey please or I’ll go.•Profit is generally the apple of discord among capitalist nations.•Mum said I’d better leave the kitchen because she did not need my help and I was like a bull in a china shop there.•Although Jack is thought to be the contestant most likely to win the gold medal, David and Harry are among the dark horses.Idioms in sentences•Though Henry Adams found Cambridge a “social desert”, it flowed with intellectual milk and honey.•He would not have met his Waterloo if his courage hadn’t failed him.•It rained cats and dogs yesterday evening.•He was threatened with a beating by a fellow who was an ass in a lion’s skin.•He blows hot and cold about making friends, so he has few close friends.•I believe this will prove to be a Pandora’s box in the long run.•Ever since he entered this school, he has always been the apple of the teacher’s eye.•How many times do I have to tell you not to leave you homework till the eleventh hour?•Judging from the way he spends money, he was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.Idioms in sentences•When the police began to investigate, five of the man left the country, leaving the sixth holding the bag.•Jack seems to be wasting away. He is nothing but a bag of bones.•If you break a window, do not pass the buck; admit that you did it.•Your life in this town has been an open book,--perhaps too open.•Bob’s unexpected visit played the devil with our own plans to travel.•To give the devil his due, old Simpkins, miser though he is, has always been generous to Joy.•He has then completely under his thumb. They don’t dare t o defy them.•When she is around, he is nervous and seems to be all thumbs.•Don’t talk about vanity in my brother’s hearing; it is his Achilles heel.•Having already heard that Helen is an avid mountain climber, I broke ice by talking about our favorite sport.Mind:•Most idioms are informal or colloquial in style and can be used in conversation; but a few are slang and should be used with care. Many idioms have become clichés and are no longer fresh or interesting and should be used sparingly.II. Words to Avoid•A. Jargon(1) When I asked my parents if I could use the car, the feedback was negative.(2)Upwardly mobile young lawyers often work 70 hours a week.•If you do have to write professional articles for common readers, you cana) use a certain number of technical terms with interpretation or definitionb) refer to the following passage:If we become free of disease, we would make a much better run of it for the last decade or so, but might still terminate on about the same schedule as now. We may be like the genetically different lines of mice…programmed to die after predetermined number of days clocked by their genomes. If this is the way it is, some of us will continue to wear out and come unhinged in the sixth decade, and some much later, depending on genetic timetables.Words to AvoidB. Big words / Pretentious wordsGobbledygook –pompous, official-sounding language which use twenty words to express a three-word thought.Gobbledygook•Undesirable waste material is removed on a semiweekly basis by municipal employees specially assigned to such activity.•Personnel are requested to extinguish illumination before departure from these premises.•The causal factor of her poverty becomes obvious when one considers the number of offspring she possesses.•It is my fervent wish that the creator of the universe will do his utmost to preserve and protect the royal lady who graciously occupies the position of the head of state.•Improved•City collectors pick up garbage twice a week.•Please turn out the lights before leaving.•She is poor because she has too many children.•God save the queen.Words to AvoidExercise(1) Were it not for the lucrative financial rewards, she should have tendered her resignation.(2) Large-size passenger vehicles utilize excessive quantities of fuel.(3) Years of research have impacted positively on our understanding of cancer.(4) The very thought of flying made her paranoid.Notice how the simple vocabulary in the following examples express the ideas more clearly and precisely than do the “big words”Words to AvoidC. Clichéstrite expressionsexpressions that have been used so often that they are no longer effectiveClichés•Notice how much more effective the following simple, straightforward expressions are than the clichés.A list of the most common clichés•Apple of one’s eye•Baker’s dozen•Face the music•Few and far between•Get up on the wrong side of bed•Hit the nail on the head•In the same boat•Nip in the bud•No love lost•One foot in the graveA list of the most common clichés•Radiantly happy•Rain or shine•Raining cats and dogs•Snake in the grass•Tempest in the teapot•Twinkling of an eye•Supreme sacrifice•The man in the street•Sell like hot cakes•Out of the woods•In the final analysis•All in all•As a matter of factNotice•It is not necessary to memorize all clichés or eliminate them entirely from your prose. Both tasks would be impossible. The clichés to watch out are the ones that recur in your work as all-purpose filler.Words to AvoidD. Slang•Refers to a kind of colloquialism, characterized byA> eccentric humorB> forced, fantastic or grotesque meaningsC> noveltyD>attempts to be colorful, fresh and vividSome examples of slang ISome examples of slang IINotice•Some slang words or expressions may, through wide circulation, become acceptable in standard English, such as mob,highbrow, cop. Much slang, however, goes out of fashion very quickly through overuse and may be entirely forgotten in a very short time.In short, it is inappropriate in serious and formal writing because it is too vague and makes the writer sound offensive and funny.Examples•On hearing that his father had kicked the bucket, we wrote him a letter to express our sympathy. •The big banquet held in honor of the distinguished guests was really neat.III. Overcoming Chinglish•中式英语Chinglish (that misshapen, hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as “ English with Chinese Characteristics”.--------Joan PinkhamIII. Overcoming Chinglish•Some examples of the wrong use of words•They stood on top of the hill, attracted by the beauty of the garden city.•They had no basis of feeling.•他占有欲与生俱来。
Diction (遣词用字)
I. Diction (遣词用字)本章概述本章阐述了翻译中的遣词用字问题。
在分析了英汉词字层次上的五种对应关系的基础上，概述了语言学家们提出的英语词义辨析的四种基本方法和英语词语翻译的常用技巧．并对汉译英的遣词用字问题做了探讨。
遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。
由于英汉分属不同的语系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。
本章用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交织，5．无对等词语。
词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。
本章从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义，即l.根据构词法辨别词义；2．根据指代关系辨别词义；3．根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；4．根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。
在词义辨析的基础上，本章归纳了英语词语翻译的八种常用技巧：1．推演法；2．移植法；3．引伸法；4．替代法；5．释义法；6.合并法；7．图形法；8．音译法。
汉译英的遣词用字问题与英译汉的情况有所不同。
英译汉时译者输出的是自己所熟悉的汉语词汇、语法结构，很多表达法早已在头脑里形成了概念，只需译者一一甄别、作出取舍即可；而汉译英则需从一大堆我们不那么熟悉的词语中去寻找答案一一这也解释了为什么人们普遍认为，在同一档次的翻译上，汉译英的难度要大大超过英泽汉。
By“diction”we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.In the practice of translation，what perplexes us most frequently is how to find an equivalent in the language to be translated into．Great care is called for in the translation of“familiar”English words into Chinese，as their meanings vary with the Change in collocation or context．Take the following simple sentence for example：* Tension is building up．Without context，both “tension”and "build up" may have various explanations．Thus this English sentence may be translated into different Chinese expressions accordingly：·形势紧张起来。
Lecture 4 Diction 3 (Effectiveness)
Practice 3: correct the wording problems in the following sentences
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Of silver and gold, the later is more valuable. I laid down an hour ago. I did a mistake during the exam. The wind is too big to fly your kite. I dreamed to be a great teacher. Mrs. Jones helps me how to revise a sentence. The same identical answer was given by three students on the test. 8. The reason why we honor Lincoln in these various ways is because he saved the Union. 9. It seems to me that a course in computers should be required.
•Effective Word Choice 1) Shade of meaning Ask－demand, require, request, beg, entreat, beseech, pray, implore, supplicate, crave, petition 等。 一个儿子向父亲要面包吃 A son asks bread of his father. (绝不能用begs， 父母子女间要用request则表明他们之间亲情 关系的冷淡和疏远; entreat 很正式，用于人很担忧时, e.g. I entreat you to show mercy. 我求您发发慈悲; beseech: "I broke him, and at last he was forced to come like a beggar and beseech me to give him a passage back to Sydney." 我打垮了他，最后他 不得不象个叫花子一样乞求我施舍他一张回悉尼的船票; implore: To beg earnestly for; supplicate sb's forgiveness 乞求某 人宽恕 )
基本的翻译技巧一般包括
基本的翻译技巧一般包括1).Diction(选词用字); 2).Amplification(增益); 3).Omission(省略);4).Repetiton(重复); 5).Conversion(转换); 6).Restructuring(词序调整); 7).Negation(正说反译，反说正译); 8).Division(长句拆译).遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。
由于英汉分属不同的语系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。
本期用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交织，5.无对等词语。
词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。
本期从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义，即1.根据构词法辨别词义；2.根据指代关系辨别词义；3.根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；4.根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。
在词义辨析的基础上，本期归纳了英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧：1.推演法，2.移植法，3.引伸法，4.替代法，5.释义法，6.合并法，7. 图形法和8.音译法。
1. Correspondence Between English and Chinese at Word Level----英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况In most cases there is no existing pattern for sentence translation, nor are there fixed rules for word transfor mation. Generally speaking, the correspondence between English and Chinese at word level may be categori zed as follows:1) Word-for-word CorrespondenceThis is most evidently shown in proper nouns and technical terms.For example: Marxism = 马克思主义Aspirin ＝阿斯匹林2) One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same MeaningThis is a common case in translation.For example:犬：dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier……3) One Word with Several Equivalents of Different MeaningThis is also very common in translation. For example:carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧…..走：walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, trapes, shamble, prance, scamper, clump, tiptoe ….羊： sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb……4) Equivalents Interwoven with One Another5) Words Without EquivalentsIn this case, an explanation is given instead of an equivalent.For example:clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人阴： (in Chinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world阳： (in Chinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world（目不识）丁: (not know one's) ABC2. Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word-----词义辨析Since English words are prone to various meanings, it is of vital importance for a translator to discern the rig ht meaning of a given word. And the following are the major methods of discriminating word meaning sugge sted by some linguists.1) Judging from the Word FormationIn order to discriminate the original meaning of an English word, it is necessary for us to have a knowledge of English lexicology, and specifically, a knowledge of word formation, such as compounding, derivation, af fixation, blending, acronym, clipping, etc. A good command of them will help to shed light on the correct me aning of some difficult words.For example, the word ""parabiospheric"", which consists of para-(outside) +bio-(biologic) +spheric (havingthe form of a sphere). After a brief analysis, we may safely put it into ""外生物层的"". Another more complicated instance, pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. This extremely lon g word seems appallingly complicated. However, an anatomic study of its composition enables us to get a cl ear understanding of its meaning: pneumono- (of lung) +ultra- (beyond) + micro (very small) + scopic- (of vi ewing or observing) + silico- (of silicon)+ volcano + coni- ( koni, of dust) + osis (forming the name of a dise ase). Even if we are not sure of the equivalent of this medical term, we may roughly get the right meaning of the long word: a kind of lung disease caused by extremely small silicon particles. And a look into some dicti onary leads us to the definite answer: 硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病（一种矿工易染的病）。
diction的名词解释
diction的名词解释1. 引言语言是人类交流和表达思想的重要工具，而在语言中，词汇选择的准确性和效果对于有效沟通至关重要。
这就引入了一个重要的概念，即diction（用词）。
2. 概述Diction，通常被定义为个体或作家在表达意思时选择和使用特定词汇的方式。
它关注的是词汇的准确性、合适性和效果。
通过使用恰当的词汇，一个人或作家可以更好地传达其意图，以及让读者或听众更准确地理解和体会他们所表达的信息。
3. 类型和特点在讨论diction时，有几个关键的因素值得考虑。
首先是词汇的准确性。
当一个人选择准确的词汇时，他们能更准确地传达他们的意思。
例如，如果一个医生在向患者解释诊断时使用了专业术语，患者可能无法完全理解。
与此相反，如果医生使用普通人能理解的词汇，患者将更容易理解和接受信息。
另一个重要的因素是词汇的合适性。
使用合适的词汇意味着使用符合环境和受众的词汇。
例如，在正式场合中，使用流行俚语可能不太合适，因为它可能会给人不专业或不成熟的印象。
因此，在选择词汇时，要根据特定情境和受众作出明智的选择。
此外，词汇的效果也是diction中一个关键的方面。
特定的词汇可以产生不同的情感和氛围。
一个作家可以通过选择不同的词汇来创造不同的情感，如喜悦、忧伤或紧张。
同样，演讲者也可以通过选择特定的词汇来激发听众的情感共鸣。
4. 好的diction的重要性一个好的diction是有效沟通的基础。
通过选择准确、合适和有力的词汇，一个人可以确保自己的意思能够准确地被传达和理解。
好的diction还有助于建立信任和引起共鸣。
当读者或听众感到词汇选择符合他们的需求和理解时，他们更有可能被激发兴趣并与作者建立联系。
5. diction的应用领域不同的领域和专业都有自己特定的diction。
例如，在文学和诗歌中，diction非常重要，因为它可以创造出独特的文学风格和情感。
在演讲中，演讲者的词汇选择可以影响他们的口才和演讲的说服力。
10经贸翻译-3 词义
“the meaning of a word is its use in the language”, and “each word, when used in a new context, is a new word”. Vs Chinese, English words: more flexible both in form and in meaning
微波 超市 溅落 数据话机
3. Extension (引申法 引申 Nhomakorabea) 引申法
This may be either from specific to general or from concrete to abstract, and vice versa. bottleneck: 瓶颈 ----〉交通狭口 ----〉阻赛 (from concrete to abstract) brain trust： trust 脑托拉斯 ---〉智囊团 (from specific to general) brain drain： 脑排干 ---〉人才外流 ---〉人才流失 (from concrete to abstract) It is more than transient everydayness. 这远非一时的柴米油盐问题。 (from abstract to concrete)
1) 这场战争将成为这一代人的最重大的事件。 2）现在的情况完全不同了。 3）有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去 了。 4）一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。 5）这个老人一生的遭遇算是最惨的了。 6） 去年12月，《邮报》首先报道侦查工作已在 那些城市里进行，但官员们拒绝证实这条消息。
专四英语diction听力流程
专四英语diction听力流程English: In the listening section of the CET-4 exam, diction refers to the pronunciation, enunciation, and emphasis of words. It is essential for test-takers to have a clear understanding of the context and tone of the conversation in order to accurately interpret the speaker's diction. By actively listening to the nuances in the speaker's voice, intonations, and stress patterns, test-takers can better grasp the meaning behind each word and phrase. Additionally, being attunedto the speaker's pacing and pauses can also provide valuable insight into the overall message being conveyed. Developing strong diction skills not only improves one's listening comprehension but also enhances overall communication abilities in English.中文翻译: 在专四考试的听力部分，diction指的是单词的发音、发声和重音。
考生必须清楚地理解对话的背景和语气，才能准确地解读说话者的diction。
dict概念
dict概念dict是Python编程语言中的一种数据类型，也被称为字典。
dict是一种可变容器模型，可以存储任意数量的Python对象，并且可以根据特定的键（key）来获取对应的值（value）。
在Python中，dict是使用一对大括号{}来定义的，其中键和值使用冒号：来分隔，每对键值对之间使用逗号，最后再以一个大括号结尾。
例如：```my_dict = {'name': 'John', 'age': 25, 'gender': 'Male'}```这个例子中，my_dict是一个dict类型的变量，其中一共存储了三个键值对，分别是'name': 'John'、'age': 25和'gender': 'Male'。
使用dict类型可以很方便地根据键获取相应的值。
例如：```# 获取姓名name = my_dict['name']# 获取年龄age = my_dict['age']# 获取性别gender = my_dict['gender']print(name, age, gender)```输出结果为：John 25 Male。
除了使用字典的键来获取值之外，还可以使用dict类型的方法来操作字典。
以下是一些常用的方法：1. clear()：清空字典中的所有元素。
2. copy()：复制字典。
3. fromkeys(seq, value)：创建一个新字典，seq是指定的键，value是键对应的初始值。
4. get(key, default=None)：获取指定键的值，如果键不存在则返回默认值。
5. items()：返回一个包含所有键值对的元组列表。
6. keys()：返回一个包含字典所有键的列表。
翻译技巧1-diction培训讲学
Delicate difference
讲不大清楚的差别
Delicate surgical operation 难做的外科手术
……
3) Distinguish the original meaning of an
English word by means of syntax（从词的语 法形式判断）
7. 王教授精通小学和《大学》
8. 毛泽东同志的思想和学说是永存的;
关于社会注意建设总路线的基本思想;
破除迷信,解放思想;
毛泽东军事思想的一个重要组成部分,是关于人民 战争的思想;
政治问题和思想问题。
1. 广播学校（通过电台对各地的学生授课的学校） 误：空军学校 2. 昨晚我去参加了我们中国研究组的集会。 （do: n. social function 集会，娱乐宴聚活动）误：
machine, engine, plane, aircraft...机 sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb...羊
4) Equivalents Interwoven with One Another
Say
说
Speak
讲
Talk
谈
Tell
诉
这可说不得。 我代他向你说
Warming-up exercises:
1. The School of the Air (the school of the air)
2. Last evening I went to a do held by our China Study Group.
3. The see of Sydney
1) Distinguish the original meaning of an English word by means of context
dict的用法
dict的用法dict是Python中的一种数据类型，也被称为字典。
它是一个无序的、可变的、有键值对的集合。
字典中的每个元素都由两部分组成：键(key)和值(value)。
使用dict的主要用法有以下几种：1. 创建一个字典：可以使用大括号{}和冒号(:)来创建一个空字典，并使用键值对的形式给字典添加元素，例如：```my_dict = {}my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}```2. 访问字典中的元素：可以通过键来访问字典中的值，例如：```print(my_dict['name']) # 输出：Alice```注意：如果键不存在，会抛出KeyError异常，可以使用get()方法来避免抛出异常，例如：```print(my_dict.get('name')) # 输出：Aliceprint(my_dict.get('gender')) # 输出：None```在get()方法中可以指定一个默认值，如果键不存在，则返回默认值，例如：```print(my_dict.get('gender', 'unknown')) # 输出：unknown```3. 修改字典中的元素：可以使用赋值语句来修改字典中的值，例如：```my_dict['age'] = 30print(my_dict) # 输出：{'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30}```4. 删除字典中的元素：可以使用del关键字来删除字典中的元素，例如：```del my_dict['age']print(my_dict) # 输出：{'name': 'Alice'}```5. 判断一个键是否存在于字典中：可以使用in关键字来判断一个键是否存在于字典中，例如： ```if 'name' in my_dict:print('name存在于字典中')```6. 遍历字典：可以使用for循环来遍历字典的键、值或键值对，例如：```for key in my_dict:print(key) # 输出：namefor value in my_dict.values():print(value) # 输出：Alicefor key, value in my_dict.items():print(key, value) # 输出：name Alice```这些是dict的一些常见用法，希望对你有帮助！。
专四dictation整理及方法
专四dictation整理及方法我平时容易错的地方：1，要加逗号的地方不加逗号：1,介词短语后例如1997年真题的听写第一句：Throughout the united states，the legal age for marriage shows some differences.2,Such as 前面要加逗号：例如1998年真题听写第一句The success of early railway，such as the lines between big cities，led to a great increase in railway building.3,在furthermore，similarly，accordingly，anyway，otherwise；above all，in the same way，in other words，in contrast这类连接副词（短语）的后面：例如1998年真题 However,a law in the 19 century forced railway companies …4,在yes，no，sure，personally，probably，certainly， usually；in general，in the first place，in my opinion，in any case，as a matter of fact；strictly speaking 3．用在并列的分句之间：例如真题2004中this made doing business much easier, but people still found…②其他还要注意加与不加逗号的地方a．用在句子开头的分词（短语）之后：Seeing the police，the thief began to run away．用在句子开头的不定式（短语）之后：用在句末的非限制性（解释性）分词（带状语性质）前面：用在引话动词（如said，replied）及直接引语之间：He said，“You are wrong．”—用在插在直接引语中间的he said这类词句的前面和后面：a．用在状语从句之后，主句之前：If you are careful，you will make fewer mistakes．Since he is ill，he cannot work．b．若主句在前，状语从句在后，主、从句之间一般不加逗号：You will make fewer mistakes if you are careful．I love her just because she looks pretty．在一个专有名词和它的普通名词同位语之间：John，my brother；William Shakespeare，the greatest poet of England；London，the capital of England2, 把问号写成句号例如真题2008中:First, what do we think we would like to be? 很可能把问号写成了句号.3, 同音的短语在慌忙中也容易搞错如sometime，some time与sometimes，some times例如2008真题中T hey sometimes move from job to job until….我把sometimes 写成了some times.不过这个可也通过语法知识在检查时改正,不过首先要了解其用法和意思.sometimes的意思是“有时”，是副词。
Dictionary的使用方法详解
Dictionary的使⽤⽅法详解简介在C#中,Dictionary提供快速的基于兼职的元素查找。
当你有很多元素的时候可以使⽤它。
它包含在System.Collections.Generic名空间中。
在使⽤前，你必须声明它的键类型和值类型。
详细说明必须包含名空间System.Collection.Generic Dictionary⾥⾯的每⼀个元素都是⼀个键值对(由⼆个元素组成：键和值) 键必须是唯⼀的,⽽值不需要唯⼀的键和值都可以是任何类型(⽐如：string, int, ⾃定义类型，等等) 通过⼀个键读取⼀个值的时间是接近O(1) 键值对之间的偏序可以不定义创建和初始化⼀个Dictionary对象 Dictionary<int,string> myDictionary = new Dictionary<int, string="">(); 添加键 static void Main(string[] args) { Dictionary<string, int=""> d = new Dictionary<string, int="">(); d.Add("C#", 2); d.Add("C", 0); d.Add("C++", -1); } 查找键 static void Main(string[] args) { Dictionary<string, int=""> d = new Dictionary<string, int="">(); d.Add("C#", 2); d.Add("VB", 1);d.Add("C", 0); d.Add("C++", -1); if (d.ContainsKey("VB")) // True { int p = d["VB"]; Console.WriteLine(p); } if(d.ContainsKey("C")) { int p1 = d["C"]; Console.WriteLine(p1); } } 删除元素 static void Main(string[] args) { Dictionary<string, int=""> d = new Dictionary<string, int="">(); d.Add("C#", 2); d.Add("VB", 1); d.Add("C", 0); d.Add("C++", -1); d.Remove("C"); d.Remove("VB"); } 使⽤ContainsValue查找值的存在 static void Main(string[] args) { Dictionary<string, int=""> d = new Dictionary<string, int="">(); d.Add("C#", 2); d.Add("VB", 1); d.Add("C", 0); d.Add("C++", -1); if (d.ContainsValue(1)) {Console.WriteLine("VB"); } if (d.ContainsValue(2)) { Console.WriteLine("C#"); } if (d.ContainsValue(0)) { Console.WriteLine("C"); } if (d.ContainsValue(-1)) { Console.WriteLine("C++"); } } KeyNotFoundException 如果你尝试读取字典中⼀个不存在的键，那么你会得到⼀个KeyNotFoundException。
翻译技巧4 措词、具体化、词类转换
例1苏格兰之旅 (textbook P 74)
• (1) There is something which comes free with every Scottish break — a new perspective. (2) Scotland appeals to all kinds of people. (3) It draws those who can feel the past in ancient stone. (4) It soothes with its soft winds and austere beauty all who must escape the everyday. (5) It lures the walker and climber, captivates the golfer and angler, and charms all who appreciate quality in art and culture, heritage, or food. (6) Above all, because it is relaxing and rewarding, it allows you to re-discover yourself. (7) And the memory of that will stay with you forever.
文房四宝 （textbook P12)
• (1)宣纸是安徽泾县的著名特产。由于历来在附近的宣城集散，因而得名。 （2）宣纸的特色是白如雪，柔如棉，拉力大，润墨性强，最宜题诗作 画，且不蛀不腐，深得我国不少画画名家的推崇。 （3）所以，宣纸一直 享有“纸寿千年”的美誉，居文房四宝之首。
dictionary的循环
dictionary的循环循环遍历字典是指遍历字典中的所有键值对，并对每个键值对进行操作的过程。
Python中，我们可以使用for循环来实现字典的遍历操作。
本文将为您介绍字典的循环遍历的一些相关参考内容。
首先，我们来了解一下字典的基本概念。
字典是Python中的一个重要的数据结构，它由一系列无序的键值对组成，其中每个键都是唯一的，而值可以是任意的对象。
字典可以用来存储和快速查找数据，其在实际应用中非常常见。
在Python中，遍历字典最常用的方法是使用for循环。
具体来说，我们可以通过以下几种方式来循环遍历字典：1. 遍历字典的键：```pythonmy_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}for key in my_dict:print(key)```输出结果为：```nameagecity```上述代码中，for循环逐个遍历字典中的键，并将键赋值给变量key，然后可以对key进行操作。
2. 遍历字典的值：```pythonmy_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}for value in my_dict.values():print(value)```输出结果为：```John30New York```上述代码中，使用values()方法获取字典中的所有值，并通过for循环遍历每个值。
3. 同时遍历字典的键和值：```pythonmy_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}for key, value in my_dict.items():print(key, value)```输出结果为：```name Johnage 30city New York```上述代码中，使用items()方法获取字典中的所有键值对，并通过for循环同时遍历每个键和值。
dictionary的用法
Dictionary<string, string>是一个泛型他本身有集合的功能有时候可以把它看成数组他的结构是这样的：Dictionary<[key], [value]>他的特点是存入对象是需要与[key]值一一对应的存入该泛型通过某一个一定的[key]去找到对应的值举个例子：//实例化对象Dictionary<int, string> dic = new Dictionary<int, string>();//对象打点添加dic.Add(1, "one");dic.Add(2, "two");dic.Add(3, "one");//提取元素的方法string a = dic[1];string b = dic[2];string c = dic[3];//1、2、3是键，分别对应“one”“two”“one”//上面代码中分别把值赋给了a,b,c//注意,键相当于找到对应值的唯一标识，所以不能重复//但是值可以重复如果你还看不懂我最后给你举一个通俗的例子有一缸米，你想在在每一粒上都刻上标记，不重复，相当于“键”当你找的时候一一对应不会找错，这就是这个泛型的键的-作用，而米可以一样，我的意思你明白了吧？-------------------------------------------------------------------------c# 对dictionary类进行排序用什么接口实现如果使用.Net Framework 3.5的话，事情就很简单了。
呵呵。
如果不是的话，还是自己写排序吧。
using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Text;using System.Linq;namespace DictionarySorting{class Program{static void Main(string[] args){Dictionary<int, string> dic = new Dictionary<int, string>(); dic.Add(1, "HaHa");dic.Add(5, "HoHo");dic.Add(3, "HeHe");dic.Add(2, "HiHi");dic.Add(4, "HuHu");var result = from pair in dic orderby pair.Key select pair;foreach (KeyValuePair<int, string> pair in result){Console.WriteLine("Key:{0}, Value:{1}", pair.Key, pair.Value); }Console.ReadKey();}}}【执行结果】Key:1, Value:HaHaKey:2, Value:HiHiKey:3, Value:HeHeKey:4, Value:HuHuKey:5, Value:HoHoDictionary的基本用法。
dictory用法归纳
Dictory用法归纳添加和访问Dictionary<TKey, TValue>元素在使用字典之前，首先要决定字典的两个数据类型：键类型TKey和值类型TValue，这个和具体的应用有关，然后通过new运算符创建对应的字典对象。
如下面的代码中，intStrDic是一个键类型为int，值类型为string的字典对象，而strIntDic则正好相反，是一个键类型为stirng，值类型为int的字典对象。
1Dictionary<int, string>intStrDic =new Dictionary<int, string>( );2Dictionary<string, int>strIntDic=new Dictionary<string, int>( );在创建字典对象之后，就可以通过Add()方法添加一个元素到字典中，字典的每个元素都包含一个键和值，它们是一起添加到字典中且一一对应的。
Add()方法的定义如下：3public void Add(TKey key, TValue value);其中，第一个参数key为键类型TKey，表示新元素的键，第二个参数value 为值类型TValue，表示新元素的值。
如下面的代码中，第一句为intStrDic字典添加新元素，它的键为int类型的0，值为string类型的Zero，而第二句则为strIntDic字典添加一个恰好相反的元素4intStrDic.Add(0, "Zero");5strIntDic.Add("Zero", 0);在添加元素之后，可以通过中扩号"[ ]"和键来访问对应的元素，比如要访问intStrDic中键0所对应的元素，用如下代码即可。
6stringval =intStrDic[0];字典的索引器（即：[ ]运算符的参数）不是int类型，而是TKey，上一个例子中只是因为TKey为int而已。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Lesson 4 Diction
一、Diction选词
Diction means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. 二、Polysemy一词多义It means that one word has various parts of speech and various meanings.
Faith said, “Each word when used in a new context is a new word.” E.g. run
Heavy:
～weather , ～crops , ～fog , ～traffic, ～soil
恶劣的天气，大丰收，浓雾，拥挤的交通，难耕的土地
～sky , ～storm, ～ice, ～road, ～fire
阴沉的天空，大风暴，厚冰，泥滑难走的路，猛烈的炮火
～heart, ～food, ～sea ～hand, ～bread
沉重的心情，难消化的食物，汹涌的大海，严厉的手段，不好的面包
～applause, ～look, ～tongue, ～money, ～drinking
热烈的鼓掌，忧愁的面容，笨嘴笨舌大笔的钱，狂饮
～fighting, ～market ～sound , ～news, ～scene
猛烈的进攻，萧条的市场，低沉的声音，令人忧愁的消息，尴尬的场面
三、选词的方法
1.根据词性确定词义
Your account of what happened is not quite right.
你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。
Go right on until you reach the church.
一直往前走，直到你叨叨教堂为止。
It’s my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until I’ve passed it.
我有优先通行权。
She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.
她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案伸冤。
2.根据上下文和逻辑关系确定词义
Verbal context: including time context, place context, cultural background.
George passed. 根据不同的上下文有不同的理解。
如果在踢球，那么说乔治踢了球。
如果在玩桥牌，那么说乔治没有叫牌。
如果是参加某种考试，那么说乔治考及格了。
动词是多义词，多义词在各种不同的关系中会有各种不同的意义，例如：
We passed another town before daylight.我们在天亮前经过了另一个镇。
I used to pass the whole evening that way.以前我总是这样消磨整个黄昏。
Now the moment has passed.现在已经错过机会了。
If I kept on reading that feeling would pass.如果我继续这样下去，这种感觉就会消失。
That vessel will soon be passing us.那只船就要和我们相遇了。
We know what was passing in his mind.我们知道他心理在想什么。
It was a good dinner.这是一个丰盛的宴会。
He proved to be a good listener.他这个人善于倾听别人说话。
Tom must be a good football player.汤姆一定是个优秀的足球队员。
I can’t find good words for it.我找不到合适的语言来表达。
It was a good morning; there were high white clouds above the mountain.
这是一个明媚的早晨，群山上高高地飘着白云。
The cheques are all good, of course.当然，这些支票是完全有效的。
Each time he gave the bartender a good tip.每次他都给酒保优厚的小费。
I do not speak without good evidence.我不会说没有可靠根据的话。
It was a good paper.这是一家声誉很高的报纸。
“Proper words in proper place make the true definition of style.”
合适的词用在合适的地方就是好文章。
——Jonathan Swift
3.根据词义的褒贬性
翻译时有五要素：节奏的缓急，态度的褒贬，感情的浓淡，语气的轻重和用语的雅俗。
词义的范围和侧重不同：
agriculture 指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业生产过程，包括的范围最广
farming 指农业的实践
cultivation 指农作物的栽培技术词语的感情色彩：例如death
to expire逝世
to pass away去世
to close (end) one’ s day寿终
to breathe one’s last咽气，短气to go west归西天
to pay the debt of nature了结尘缘to depart to the world of shadows命归黄泉to give up the ghost见阎王
to kick the bucket翘辫子
to kick up one’s hee ls蹬腿，翘脚
to lay down one’s knife and fork不吃饭
根据上下文确定词义的褒贬：
They incited him to go into further investigation
他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。
The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers.
阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。
The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.
敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰了一个敌特。
An aggressive country is always ready to start a war.
一个好侵略的国家总是准备挑起战争。
An aggressive young man can go far in this firm.
一个富有进取心的年轻人在这家公司前途无量。
4.看搭配:任何一种语言，在长期的使用过程中，会形成一些固定的词组或常见的搭配。
所以翻译知，必须注意英汉词语的不同搭配。
That beat me.
真把我难住了。
We can beat him.
我们可以打败他。
These constant changes in the weather beat me.
这儿变化无常的天气使我适应不了。
It beats me how he did it.
我不懂他怎么干出这种事来。
The long tramp beats me.
长途跋涉使我筋疲力尽。
I beat the truth out of him.
我从他那里探出了真实情况。
They beat their swords into plowshares.
他们化剑为犁。
The sun continued to beat on them.
太阳还是热得炙人。
练习：
1. You should use your head a little.
你应该用一下自己的头脑。
2. He has a good head for mathematics.
他的数学能力很强。
3 The dinner cost 5 dollars a head.
这顿饭花去我们每人5 块钱。
4. Lets discuss the question under 5 heads.
我们分5个题目来讨论这个问题。
5. He was standing at the head of the staircase.
他站在楼梯的饿顶端。
6. Where is the head?
厕所在哪里？（船上用语）。