Unavoidable Conflict Between Massive Gravity Models and Massive Topological Terms

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雅思核心4000词汇

词汇总结基础阅读词汇：education 教育aspect 方面community 社区、社会reflect 反映、表现attitude 态度、看法unspoken 未说出口的、没人理睬的belief 信仰、信念custom 风俗curriculum 课程assessment 评价、评估expectation 期待、期望behave 做出行为-动词behavior 行为rule 准则、规章cover 覆盖、包含duty 职责、义务conduct 行为、操行virtuous 有道德的proper 适当的、有礼貌的manner 礼貌marry 结婚company 陪伴permit 允许、许可dye 染loiter 闲逛、虚度function 功能、典礼church 教堂regularly 有规律地、有规则地alcohol 酒精、酒Bible《圣经》country school 乡村学校coal 煤bucket 桶sweep 打扫、清扫tidy 整齐的、整洁的despite 虽然、尽管stipulate 规定、保证content 内容arithmetic 算术Christianity 基督教literacy 有文化、有读写能力religious 宗教上的corporal 身体的、肉体的（同义词：physical）stick 棍子strap 皮带naughty 调皮的、顽皮的unruly 不守规矩的、不受约束的schooling 学校教育engage 从事caretaking 关心、照料nevertheless 然而、不过creatively 具有创造性地stimulate 刺激、激励strict 严格的、严谨的protocol 草案、协议illegal 非法的、违法的hit 打、打击dismiss 开除、解雇instantly 马上、立刻（同义词：quickly, rapidly, immediately）secular 现世的、非宗教的acceptable 可以接受的、合意的appropriate 适当的sophistication 混合、混乱workplace 工作场所、车间career 职业expand 膨胀、发展challenge 挑战diverse 不同的researcher 研究者cleaner 清洁员societal 社会的fill 填充、填补smack 用掌拍打/击打silence 静、安静method 方法influence 影响discipline 学科、纪律participate 参加、参与achievement 成就similar 相似的lifestyle 生活方式ownership 所有权、拥有权diverse 不同的（同义词：different, various, a variety of, varied, a range of）pupil 小学生consider 考虑length 长度topic 主题inflexible 不灵活的、不能融通的arrangement 安排loose 宽松的、自由的cactus 仙人掌relate 有联系、有关系dry 干燥的（反义词：humid 湿润的、wet 潮湿的）sandy 沙的、沙质的rocky 多岩石的Kalahari 喀拉哈里沙漠（南部非洲的沙漠高原）desert 沙漠distance 距离tall 高的（反义词：short矮的）across 横向的traditional 传统的（同义词：conventional, conservative, orthodox）hunter 猎人harsh 荒无人烟的material 材料、原料、物资possessions 财产（动词形式：possess 拥有、占有、持有）unemployment 失业poverty 贫穷、贫困alcoholism 酗酒tribe 部落、部族disappear 消失、不见lifestyle 生活方式attractive 具有吸引力的outsider 外界的人crop 农作物、庄稼originate 起源、来自（衍生词：origin 起因、原有、起源-名词，original 最初的、原始的、独创的-形容词）staple 主要的garlic 大蒜ginger 生姜headache 头痛toothache 牙痛magnolia 玉兰类植物cancer 癌症cure 治愈disease 疾病hunger 饥饿、渴望famine 饥荒starving 饥饿（但形容饥饿的程度比较深，都快要饿死了）survive 生存、存活strength 力量、力气energy 能量、活力normal 正常的、常态的chemical 化学的；化学制品、化学药品scientist 科学家（衍生词：science 科学）discover 发现、发觉（衍生词：discovery 发现）contain 包含、包括（同义词：involve, include, consist of）substance 物质stomach 胃、胃部（brain 大脑，heart 心脏，lung 肺部，kidney 肾）full 满的（反义词：empty 空的）pharmaceutical 制药的promising 有希望的、有前途的obesity 肥胖adult 成年人estimate 估计、评估overweight 超重的obese 肥胖的simple 简单的、朴素的nourishing 有营养的afford 负担、承担expensive 昂贵的fatty 富含脂肪的slim 苗条的、纤细的healthy 健康的descendant 子孙、后代ready-made 现成的、做好的convenient 便利的、便捷的taste 味道fat 脂肪；肥的、胖的salt 盐solution 解决办法、解决方案ideal 理想的right 权利；正确的secret 秘密；秘密的profit 利润herd 放牧cow 奶牛diet 食物majority 主要、多数（反义词：minority 少数）scarce 匮乏的、稀缺的sort 种类、类别compare 比较desire 渴望overcome 克服、解决ancient 古代的、远古的major 主要的issue 问题appear 出现、看来financial 财政的、金融的spread 传播、蔓延、伸展supply 供给、供应addiction 沉溺、上瘾widespread 分布广泛的、普遍的cruel 残忍的、残酷的unkind 不仁慈的、无情的alive 活着的prickly 多刺的solid 固体powder 粉末maintain 维持、继续drought 干旱tongue 舌头、说话方式well-known 众所周知的、有名的advertisement 广告（衍生词：advertise 做广告、登广告-动词；advertiser 登广告者、广告客户-名词；advertising 广告业、广告-动名词）main 主要的、重要的aim 目的、目标honest （反义词：dishonest 不忠实的、不诚实的-形容词）rarely 很少地、罕见地（衍生词：rare 稀罕的、杰出的）puffery 鼓吹、吹捧worldwide 全世界的statement （衍生词：state ）term 学期、条款、术语develop 发展exaggerate 夸张、夸大claim 声称、主张legal 合法的（反义词：illegal 违法的、非法的-形容词）prove 证明、证实licence 执照、许可证lie 说谎vague 含糊的、暧昧的class 把…分类、把…分等级option 选择（衍生词：choice）expression 表达salesperson 售货员、销售员（同义词：seller）evaluation 评价、估计（衍生词：evaluate 评价、评估-动词）product 产品、产物（衍生词：produce 产物、农产品，生产、制造-名词、动词，production 生产、产品）objective 客观的subjective 主观的identify 识别、鉴别（衍生词：identity 身份、特性-名词，identification 辨认、鉴定，identifiable 可以识别的、可以鉴别的-形容词，identifiably 可以识别地、可以鉴别地-副词）document 文件、文档（衍生词：documentary 文件的，纪录片-名词）notion 观念、想法（衍生词：note 注意、记录-名词）caveat 警告、告诫transaction 交易（衍生词：transact 交易、处理-动词）initially 最初、开头（衍生词：initial 最初的、初始的）property 财产、特征deal 交易、生意（衍生词：dealer 生意人）Latin 拉丁语、拉丁语的basically 基本上、主要地（衍生词：basic 基本的-形容词，basis 基础、基本-名词）mean 意思是、意谓responsibility 责任、职责（衍生词：response 响应、反应-名词，respond 回答、响应-动词，responsible 有责任的、负责的-形容词）check 检查、核对payment 报酬、支付（衍生词：pay 支付、给予-名词，payable 可支付的-形容词）defect 过失、缺点（衍生词：defective 有缺陷的）deliberately 蓄意地、故意地（衍生词：deliberate 深思熟虑的、故意的）conceal 隐藏、隐蔽（衍生词：concealment 隐藏、隐蔽-名词）policy 政策、方针proof 证据、校对affect 影响competitor 竞争对手、竞争者（衍生词：compete 竞争、比赛-动词，competition 竞争、比赛-名词）statistics 统计学（衍生词：statistic, statistical 统计的、统计学的-形容词）run 运转、运行（同义词：manage, operate）investigate 调查、研究（衍生词：investigation 调查、研究-名词，investigator 调查人-名词）insurance 保险finance 金融、财政（衍生词：financial 财政的、金融的）service 服务therefore 因此、所以（衍生词：so, thus）careful 小心的、仔细的（衍生词：care 关心、顾虑-动词）factual 事实的、实际的（衍生词：fact 事实、实情-名词）assertion 主张、断言（衍生词：assert 声称、断言-动词）regarding 关于quality 品质、质量goods 货物、物品oversee 监视、检查validity 有效性council 理事会、委员会authority 权威、权利overstep 踏过、越过limit 极限、限度raise 提出generate 产生（衍生词：generation 产生、一代-名词）strategy 战略、策略（衍生词：strategic, strategically 战略的、策略的/战略地，策略地-形容词）superlative 最高的various 不同的、多种多样的（衍生词：variety 品种、种类，vary 改变、变更-动词）specific 具体的（衍生词：specifically 具体地、明确地-副词，specification 详述、规范-名词）concern 关心、关注mislead 误导（衍生词：lead 引导-动词）false 错误的prevent 阻止、预防（衍生词：preventable 可以预防的、可以阻止的-形容词）understandably 可以理解地（衍生词：understand 理解-动词，understandable 可以理解的-形容词）object 反对、抗议（同义词：refuse, refute, argue against）untruthful 不真实的、虚伪的（衍生词：truth 事实、真理-名词，true 真实的、真正的-形容词，truthful 诚实的-形容词）unfair 不公平的（衍生词：fair 公平的-形容词）advantage 优势、优点（反义词：disadvantage 略势、缺点-名词）court 法院、法庭、球场clarify 澄清、阐明（衍生词：clarification 澄清-名词）boundary 边界、分界线acceptable 可以接受的（衍生词：accept 接受-名词）best-loved 最喜爱的favorite 喜欢的人、物或事情brand 牌子make 品牌similarly 相似地、相似的是（衍生词：similar 相似的-形容词）expect 期待、期望（衍生词：expectation 期望、期待-名词，expectable 预料中的-形容词，unexpectable 无法预料的-形容词）boast 自夸consider 考虑、照顾（衍生词：considerate 考虑周到的-形容词，considerable 值得考虑的，相当多的-形容词，consideration 考虑-名词）deceptive 带有欺骗性的（衍生词：deception欺骗-名词）primary 初级的、主要的inform 告知monitor 监督、监管ensure 确保、保证argue 争论、辩论technique 技术、技巧、手段（technical 技术的、技巧的-形容词，technician 技师、技术员）otherwise 另外、否则unnoticed 被忽视的、未被注意到的（衍生词：notice 注意、观察-动词，noticeable 显而易见的-形容词，unnoticeable 不明显的-形容词）crowded 拥挤的、塞满的（衍生词：crowd 拥挤、塞满-动词）aspect 方面relatively 相对地（衍生词：relative 相关的、相对的-形容词，relate 联系-动词）harmless 无害的（衍生词：harm 损害、伤害-名词，harmful 有害的、伤害的-形容词）integral 完整的、整体的（衍生词：integrate 整合、结合-动词，integration 联合、结合-名词）detect 发觉、探测（衍生词：detective 察觉的、侦探的-形容词）delight 高兴、欣喜（衍生词：delightful 高兴的、欣喜的、令人愉快的-形容词）discount 折扣fee 费、费用description 描述、记叙（衍生词：describe 描述、记叙-动词）discussion 讨论（衍生词：discuss 讨论-动词）issue 问题comparison 比较（衍生词：compare 比较、对比-动词）contrast 对照、对比guilty 内疚的、有罪的（衍生词：guilt 内疚、罪行-名词）summary 总结（衍生词：summarise 总结-动词）definition 定义（衍生词：define 下定义-动词）determine 决定、确定（衍生词：determination 决定、确定-名词）chainsaw 链锯recent 最近的、近期的（衍生词：recently 最近地、近期地-副词）reality 现实（衍生词：realistic 现实的-形容词）realization 意识（衍生词：realize 意识、了解到-动词）detailed 详尽的、详细的（衍生词：detail 细节、详情-名词）gasoline 汽油（同义词：petrol）own拥有（衍生词：owner）advantage 优势、优点（反义词：disadvantage）mobility 灵活机动性specific 具体的（衍生词：specify 详述、说明-动词，specification 详述、规范-名词）vital 生死攸关的、重大的affair 事物、事件automobile 汽车（同义词：car, vehicle）relationship 关系、关联love-hate 爱恨的cherish 珍爱、怀抱undeniably 不可否认的convenient （衍生词：convenience）industry 工业、产业、行业commerce 商业（衍生词：commercial 商业的-形容词）prosper （衍生词：prosperous）unfortunately 不幸地（衍生词：fortune 运气、命运-名词，fortunate 幸运的、幸福的-形容词，fortunately 幸运地、幸福地-副词）downside 负面、缺点（反义词：upside 正面、优点）pollution 污染manufacture 制造（衍生词：manufacturer 制造商-名词，manufacturing 制造业-名词）purpose-build 依某种目的而建造factory 工厂（同义词：plant, mill）entrepreneur 企业家launch 投放、开发、发起admirable 值得赞美的、极美的philosophy 哲理、哲学venture 冒险、风险desire 想往、期望motoring 驾车afford 承担（衍生词：affordable 可承担的、可负担的-形容词，unaffordable 不可承担的、不可负担的-形容词）ultra-affordable 最终可以负担的so-called 所谓的determine 决定、确定status 身份、地位comfort 舒适、安慰protection 保护（衍生词：protect 保护-动词，protective 予以保护的、保护的-形容词）previous 在前的、早先的vehicle 交通工具、车辆two-wheeled 两轮的scooter 小型摩托车three-wheeled 三轮的motorized 机动化的、摩托化的（衍生词：motor 汽车）rickshaw 人力车transport 运输potential 潜在的、可能的；潜力、潜能extensive 广泛的、广大的predictable 可预测的（衍生词：predict 预测、预言-动词，unpredictable 不可预测的-形容词）explosion 爆发、爆炸inevitable 不可避免的（同义词：inescapable, unavoidable）wisdom 智慧、明智warning 警告、预告consequence 后果massive 大量的compelling 强迫的、引人注目的argument 争论、辩论definite 明确的、一定的connection 关系、连接worsen 恶化、损害（衍生词：worse 更坏的、更恶略的-形容词）respectively 各自地、分别地（同义词：personally, individually, subjectively）critical 批评的、危机的、严重的release 释放dramatically 极大地、引人注目地（同义词strikingly, noticeably, remarkably）affect 影响concern 考虑、忧虑aspect 方面stuck 被卡住import 进口（反义词：export出口）approximately 大约地、大概地（同义词：nearly, about, around）dependence 依赖、依靠（衍生词：dependent 依赖的、依靠的-形容词，independence 独立、自主-名词，independent 独立的、自主的-形容词）effect 效果、结果uniquely 唯一地、独特地solution 解答、解决办法benefit （反义词：drawback）applaud 称赞、赞同mode 方式、模式descendant 子孙、后代、后裔（同义词：offspring）regard 看待、当作original 最初的、原始的（衍生词：origin 起源、根源-名词，originate 起源、发生-动词）invention 发明（衍生词：invent 发明、创造-动词）percentage 百分比、百分率conventional 习俗的、传统的（同义词：traditional, orthodox, conservative）elite 精锐、精华crisis 危机unfair 不公平的（衍生词：fair 公平的-形容词）decrease 减少、降低（衍生词：reduce, diminish, cut back, fall, drop）negative 被动的（反义词：positive 主动的）synonym 同义词overcrowding 拥挤的、阻塞的approve 赞成、同意chilling 恐怖的purchaser 消费者（衍生词：purchase 消费-动词，purchasing 消费的-形容词）violent 暴力的、强烈的（衍生词：violence 暴力-名词）whereby 凭什么、为何compensation 补偿（衍生词：compensate 偿还、补偿-动词）favorable 赞成的、有利的traffic 交通congestion 拥塞（同义词：jam, conjunction, gridlock）cycling 骑脚踏车（衍生词：bicycle 脚踏车，cyclist 骑脚踏车的人）stuck 被粘住的（衍生词：stuck是stick的过去式和过去分词）breathe 呼吸、发出diesel 柴油机、柴油味fume （浓烈或难闻的）烟、气commute （乘坐交通工具）往来college 大学、学院issue 问题；发行despite 不论、尽管flyover过街天桥lane 街道、车道（同义词：street, road, avenue, pathway）consideration 考虑、体谅（衍生词：consider 考虑、体谅-动词，considerable 值得考虑的、数量相当大的-形容词，considerate 考虑周到的-形容词）car-friendly 汽车友好型的humble 微贱的、粗陋的fuel 燃料unharmed 为受伤害的（衍生词：harm 伤害、损害-名词或动词，harmful 有害的、伤害的-形容词，harmless 无害的-形容词）cost-effective 成本有效的，划算的efficient 生效的、奏效的enormous 巨大的、庞大的parking 停车；停车的inner 内部的、里面的（反义词：outer 外面的-形容词；衍生词：exterior 外面的-形容词，interior 里面的-形容词）motorway 机动车道alternative 替代物ownership 所有权registration 注册、报道（衍生词：register 注册-动词）fee 费mechanical 机械的、呆板的expense 费用、开支risk 冒险（衍生词：risky 危险的-形容词）vulnerable 易受攻击的（反义词：invulnerable 不受伤害的、无懈可击的-形容词）metal 金属shell 外壳protect 保护（衍生词：protection 保护-名词）document 文件、文档（衍生词：documentary 纪录片-名词）backpack 背包accident 意外事故helmet 头盔fatal 致命的（同义词：deadly 致命性的-形容词）requirement 要求（衍生词：require 要求-动词）sensible 明智的（衍生词：sensitive 敏感的-形容词，sensibility 敏感性-名词）essential 必要的employer 雇主（衍生词：employ 雇佣-动词，employee 雇员-名词，employment 雇佣-名词，unemployment 失业-名词）secure 安全的、可靠的rack 架、行李架theft 偷窃、偷盗provision 分配、供应locker 带锁的橱柜fleet 快速的、敏捷的errand 差事、使命necessity 必要性、必须品（衍生词：necessary 必要的）convenient 便捷的、方便的pedestrian 步行者collide 碰撞restriction 限制、约束（衍生词：restrict 限制、约束-动词，restrictive 限制性的-形容词）car-free 汽车禁行的priority 优先权presence 出席、到场（衍生词：present 出席的、到场的-形容词）stand 展台、看台、立足点deposit 押金；堆积（同义词：accumulate 积累、堆积-动词）refund 退还、返还（衍生词：refundable 可返还的-形容词，nonrefundable 不可返还的）crossing 十字路口、交叉口（同义词：intersection）discourage 使气馁（反义词：encourage 鼓励-动词）private 私人的proportion 比例forward-thinking 前瞻的demonstrate 证明、论证subsidize 资助、补贴curb 控制、限制dominance 统治、优势（衍生词：dominant 统治的、占优势的-形容词）expansion 膨胀、扩张（衍生词：expand 膨胀、扩张-动词）lessen 减少、降低（同义词：reduce, decrease, fall, drop, diminish, cut back）bright-colored 颜色鲜亮的tax 税费petrol 汽油（同义词：gasoline）ban 禁止、取缔hedge 障碍物item 物料、项目value 价值（衍生词：valuable 有价值的、贵重的-形容词invaluable 无价的-形容词；valuation 估价、评价-名词）central 中心的、中央的（衍生词：center 中心）various 不同的、多样的（variety 品种、种类-名词；）monetary 货币的、金钱的direct 指引、指示psychological 心理上的、心理学的（衍生词：psychology 心理学-名词；psychologically 心理上地、心理学地）political 政治的、行政的（衍生词：politics 政治、政治学-名词；politician 政治家-名词）influence 影响、改变humankind 人类barter 物品交换、实物交易exchange 交换、交易goods 货物crop 农作物exist 存在（衍生词：existence 存在、实在perishable 容易腐烂的（衍生词：perish 腐烂、枯萎）commodity 日用品tobacco 烟草cattle 牛evolve 发展、进展、进化coin 硬币grain 谷物harvest 收获、收割progression 阶段、级数shell 贝壳bead 珠子cowry 宝贝、贝壳mock 仿制的、假的metal 金属currency 流通、通货（衍生词：current 当前的、通用的、流通的-形容词；电流、水流、气流-名词）chain 用链条拴住silver 银gold 金god 神、上帝emperor 皇帝、君主imprint 留下烙印surface 外表、表面bar 条、棒means 手段、方法（同义词：technique, way, method）Greek 希腊人（衍生词：Greece 希腊）Roman 罗马人（衍生词：Rome 罗马）scarce 稀有的、不足的（衍生词：scarcity 缺乏、不足-名词；scarcely 几乎不、简直没有-副词）bronze 铜质的、青铜的available 可利用的diminish 减少、降低（同义词：reduce, decrease, fall, drop, cut back）leather 皮革、皮革制品edge 裁边、镶边resemble 像、类似（同义词：similar）issue 发行onwards 向前地representative 代表的（衍生词：representation 代表、表现-名词）accumulate 集聚、堆积precious 宝贵的、珍重的receipt 收据、收条form 形式；形成significant 有意义的、重大的、重要的promise 承诺、允诺、答应permanent 永久的、持久的circulate 流通、循环（衍生词：circulation 流通、循环-名词）banknote 钞票fiat 命令、法令、许可standard 标准的declare 宣布、宣告auction 拍卖ancient 远古的mint 铸造stash 隐藏drawer 抽屉rare 稀罕的、珍贵的enhance 提高、增强favourite 特别喜爱的chance (机会、可能性—名词；偶然发生—动词) savoury 可口的flavour (滋味、香味—名词；增添调味—动词) consumption 消费、消耗（consume 消耗；consumer 顾客）processed food 加工食品aware 意识到的taste v品尝；n 味道bland 乏味的；冷漠的technology 技术，术语sacrifice （牺牲，祭品—名词；牺牲，奉献—动词）tongue 舌头，语言tiny 微小的，很少的bump n肿块、隆起物；v撞击;adv 猛烈地typically 特色地poisonous 有毒的natural 自然的，天生的（nature 自然，本性；nurture 养育，培养）trigger 触发，引发mimic 模仿ingredient 要素、组成部分quantity 数量、大量artificial 人造的，虚伪的target 目标receptor 接收器，感觉器官sensitive敏感的，易受伤害的molecule 分子，微粒substance 物质，资产potential 潜在的bitter 苦的，尖刻的reverse 颠倒block 阻止，限制persuade 劝说protein 蛋白质marketplace 市场significant 重大的，有意义的stimulate 刺激media 媒体animate v使有生气，推动adj 有生命的character 特征，字符generation 产生，一代人mention 说起，提及effect 效果，作用fantasy 幻觉，幻想humanoid 像人的sophisticated adj. 久经世故的；富有经验的；精致的；复杂的creative 创造性的amazing 令人惊讶的creature 生物，人genuinely真诚地；诚实地indistinguishable 不能区别的，不易察觉的elusive 难懂的，遗忘的imagine想象complex 复杂的，合成的realistic 现实的，逼真的mirror 反映，反射frown 皱眉，不同意skeleton 骨骼laser 激光scan 扫描，浏览conscious 意识到的，故意的feature 特征，容貌design 设计，构思component 成分，组件capture 俘获，获得upload 上传painstaking 辛苦的，勤勉的numerous 很多的approximately 大约，近于extremely 极端地challenge 挑战immediately 直接地，立刻reaction 反应，感应negative 否定的，消极的christen 为---洗礼、命名positive 积极的exactly 精确地，准确地absolutely 绝对地，完整地shelter避难所protection 保护unique 唯一的，稀罕的realize 实现，认识到eventually 最后，终于meaningless 无意义的，无目的，imitate 模仿nonetheless 虽然如此，但是occur 发生，出现immense 巨大的declare 宣传，申明nonsense 胡说，废话repeat 重复cuddle拥抱，依偎stress强调handle 处理，运用complicated 复杂的，难懂的identify 识别，确定master 控制，精通indeed真正的persistence 持续adventure冒险communicate通讯，传达speech 演讲attention注意intelligence 智力variation变异average 平均common 普通的，共同的precise 精确的，严格的Sponsorship 赞助commercialization 商业化dramatically 引人注目地athlete 运动员marketable有销路的commodity 日用品，商品massive大量的concede 承认subtly 敏锐地financial 财务的assistance 帮助organization组织participate参加entertainment娱乐promote促成，提升factor因素payoff报酬relief 减轻misbehave 行为不礼貌convey 传达controversy争论harshly严厉地alongside在旁边endorsement 认可，赞同restrict限制professional 职业的trend趋势equipment设备compete竞争amateur业余的essential 必要地，基础的prestigious有名望的spectacular壮观的individual 个人的performance表演compromise妥协atrocious 残暴的awkward 尴尬的，笨拙的profile 侧面distribution 分配weird 不可思议的wonderful 奇妙的tourism旅行ancient古代Announce 宣布honorary 荣誉的ruin 毁坏magnificent 壮丽的status 地位defend 防御attract吸引bungee蹦极available 有效地，可利用的steep 陡峭的imagine 想象messy肮脏的annual年度的scenery 风景activity 活动adventure 冒险inclusion包含original 原始的towering 卓越的downright 彻底ankle 脚踝injured 受伤的wizard 奇才existence 存在smoothly 平稳地Connection 连接wireless 无线的system 系统electrical 电子的Comfort 安慰flexibility适应性chore 家庭杂务recipe 食谱necessary必要的channel 频道conjunction 连接energy能源surveillance监视deterrent遏制的chaos 混乱prevail 盛行occupant 居住者snack 小吃brigade大部队activate 使活动thermostat恒温器architect 建筑商developer开发商criminal罪犯精读：wise聪明的（同义词：brilliant smart clever intelligent）philosopher/philosophy哲学家ignorance无知bizarre奇异的bazaar集市chef 厨师alternative交替的civilization文明culturally从文化角度debate 辩论enslave束缚poison毒药supposedly恐怕bronze青铜ceramics制陶业devastating毁灭性的excavate挖掘iron烙铁structure构造tidal潮汐的，潮水的boxing拳击discus铁饼disorganized紊乱的fence击剑funeral葬礼honor向某人表示敬意sailing航行wrestling摔跤creed信条opponent对手prohibit禁止score分数strip脱衣struggle奋斗trick诡计triumph胜利curious好奇的current 现在的exhibition展览exploration探险launch发射telescope望眼镜venture冒险buffet自助餐dilemma进退两难exchange交换frontier边境massive大量的noble贵族的bother烦扰contemporary当代的ignorant无知的outlandish奇特的pioneer 先锋reservation保留diverse不同德entrust委托hazardous冒险的metaphor隐喻mythical 神话的narrow-minded心胸狭窄represent 代表captivate使迷惑fantasy人造的lodger房客recount叙述excessively过分地irrational无理的sole唯一的toil辛苦well-being安康activist激进主义分子capitalism资本主义dramatic突然的ironic讽刺意味的pilfer小偷小摸underdog失败者well-intentioned出于好意affluent富裕的countless无数的income收入pursue追求measure测量prosperous繁荣的source资源virtuous有道德的study调查poverty贫困secret秘密moral道德alternatively或者bizarre奇异的carnivore食肉动物extinct灭绝herbivore 食草动物mammal 哺乳动物parasite寄生生物perennial长期的reptile爬行动物comprehend理解fossil化石imagine想象record记录scholar学者erupt爆发incalculable无数的lava熔岩meteorite陨星specifically具体的chamber房间item项目manuscript手稿reef礁terracotta赤陶土hollow凹陷处delay推迟drill钻孔mystery神秘的事物parchment羊皮纸pit地洞solve解决vault保鲜库adapt使适应armor盔甲arrow箭bare赤裸的drown淹死exhausted筋疲力尽mobile能快速移动rally集合band伙defeat失败vile糟透的admit准许加入ban禁止century世纪classical古典的college学院controversy争论ivy常青藤swiftly迅速地institution公共机构doctorate博士学位development发展ecology生态学extinction灭绝habitat栖息地propose建议species物种theory理论estimate估计observation观察resource资源scarce缺乏的modify修改wrinkle皱纹complication混乱diverse不同的evaluate评估extensive广泛的facility设备qualification资格desperate 绝望的，不顾一切的horn角outcast 被抛弃的人psychiatrist精神科医生rib肋骨waist腰enroll登记entrust 委托基础口语词汇：Routine日常的scarcely几乎不competitive竞争的develop发展，开发final决赛semi-final半决赛badminton羽毛球facility设施equipment设备racket球拍suit 套装sponsor 赞助商adventurous爱冒险的endurance耐力veteran老手leisure空闲challenge挑战championship锦标赛competition竞争tournament 联赛arena竞技场coach教练court法院gymnasium体育场opponent对手opposition反对方referee裁判员reserve预留stadium体育场dramatic引人注目的memorable难忘的thrilling 令人兴奋地tough坚强的uneventful不重要的exhilarating令人愉快的attack攻击bowl保龄球catch抓住chase试图赢得defend防护hockey曲棍球soccer足球rugby橄榄球athletics 体育运动squash壁球educational教育的fashioned…式的modern现代的scary胆小的terrifying令人恐惧的interesting有趣的fascinating吸引人的funny有趣的amusing有趣的humorous 幽默的exciting使人激动地boring无聊的relaxing令人轻松地popular流行的famous著名的trustworthy可靠地thoughtful体贴的reliable可靠地considerable值得考虑的adventurous大胆的supportive支持的patient耐心的cheerful高兴地generous慷慨的brave勇敢地social社交的outgoing外向的caring关心的honest 诚实的accurate精确地bold大胆的bright愉快的catchy引人注意的colorful富有色彩的distinctive有特色的elegant优雅的humorous幽默的imaginary虚构的subject主题班级class 班级physics物理chemistry化学maths 数学compulsory义务的optional选择的co-ed混校single sex单一性别private私立public公立discipline纪律homework作业assignment功课test测验mark分数exam考试primary初级的secondary中级的naughty淘气的sports运动library图书馆language语言history历史culture文化strict严格corporal 身体的punishment惩罚detention拘留rule统治uniform制服gymnasium健身房laboratory 实验室absent缺席的attendance 出席junior初级的senior高级的science科学major专业hamburger汉堡包noodles面条biscuit饼干pizza披萨salad沙拉cheese奶酪apple苹果fried油炸的children 孩子cake蛋糕dumpling饺子potato土豆pasta意大利面rice米饭hotdog热狗cabbage卷心菜ice cream冰激凌lettuce生菜spinach菠菜banana香蕉chicken鸡肉chocolate巧克力sandwich三明治sushi寿司tomato西红柿bread面包cheeseburger 芝士汉堡egg鸡蛋celery芹菜meat pie肉饼barbecue烧烤brunch早午餐fruit水果meal饭picnic野餐restaurant餐馆snack小吃steak牛排supper晚餐vegetable 蔬菜burnt烧焦的fatty油腻的fresh新鲜的greasy油腻的healthy健康的mouldy 发霉的raw生的rich富有的stale不新鲜的succulent多汁的undercooked不熟的wholesome有益健康的bitter苦的bland乏味的salty咸的savory可口的sour 酸的spicy辣的sweet甜的appetizing开胃的delicious美味的disgusting恶心的junk垃圾revolting讨厌的tasty美味的vile卑鄙的yucky好吃的yummy好吃的baked烤的barbecued烤的boiled煮的fried油炸的roasted 烤的steamed蒸的stewed炖的stir-fried炸的toasted烤的subway赛百味green tea绿茶gymnastics体操volleyball排球table tennis乒乓球swimming游泳golf高尔夫American football美式足球basketball篮球cycling骑车skiing滑雪boarding滑板skating滑冰tennis网球weightlifting举重surfing冲浪boxing拳击motor racing 赛车badminton羽毛球show jumping跳跃snooker 斯诺克sailing航行friendly match 友谊赛umpire裁判dangerous危险dynamic有活力的memorable难忘的nail-biting紧张的nerve-racking紧张的tense紧张的intercept拦截kick踢pass通过save拯救score 计分sprint冲刺tackle 扭倒throw扔chat show聊天节目sports programme 体育节目documentary 文献片music音乐horror movie恐怖电影quiz测试comedy喜剧romance浪漫action movie动作电影autobiography自传biography传记historical movie历史剧fiction 小说science fiction科幻martial军事arts艺术drama戏剧crime犯罪cartoon动画片fantasy幻想news新闻current affairs当今时事weather report 天气预报musical 音乐thriller惊险小说educational有教育意义的old fashioned过时的scary 吓人的terrifying 吓人的interesting有趣的fascinating吸引人的funny有趣的amusing有趣的humorous 幽默的exciting令人兴奋的boring无聊的relaxing放松的popular 流行的famous有名的parent父母son 儿子daughter女儿grandfather祖父niece侄女nephew侄子cousin堂兄nuclear family 核心家庭extended family 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原始的real-life现实生活recent最近的serious严肃的amazing令人惊讶的amusing有趣的awful可怕的cute可爱的entertaining令人愉快的ethical道德的exciting令人激动地funny有趣的great好的professional职业的responsible负责的strange陌生的terrible可怕的unethical无道德的unprofessional 不专业的self-esteem自我评价color photo彩色照片audience 观众visual视觉的effect影响goal目标successful成功的university 大学undergraduate大学生degree学位reputable声誉好的master硕士motivated有动机的aptitude天资acquaint使熟悉，使了解aware意识到的familiar熟悉proficient精通的expertise专业技能ability能力aspire渴望fancy奇特的pursue 从事ambition抱负aspiration渴望goal目标intention 意图objective客观的yearn渴望traffic交通highways高速公路picnic野餐sprawling笨拙的爬beach海边crowded拥挤的weather天气population人口industry工业mountain山season 季节lake湖pollution污染fall 秋天suburban 郊区的historic历史的park公园polluted 污染的grey and gloomy 灰色和灰暗store 储备overcrowded过度拥挤的path道路environment环境clean干净art gallery艺术馆boutique精品店café咖啡馆cathedral大教堂Cinema电影院department部门fountain喷泉market市场museum博物馆nightclub夜店skyscraper摩天大楼stadium体育场subway地铁temple 寺庙theatre剧院bustling忙乱的congested堵塞的dynamic动力的lively真实的noisy嘈杂的overwhelming势不可挡的run-down 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长跑训练diversion分散注意力ban禁止deception欺骗disclosure揭发moral道德principle原则regulation 规则condemned被定罪的controversial有争议的critical批评的crucial重要的devious偏僻的discerning有辨别能力的discriminating有差别的hard-hitting 用力打击的prohibited禁止provocative刺激的righteous 正义的significant重要的thought-provoking发人深省的regulatory控制的discretion判断力confidence自信moral道德deceptive 欺诈的conceal隐藏filter过滤secret秘密beneficial 有好处的challenging挑战的energetic有能量的enthralling fascinating迷人的intriguing迷人的monotonous单调的popular流行的relaxing令人轻松的satisfying令人满意的tranquil安静的countryside乡下fishing钓鱼gardening园艺painting绘画photography摄影shopping购物star-gazing 观星art and craft 手工艺board games 棋类游戏，图版游戏chess下棋coin collecting收集硬币computer games电脑游戏embroidery刺。

Paper books or E-books, which one do you prefer传统的纸张书本和电子书,你更喜欢哪种

Paper books or E-books, which one do you prefer?Reading books is an important way to gain knowledge and broaden one’s horizons. With the rapid development of technology, e-books are now becoming more and more popular. Nevertheless,paper books as the traditional way of reading,it also palys an essential role So which one do you prefer between paper books and E-books has become a hot topic among the reader.On the one hand, paper books as the traditional way of reading has the unavoidable shortcoming such as the expensive price compared with the E-books,and the inconvenience of carring the paper books because of the volume and weight.On the contrary,these disadvantages of the paper books have just become the advantages of E-books,it is cheap and it is conveninent for you to carry everywhever enve on your bed because the small volume and the massive storage capacity.One the other hand,while the e-books being popular with reader,It has many fatal defect ,for instance，it does harm to our eyes or our brain if we spend long time on reding through the screen of E-books Nevertheless，The traditional reading method avoids this pointIn total，everything is a double-edged sword or no garden without its weeds,we must become its master and make good use of these way of reading,that`s to say we should take advantage and avoid the disadvantage of paper books and E-books。

oral english对话2

目录科技对生活的影响 (1)CITY LIFE (2)LATE RETIREMENT (3)TV TALENT SHOWS (4)广告给人的影响 (5)课外的ART CLASSES (6)1．科技对生活的影响A: Hi, XXB: Hi. Have you heard that Apple has developed a new type of computer again?A: (Oh, yeah.)I heard that it is absolutely different from others it made before.B: Wow. What an amazing century! Nowadays, technology is everywhere around us. The development of technology has a significant affect toward the society.A: (Yeah.) Several technologies that we usually use are the internet, computer, and cell-phone. And these new technologies make our life much easier and better. What do you think of the computer?B: (Well,) The development of computer really changes our life. We needed to do lots of complex calculation on hand decades ago. Obviously, we can use a computer to solve the problem in just a minute. We don’t need to spend hours on the equations. It becomes the most helpfulequipment for the scientists because they can use their time more efficiently.A: Yeah. I agree.B: Then, how do you feel about the internet?A: Well, instead of going to library and flipping all the books to figure out some information, we can just simply use a mouse and click on the website to do research. The internet leads us to a place where we can find unlimited information and resources. It makes our life much easier and better.B: I couldn’t agree more. In a word, the development of technology brings significant impact to our life.A: Yeah. And I believe that technology will keep improving in future. 2．CITY LIFEA: Hi, XX. The holiday is coming. Where will you go to spend the time? B: Hmm, I guess, I will stay in the city. I prefer city to countryside.A: Me, too. I would much rather live in the city than in the country. Living in the country would be very boring and there wouldn't be the same opportunities as there are in the city.B: Yeah, it is obvious that most people agree with me because there are plenty of things for people to do. We can go to the cinema as often as we like.A: And the rollerblading or ice-skating. We can go to skateboard parks, to swimming pools or to video arcades.B: There is also plenty of choice in the city. For example, there are lots of restaurants to choose from. And you can meet many interesting people from all walks of life, and from many different countries.A: That’s true! At my school, we have students from India, several Pacific islands, Greece, Italy and so on.B:In a word, city is exciting, convenient and always changing. There is always plenty to do and see. I love it.A: So do I.3．LATE RETIREMENTA: Hi, XX. Why do you look so confused?B: Yes. There’s a problem that I can’t understand. Most people nowadays prefer late retirement, but why?A: Oh, it obvious that they want to continue working and make full use of their knowledge and experience.B: But when they are getting old, they should retire to make way for the next generation.A: But it is fair that our government will give them a chance and make full use of the skills and experiences of people who are still in their prime working years.B:There are still some people want to retire earlier. When they are asked about this question, they said they are idle, except when their parents are ill or when friends need some help. They enjoy the style of life. They can finally relax themselves after decades of years’ work.A: I respect the choices people make for their own lives and careers, but there are others, like the kind I just said. They prefer late retirement more. They want to realize their life values.B: All right. I think I’m not confused about it now.4．TV TALENT SHOWSA: Hi, XX. Do you like watch the TV talent shows?B: No, why?A: Me, neither. Cuz an army of people are fond of the TV talent show. They believe the shows can change their fate.B: Yeah. I can hardly understand that why so many young guys are mad of the talent shows.A:Though, at least , they say, the program offers the opportunity to show and develop one’s talents. On the contrary, a number of people hold negative attitude to TV talent shows, just like us.B:Well, it misleads the youth and makes them believe that they can make a fortune or become famous overnight.A: Yeah, and as a result, a great many student can’t calm down to studyduring the show’s season.B: Hmm, it is just like a double-edged sword and it is important for us to face it properly. For one thing, the TV studios are supposed to offer more stimulating and favorable shows.A: For another, the media ought to give people proper guidance and refrain from exaggerating the effects of the show.B:….5．广告给人的影响A: Oh, God. There are too many advertisements on TV.I can’t bear it.B: That’s true! Advertisement is invading our life!A: Certainly it bothers people to watch 10 minutes of advertisement in between every 20 minutes of actual programs on TV.B: However, advertisement is the unavoidable by-product of the massive commercial activity that is going on in our time.A: Yes, but it’s not really the problem. Advertisement had always been with us and advertisements have found their way to us by many channels.B: I know what you mean. During the old days, since the communication channel is so limited, many of the advertisements are word of the mouth. It was not convenient at all.A: And nowadays, through these ads, we become more aware of what isaround us, what our choices are, and how to compare.B: So, it is a double-edged sword. Advertisements are not evil.A: Yeah. Though they are really awful some time, ads are certainly a important part of the free market economy and it helps to provide us with more choices of life.6．课外的ART CLASSESA: Hi, XX. I saw your little sister going out with your mum just right now. Why they went out so early?B: Oh, she is taking some extra classes during the weekends.A: Wow, children are often busier than adults today. How sunny it is! But, the children can’t play in the open air. What a pity!B:Yeah. We are lucky enough that we are not kids any more.A:Why do your mother send her to the classes? Could your mother just give her some spare time?B:You know, parents think that their children will benefit from such classes. With the development of today's society, competition will be more and more intense. So only the more versatile people will have bright prospects.A: I do not agree with the parents. Nowadays, many children have been deprived of their free time and become mechanical learners at the price of their own interest. I think children should have the rights to enjoytheir childhood, and to play.B:I think so, too. But, the parents won’t. They think children will not waste their time playing games. Instead, they can gain some knowledge. Moreover, such classes can broaden their horizons.A:But in their spare time, they should do what they want to do. Gradually they will discover what they are interested in and do their best in respective fields.B:Yeah. I agree with you. Perhaps I should talk with my mum about it. A: Good luck!。

英语同义词

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depict/describedesirable/satisfactorydeter/inhibit/preventdeteriorate/worsendiligent/hardworkingdimly/faintly weaklydisappear/vanish/be out of sightdiscuss/talk overdismiss/fireddisorder/confusiondistinguish/tell the differencedistress/danger/difficultydiverse/varied/differentdo away with/get rid ofdoctor/physiciandraft/formulatedraw/attractduplicate/copydurable/long-lastingdying out/extinctionEeffect/resultelevate/promoteelicit/provoke/induce/trigger eligible/entitled,qualified embody/include encourage/spurendeavor/try/attempt enormous/largeenternal/everlasting especially/particularly eternal/everlastingeventually/finallyexhaustive/extremely thoroughexhibit/show/displayexpect/ wish / hopeexperience/practical difficultyexpire/diedexplore/investigate/lookinto/probe/go throughextensive/massiveextinction/dying outextract/take outFfail/omitfail to(do sth)/be unable to (do sth) fairly/without bias/justly fascinate/intriguefaster/cultivatefatten up/polishfaulty/wrong/mistaken/incorrect field/speciality/range/scopefinal/lastfind fault with/Criticize/blame finish/copmletefire/dismissfirm/companyfor love or money/at any price,by allthe meansfor the most part/mostlyforce/strength/power/compel/enforcefoster/cultivateformerly/before/previouslyframework/skeletonfrightened/scaredfriendly/intimatefrighten/scarefulfill/realize/complete/accomplish/finish successfullyGgain/put ongain/profitgain/obtain/attain/get/achieve, gangster/violent criminal gather/come togetherga(u)er/measuregaze/staregently/mildly/kindly get up/arise/get out of bedgive up/abondongoal/aim/purpose/destination gorgeous/lovely/beautiful government/administration gradually/step by stepgrasp/take/have/get/catch hold of grateful/thankfulguarantee/ensure guy/manH Ihail/acclaimhard/difficult/severeharmonious/proportionate/symmetrica lharness/utilise/use/make use of/take advantage ofhave an influence/impast/effect on hazard/dangerhazardous/dangeroushealthy/well/wholesome/vigorous 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porcelain/chinapossess/own/have possession of postpone/deferpostulate/assume/suppose practically/almostpraise/think highly of preparation/arrangement preserve/keeppressing/urgentpretty/beautifulpreviously/before/formerly principal/mainprincipal organizer/plannerprior to/before probe/explore promote/elevate propose/suggest provoke/elicitpull up/stop/draw upput off/take offput up with/tolerate/bear/stand/endurepuzzle/mysteryQRquit/give up/stoprarely/seldom/not oftenreadily/willinglyrealize/know/seelearn/understand/fulfill recommend/praise sb.as suitable for a postrecommend/suggest/puopose regardless of/despite/in spite of/whateverregret/sorry/regretableregulate/controlrely on/depend on/rest on/bedependant onremainder/restremedy/cure/healremove/take offresentment/angerresident/occupantrestrain/preventrestrict/confineresume/restartrisk/dangerSsafe/securesatisfactorily/acceptablyscare/frightenscared/frightenedscatter/separatescene/location/site/spot/place seize/graspseldom/rarelysensational/excitingsensible/seasonableseparate/isolate/divorceset up/establishsettle/solvesevere/hardsevere/hard difficultshabby/unfairshake/tremble/quake/shiver shine/polishshock/surpise/astonish/amaze shrink/contractsketch/outline/summarize sum up sole/onlysomewhat/a littlespace/roomspare/extraspeciality/fieldspectrum/rangespecification/instructingspeed/velocityspur/encouragestage/phasestand to reason/seem logicalstandpoint/point ofview/view-point/opinion/ideastationary/not moving/stillsteadily/continuouslystep by step/gradually/little bylittle/by degreestroll/walkstop/pull up/quit/give upsubject/topicsubstantial/significant/importantsuggest/proposesummit/top of the mountainsurprise/shocksurvive/livesustain/supportsurgeon/doctor who perform surgicaloperationsTtake into consideration/take into accounttake out/extracttake off/removetalk over/discusstemptation/attraction/lure terminate/put an end to/get a close to think fault with/praisethrift/charitythrilling/excitingthe remainder/the resttire/boringtolerate/put upwith/bear/stand/enduretopic/subjecttouching/movingtough/strongtremble/shaketry/testtry (to do sth) /attemptture/attraction/temptationturn out/producetypical/characteristic UVWuncertainty/doubtuneasy/anxious/uncomfortable upgrade/improvedurge/advise/persuadeurgent/pressingutterly/totally/completely vague/imprecise/unclear vanish/disapper/be out of sight vigorous/healthy/well/energetic virtually/almost/infact/practically/morally weary/exhaustedwhile/when/although/though wholesome/healthy/well widen/broadenwithout bias/fairlywreck/damageyield/harvest。

新托福阅读必考同义词

A:absorb=appealappealing=attractive=charming=inviting absorbed by=compensate for absorbed=engrossed=fully engaged in abundant=plentiful accommodate=provide foraccomplished=achieved=completed=finished accumulate=collect accumulation=collectionaccurately=correctly=exactly=precisely address=speechadjacent (to)=nearby=neighboring=adjoiningadvent=arrival: with the advent of high speed internet= affair=matter aggravate= worsenakin to=similar to: alike= available= astray= afraid=aware= alone= alive= asleep= aloft allied with=link to: allied countries allocate=designate=distribute almost=nearly aloft=overhead alter=change=transform although=but altogether=completely amenity=pleasantample=plentiful: ample amplify amplifieramplificationannual= yearly anniversary: semiannually antiseptic= clean antithesis=opposeapparent=obvious=evident appreciable= noticeable approach= come closer to approach= way= means= method ardent=enthusiastic (about) argue=debate argue (that)=hold (that) article=item articulate=formulate as well as=in addition to= and as well= also= too assertion=strong statement assistance=benefit assistance=help= aid assume=take on assume=imagine astute=agile astute=clever at random=not planned attribute=characteristic attribute to=owe toavid=enthusiastic=ardent=eager－－－－--------------------------－－－－－－ B:barrier=obstaclebe bound to=be obliged to=ought to= should be consistent with=be compatible with bear in mind=remember being=creature blend=combine blocked=preventedblossom=thrive bold=brave boldly=bravely bombast=hitbreakthrough=sudden advance broad appeal=wide popularity broadly=extensively=widely bulk=main part bulk=great quantity――――――――――――――――― C:cache=hoard calculate=determinecapitalize on=take advantage of carting=transporting cast=sample certainty=exactness chronic=constant chronically=constantlyclaim=maintain=hold=argue that oushgg[jip claimed=declared cluster=group coalesce=fuse=unite cohesion=collaborate=cooperate collectively=together collide with=run into compelling= urgent: complement=supplement compliment= praise completely=totally= entirelycomponent=constituent=element=ingredient comprehensive= comprise=include conceive= imagine=consider concentrate on=center on=focus on concern=interest conclude=decide condition=situation conduct=controlconfiguration=arrangement confronted=facedconsequence=result; outcome consider=think about=regard considerable=large consist of=be made up ofconsistent=regular: what he is doing is not consistentwith what he said. constellation=collection constitute=composeconstruct= set up=build=establish consume= use up=eat up contrive=create=plan=invent controlled=strongly structured controversy=disagreement conversion=change convert into=change to convert=transform convertible= can be folded convince= make people believeconvicted=condemned=doomed=sentenced to death/lifelong imprisonmenthe is destined/doomed to death cope with=deal with=handle=tackle core=central idea= heart=kernel=center corroborative=确定的=证实的 counter=opposecounterclockwise= anticlockwise countervailing=compensating courageous=brave=bold cover=include creative=inventive critically=crucially crude=tough=original= raw crude oil/ crude diamond －－－－－－－－－－ D:debate=arguedecade=a period of ten years decimate=destroydelegate= assign=appoint=envoy ambassador delicate=dainty delicate= fragile demand= request= require demolition=destruction demolish=destroy dependable=reliabledesert=abandon=give up=discard determining= deciding= main devise=createdevice=equipment=instrument devote to=dedicate todevotion=dedication devoted=dedicateddictate= rule=reign=govern=decide diligent= hard-working=industrious dim=decrease: Do not read in dim lights.diminish=remove= reduce: become smaller and smaller discard=abandon=desert=throw awaydiscern=tell the difference: They are twins= and can youdiscern any difference between them? discernible=differentdischarge= charge= rechargeable= discharge There is chemistry between us. No chemistry. disintegrate= rot=decay=spoil=decompose disoperation=harm disperse=scatter spread disposition=temperament dissemination=spread distinction=difference distinction=outstanding distribution=dispersion distribution=allocation=allot diversity=variety=many and different documented=recorded domestic=homedraft=sketch=drawing=outline dramatic=striking draw=attractduplicate=copy=xerox dweller=resident=inhabitant=settler －－－－－－－－－－ E:eager to do=enthusiastic about earned=acquired=obtained=won elaborate=detailed elaborate=complicated eliminate=remove embed=implant emerge=arise=appear emergence=appearance emergent=developing encompass=include endangered= in dangerendeavor=attempt= enterprise=strive endeavors=enterprises=effort engage in=participate in=involve engross=absorb enlarge=broaden enlist=obtainenrich=enhance=improve enroll to one=combine enterprising=innovative environment=settings=background equipped=furnished: erode=diminish erroneous=wrong error=mistake escalate=grow=expand estimate=approximate euphoria=extreme happiness euphoric=extremely happyeventually=finally= in the end= at last= ultimately evident=apparent=obviousevidence= appearance= observation evolve=developexacerbate=worsen=deteriorate examine= check exceedingly=extremely exclusively= sole=unique exert=give exhausted=tired expedience=advantage expend=useexplicit=clear: explain implicit imply explicitly=clearly exposure=disclosure extant<->extinct extant=remaining extant=existing=livingextend=reach: you should extend your stay in Canada extent=degree=magnitude=scale: to some extent= extol=praise extracted=removed extraordinary=exceptional －－－－－－－－－－ F:fade away= My first boyfriend left me 5 years ago= andmy memory of him is fading away.familiar=well-known=popular=famous: be familiarwith/to far-reaching=broad fashionable=popularfashion out of=make from (fashion from/out of/into) function as= act as=serve asaddictive/initiative ferry=carry fierce=aggressivefixing= repairing/ positioning flake=fragment=segment flexible=adaptable float=stay on the topfluctuation= move/wave/rise and fall focal area=centerforage for=hunt for=search for forge=create form=were created foster=encourage fragile= breakable=delicatefunction=purpose= first= object= target= goal=objective= aim= end furthermore=in addition to furthermore=moreover fuse=blend－－－－－－－－－－ My aim is clear= to go to ubc.My target is to pass the toefl test in two months. G:gather=collect gauge=measure genre=type=kindgive over to= hand over to govern=rule=preside=administer=supervise=manage=run=o perateGovernor-ruler-president-administrator-supervisor-manager-operatorHost airhostess MC madame of ceremony green hand=unskilled laborerBlue= green= yellow cowardish chicken red Old hand= very experienced groundless=unfounded grounds=reasons guide=direct－－－－－－－－－－ H:halt=stop: system halt harness=utilize=controlutilize=make use of=use= take advantage of: utilities hazardous=dangerous: smoking is hazardous to yourhealth.heavy volume= big= large hence=therefore= thus hinder=interfere with= prevent hue=color－－－－－－－－－－ I:ignite=set on fire=start immediate action=instant actionimmediate area=nearest area=neighboring area immense=large immense=great immoral=improper impact=influence=strike impetus=stimulus imposing=impressive impression=imageimprovisation=即席创作 in any case/situation=regardless in contrast in comparison in fact=actuallyin terms of= as far as sth is concerned: Teachers are poorin terms of material wealth. on the contrary=the opposite side is true as a rule=usual=always inaccessible=unreachable incessant= without any stop inconceivable=unimaginable incorporate=include inert=motiveless inevitable=unavoidable infinite=unlimited fin=end finish influential= give influence infrastructure=foundation: infrared inhabit= reside=swell=settle=live ininherent= born: He was born an artist. His talent isinherent.initial=original: Please write your initial here. initiate=start=igniteinnovation=first develop: novel=new innovative=advanced innumerable=countless instantaneous=immediate instead of= rather than intensity=strength intertwine=interweave interwoven=intertwined intrigue=fascinate=interestirreparable (damage)=irrecoverable irrupt=increase:eruptisolated=separated: isle= island －－－－－－－－－－ J:jeopardy(危险) joined=met ; connected joined=met ; connected joint=combination junction=connection juvenile=teenager －－－－－－－－－－ K:key= important －－－－－－－－－－ L:lading=cargo landscape=scenery largely=mostly lead to=result in legacy=legacy=n.遗赠(物)= 遗产(祖先传下来) legitimacy=authority lethargy=sluggish liberal=extent liberal=extent link= living=extinct locale=place loot=steal lucrative=profitable－－－－－－－－－－ M:maintain=sustain=keep: maintenance= sustainabledevelopment make their way=travel manageable= operablemandatory=required= obligatory <->optional= selective manifest=reveal manipulate= operatemarked=distinguished=obvious= outstanding markedly=significantly massive=enormous match=equal material=physical maturity=adulthood maturity=adulthood meager=scarce mighty=powerful minute=very small minute=tiny=small mirror=reflect mobility=movement modest=limited modification=alterationmonotonous=boring=tedious=tiresome mounting= increasing: dismount multiplied=increased multiply= increase multitude=large numbermundane=ordinary=worldly<->spiritual myriad=numerous－－－－－－－－－－ N:notable= famous= well-known= popular= noted=renownnumerous=very many Innumerable=many －－－－－－－－－－ O:obscure=unclear: tears obscured my eyes. obvious=evident= clear= apparent occasion=event: What ’s the occasion? Occasionally= sometimes= once in while offset=balanceonce=when: Once I graduate from university= I will getmarried. origin=beginning originate= start fromornament=decoration=adornment output=result= outcome consequence outrageous=shocking overall=total overlap= cover oversee=supervise overlookoverwhelming= dominating=upsettingowe to= attribute to: I owe my success in TOEFL to MrMiaodue to=because of=thanks to －－－－－－－－－－ P:pack together=cluster (not sure)= crowd together: a packof dogs.paradoxical=seemingly contradictory patch of=area of patch=areapatron=sponsor=donator peculiar=strange penetrate=enterperceptible= can be felt= discernible: ceive= cept=ception receipt perforate=pierce periodically=regularly perishable=easy to spoil permit=allow perorate= conclude persist=endurepervasive=widespread=spreading pioneer=initiate pioneer=introduceplay (an important part)=perform (engage) play a role(part)=perform work pledge= swear= promise plumage=feather poorly=badly pore=holeposited=proposed=suggest potential=possibility practiced=skilled pragmatic=practical precede=come before precious=valuable precise=accurateConcise= shortened=simplified precision=accuracy predominant=primarypreeminent=eminent=outstanding=distinguished preliminary=initial premise=assumptionpreoccupation= absorption= thinking only of sth. prerequisite=something required preserve=retain=keep preserve=protect press=newspapers press=newsprestige= importance= superiority: enjoy high prestigeamong his friends.prevail= spread= pervade: Let peace prevail. primitive=early= undeveloped= uncivilized principal= main principle=concept print=painting prized=valued procure=obtain professional=specialized profound=significant=deep profusely=abundantly programmed=determined prominently=noticeably promoted=furthered pronounced= obvious propel=push proper=correct proper=suitableproper=itself: the man proper came to visit us. property=characteristic property=quality property=feature property=traitproponent=supporter: propose prospect= futureprotrude=stick out: protruding eyes protruding=sticking out provided that=if－－－－－－－－－－ R:radical=fundamental: radically=extremely rancid=unpleasant odor range in from to=vary in from to rare=unusual rather=instead rather than=instead ofreadily=easily: he is always ready to help others. realm=areareap=obtain= get= win=: reaper reassemble=gatherrefine=improve: oil refinery: you should refine yourpersonality.reflection=indication: reflect= think regardless of= without considering sth.My father sent me to Canada regardless of my objection. relating= describing= explaining= telling release=free= liberatereleasing=freeingrelevant=applicable=related relevant to=applicable relieve=reducerelinquish=abandon= desert remarkable=notable remarkable=significant remnant=remaining render=give=make render=produce render=represent rendered=made replenish=put back reproduced=copied require=stipulate that resist=endurewith respect to= concerning= about= take sth intoconsiderationwith respect to the high tuition= I strongly suggest younot to go to UBC respond=react restoration= recovery restricted=limitedrevival= resurrect: vivid= vitamin revolutionized=changed dramatically right=correct rigidly=strictly rigorous=harsh ritual=ceremony rival=compete with role= function=partrooted in=based onrotate=turn=revolve->revolver->revolution: rpm rudimentary=basic= undeveloped ruinous=destructiveruin=destroy: ruin my entire future. －－－－－－－－－－ S:sacred= holy sink=descend satisfy=fulfill save for=except for scant=minimalscarcely=infrequently=rarely=hardly=seldom scatter=spread: a gust of wind from the windowscattered my paper everywhere on the floor. scatter=distribute=disperse: the police used teargas todisperse the crowd.scope=extent=area= province= realm scour=search scrutiny=examining seemingly= on the surface: seething=overflowing seething=active seething=excited segment=part=section segment=portion=part seize=take=graspsequent=later: consequently= consecutive serene=calmsevere=extreme=serious shield=protectshift=change: day shift night shift shift=move shifting=moving shipment=cargo=ladenshrink=diminish=dwindle<->spread significant=from important part significantly=markedly= remarkably simulated=artificialsite=location: construction site: place= spot sited=located sizable= quite big slightly=smallso far=until present= up till now= up to now= up to thepresentsophisticated=complex sort=type= kind source=origin spectacular=impressive spectator=viewer=onlooker speculate=research/study sphere= ball=globe: hemisphere sporadic=intermittentspot=see: I can spot Eileen on the crowded Broadway ata glance. spread=distribute: staggering=overwhelming stamina=endurance standard=commonstartling=surprising=shocking staunch=strong steep=immersestem= root: stem from= come from sterile= barren: sterilize sterile=unproductivestipulation=requirement: sb. stipulate that hhjfjhjhskj stray=wander=meander: go astray stream=flow strength=powerstrike=come to contact with string=series structure= stylized<->realistic stylus=pen subjective=personal subsidiary= support subsidize=assist subsistence= existence suck= take in: bloodsucker suggestion=implication suitable=appropriate=propersuperficially= seemingly= on the surface support=hold up suppose=assume survive=remain susceptible=vulnerable suspect= criminal sustain=support=keep sustenance= food―――――――――――――― T:technique=methodtemporary= only for the time being<->permanenttempting=appealing= charming= attractive= pleasing=inviting tenet=principle the first=the foremost thereby= thus= therefore thoroughly=completely through= by= by means of tie=undertake tie=link toil=work took=requiredtopographic 地形学上的 tout= boast= flatter toxic=poisonous track= tracetracking/tracing=following tranquil=quiet: tranquilizer transfer= change= transform transformation=changing transformation=conversion treat=handle treated=handled trend=movement trivial=unimportant trumpet=praisetumultuous=chaotic: tumult turned=changed to――――――――――――― U:ubiquitous=very common unanimity=total agreementunanimouslyunconceivable=unimaginable undisputed=accepted by everybody undue= improperuneasy= restless= anxious= distressed uniformly=without variance unique=distinctunquestionable= without any doubt unquestionable (power)=sufficient unquestionable=definite unshakable= stable unsurpassed= the best utilitarian=utilize=use= make use of= employ utilizing=employment utopia=idealized －－－－－－－－－－ V:vagaries=uncertainties vagarious=strange vanish=disappear completely vast=extended vast=huge vast=largeversatile=adaptable= generalist= all-round view~as=consider regard a as b view=considervigorous=energetic: full of vigor vigorously=energetically virtual=practicalvirtually=actually vital=essential vivid=bright volume=great quantity vulnerable=open to attack －－－－－－－－－－ W:warranted=authorized whereas=although while=although wholly=completely wit=humor: full of witswith the ordinary citizen's pocketbook= affordable within=insidewithout exception=universally withstand=resist the effect of witnessed=observed witty=humorouswove=intertwined=braided=laced Y:yet=however yet=nevertheless yield=produce－－－－－－－－－－ word clusters: the cluster of ”obvious ”apparent=prominent=marked=conspicuous=pronou nced=striking=distinct=notable=remarkable=eviden t=noteworthy=perceptible=outstanding=noticeable the cluster of “big ”enormous=immense=massive=colossal=tremendous =prodigious=gigantic=vast=large=great=huge=giant=mammoththe cluster of “not stopping”:incessant=ceaseless=constant=continual=endless=in finite=nonstop=perpetual=steady=unbroken=uninte rruptedthe cluster of “fragile”:breakable=brittle=dainty=delicate=flimsy=frail=slig htthe cluster of “entertainment”:relaxation=relief=amusement=diversion=distraction =recreation。

议论文同义词总结

Part I1解决：Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle2 依赖：rely on, depend on, count on3 十分：:Immensely/ hugely/ extremely/ bitterly/ largely/ greatly/ enormously/ tremendously/ pretty/ awfully/ dreadfully/ highly/ notably/ exceedingly4 从事Carry out Conduct perform5损害：Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize6 大量的A host of A multitude of A vast number of (名词复数) A great deal of A vast amount o f(不可数名词) plentiful abundant7 发展,生长:develop/ evolve/ advance/ grow/ progress/ improve/ flourish/ proceed/ boom/ spring up/ mushroom/ sprout8 发现,察觉:detect/ discern/ spot/ discover/ notice/ note/ observe/ recognize/ uncover/ disclose/ expose9 能力:ability/ capacity/ capability/ calibre/ power/ strength/ aptitude/ technique/ competence/ might10批评:blame/ scold/ criticize/ reproach/ denounce/ reprove/ rebuke/ reprimand/ censure/ condemn11 公平:fair/ equitable/ equal/ impartial/ unbiased/ unprejudiced/ square/ just/ even/ objective12 解释,说明: describe/ operate/ explain/ clarity/ demonstrate/ illustrate/ interpret/ account for/ epitomize/ embody/ exemplify/ recount13 假的:artificial/ unnatural/ synthetic/ contrived/ fake/ fabricated/ mock/ counterfeit/ pseudo14 expensive=pricy age=time=era 时代15because=as=for=since 因为（加句子）so=thus=as a result=therefore=consequently=accordingly however=nevertheless然而like=enjoy=be fond of=be fascinated with=preferif=on condition that=under the circumstance thatspeaking of=talking about=when it comes to…谈到…的时候（短语，后加逗号）in summary=to sum up=to conclude=in the final analysis 总而言之（后加逗号）16给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide,supply, afford17培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster18优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength19缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness20使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle21重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative22认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced23保护：Protect, conserve, preserve24确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge25有害的：Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental26要求：Request, demand, needs, requisition27消除：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away28导致：Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate29因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this30急剧地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably31平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly 32宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim33发生：Happen, occur, take place34原因：Reason, factor, cause35发展：Development, advance, progress36有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous37影响：Influence, impact, effect38明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear39与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to40对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary，conversely41人类The human race Humanity Humankind42 在当代In contemporary society In present-day society In this day and age43原因:reason/ factor/ contributor/ origin/ explanation/ excuse44结果:result/ outcome/ upshot/ consequence/ implication45由于,因为:result from/ arise from/ originate from/ be due to/ be owing to/ thanks to/ on account of/ develop from/ be ascribed to/ be attributed to46问题,障碍:obstacle/ bar/ barrier/ barricade/ block/ blockage/ obstruction/ hurdle/ issue/ hamper/ hindrance/ snag47困难:difficulty/ plight/ handicap/ hardship/ challenge/ complication/ dilemma/ perplexity/ trouble48冲突,争端:disagreement/ dispute/ disharmony/ conflict/ argument/ contention/ debate/ controversy/ confrontation/ hassle/ rub/ clash/ friction/ contradiction49展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe50大约：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly51事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，asa matter of fact，it is a fact that52 政府:nations, countries, authorities, politicians53 花费:allocate, give, allot, provide, budget, make available, waste, award54钱= budgets, taxes, resources,55 Problems = concerns, issues, worries, disasters, threats, threatening, war, famine, poverty, education, homelessness, drugs, global warming56big=massive(large in size, quantity, or extent), colossal(use this word, you emphasize something’s large), tremendous(INFORMAL)57 always=invariably(the same as always, but better than always)Part II☆developevolve, advance, grow, improve, progress, flourish☆difficultyhandicap, hardship, adversity, challenge, complication, dilemma, perplexity, plight, trouble ☆earlyfirst, old, ancient, primitive, previous, former, remote☆finddiscover, come across, encounter, hit on, expose, notice, note, observe, recognize, spot, uncover☆futurewhat's next, prospect, approaching, expected, destined, forthcoming☆inevitableunavoidable, certain, destined, fated, inescapable, sure☆militantarmed, belligerent, army, weapon, warlike☆objectioncommercial challenge, complaint, disapproval, opposition, protest, query, question, remonstration☆obstaclebar, barricade, barrier, block, blockage, check, obstruction, problem, snag, hurdle☆prevalentcommon, usual, prevailing, widespread, systematic, collective, general, popular☆reducecurtail, cut, decrease, halve, impair, lessen, moderate, trim, slash☆rolefunction (provide, support, weaken, smooth, solve), job, position, duty, post, task, contribution☆recentmodern, current, now, nowadays, today, contemporaneous, new, novel, present, up-to-date ☆simulatevirtual, create, reproduce, pretend, imitate☆significanceimportance, milestone, impact, justification, gist, implication, point, purport, vital business, economic, financial, mercantile, profitable, pecuniary☆worldwideinternational, cosmopolitan, global, universal, ubiquitous, widespread, around the world。

最全常用高频词替换（2）

最全常用高频词替换（2）一、假设，猜想（guess）1.hypothesis [ha??p?θ?s?s]【例句】Their hypothesis is that watching excessive amounts of television reduces a person's ability to concentrate.【翻译】他们的假说认为过度观看电视会导致注意力不集中等问题。

2.speculation [?spekju?le??n]【例句】The book is just a lot of idle speculation about the future.【翻译】这本书就是很多关于未来的无意义的猜想。

3.assumption [??s?mp?n]【例句】Her plan is based on the underlying assumption that the economy will improve in the near future.【翻译】她的计划是基于这样一个假设：经济将在不久的将来会有所改善。

二、提议（suggestion）1.proposal [pr??p??zl]【例句】This proposal would be a less restrictive way of obtaining the same information.【翻译】该提议是以相对轻松的方式获取同等信息。

2.recommendation [?rek?men?de??n]【例句】The president, according to a White House statement last week, has decided to accept our recommendation.【翻译】白宫发言人上周表示总统已经决定接受我们的提议。

3.proposition [?pr?p??z??n]【例句】Right now, a significant minority (some 40 percent) of African-American voters already agrees with that proposition.【翻译】现在，少数非洲裔美国选民（将近40%）已经同意了该提议。

iBT新托福同义词大全

A:absorb=appealappealing=attractive=charming=invitingabsorbed by=compensate forabsorbed=engrossed=fully engaged inabundant=plentifulaccommodate=provide foraccomplished=achieved=completed=finished accumulate=collectaccumulation=collectionaccurately=correctly=exactly=preciselyaddress=speechadjacent (to)=nearby=neighboring=adjoiningadvent=arrival: with the advent of high speed internet= affair=matteraggravate= worsenakin to=similar to : alike= available= astray= afraid= aware= alone= alive= asleep= aloftallied with=link to : allied countriesallocate=designate=distributealmost=nearlyaloft=overheadalter=change=transformalthough=butaltogether=completelyamenity=pleasantample=plentiful: ample amplify amplifier amplificationannual= yearly anniversary: semiannually antiseptic= cleanantithesis=opposeapparent=obvious=evidentappreciable= noticeableapproach= come closer toapproach= way= means= methodardent=enthusiastic (about)argue=debateargue (that)=hold (that)article=itemarticulate=formulateas well as=in addition to= andas well= also= tooassertion=strong statementassistance=benefitassistance=help= aidassume=take onassume=imagineastute=agileastute=cleverat random=not plannedattribute=characteristicattribute to=owe toavid=enthusiastic=ardent=eager－－－－ -------------------------- －－－－－－B:barrier=obstaclebe bound to=be obliged to=ought to=should be consistent with=be compatible with bear in mind=rememberbeing=creatureblend=combineblocked=preventedblossom=thrivebold=braveboldly=bravelybombast=hitbreakthrough=sudden advancebroad appeal=wide popularitybroadly=extensively=widelybulk=main partbulk=great quantity―――――――――――――――――C:cache=hoardcalculate=determinecapitalize on=take advantage ofcarting=transportingcast=samplecertainty=exactnesschronic=constantchronically=constantlyclaim=maintain=hold=argue that oushgg[jip claimed=declaredcluster=groupcoalesce=fuse=unitecohesion=collaborate=cooperatecollectively=togethercollide with=run intocompelling= urgent:complement=supplementcompliment= praisecompletely=totally= entirelycomponent=constituent=element=ingredientcomprehensive=comprise=includeconceive= imagine=considerconcentrate on=center on=focus onconcern=interestconclude=decidecondition=situationconduct=controlconfiguration=arrangementconfronted=facedconsequence=result; outcomeconsider=think about=regardconsiderable=largeconsist of=be made up ofconsistent=regular: what he is doing is not consistent with what he said. constellation=collectionconstitute=composeconstruct= set up=build=establishconsume=use up=eat upcontrive=create=plan=inventcontrolled=strongly structuredcontroversy=disagreementconversion=changeconvert into=change toconvert=transformconvertible= can be foldedconvince= make people believe convicted=condemned=doomed=sentenced todeath/lifelongimprisonment he is destined/doomed to deathcope with=deal with=handle=tacklecore=central idea= heart=kernel=centercorroborative=确定的=证实的counter=opposecounterclockwise= anticlockwisecountervailing=compensatingcourageous=brave=boldcritically=cruciallycrude=tough=original= rawcover=includecreative=inventivecritically=cruciallycrude=tough=original= rawcrude oil/ crude diamond－－－－－－－－－－D:debate=arguedecade=a period of ten years decimate=destroydelegate= assign=appoint=envoyambassadordelicate=daintydelicate=fragiledemand=request=requiredemolition=destruction demolish=destroydependable=reliabledesert=abandon=give up=discard determining= deciding= main devise=createdevice=equipment=instrument devote to=dedicate todevotion=dedicationdevoted=dedicateddictate= rule=reign=govern=decide diligent=hard-working=industriousdim=decrease: Do not read in dim lights.diminish=remove= reduce: become smaller and smaller discard=abandon=desert=throw awaydiscern=tell the difference : They are twins= and can you discern any difference between them?discernible=differentdischarge= charge= rechargeable= dischargeThere is chemistry between us. No chemistry. disintegrate= rot=decay=spoil=decompose disoperation=harmdisperse=scatter spreaddisposition=temperamentdissemination=spreaddistinction=differencedistinction=outstandingdistribution=dispersiondistribution=allocation=allotdiversity=variety=many and differentdocumented=recordeddomestic=homedraft=sketch=drawing=outlinedramatic=strikingdraw=attractduplicate=copy=xeroxdweller=resident=inhabitant=settler－－－－－－－－－－E:eager to do=enthusiastic about earned=acquired=obtained=won elaborate=detailedelaborate=complicatedeliminate=removeembed=implantemerge=arise=appear emergence=appearance emergent=developing encompass=include endangered=in dangerendeavor=attempt= enterprise=strive endeavors=enterprises=effort engage in=participate in=involve engross=absorbenlarge=broadenenlist=obtainenrich=enhance=improveenroll to one=combineenterprising=innovativeenvironment=settings=backgroundequipped=furnished:erode=diminisherroneous=wrongerror=mistakeescalate=grow=expandestimate=approximateeuphoria=extreme happinesseuphoric=extremely happy eventually=finally= in the end= at last=evident=apparent=obviousevidence= appearance= observationevolve=developexacerbate=worsen=deteriorateexamine= checkexceedingly=extremelyexclusively= sole=uniqueultimately exert=giveexhausted=tiredexpedience=advantageexpend=useexplicit=clear: explain implicit implyexplicitly=clearlyexposure=disclosureextant<->extinctextant=remainingextant=existing=livingextend=reach: you should extend your stay in Canada extent=degree=magnitude=scale: to some extent= extol=praiseextracted=removedextraordinary=exceptional－－－－－－－－－－F:fade away= My first boyfriend left me 5 years ago= and my memory of him is fading away.familiar=well-known=popular=famous: be familiarwith/tofar-reaching=broadfashionable=popularfashion out of=make from (fashion from/out of/into) function as= act as=serve asaddictive/initiativeferry=carryfierce=aggressivefixing= repairing/ positioningflake=fragment=segmentflexible=adaptablefloat=stay on the topfluctuation= move/wave/rise and fallfocal area=centerforage for=hunt for=search forforge=createform=were createdfoster=encouragefragile= breakable=delicatefunction=purpose= first= object= target= goal= objective= aim= endfurthermore=in addition tofurthermore=moreoverfuse=blend－－－－－－－－－－G:gather=collectgauge=measuregenre=type=kindgive over to= hand over togovern=rule=preside=administer=supervise=manage=run=o perateGovernor-ruler-president-administrator-supervisor-mana ger-operatorHost airhostess MC madame of ceremonygreen hand=unskilled laborerBlue= green= yellow cowardish chicken redOld hand= very experiencedgroundless=unfoundedgrounds=reasonsguide=direct－－－－－－－－－－H:halt=stop: system haltharness=utilize=controlutilize=make use of=use= take advantage of: utilities hazardous=dangerous: smoking is hazardous to yourhealth.heavy volume= big= largehence=therefore= thushinder=interfere with= preventhue=color－－－－－－－－－－I:ignite=set on fire=startimmediate action=instant actionimmediate area=nearest area=neighboring area immense=largeimmense=greatimmoral=improperimpact=influence=strikeimpetus=stimulusimposing=impressiveimpression=imageimprovisation=即席创作in any case/situation=regardlessin contrast in comparisonin fact=actuallyin terms of= as far as sth is concerned: Teachers are poor in terms of material wealth.on the contrary=the opposite side is trueas a rule=usual=alwaysinaccessible=unreachableincessant= without any stopinconceivable=unimaginableincorporate=includeinert=motivelessinevitable=unavoidableinfinite=unlimited fin=end finishinfluential= give influenceinfrastructure=foundation: infraredinhabit= reside=swell=settle=live ininherent= born: He was born an artist. His talent is inherent.initial=original: Please write your initial here. initiate=start=igniteinnovation=first develop: novel=new innovative=advancedinnumerable=countlessinstantaneous=immediateinstead of= rather thanintensity=strengthintertwine=interweaveinterwoven=intertwined intrigue=fascinate=interest irreparable (damage)=irrecoverableirrupt=increase:eruptisolated=separated: isle= island －－－－－－－－－－J:jeopardy(危险)joined=met ; connectedjoined=met ; connectedjoint=combinationjunction=connectionjuvenile=teenager－－－－－－－－－－K:key= important－－－－－－－－－－L:lading=cargolandscape=scenerylegacy=largely=mostly lead to=result inlegacy=legacy=n.遗赠(物)= 遗产(祖先传下来) legitimacy=authoritylethargy=sluggishliberal=extentlink=living=extinctlocale=placeloot=steallucrative=profitable－－－－－－－－－－M:maintain=sustain=keep: maintenance= sustainabledevelopmentmake their way=travelmanageable= operablemandatory=required= obligatory <->optional= selectivemanifest=revealmanipulate= operatemarked=distinguished=obvious= outstanding markedly=significantlymassive=enormousmatch=equal material=physicalmaturity=adulthoodmeager=scarcemighty=powerfulminute=very smallminute=tiny=smallmirror=reflectmobility=movementmodest=limitedmodification=alterationmonotonous=boring=tedious=tiresome mounting= increasing: dismountmultiplied=increasedmultiply= increasemultitude=large numbermundane=ordinary=worldly <->spiritual myriad=numerous－－－－－－－－－－N:notable= famous= well-known= popular= noted=Innumerable=many－－－－－－－－－－renown numerous=very manyInnumerable=many －－－－－－－－－－O:obscure=unclear: tears obscured my eyes.obvious=evident= clear= apparentoccasion=event:What ’s the occasio n? 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promiseplumage=featherpoorly=badlypore=holeposited=proposed=suggestpotential=possibilitypracticed=skilledpragmatic=practicalprecede=come beforeprecious=valuableprecise=accurateConcise= shortened=simplifiedprecision=accuracypredominant=primarypreeminent=eminent=outstanding=distinguished preliminary=initialpremise=assumptionpreoccupation= absorption= thinking only of sth. prerequisite=something requiredpreserve=retain=keeppreserve=protectpress=newspaperspress=newsprestige= importance= superiority: enjoy high prestigeamong his friends.prevail= spread= pervade : Let peace prevail. primitive=early= undeveloped= uncivilized principal= mainprinciple=conceptprint=paintingprized=valuedprocure=obtainprofessional=specializedprofound=significant=deepprofusely=abundantlyprogrammed=determinedprominently=noticeablypromoted=furtheredpronounced= obviouspropel=pushproper=correctproper=suitableproper=itself: the man proper came to visit us. property=characteristicproperty=qualityproperty=featureproperty=traitproponent=supporter:proposeprospect= futureprotrude=stick out: protruding eyesprotruding=sticking outprovided that=if－－－－－－－－－－R:radical=fundamental:radically=extremelyrancid=unpleasant odorrange in from to=vary in from torare=unusualrather=insteadrather than=instead ofreadily=easily: he is always ready to help others.realm=areareap=obtain= get= win=: reaperreassemble=gatherrefine=improve: oil refinery: you should refine your personality.reflection=indication: reflect= thinkregardless of= without considering sth.My father sent me to Canada regardless of my objection. relating= describing= explaining= tellingrelease=free= liberatereleasing=freeingrelevant=applicable=relatedrelevant to=applicablerelieve=reducerelinquish=abandon= desertremarkable=notableremarkable=significantremnant=remainingrender=give=makerender=producerender=representrendered=madereplenish=put backreproduced=copiedrequire=stipulate thatconsiderationresist=endurewith respect to= concerning= about= take sth into considerationwith respect to the high tuition= I strongly suggest you not to go to UBCrespond=reactrestoration= recoveryrestricted=limitedrevival= resurrect: vivid= vitamin revolutionized=changed dramaticallyright=correctrigidly=strictlyrigorous=harshritual=ceremonyrival=compete withrole= function=partrooted in=based onrotate=turn=revolve->revolver->revolution: rpm rudimentary=basic= undevelopedruinous=destructiveruin=destroy: ruin my entire future.sacred= holysink=descend－－－－－－－－－－S:sacred= holysink=descendsatisfy=fulfillsave for=except forscant=minimalscarcely=infrequently=rarely=hardly=seldom scatter=spread: a gust of wind from the window scattered my paper everywhere on the floor.scatter=distribute=disperse: the police used teargas to disperse the crowd.scope=extent=area= province= realmscour=searchscrutiny=examiningseemingly= on the surface:seething=overflowingseething=activeseething=excitedsegment=part=sectionsegment=portion=partseize=take=graspsequent=later: consequently= consecutiveserene=calmsevere=extreme=seriousshield=protectshift=change: day shift night shiftshift=moveshifting=movingshipment=cargo=ladenshrink=diminish=dwindle<->spreadsignificant=from important partsignificantly=markedly= remarkablysimulated=artificialsite=location: construction site: place= spotsited=locatedsizable= quite bigslightly=smallso far=until present= up till now= up to now= up to the presentsophisticated=complexsort=type= kindsource=originspectacular=impressivespectator=viewer=onlookerspeculate=research/studysphere= ball=globe: hemispheresporadic=intermittentspot=see: I can spot Eileen on the crowded Broadway at a glance.spread=distribute:staggering=overwhelmingstamina=endurancestandard=commonstartling=surprising=shockingstaunch=strongsteep=immersestem= root: stem from= come fromsterile= barren: sterilizesterile=unproductivestipulation=requirement : sb. stipulate thatstray=wander=meander: go astraystream=flowstrength=powerstrike=come to contact withstring=seriesstructure=stylized<->realisticstylus=pensubjective=personalsubsidiary= supportsubsidize=assistsubsistence= existencesuck= take in: bloodsuckersuggestion=implicationsuitable=appropriate=propersuperficially= seemingly= on the surfacesupport=hold upsuppose=assumesurvive=remainsusceptible=vulnerablesuspect= criminalsustain=support=keepsustenance= food――――――――――――――T:technique=methodtemporary= only for the time being<->permanent tempting=appealing= charming= attractive= pleasing= invitingtenet=principlethe first=the foremostthereby= thus= thereforethoroughly=completely through= by= by means of tie=undertaketie=linktoil=worktook=required topographic地形学上的tout= boast= flattertoxic=poisonoustrack= tracetracking/tracing=following tranquil=quiet: tranquilizer transfer= change= transform transformation=changing transformation=conversion treat=handletreated=handledtrend=movementtrivial=unimportant trumpet=praise tumultuous=chaotic : tumult turned=changed to―――――――――――――U:ubiquitous=very commonunanimity=total agreement unanimouslyunconceivable=unimaginable undisputed=accepted by everybody undue= improperuneasy= restless= anxious= distressed uniformly=without varianceunique=distinctunquestionable= without any doubt unquestionable (power)=sufficient unquestionable=definite unshakable= stableunsurpassed= the bestutilitarian=utilize=use= make use of= employ utilizing=employmentutopia=idealized－－－－－－－－－－V:vagaries=uncertaintiesvagarious=strangevanish=disappear completelyvast=extendedvast=hugevast=largeversatile=adaptable= generalist= all-roundview~as=considerregard a as bview=considervigorous=energetic: full of vigor vigorously=energeticallyvirtual=practicalvirtually=actuallyvital=essentialvivid=brightvolume=great quantityvulnerable=open to attack－－－－－－－－－－W:warranted=authorizedwhereas=althoughwhile=althoughwholly=completelywit=humor: full of witswith the ordinary citizen's pocketbook= affordablewithin=insidewithout exception=universallywithstand=resist the effect ofwitnessed=observedwitty=humorouswove=intertwined=braided=lacedY:yet=howeveryet=neverthelessyield=produce－－－－－－－－－－word clusters:the cluster of ”obvious”apparent=prominent=marked=conspicuous=pronounced=striking=distinct =notable=remarkable=evident=noteworthy=perceptible=outstanding=noti ceablethe cluster of “big”enormous=immense=massive=colossal=tremendous =prodigious=gigantic=vast=large=great=huge=giant=mammoththe cluster of “not stopping”:incessant=ceaseless=constant=continual=endless=infinite=nonstop= 、perpetual=steady=unbroken=uninterruptedthe cluster of “fragile”:breakable=brittle=dainty=delicate=flimsy=frail=slightthe cluster of “entertainment”:relaxation=relief=amusement=diversion=distraction=recreation。

Essay on sustainable development

ID: 4622528 Name: Haoming Ma Geog205 SummerQuestion:The notion of sustainable development has been criticised for being vague and having contradictory goals. Discuss the view and consider whether the successful implementation of sustainable development is possible.Sustainable development (SD) is a contested concept. Many proponents of SD insist that it is the only way to develop the countries that emphazing the conservation of nature as well as the global sustainability. One of the classic definition of sustainable development was indicated by Brundtland in early 1987, she defined that SD is to meet “…the need of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs” (WCED, 1987). However, as it does not have detailed requirements or a certain meaning, it lacks any clear rigour of analysis or theoretical framework (Workshop on Urban Sustainability, 2000), therefore it criticized that concept is meaningless. Moreover, the term …sustainable development‟was also an oxymoron, it produce a number of …discursive interpretations‟ for both words …development‟and …sustainability‟ (Redclif t, 2006), resulting in a larger gap of understanding on SD between different worldviews by different people and organizations. This essay will examine whether the successful implementation of sustainable development is possible by discovering the main contradictions and interconnections between SD and other three key sectors: environment, economy and society. In order to find out the weaknesses of performing SD, is essential to evaluate the relationship between poverty and environmental degradation by using a realistic representation model. Furthermore, the unequal considerations on the view of SD by different people will be described.First of all, the view of sustainable is often constructed with environment, economy and society. These three sectors are interconnected (Figure 1).and SD in this case, is presented as a tool to aim to bring these sectors together in a balanced way, to minimise the conflicts with each other sectors .The ideal part of SD is shown in the centric interception that it perfectly balance with economy, society and environment. It is a conceptual simplicity, reconciling the conflicts between each sector, which describes a sustainable way to show how to develop countries in a long term consideration. However, Giddings, Hopwood and O‟Brien (2002) pointed out that there are major weaknesses and limitations of this model, because it puts sustainable development into a …compartmentalized manner‟. That is, if these sectors are able to shift, which gives a greater priority to one or the other, or even a separation, the main contradictions would be occurred because of the different concentrations for people‟s own benefits.Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the contradictions between each sector in order to find out whether SD is working for its role. It is a process that the contradiction has a long period existing between SD and the three sectors: economy, society and environment. During this process, different attitudes to environment have been taken for a long time, but simply the main argument is to treat environment as a commodity or an inheritance. In other words, its intrinsic value always conflicts with its exploitation value. However, this conflict is usually only in the context of attempting to …improve‟ the problem-solving capacity of the field in relation to state concerns and practices (Bryant and Wilson, 1998). For example, in order to maximisethe productivity, it is inexorable and irreversible for the humankind through successive stages toward a better and better life, but the conflict between environmental preservation and resource extraction is unavoidable. As the problem of unlimited consuming are become more aware, and the impact of resource extractions are more related to human activities, the importance of human as agents of environmental change has become obvious, and it has the risk to separate the connection between environmental and economical development. Levins and Lewontin (1994) claimed that dream of separation from the environment, rather work towards an interaction that will last, that is not sustainable. In fact, for the better future of environment, the modern environmental management is already included the idea of SD, which more towards ecocentric attitudes. It claims that environmental management is as a process, aiming to become more aware of what is going wrong in our relationship between the natural environments (Benton and Redclift, 1994:13). Therefore, SD in ecocentric economy, acting as a key role between environment and economy, not only to protect the environment for its long term use, but also to satisfy people`s requirements in an acceptable level. Miller (1984) has already adopted ecocentric attitudes linked to long-standing …holistic‟ visions of human-environmental interaction. Moreover, to know what level is suitable, in term of sustainable development, a historical and analytical approach is essential if environmental management is to be meaningful to solve its problems (Redclift, 1994).However, the link between social and environmental phenomena suggests that both poverty and environmental degradation have deep and complex causes. While the all-encompassing nature of the concept gives it political strength, its currentformulation by the mainstream of SD shows significant weaknesses (Lele 1991). When central government and business have embraced sustainable development, in most cases, governments‟ main concern is the economic growth (Giddings, Hopwood and O‟Brien, 2002).Goodland and Ledec (1987) argued that there are no contradiction between economic growth and sustainability by claiming that “governments concerned with long –term sustainability need not seek to limit growth in economic output so long as they stabilize aggregate natural resource consumption”. One of the basic premises of SD is that poverty is highly related to environmental degradation (Figure 2), therefore, Lele (1991) indicated that it is necessary to remove of poverty for environmental sustainability. But does that mean SD is necessary for the removal of poverty? As figure 2 is showing the poverty and environmental degradation problem, the only way to achieve the removal of poverty is to change the resources, in other words, change the quality of economic growth (WCED, 1987); otherwise poverty would only end up in the environmental degradation. Thus, it is clearly that there is “non-objective” for SD, the successful implementation of policies for poverty removal will lead by growing in GNP (Lele 1911), this is more likely happened in developing countries. Nonetheless, other argument suggested the opposite because economic growth is no reason to be an “operational objective” of SD (Lele 1991). Daly (1992) already pointed out that the material reality is that the economy is dependent on society and the environment. This concept of SD for the economic growth, is more likely happened in developed countries as the modern capitalism in the developed countries is trying to turn knowledge, caring for people, seeking long term benefit and developing the country in standard “neo-liberal” economic terms (Giddings, Hopwood and O‟Brien, 2002).In fact, inequality is consisting in both developing and developed countries, which contributes a large contradiction between different cultures and SD in globalisation. Redclift (2006) believed that the expression of …sustainable development‟ has been used in a variety of ways, depending on the aims of the business or environmental management for economy. According to Redclift (2006), different people within different culture would highly agree with the recognition of interdependence, but with different level of respect of global environment based on their own needs or even satisfactions of human desire. One of the convincing examples to explain why people thinking in this way is the concept of capitalist economy; it does not give equal consideration to all people‟s needs, instead, it reflects the ignorance of diversity and difference and give precedence to the dominant parts (Redclift 2006). However, to find out the solution to this obstacle of performing SD, Brundtland (1987) also insisted that the poverty and inequity are endemic will always have a negative impact on ecological and other environmental crises. That means, SD needs to be based on principles to ensure the equity for different group of people that would take part in environmental, social and economic development or their mix. Haughton (1999) emphasizes the equity principles such as social justice and procedural equity, to make sure that SD would apply to all three sectors.To conclude, the model of sustainable development into three separate sectors, which are environment, society and economy, they are interconnected to show the importance of SD, and SD is given a key idea that to balance each sector therefore people can be aware of that they would not over-concern on ecocentric (environment dominant) side or the opposite, the techno centric side (social or economic dominant). But this model is also limited because it is just ideal for SD which is nearlyimpossible to meet this point in real life. For this reason, the contradictions between these three sectors would always work as a process and exiting in practice. Although SD is proved as a key role in between those sectors, it has been found that its weaknesses in terms of poverty and environmental degradation, more importantly, SD has been argued to require more technical changes and more research on how SD would help the economy, rather than just a concept without a clear method. Finally, using the terms equity, it is being suggested that participation of people are equivalent and that they can show how substitute for equity in the global change sustainability. Overall, if Sustainable development become possible in all situations, then the proponents probably have to achieve three principle: to clarify the position of SD with three sectors of harmony; at least there is a common goal which is able to minimise their conflicts; and making sure the SD with environment, social and economy, are integrated together in a realistic practical way and a relatively fair condition.(Words: 1552)Source: Giddings, B., Hopwood, B. and O'Brien, G. 2002 Environment, Economy and Society: Fitting them together into sustainable development, Sustainable Development, 10: 189.Source: Lele, S 1991 Sustainable development: a critical review, World Development, 19(6): 614ReferencesBenton, T. and Redclift, M. 1994: Introduction. InRedclift, M. and Benton, T., editors, Social theory and the global environment, London: Routledge, 1-27.Daly H. 1992. Steady State Economics. Earthscan: London.Eden, S. 1998 Environmental issues: knowledge, uncertainty and the environment, Progress in Human Geography, 22(3): 425-432Giddings, B., Hopwood, B. andO'Brien, G. 2002 Environment, Economy and Society: Fitting them together into sustainable development, Sustainable Development, 10: 187-196.Haughton G. 1999. Environmental justice and the sustainable city. Journal of Planning Education and Research 18(3): 233–24Lele, S 1991 Sustainable development: a critical review, World Development, 19(6): 607-621.Levins R, Lewontin R. 1994. Holism and reductionism in ecology. Capitalism, Nature and Socialism 5(4): 33–40.Miller, A. 1984: Professional collaboration in environmental management: the effectiveness of expert groups. Journal of Environmental Management 18, 365-88.Redclift, M.2002. Sustainable Development (1987-2005) –an Oxymoron Comes of Age. King‟s College: London, UK.WCED. 1987. Our Common Future. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Workshop on Urban Sustainability. 2000. Towards a Comprehensive Geographical Perspective on Urban Sustainability. Rutgers University: New Brunswick, NJ.。

托福阅读词汇题单词汇总TPO_1-49

TPO1:Dramatic 剧烈的，戏剧化的–- striking 显著的、突出的、惊人的Prevalent 普遍的，常见的–- predictable 可预见的Championed 拥护、支持–- SupportedAttributes 把。

归于 -- ascribesAutonomous 自主的、自治的、自发的– independentPenchant 倾向、嗜好、趣味 -- inclination 倾向Incredible 令人难以置信的 -- UnbelievableOut of sight 看不见、在视野之外 -- hiddenOverlie 躺在.。

上面，覆盖在。

上面 -- CoverSo much for – That is enough aboutPlugged 插入、填满– filled upTPO2:Threatened – endangeredDelicate 易碎的、纤弱的– fragile 易碎的Progressively 渐进的、日益增多的– increasinglyDevoid of 没有、缺乏– lacking inPrecious 宝贵的、珍贵的– valuableExposed 暴露的– visiblePropulsion 推进– moving forwardReadily 轻而易举的– easilyAssistance 帮助– helpExpanded 扩充的、展开的– was enlargedTPO3:Feasible 可行的– achievableEnhance 增加、提高– improveDevised 设计、发明– createdIntegral 完整的、必须的– essential 基本的、必要的Arduous 艰巨的、困难的– difficultEnsuring 跟随，接下来– subsequentUnprecedented 史无前例的–unlike anything in the past Virtually 几乎、实际上、事实上– almostInevitable 不可避免的、必然的– unavoidableParticular 特别的、特定的– specificGuarantee 保证、确保– ensurePale 苍白、使失色– loses significanceAdjacent 相邻– neighbouringTPO4Inhibits 阻止，阻拦– restrictsIn the same breath – immediatelyIndefinite period 没有限制的时间段– whose end has not been determined Rebound反弹– recovery 恢复Marked 标记的、明显的、显著的– considerablePrincipal 主要的– majorTrappings 装饰– decorationAccumulate沉积、聚集、累积– build up 增进、积累Adjacent – nearbySloping 倾斜的、斜坡的– incliningFoul 弄脏、污染– polluteTPO5:Exhibit 显示、显出– showFacilitate 促进、帮助、使容易– make easierSuspended 悬垂、悬挂– hungAfford 给予、提供–offerOverwhelming 压倒性的、势不可挡的– powerfulImplements 实施、执行、工具– toolsUndisputed 无可辩驳的、毫无疑问的– acknowledge 广为承认的Significant 显著的、重要的– importantRelatively 相对地– comparativelyDiversification 多样化– emergence of many varieties 出现很多种类Promote 促进、提升– encourageTPO6:Exploited 开采、开发、利用、剥削–utilizedVastly 极大地– greatlyGrew accustomed 习惯于– became used toRetained 保留、保持– maintainedRudimentary 基本的、初步的– basicMeticulously 仔细地– carefullyEndure 忍耐、耐久– survived 存活，从。

同义词

better,improve，strengthen, increase, enhance 改善、提高；adj.有好转的、更好的2.branch,division,subsidiary, sector, department, faculty 树枝、分条；分支、分科、分系3.plentiful,abundant,rich,enormous,a great deal , a number of, plenty of, a great number of, numerous, lots of, much, many 丰富的、大量的4.abandon, give up, quit, drop, resign, throw away, desert 遗弃、丢弃5.abide by, stick to, follow, obey, adhere to, observe, comply with, accord with, coincide with 遵守、信守6.abnormal, unusual, unique, uncommon, unconventional, out of the way 反常的、异常的；变态的7.abrupt, sudden, unexpected, unforeseen 突然的，意外的8.accelerate, step up, speed up, hasten, quicken, hurry 使加快、使增速9.acceptably, satisfactorily, sufficient to meet the requirement 可以接受地10.acclaim, hail, regard, consider, think of 向….欢呼; n 热烈欢迎或赞同11.take…into account, take…into consideration, consider, think about 把….考虑在内12.account for, explain, interpret, clarify, define, outline说明、解释….的原因13.accumulate collect, assemble, gather, build up, pile up 堆积、积累14.aircraft, planes 飞机、飞行器15.alleviate, lessen, lighten, soften, 减轻、缓解、缓和16.allocate…to…, assign…to…, send…to, transmit…to, dispatch….to 分配、分派allocate, distribute 分配、分发、把…拨给18.allow, permit, admit, grant, consent, let 允许、许可、承认19.almost, practically, nearly, approximately 几乎、差不多20.although, while, though 尽管、虽然；但是、然而21.annoying, irritating, upsetting, troublesome 恼人的、讨厌的22.argue, contend, dispute, conflict, persuade, reason 争论、辩论23.arise, get up, stand up 由...而引起，由...而产生24.arouse, excite, cause, agitate, awaken, stimulate, awaken 唤醒25.assemble, gather, collect, accumulate, store up 集合, 收集26.assert, state firmly, say formally, declare, announce 声称, 断言27.assume, postulate, suppose, take…for grated 假设, 臆断, 猜想28.at any price, for love or money, at any rate, whatever it may be, at any risk 不惜任何代价29.at stake, in danger, dangerous 在危险中30.attend to, wait on, serve 注意; 听取; 致力于31.attraction, lure, desirability, tempt, charm 吸引, 吸引力, 诱惑力32.authentically, genuinely, truly 确实地,真正地33.ban, forbid, not allow, prohibit, deter, disallow 取缔, 查封, 禁止34.bare, barren, infertile, lean, naked, uncovered, exposed 使赤裸, 使露出, 使暴露; adj. 光秃秃的, 无遮蔽的35.bearing, influence, effect, impact, affect, 结果, 效果, 影响36.beat, break, win, triumph, surpass, hit, blow 跳动, 打败37.before, prior to, earlier than, previous to在…前面; 优于, 先于;broaden, widen, extend, expand使…变宽, 扩展39.call off, cancel, terminate, stop, erase, wipe out, cease 取消; 停止40.call up, telephone 打电话41.careful, conscientious, cautious, watchful, alert, prudent 仔细的, 小心的42.cater for…need, meet …. need, satisfy….need, accord with…need, comply with….need, in harmony with….need迎合…需要43.census, count, poll, survey, investigation人口普查, 统计44.certain, inevitable, sure, unavoidable, definite, with no question, no doubt 无疑, 肯定45.change, convert, alter, modify, adjust, vary, revise, diversify 改变, 改换; 变化46.childish, immature, naïve, juvenile, childlike, babyish, silly 孩子的, 孩子气的47.china, porcelain瓷器48.collaborate, cooperate, work together, join forces, work in joint efforts合作49.collide with, run into, hit, bump into, come into, contact into与…相撞50.compactly, densely, tightly, closely, intimately细密地,简洁地51.compel…to…, force… to…, drive… to…, impel …into, oblige…into 强迫52.complain, feel unhappy, find fault, criticize, protest, grumble抱怨, 诉苦; 投诉53.comprehend, understand, know well, figure out, grasp理解, 领会54.confidential, secret, not to be disclosed, private秘密的, 机密的55.consolidate, strengthen, reinforce, enhance, intensify, make stronger, build up(使)巩固; (使)加强56.contaminate, pollute, dirt, spoil, make…dirt, litter, corrupt, poison把…弄脏, 污染57.continuously, steadily, stably, constantly, uninterruptedly, always不断地,连续58.conventional, orthodox, traditional, conservative, common依照惯例的, 约定俗成的, 依照传统的59.copy, duplicate, photocopy, reproduce复制本, 副本; v复制; 抄写60.coverage, reportage新闻报道, 报道量61.criticize, find fault with, blame, scold, disapprove of评论, 批评62.cultivate, foster, train, bring up, nurture, develop, grow, plant, promote 耕作, 种植培养63.cure, remedy, compensate, heal, treat, make well, restore to health, alleviate 治愈, 治好64.damaging, harmful, bad, deleterious, destructive, detrimental, hurtful, unsafe, dangerous, risky有破坏性的,损害的,诽谤的65.danger, distress, hazard, risk, peril, threat危险, 风险66.danger, hazard危险, 风险67.deadly, fatal, lethal, toxic, poisonous致死的, 致命的68.decent, honest, loyal, respectable, well-mannered, well-brought-up, civilized, sincere, dignified正派的, 合乎礼仪的, 得体的69.decide, make up one’s mind, choose, determined下决心; (使)决定70.deduce, derive, draw, come to, reach, work out, figure out推论, 演绎71.deliberately, intentionally, on purpose, with intent, consciously, by design, purposely故意地72.demand, insist on, claim, require, order要求,需要73.depend on, rely on, count on, live on依赖, 依靠74.depict, describe, write, portray, draw, illustrate, give a picture to描绘; 描画75.deter, inhibit, stop, prevent, hold back, check, discourage, forbid阻止; 制止76.dimly, faintly, weakly, softly, mildly微暗,朦胧77.disappear, vanish, die away, fade away, dissolve不见, 消失78.discuss, talk over, negotiate, chat about, argue about谈论, 讨论; 商量, 论述79.doctor, physician, surgeon医生, 大夫80.draft, formulate, design, outline, sketch草稿, 草案, 草图81.die out, extinct, kill out, destruct, destroy绝迹, 消失82.effect, result, consequence, outcome, end product结果, 效果, 影响83.elicit, provoke, cause, induce, result in, lead to, arouse引出, 探出84.be eligible to, be entitled to, give right to, be qualified for符合条件的85.encourage, spur, excite, promote, inspire, support, push, give confidence to, persuade鼓励, 激励,86.endeavor, try, attempt, manage, make efforts尝试, 试87.especially, particularly, for the most part, mainly, chiefly, mostly尤其, 特别88.eternal, everlasting, lasting, timeless, immutable, never-ending, ceaseless, perpetual, continuous永恒的, 永久的89.exhibit, show, illustrate, represent, display, demonstrate, put on display 陈列; 展览90.explore, investigate, look into, search, survey, probe, hunt 勘查, 探测, 勘探91.explore, probe, see about, review探索; 探究;92.extensive, massive, wide-ranging, far-reaching, broad, widespread, general广阔的, 广泛的;93.extract, take out, pull out, draw, dig out, remove, mine拔出, 抽出94.fail, omit to, not succeed失败, 不足,95.fascinate, intrigue, attract, interest, charm, lure使着迷, 使极感兴趣96.final, last, concluding, ultimate, terminal最后的, 最终的97.framework, skeleton, outline, profile, structure, plan构架; 结构98.frighten, scare, startle, terrify, panic, (使)惊恐99.fulfill, realize, achieve, accomplish, complete, carry out, perform, finish履行,实现,完成(计划)100.gain, put on, increase, obtain, get, add, acquire, earn, make progress获得, 赢得101.gangster, violent criminal, criminal匪徒, 歹徒102.gently, mildly, softly, lightly, smoothly温和地, 慈祥地, 温柔地, 轻轻地103.grasp, take hold of, seize, catch hold of, fasten, grip, clutch, grab抓住, 抓紧104.hard, severe, appalling, tough, serious, strong, rough硬的, 坚实的, 坚固的105.harness, utilize, apply, use, exploit, employ利用, 使用106.healthy, wholesome, vigorous, fit, in good physical shape, well, strong健康的, 健壮的107.immediately, right away, instant, without delay, at once立即, 马上108.imprecise, vague, unclear, inexact, inaccurate, rough, indefinite不精确的, 不确定的109.inadequately, poorly, insufficient, unenough, improperly, incomplete 不适当地110.isolated, solitary, lone, cut-off孤立的, 单独的111.know, realize, learn, be informed, understand, comprehend, become conscious, take in知道, 懂得; 认识, 了解, 熟悉112.lately, recently, in recent times, these days, a moment ago近来, 最近, 不久前113.laugh at, mock, sneer at, ridicule, scoff at, make fun of因…而发笑; 嘲笑, 取笑114.lawful, legal, officially recognized, officially accepted合法的, 法定的, 依法的115.limited number of, small number of, a few不多的、很少的location, scene, position, site, spot, situation位置, 场所117.look for, try to find, search for 寻找(某人或某物)118.manual, physical, labor-intensive, blue-collar, artificial用手的, 手工的; n手册, 指南119.mighty, very strong, powerful, forceful强有力的, 强大的120.motive, reason, excuse, explanation, cause, basis动机, 目的121.notably, particularly, remarkably, especially显而易见地; 明显地122.now and then, occasionally, sometimes, on some occasions, infrequently, not always 有时, 时而, 不时123.occupant, resident, inhabitant (房屋等的)居住者, 占有人124.outcome, result, effect, consequence结果125.outrageous, unacceptable, unbearable, unstandable, intolerable, unendurable, impossible, insufferable骇人的; 残暴的; 无耻的; 不道德的126.phase, stage, step, part阶段, 时期127.planner, principal organizer, schemer, plotter规划者, 策划人128.polish, shine, brighten, clean, enrich, fatten up(使)光滑, 擦亮129.pressing, urgent, hot, vital, critical, main, imperative紧迫的; 迫切的130.propose, suggest, recommend, advocate, put forward提议; 建议131.put up with, tolerate, bear, stand, endure, suffer忍受, 容忍132.rarely, seldom, barely, little, hardly, infrequently不常, 很少地, 难得地133.readily, willingly, eagerly, happily, gladly, with pleasure, enthusiastically乐意地,欣然,容易地134.regardless of, whatever, no matter what, whatsoever不管, 不顾135.regret, sorry, pity, disappointed, unhappy, apologetic 懊悔, 惋惜, 遗憾的remainder, rest, leftover, what’s left剩余物; 残余部分137.remove, take off, eliminate, get rid of, do away with, eradicate, confiscate, take away, dispose of移走; 排除138.safe, secure, harmless, protected安全的; 不会有危险的; 不受威胁的; 受保护的139.settle, solve, handle, deal with, treat, resolve, clear up安排; 安放; 安家, 定居140.shake, tremble, shiver, quiver, vibrate, quake摇动, 震动, 颠簸;141.shock, surprise, amaze, astonish, startle, astound震动; v激动, 震惊142.speed, velocity, pace, race, rapidness, tempo, rate速度, 速率143.summit, top of the mountain, peak, high point (山等的)最高点; 峰顶144.test, try, attempt, endeavor, evaluate, experiment测验, 考查, 检查, 检验145.stationary, not moving, still, motionless, immobile, stable, fixed不动的; 静止的146.account for, explain, interpret, define, make clear, clarify, give details说明〔解释〕…原因147.minute, slight, minor, small, tiny, undersized, miniature, unimportant较小的, 较少的148.disorder, confusion, mess, chaos, turmoil困惑, 糊涂149.accuse of, charge with, blame, lay blame on指责, 控告150.investigate, look into, probe, make clear, explore, survey调查; 审查151.numerous, many, a great number of, plentiful, plenty of, lots of 很多的, 许多的152.obvious, clear, seen easily, evident, noticeable, apparent, understandable, observable明显的; 显而易见的153.odd, strange, peculiar, extraordinary奇怪的; 古怪的/单的/奇数的/临时的/余下的; 零头的154.participate in, take part in, join in, involve oneself in参加155.preserve, keep, sustain, maintain, retain, save保护/维持156.previously, before, in the past, earlier, formerly先前,以前157.pull up, stop, discontinue, bring to an end, cease(使)停下(住)158.perceive, notice, observe, detect, feel, sense感觉, 察觉, 理解159.possess, own, have 具有160.substantial, significant, important, vital, critical, key, major, main, striking 重要的, 重大的, 可观的161.appalling, dreadful, fearful, bad, dismay, terrible骇人听闻的/极糟的, 很严重的162.anyhow, anyway, in any case, in any way, nevertheless不管怎样说, 无论如何, 至少163.achieve, attain, realize, come true, fulfill, accomplish, reach取得, 获得/实现, 达到, 完成164.capability, ability, responsibility, potential, qualification, competence能做某事的素质; 能力165.in conjunction with, together, in combination with, mutually, jointly与…协力166.credible, convincing, believable, trustworthy, persuasive, reliable可信的, 可靠的167.diligent, hardworking, laborious, studious, industrious勤奋的, 勤勉的168.diverse, varied, various, different, miscellaneous, dissimilar 不同的, 多种多样的169.faulty, wrong, false, improper, inaccurate, mistaken, incorrect, erroneous有错误的, 有缺点的; 出毛病的170.gorgeous, lovely, beautiful, attractive, pretty, good-looking, striking极好的, 称心的/非常漂亮的, 华美的171.persist, continue, last, keep on persevere, carry on坚持, 固执172.regulate, control, dominate, adjust控制, 管理/调整; 调节173.scatter, separate, part, take apart, break up, disperse, distribute(使)散开, (使)分散; 驱散174.standpoint, point of view, view point, position立场; 观点175.touching, moving, stirring, emotive 令人同情的, 感人的, 动人的176.shabby, unfair, worn out, ragged, untidy, unreasonable, unjust, inequitable衣衫褴褛的/卑鄙的; 下流的177.uneasy, anxious, unpleasant, nervous, worried心神不安的/不稳定的178.demolish, pull down, destroy, do away with, tear down, dismantle, remove, get rid of, knock down, eliminate摧毁; 推翻; 拆毁(尤指大建筑物)179.adverse, unfavorable, harmful, unfriendly, opposite, unpleasant, undesirable不利的, 有害的180.concise, short and clear, brief简明的181.courteous, respectful, polite, well-mannered, considerate彬彬有礼的; 客气的182.invaluable, extremely useful, precious, priceless, important, significant, helpful 无法估计的, 非常宝贵的183.insane, crazy, mad, wild, extreme(患)精神病的, 精神失常的, 疯狂的184.exhaustive, extremely thorough, comprehensive全面的, 彻底的, 透彻的185.ingenious, brilliant, clever, creative, innovative灵巧的, 善于创造发明的186.eligible, qualified, experienced, capable, competent有资格当选的, 有条件被选中的187.vigorous, healthy, energetic, dynamic, enthusiastic精力充沛的188.abide by, adhere to, follow, stick to, pursue, go after遵守, 信守189.without bias, correctly, properly, acceptably, fittingly无偏异/没有偏见190.terminate, put an end to, come to an end, stop, end, finish, be over, conclude, cease 结束; 使终结call, phone, call up;通电话192.space, room, freedom, gap, liberty处所, 场地, 空地/太空; 天空193.at once, immediately, right away, straight away, without delay, instantly, instantaneously立刻194.identify, name, see, make out, recognize, spot认出, 识别195.occur, happen, take place, arise, come about发生; 举行; 存在196.complete, finish, get, attain, accomplish, realize, reach完成, 结束，得到197.eventually, finally, ultimately, at last, in the end, terminally 终于, 最后198.conversation, talk, chat, discussion, dialogue, idea exchange交谈, 谈话, 会话199.attend, go to, be present at参加200.make up one’s mind, decide, determine, resolute, choose下决心/打定主意201.take into account, take into consideration重视,考虑202.put up with, tolerate, stand, bear, endure, accept, 忍受, 容忍203.give up, abandon, desert, discard, neglect, resign, drop, throw away, desert放弃; 认输; 猜不出204.seldom, rarely, hardly, not often, infrequently, barely很少, 罕见, 难得205.immense, enormous, huge, vast, gigantic, massive, giant, dramatic极大的, 巨大的206.accumulate, build up, collect, gather堆积; 积累207.overtake, pass, surpass, go beyond, go past追上, 赶上, 超过208.advisable, wise, suitable, sensible, worthwhile, prudent明智的; 可取的209.puzzle, mystery, ambiguity, secrecy, dilemma使迷惑, 使难解210.exhibit, show, display, reveal, demonstrate, put on view, put on display陈列; 展览eternal, ever-lasting, unending, never-ending, perpetual, endless, ceaseless, timeless永恒的, 永久的212.depict, describe, tell in detail, give details, illustrate, explain描绘; 描画/描述213.operative, working, functioning, effective, active(计划、法律等)实施中的, 起作用的/最适合的214.wreck, damage, ruin, break down, smash, destroy, spoil, demolish毁坏[毁灭]某物215.embody, include, contain, comprise, consist of表现, 象征, 具体表现/包括; 包含216.obscure, prevent, hide, cover, bury, mask, stop, avoid阻止217.restrain, prevent, hold back, control, check, bring under control抑制, 遏制; 管制, 克制, 约束218.sensational, exciting, thrilling, breathtaking, marvelous, striking, magnificent 轰动的, 群情激动的/耸人听闻的/极好的; 绝妙的219stroll, walk, leisurely walk, wander, stride, pace散步, 漫步220. pressing, urgent, compelling, essential, important, vital, driving, necessary, imperative 紧急的，重要的221. cater for, meet, satisfy, comply with, accord with, 迎合，满足222. collide with, run into, bump, clash 碰撞223. compel, force, make, require强迫224. deduct, derive, subtract, withdraw 演绎225. lethal, fatal, deadly, vital 致命的。

2023-2024学年上海交大附中高三上英语10月周练卷及答案

2023-2024学年上海交大附中高三上英语10月周练卷II.Grammar and VocabularySection AMichelle Yeoh,an iconic name in Chinese cinema,made history on Sunday night by becoming the first Asian woman(21)_________(win)the Academy Award for best actress.It was the first time in its95-year history that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Science(22) _________(award)the Oscar for the best actress in a leading role to a self-identified Asian actress.The film,Everything Everywhere All at Once,(23)_________Yeoh plays a struggling laundromat（自助洗衣店）owner unexpectedly(24)_________(task)with saving the multiverse from destruction,swept the Oscars with a total of seven awards,including for best picture and best director,(25)_________(make)it the biggest winner of the night."For all the little boys and girls who look like me watching tonight,this is a beacon of hope and possibility,"the actress said in her acceptance speech in Los Angeles to emphasize that one must dream big(26)_________dreams do come true."And ladies,don't let anyone ever tell you (that)you're(27)_________your prime,"the60-year-old added.The actress also used her speech to honor her84-year-old mother,Janet Yeoh."I have to dedicate this to my mom and all the moms in the world because they are really the superheroes, and without them(28)_________of us would be here tonight,"she said.Yeoh has been heavily in demand since her role as a controlling mother in the film Crazy Rich Asians(2018).She has become one of(29)_________(influential)stars of Chinese descent globally,said Sha Dan,a veteran critic and curator of the Beijing International Film Festival.Yeoh's historic win has caused a stir among her Chinese fans,who are inspired by the hardworking actress'battle to rise to the top in the global film industry.Many call her a role model for demonstrating(30)_________a woman's ambitions is not limited by age.Section B(A)A.rebellingB.bondageC.officeD.painfulE.securingF.denyG.creditH.serve I.extend J.agenda K.consequentialAbraham Lincoln did not free the enslaved.The enslaved freed themselves.For decades, historians have argued for the agency of Black Americans in__31__their own libertaion during the Civil War.But Lincoln's entire presidential legacy is often summarized in an easy one-liner: "Lincoln freed the slaves."Lincoln is perhaps one of the few presidents who require constant revisiting.This Juneteenth, I'm honored to revisit Lincoln's personal and political legacy,particularly focusing on how he faced the deadliest and most__32__war in U.S.history.Equally important,it emphasizes the role of Black leaders,abolitionists（废奴主义者）,and political activists who convinced Lincoln to transform the nation.In America,slavery died a(n)__33__death on the ground.During the Civil War,enslaved people did not wait for White liberators.They saw many of their slaveholders leave to fight,and so they left for freedom.Enslaved people by the hundreds of thousands ran away to Union lines and Northern cities to escape their__34__.Their massive migration forced the nation to place the end of slavery on the national political__35__.We have looked for abolition in all the wrong places.Freedom did not come from the White House or Congress.Black people were not given freedom;they forced freedom to become a national mandate（授权）.The Emancipation Proclamation freed the enslaved in__36__states,but we should remember that Louisiana,Maryland,Missouri,Tennessee,and West Virginia also officially ordered abolition on their own.Because the enslaved were escaping,the nation had no choice.While we can__37__Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation formally,it was abolitionist and national leader Frederick Douglass who convinced Lincoln to use freedom as a weapon.Douglass pushed Lincoln to make abolition the heart and cause of the war.He persuaded Lincoln to allow Black men to fight and__38__in the military,and to compensate them equally.Unknown to many, Douglass is the real hero behind much of Lincoln's success.In the end,Lincoln's real issue was not reuniting the Confederacy（南部邦联）with America, nor was it even freeing enslaved people.It was getting White Americans,himself included,to give up their obsession with White supremacy.This question remains for every president elected to__39__:What to do with White people?Lincoln is flawed,but he was also willing to reflect and listen.I appreciate Lincoln the most for his willingness to understand and eventually act upon the encouragement of Black leaders and their White allies to__40__freedom,citizenship,and voting rights to African Americans.(B)A.reportedlyB.abandonedC.interveneD.prioritizedE.typicallyF.accountableG.unavoidableH.plungedI.honorJ.stemsK.liquidSilicon Valley Bank collapsed Friday morning after a stunning48hours in which a bank run and a capital crisis led to the second-largest failure of a financial institution in Us history.A bank run happens when too many account holders withdraw their money at the same time and the bank cannot__41__their requests.California regulators closed down the tech lender and put it under the control of the US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.The FDIC is acting as a receiver（官方接管人）,which __42__means it will liquidate the bank's assets（资产）to pay back its customers,including depositors and creditors.The wheels started to come off on Wednesday,when SVB announced it had sold a bunch of securities at a loss and that it would sell$2.25billion in new shares to support its balance sheet（资产负债表）.That triggered a panic among key venture capital firms,who__43__advised companies to withdraw their money from the bank.The company's stock price__44__on Thursday,dragging other banks down with it.By Friday morning,SVB's shares were halted and it had__45__efforts to quickly raise captial or find a buyer.Several other bank stocks were temporarily halted Friday,including First Republic, PacWest Bancorp,and Signature Bank.The mid-morning timing of the FDIC's takeover was noteworthy,as the agency typically waits until the market has closed to__46__."SVB's condition deteriorated so quickly that it couldn't last just five more hours,"wrote Better Markets CEO Dennis M.Kelleher."That's because its depositors were withdrawing their money so fast that the bank was insolvent（破产的）,and an intraday closure was__47__due to a classic bank run."Silicon Valley Bank's decline__48__partly from the Federal Reserve's aggressive interest rate hikes over the past year.Despite initial panic on Wall Street over the run on SVB,which caused its shares to crater, analysts said the bank's collapse is unlikely to set off the kind of domino effect that gripped the banking industry during the financial crisis."The system is as well-0capitalized and__49__as it has even been,"Moody's chief economist Mark Zandi said."The banks that are now in trouble are much too small to be a meaningful threat to the broader system."President Joe Biden told Americans that he would seek to hold those responsible__50__.He also called for better oversight and regulation of large banks.He promised no losses would he paid for by taxpayers.III.Reading ComprehensionsSection AJudicial（司法的）processes involve slow,deliberative thinking.Artificial intelligence(AI) involves mind-blowing computational speed.On March2nd,in a hearing at the Supreme Court in London,these two__51__came together to raise big questions for intellectual property in the age of machines.In2019Britain's Intellectual Property Office denied Stephen Thaler,an American computer scientist,patents for two inventions--a beverage container and a search-and-rescue device.The applications were not denied because the inventions lacked__52__,but because the named inventor was not a human being.AI is often used as a tool to help researchers find new inventions.Applicants normally put the name of the person(or person)who worked most closely with the__53__as the inventor.Until now this has not been a problem because AI has always required human__54__.But Dr Thaler asserts that his"creativity machine",DABUS(short for"Device for the Autonomous Bootstrapping of Unified Sentience"),had come up with the two inventions without any intervention and that it would be__55__to claim that he was the inventor.He is making the same argument in other jurisdictions（司法审判）.But this is the first time it has reached a country's highest court.The immediate stakes may not seem that high.The British government conducted aconsultation in2021on patents and AI;__56__Dr Thaler's claims,most respondents said AI is not sufficiently advanced to invent without human involvement.And a ruling in his favor in Britain alone would have limited commercial consequences."There is very little point in only the UK__57__AI inventions,"says Matt Hervey of Gowling WLG,a law firm."If a company has a feasible choice to keep its__58__a secret and exploit it,it won't disclose the secret in a patent application to get a monopoly in only one country."__59__,the technology is moving fast and the questions raised by the case are profound. There is ambiguity（模棱两可）in British law over who,or what,can claim__60__for an invention.The Patents Act of1977was written long before its drafters could imagine robots creating anything and refers to the inventor as the"deviser".If the Supreme Court does interpret the law to include machines,that could weaken the social__61__on which patents are based. Inventors are encouraged to innovate on the understanding that if they disclose their inventions in a patent,they will be granted monopoly（垄断）rights to__62__their investment.An AI is different:robots do not require any incentive（激励）to innovate.If the court decides that only a human inventor can hold a patent,its view on how rights can be legitimately transferred from an AI to humans(particularly if it is not clear how the AI works) will be closely watched.__63__a machine has not yet created a medical product on its own,Avi Goldfarb,an economist researching AI and health care at the University of Toronto,worries that if such inventions are not__64__there will be little incentive for firms to create machines that do drug research.The court is expected to deliver its ruling in a few months.It will not be__65__.51.A.worlds B.cultures C.industries D.departments52.A.capital mitment C.novelty D.initiative53.A.machine B.innovation anization D.scheme54.A.subscription B.variation C.recognition D.assistance55.A.contradictory B.dishonest C.reassuring D.justifiable56.A.on account of B.in line with C.in spite of D.by virtue of57.A.denying B.protecting C.pursuing D.suspending58.A.revenue B.strategy C.perception D.invention59.A.Therefore B.However C.Additionally D.Actually60.A.credit B.charge C.monopoly pensation61.A.phenomenon B.routine C.bargain D.conventions62.A.recover B.stimulate C.withdraw D.transfer63.A.As B.Unless C.Once D.Although64.A.applicable B.original C.substantial D.patentable65.A.the last word B.a flash in the pan C.once in a blue moon D.the silver liningSection BAI confess I hesitated when the editor in chief of The New York Times Magazine told me in late2014that I would be editing a new front-of-book column called Letter of Recommendation, about stuff people really like.The column was the brainchild of our staff writer,Sam Anderson,he explained.Sam figured that there was no shortage of places to find out what writers hate but few spaces for writers to talk about what they love.We would push against this trend,900words a week,40-seomthing times per year.The reason for my hesitation was a simple,unfortunate fact about writing.Writing about thing you hate is easy:not just fun,but generative.The criticism tends to entertain,even if you disagree,but the ode doesn't.The writerly tone is well-suited to our age,but it's hard not to see it as a collective defense mechanism--as if revealing your true feelings exposes your unmentionable secrets to the public.Obsessions,meanwhile,are inseparable from our peculiarities as people--we come to love things for often weird reasons.When the column really works,it's as revealing about the author as it is its subject.One writer,a man in his late30s,for example, recommended Pedialyte,which he drinks to balance the effects of both drinking and exercise,and to cheat his way back to youth.I probably see somewhere between three and five Letter of Recommendation pitches a day. It's a great spot for trying out new writers in the magazine,so I try my best to keep up with all the email,but I often fail.(I feel genuinely terrible about this every day of my life.)Determining which to assign involves seeing how it meets the various criteria we've settled on over the years. We don't like the column to be timely--everything else in the world is timely.But on the other hand,we need to put a headline on the thing that people might reasonably recognize,stop and read about.There should be a personal angle to the recommendation,but also some universallyrecommendable aspect.But then again,it shouldn't be too recommendable:this isn't a column for life-hacks（生活小技巧）.The recommendation itself should be attractively unexpected--"sideways,"as editors are perhaps too fond of saying--but really,it's just excuse to cut brilliant writers loose to amuse or inspire us.66.Sam Anderson proposed a column called Letter of Recommendation because he found_________.A.the fashion trend was not easy to push againstB.there was a shortage of good quality columnsC.writers could hardly find a place to share their likesD.his brainchild could sometimes increase readership67.The word"ode"(in paragraph2)is closest in meaning to_________.A.praiseB.blameC.hesitationD.determination68.Why is the writer in his late30s mentioned in paragraph2?A.To give an example of the writerly tone.B.To highlight the way that the column selects writers.C.To show how a collective defense mechanism works.D.To illustrate how writers reveal themselves in the column.69.The writer hopes that in the column,_________.A.the recommended items are quite familiar to readersB.the recommended items should follow the latest trendC.readers can learn about life skills from the recommendationsD.readers will find the recommendations beyond their expectation(B)Decoding Our Comedy Shows:What's the Difference?What's the difference between our shows?It's a question we hear a lot from our audiences. We understand it can be confusing to know what to expect.That's why we're here to break it down for you!Each show has its unique flavor and is designed to cater to different audiences.First up,we have our Showcase Selected.Showcase Selected features a carefully handpicked lineup of5to6talented comedians.Our comedians with years of experience will have you roaring with laughter from start to finish.If you are looking for a night of professional comedy and guaranteed laughs, we've got you covered with this90-minute show that is sure to make your night one of remember.Next,we have Open Mic.Open Mic isn't our typical,polished comedy show.If you're in the mood for something a little more unpredictable,our Open Mic is the perfect choice.It offers a chance for comedians of all levels to test their material and see what works.You'll witness seasoned pros trying out new jokes,or rising stars putting their own twist on comedy.With6-10 comedians performing for5-8minutes each during a60-minute show,you never know whatyou're going to get-but that's part of the fun!For those who want a little extra,we offer Showcase Plus.Showcase Plus features the hilarious comedian/influencer Norah(Norah's time exceeds30minutes),along with3to5 talented comedians who have years of experience in the industry.With Showcase Plus,you can expect nothing but90minutes of non-stop laughter.Tickets for Showcase Plus this March are already sold out.However,tickets for our upcoming April Showcase Plus are now available on our mini program.Click the poster below to grab your tickets early for the April show before they sell out too!Spicy Comedy SCHEDULEShowcase Selected--150RMB3/edyMart①Jorge/Ian/Han/Li Ying...20:003/25SAT.UCCA Edge②Kent/Jorge/Li Ying/Simon/Eric19:303/26SUN.UCCA EdgeFrankie/Jorge/Ian/Han/Andrew/Winne19:30Open Mic---49RMB3/edyMartOpen Mic Night19:303/edyMartOpen Mic Night19:30Showcase Plus---380RMB3/26SUN.UCCA EdgeNorah/Jorge/Ian/Simon14:00Norah/Jorge/Ian/Han/Simon16:30ComedyMart:2F,No.138Middle Huaihai LU,Shanghai Plaza,Huangpu District,Shanghai UCCA Edge:2F,No.88Xizang Bei Lu,Jang'an District,ShanghaiFollow our WeChat official account for more showcases information!70.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A.Each kind of show lasts about the same length of time.B.Shows featuring Norah are the most sought-after.edyMart and UCCA Edge are the two sponsors of SpicyComedy.D.All kinds of shows are available on weekdays as well as at weekends.71.If you want to experience something different or unconventional,you'd better to choose__________.A.Showcase SelectedB.Open Mic.C.Showcase Plus.D.Any of the above.72.Where can people get the tickets for SpicyComedy?A.On its official website.B.From its booking office.C.From its Microblog official account.D.On its official mini program.(C)what is the single most effective way to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions?Go vegetarian? Replant the Amazon?Cycle to work?None of the above.The answer is:make air-conditioners radically better.On one calculation,replacing refrigerants（制冷剂）that damage the atomosphere would reduce total greenhouse gases by the equivalent of90bn tonnes of CO2by2050.Making the units more energy-efficient could double that.Air-conditioning is one of the world's great overlooked industries.Automobiles andair-conditioners were invented at roughly the same time,and both have had a huge impact on where people live and work.Unlike cars,though,air-conditioners have drawn little criticism for their social impact,emissions or energy efficiency.Most hot countries do not have rules to govern their energy use.Yet air-conditioning has done quite a lot of things to benefit humankind.It has transformed productivity in the tropics and helped turn southern China into the workshop of the world.In Europe,its spread has pushed down heat-related deaths ten times less than what it was in2003, when70,000people,most of them elderly,died in a heatwave.For children,air-conditioned classrooms and dormitories are associated with better grades at school.Environmentalists who call air-conditioning"a luxury we cannot afford"have half a point, however.In the next ten years,as many air-conditioners will be installed around the world as were put in between1902(when air-conditioning was invented)and2005.Until energy can be produced without carbon emissions,these extra machines will warm the world.At the moment, therefore,air-conditioners create a vicious cycle.The more the Earth warms,the more people need them.But the more there are,the warmer the world will be.Cutting the impact of cooling requires three things(beyond turning up the thermostat（温度调节器）to make rooms less Artic).First,air-conditioners must become much more efficient.The most energy-efficient models on the market today consume only about one-third as much electricity as average ones.Minimum energy-performance standards need to be raised,or introduced in countries that lack them altogether,to push the average unit's performance closer to the standard of the best.Next,manufacturers should stop using damaging refrigerants.One category of these, hydrofluorocarbons,is over1,000times worse than carbon dioxide when it comes to trapping heat in the atmosphere.An international deal to phase out these pollutants,called the Kigali amendment,will come into force in2019.Foot-draggers should approve and implement it; America is one country that has not done so.Last,more could be done to design offices,malls and even cities so they do not need as many air-conditioners in the first place.More buildings should be built with overhanging roofs or balconies for shade,or with natural air-circulation.Simply painting roofs white can help keep temperatures down.Better machines are necessary.But cooling as an overall system needs to be improved ifair-conditioning is to fulfill its promise to make people healthier,wealthier and wiser,without too high an environmental cost.Providing indoor sanctuaries of air-conditioned comfort need not come at the expense of an overheating world.73.Why does the author think air-conditioning is an overlooked industry?A.Because many hot countries haven't put the energy-controlling rules into force.B.Because it has caused the same impact on people's life and work as automobiles have.C.Because it has brought great economic,physical,and educational benefits to humans.D.Because it doesn't get the due criticism for its environmental impact as automobiles do.74.What can we learn from Paragraph4?A.The price of air-conditioning will go u due to the large demand for it.B.A high environmental cost will come along with the air-conditional service.C.Environmentalists are expecting extra machines which can warm the world.ernments partially agree that air-conditioning is a luxury we cannot afford.75.With regard to the measures to cut the impact of cooling,which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Manufacturers should only stop using hydrofluorocarbons.B.People should avoid turning up the air-conditioners to have cool rooms on hot days.C.People should adopt more environmentally-friendly materials when designing buildings.ernments should give a green light to the agreement on eliminating the pollutants.76.The author writes this passage to_________.A.arouse peoples'attention to the global warming.B.appeal for the global joint efforts to combat global warming.C.give credit to air-conditioning for its great contributions to humansD.offer a new perspective on how to reduce greenhouse gasses emissionsSection CA.Despite the inclusion of comedians,this film is a super suspense（悬疑）drama inspired by historical events,mixing various elements from different genres.B.The movie,by one of China's most famous directors,Zhang Yimou,has aroused a strong response from the public.C.Qin underestimates the power of the people,and the will and courage of Yue's followers,whose bigger plan is for Qin to say the last words Yue wrote in prison before he died--that is,the poem"Full River Red".D.He leads the Han soldiers in a recitation of Yue's poem and expression of their fervent desire to recover lost land.E.It is also the title of China's top-selling film over the recent Lunar New Year holiday.F.There are twists and turns as characters reveal their hidden loyalties,whether to foreigners or to the Song dynasty.Seeing red on the silver screen"My hair bristles with anger,"young men cry as they leave their red-cushioned cinema seats. "We will feast on the barbarians'flesh...we will drink their blood."They are reciting lines from "Full River Red",a poem,believed to be written by Yue Fei,a12th-century general of the Song dynasty._________77_________The movie has grossed more than4bn yuan($590m)since,its release on January22nd.The film is set your years after the death of Yue,who famously led the Song kingdom's battles against invading Jurchens,whose descendants became known as Manchus.Legend says he was killed in1142by Qiu Hui,a corrupt Song chancellor who pushed the emperor to negotiate and stop fighting the Jurchens.In Chinese culture Qin is recalled as a hanjian,or traitor to one's Han ethnicity,and Yue as the opposite._________78_________Not only have cinema-goers delivered spontaneous recitations of the chilling poem at film screenings,the movie has also prompted an increase in attacks on statues of Qin at tourist sites--a practice that has a long tradition.The film is about the mysterious murder of Jurchen envoy（使节）in Qin's court._________79_________Qin and his lackeys（听差）are portrayed as officials who lie,cheat,and kill for power--and betray the ethnic-Han people.The film's heroes are undercover grassroots patriots who resent(or feel angry about)Qin's behaviour and infiltrate（渗透）his court to avenge Yue.They try to recruit a young commander in Qin's army,Sun Jun,who is torn between obedience to his traitorous superiors and loyalty to his people.In one scene,Sun cuts a tattoo that says"Serve the nation with utmost loyalty"off his uncle's back as his uncle shouts that Sun is a "running dog"of foreigners(an off-used insult among Chinese nationalists today).By the end, Sun turns against Qin._________80_________That scene made some viewers cry,according toreviews on Douban,a film website."Full River Red"draws on ancient history,but its modern meaning is clear.The poem is a lament that national shame has not been avenged:it talks of retaking lost"mountains and rivers".II.TranslationDirections:Translate the following sentences into English,using the words given in the brackets.82.在这部影片中，最能打动观众的不是某一特定的角色或场景，而是一个文明面对灾难时的选择。

牛和羊过桥相撞的英语作文

牛和羊过桥相撞的英语作文The Collision of the Ox and the Sheep on the BridgeIt was a quiet afternoon in the countryside when the unexpected happened. An ox and a sheep, both attempting to cross a narrow bridge, found themselves in a precarious situation. The bridge, designed for single-file traffic, was not wide enough to accommodate the two animals simultaneously.As the ox, with its massive frame and imposing presence, approached the bridge, the sheep, a more timid and delicate creature, was already making its way across. Neither animal was willing to yield, each determined to complete its journey unimpeded. The stage was set for a collision course.The ox, unwilling to slow down or turn back, charged forward with its powerful hooves, its eyes fixed on the other side of the bridge. The sheep, sensing the impending danger, tried to scurry to the edge of the bridge, but its smaller size and agility were no match for the sheer force of the oncoming ox.The two animals collided with a thunderous crash, their bodiescolliding in a flurry of hooves, horns, and wool. The impact was so great that it shook the very foundations of the bridge, causing it to tremble and sway precariously.In the aftermath of the collision, both the ox and the sheep were left disoriented and injured. The ox, its massive frame now battered and bruised, struggled to regain its footing, while the sheep, its delicate legs and ribs broken, lay helplessly on the bridge.Nearby villagers, alerted by the commotion, rushed to the scene, hoping to assist the stranded animals. They quickly assessed the situation and realized that immediate action was required to prevent further harm.With great care and effort, the villagers managed to separate the ox and the sheep, carefully guiding each animal to the side of the bridge. The ox, once freed from the entanglement, let out a deep, guttural bellow, a testament to its distress and pain.The sheep, on the other hand, lay still, its breathing shallow and labored. The villagers knew that they needed to act quickly to save the fragile creature's life.As they tended to the injured animals, the villagers couldn't help but wonder what had led to this unexpected and dramatic confrontation.Was it a case of sheer stubbornness, a clash of wills, or simply an unavoidable consequence of the bridge's limited capacity?Regardless of the underlying cause, the incident served as a stark reminder of the potential for conflict and the need for compromise in the natural world. The ox and the sheep, two vastly different creatures, had been forced to share a common space, and the result had been a collision that left both animals in a precarious state.As the villagers worked tirelessly to provide medical care and comfort to the injured animals, they couldn't help but reflect on the broader implications of this event. The lesson of the bridge was one of the importance of communication, cooperation, and the willingness to make concessions for the greater good.In the end, the fate of the ox and the sheep remained uncertain. Their recovery would depend on the skill and dedication of the villagers, as well as the resilience of the animals themselves. But the incident had left an indelible mark on all who had witnessed it, a testament to the fragility and complexity of the natural world.。

山重水复疑无路,柳暗花明又一村英语作文

山重水复疑无路,柳暗花明又一村英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Where There's a Will, There's a WayHave you ever felt so stuck that you thought there was no way out? Like you were trapped between huge mountains that went on forever, with rivers too wide and too deep to cross? That's how the old Chinese saying goes: "When the mountains seem insurmountable and the waters impassable, there is yet another village beyond the willow grove and blossoming flowers."It means that no matter how hopeless things look, if you keep going, you'll find a path through to the other side where everything is beautiful again. I know it sounds like one of those weird old proverbs that grown-ups are always saying, but I've actually experienced what it means for myself!Last summer, my parents took me and my little brother Tommy on a hiking trip to the Rocky Mountains. Can you imagine two little kids from the city going into those huge, scary mountains? I was really nervous at first, but Dad said it would bean adventure. Little did I know just how much adventure was in store for us!The first couple of days were amazing. We set up our tent in this gorgeous green valley, went fishing in a crystal clear stream, and saw all kinds of cool animals like elk, bighorn sheep, and black bears (from a safe distance, of course!). But then on the third day, the skies opened up and it started pouring rain.We were stuck inside our tiny tent, listening to the rain pounding on the roof, telling stories and playing games to pass the time. Finally there was a break in the storm, and Dad decided we should pack up and head for home since more bad weather was on the way. But when we went outside, everything had changed.The little stream we had been playing in was now a raging river, the waters churning and rising higher by the minute. Our trail back to the trailhead was completely washed out. We were trapped, with those giant, looming mountain peaks surrounding us on all sides. That old proverb about the insurmountable mountains and impassable waters sure rang true!I'll never forget the look of fear and doubt on Mom and Dad's faces as they studied our maps and tried to figure out what to do. As for me and Tommy, we were kids – we didn't fullyunderstand the danger, so we just complained about being hungry and cold. Looking back, I'm kind of glad we were too young to appreciate how scary it was.Dad finally decided that we had to try to cross the river. He tossed a rope across to a tree on the other side and rigged up a kind of zipline with our climbing gear. One by one, we clicked into the safety harnesses and zipped across the rapids, getting drenched but making it to the other side.Once we were all across, Mom and Dad hugged us tight, so relieved that we had made it. But where were we? The washed out trail had thrown us completely off course. As we shouldered our packs and started hiking again, it felt like the mountains went on forever in every direction, like a maze of jagged peaks never-ending rock and snow. How would we ever find our way out?We hiked all day, taking breaks to snack on our dwindling food supplies. Mom and Dad studied their maps and compass over and over, arguing about which way to go. Just when I thought we'd be stuck out there forever, night began to fall and we saw something up ahead through the trees. It looked like...smoke! From a campfire or cabin chimney? Could it be?Dad picked up the pace, dragging a whining Tommy and me behind him as we followed the smoke deeper into the trees. And then, there it was – a rustic little village of log cabins and outbuildings, like something out of an old western movie! A few rugged looking folks tending to horses and cooking over fires looked just as surprised to see us as we were to see them.As it turned out, we had stumbled onto a very remote ranch and outfitting camp, miles off the beaten path. The kind owners took us in, gave us food and dry clothes, and let us spend the night in the bunkhouse. They even had a telephone (this was before everyone had cell phones!) and were able to call the ranger station to let them know we were alive and get help coordinating our rescue.I'll never forget the hospitality of those wonderful people and the joy of finally being warm, fed, and safe after our terrifying ordeal. Our journey through the impassable mountains and treacherous waters had indeed led us to a beautiful little village beyond the willow groves and wildflowers!That experience taught me to never give up, even when everything seems hopeless. There's always a way forward if you just keep pushing ahead one step at a time. Mom, Dad, Tommy and I will be forever bonded by that incredible adventure and thelesson to always persevere no matter how high the mountains or deep the waters. Just have faith, and you'll find your way to the other side, to a safe, beautiful place you never expected.And who knows? The next time you feel trapped with nowhere to go, maybe you'll find yourselves in a quaint, welcoming village when you least expect it! Just think of me, my brother Tommy, and our story from the Rocky Mountains. If a pair of city kids can survive an experience like that, you can make it through whatever mountains and rivers life puts in your path. Where there's a will, there's a way!篇2When the Path Seems BlockedI used to think that life was easy and straightforward. When I was little, each day seemed simple - go to school, come home, play, eat, sleep, repeat. The path ahead was clear and open before me. But as I've grown older and faced more challenges, I've realized that life isn't quite so straightforward after all.Sometimes it feels like there are tall mountains rising up to block my way. These are the hard things I have to deal with - difficult schoolwork, fights with friends, disappointments, and struggles. Just when I think I have a good plan and know whereI'm going, suddenly a huge mountain gets in my way. I can't see over it or around it. The path disappears and I'm stuck, unsure of how to proceed.Last year, I had to give an oral presentation in front of my whole class. Public speaking is one of the most terrifying things for me - it makes me shake, sweat, and my stomach gets tied in knots. As the day approached, it felt like a massive mountain was looming over me, getting bigger and bigger. I practiced my speech over and over, but I still didn't feel ready at all. On presentation day, I stood in front of the class and my mind went blank. I stammered through a few sentences and then stood there in awkward silence, my face burning red. It was awful. I just wanted to disappear.After that humiliating experience, the very thought of speaking in front of people became a huge mountain. I decided I just couldn't do it ever again. But then a few months later, I had to give another presentation. This time the mountain seemed even taller and more impassable. How could I possibly get over it?I spent weeks feeling sick with dread.But then, the strangest thing happened. As the presentation neared, I started looking at it a different way. Instead of a massive, terrifying mountain, it was just...a thing. A thing I had todo, like cleaning my room or taking out the trash. Just a normal part of life and school. The more I tried to think of it that way, as no big deal, the smaller the mountain seemed. Don't get me wrong - I didn't enjoy giving the presentation. But I got through it in one piece because I stopped inflating it into an impassable peak in my mind. It was just a little bump in the road.I've realized that a lot of the "mountains" I encounter aren't as huge as they first appear. My mind just builds them up into towering, impassable obstacles. But if I take a honest look and think rationally, they're rarely that catastrophic. There's usually a path ahead, even if it's windy, rocky, and hard to see at first.Of course, sometimes there really are massive, unavoidable mountains. My grandfather passed away last year after a long illness. Losing him was one of the saddest, hardest things I've ever gone through. That was a true mountain - a huge obstacle of grief and pain that I had to struggle over slowly, day by day. But even though it took a long time, and even though the path was rough, one day I realized that I had climbed over that mountain and was starting to come out the other side. The sadness wasn't gone, but it wasn't dominating every part of me anymore. I could feel happy sometimes, and enjoy other parts of my life again. The path was open ahead of me once more.Then there are the smaller, more frustrating blocks in the road - the thick forests, raging rivers, and tangled thickets that seem impassable at times. These are the everyday frustrations - struggling with a difficult math concept, being excluded by friends, losing something important, getting into trouble.They're not life's biggest challenges, but they're still very real obstacles that can make you feel hopeless and want to give up when you're in the midst of them.That's when it's most important to keep pushing forward, knowing that there is a way out ahead, even if you can't quite see it yet. A few weeks ago, I was stuck on a complicated algebra equation that I couldn't figure out for the life of me. I stared at it for hours, tried every strategy I could think of, and got more and more frustrated. I was ready to just give up. But I kept trying, looking at it from new angles, watching online videos for new tips. And then, something clicked into place and I shouted out the solution, feeling absolutely ridiculous for how hard I'd fought to climb over what turned out to be a pretty small roadblock after all.There are always ways to find your path again when you get tangled up or turned around along the way. Sometimes you have to backtrack. Sometimes you have to pull out your metaphoricalmachete and hack through the underbrush. Sometimes you have to stop, take a deep breath, and look at the obstacle from a different angle to spot the way forward. And sometimes, you just have to wait patiently and trust that help will appear – like glimpsing a welcoming village up ahead through the willow branches, with bright blooming flowers beckoning you onward.Life is full of mountains, valleys, roadblocks, and obstacles of all shapes and sizes. There's no getting around that – it's just part of the journey we all have to take. But if you keep moving forward, keep persisting and looking for new angles when the path ahead seems impassable, you'll always find a way through.A new path will emerge up ahead, leading you to places you may never have dreamed of when you were stuck staring at the mountain in front of you. Sometimes that path will feel endless and easy. More often it will twist, turn, double back on itself, get overgrown and hard to make out. But it's always there, waiting to be uncovered and walked upon with determination and hope in your heart.I may only be a kid, but I already see now that life's road is never a straight, paved, unobstructed line from start to finish. It winds, it bends, it gets overgrown, it rises up into towering mountains that seem insurmountable from below. But I'velearned that those mountains are a lot more climbable than they seem at first glance. And no matter how high or daunting they may loom, if you keep pushing ahead with inner strength, creativity and patience, you'll find yourself emerging from the willow branches into a sun-dappled village of relief, rest, and the chance to gather yourself before the next stretch of the journey.The path is there, waiting for you to walk it. You just have to find it, step by courageous step.篇3When the Path Seemed Lost, A Village BloomedLast summer, my family and I went on a big hiking trip in the mountains. We had been planning it for months and I was so excited to go exploring in the wilderness and see amazing nature sights. My dad loves hiking and camping, and he was really looking forward to getting away from the city for a while. My mom wasn't quite as thrilled, but she's a good sport and went along with it.We drove for what felt like forever to get to the hiking trail entrance. I kept asking "Are we there yet?" from the backseat until my parents told me to hush. When we finally arrived, I could barely sit still while my dad got all our backpacks and campinggear ready. I jumped up and down, just waiting for the chance to start our adventure.The first couple of miles weren't too hard. The trail was pretty flat and there were lots of cool things to look at - tall trees, little critters scampering around, and some pretty yellow and purple wildflowers growing along the sides. My dad pointed out different kinds of birds and plant life to me as we walked. I was having a blast.But after a while, the path started getting really rocky and steep. We were hiking up and down over all these mountain ridges and my legs began to feel like jelly. The trees grew taller and thicker too, blocking out a lot of the sunlight. At times it felt like we were in a deep forest rather than on a trail."Are you suredis is the right way?" my mom asked my dad after a few hours of tough climbing."According to the map, we just need to get over this next ridge and we'll be in a valley on the other side where we can make camp," he replied, sweat dripping down his face.I was getting tired and crabby, and honestly a little scared that we were lost in the middle of nowhere. We hadn't seen anyother hikers in a long time. What if there was a wrong turn and we'd never find our way back to the car?Up and down, over one ridge and then another, the path twisted and turned endlessly. The trees seemed to loom in over us and block out more of the sky with every step. I felt like the mountain was trying to swallow us up."I don't think this is the right trail anymore," my mom said, her voice tense. "These don't look like the valley markers on the map.""Just a bit further," my dad insisted, though he looked confused too. "There has to be a trail marker or something soon."We trudged along, the path getting fainter and fainter beneath our feet. I was terribly thirsty and my backpack felt like a boulder weighing me down. When we finally stopped to take a break, I plopped down on a rock and burst into tears."I don't want to get lost in the mountains forever!" I wailed. "I want to go home."My parents tried to console me, but they looked just as tired and discouraged. Had we somehow gotten turned around andwandered miles off-course? Were we doomed to wander these dark, shadowy mountains until we ran out of food and water?Just when I thought I couldn't take another step, the trees suddenly opened up and warm sunlight streamed through. We squinted in the brightness and...there it was. A cheerful little valley, green and lush, with a sparkling stream running through it. And just beyond, the corrugated rooftops of a tiny mountain village nestled among blossoming fruit orchards and weeping willows.It was like stumbling into a storybook, emerging from the shadowy woods into this idyllic landscape straight out of a painting. We could hardly believe our eyes at first. But there were the houses and barns, with tendrils of wood smoke drifting up from the chimneys. A few cows and goats were lazing in the pastures, cowbells tinkling faintly."Well I'll be..." my dad said, breaking into a relieved grin. "Good old serendipity!"As we made our way down the hillside and into the village, our weariness seemed to melt away. The whole place seemed to glow with the soft pinks and whites of peach and cherry blossoms. An old farmer waved to us from his porch as we passed.We soon found a grassy area perfect for pitching our tents beside the babbling stream. While my dad set up camp, my mom and I went to refill our water bottles, enjoying the peaceful sounds of running water and birdsong. For the first time in hours, I felt completely at ease.That evening, we built a campfire and roasted hot dogs and marshmallows underneath a canopy of willow branches. Some curious village kids came over and showed me how to catch little glowing flies in a jar. We all gazed at the stars that weren't visible back in the city, shining like a million brilliant lanterns in the velvety night sky. I remember thinking how lucky we were to have pushed on when the path seemed uncertain and found this remarkable place.Over the next few days, my parents and I explored the village and surrounding meadows, picking berries and wildflowers. We saw the most amazing butterflies and fungus growing on tree trunks. The villagers were so friendly and welcoming, offering us fresh-baked bread and farm fresh eggs. Though our journey had been hard, it made us appreciate these simple beauties of nature and human kindness even more.When it was finally time to go home, I felt sad to leave our little valley haven. But I knew I would always have the memoriesof our accidental discovery and reminder that if you persevere when the path is unclear, amazing things may bloom around the next bend. Now whenever I face challenges or roadblocks, I think back to the shadowy mountains giving way to that sunlit village, and remember that if I keep going, beauty and light may await.。

关于冲突的英语听力

关于冲突的英语听力Conflict is a natural part of human interaction. It arises when different opinions, ideas, or needs clash with one another. 冲突是人类互动的自然组成部分。

当不同的意见、想法或需求发生冲突时，冲突就会产生。

In relationships, conflicts can occur due to miscommunication, misunderstandings, or differing expectations. 在人际关系中，冲突可能源于沟通不畅、误解或期望的差异。

When two individuals have conflicting views, it can lead to heated arguments, hurt feelings, and strained relationships. 当两个人持有冲突的观点时，可能会导致激烈的争论、伤害感情和关系紧张。

Conflict resolution is essential for maintaining healthy relationships and fostering understanding between individuals. 解决冲突对于保持健康的关系和促进人与人之间的理解至关重要。

Effective communication, empathy, and compromise are key components in resolving conflicts peacefully. 有效的沟通、共情和妥协是和平解决冲突的关键组成部分。

It is important to listen actively to the other party's perspective and try to see things from their point of view. 听取对方的观点并尝试从他们的角度看问题是很重要的。

无法参加聚会英语万能作文

无法参加聚会英语万能作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Sincere Apologies for Missing the Get-TogetherHey everyone, it's me, your friendly neighborhood student here. I'm writing to you all with a heavy heart because, unfortunately, I won't be able to make it to our upcoming gathering. I know, I know, it's a total bummer, and trust me, I'm just as disappointed as you are (maybe even more so!).You see, the thing is, life has a way of throwing curveballs at us when we least expect it, and this time, it's in the form of a massive workload that's piling up faster than I can keep up with. Between endless assignments, looming deadlines, and theever-present threat of exams, I'm drowning in a sea of academic responsibilities.Now, before you start thinking I'm just making excuses, let me assure you that skipping out on our get-together is the last thing I want to do. I've been looking forward to this event for weeks, daydreaming about the good times we'd have, the laughs we'd share, and the memories we'd create. But alas, duty calls,and as much as I hate to admit it, my studies have to take priority this time around.You know how it is – we're students, and our lives revolve around constantly juggling classes, extracurriculars, part-time jobs, and whatever semblance of a social life we can muster. It's a delicate balancing act, and sometimes, something's gotta give. In this case, it's my ability to attend our gathering, as heartbreaking as that may be.But hey, look on the bright side – at least I'm not bailing on you because of some lame excuse like "I have to wash my hair" or "I've got a hot date with Netflix." No, my reason for missing out is a legitimate one, even if it's not the most exciting. I'm sure you can all appreciate the importance of academic success and how crucial it is for us to prioritize our studies, especially in these crucial years that will shape our futures.And let's be real here, it's not like I'm going to be missing out on all the fun forever. Once this academic storm has passed (and it will pass, I promise!), I'll be back in action, ready to party harder than ever before. Just think of this as a temporary hiatus, a brief intermission in our otherwise epic saga of friendship and good times.In the meantime, I implore you all to have an absolute blast without me. Eat all the snacks, drink all the drinks (responsibly, of course), and make enough memories to last a lifetime. I'll be there in spirit, cheering you on from the sidelines and living vicariously through your inevitable tales of debauchery and merriment.And who knows, maybe my absence will make our next gathering even sweeter. Absence makes the heart grow fonder, right? By the time we reunite, we'll all be so starved for each other's company that the revelry will be off the charts. It'll be like a long-distance relationship, but with less romance and more platonic shenanigans.So, my dear friends, please don't take my absence as a sign of disinterest or lack of appreciation for our friendship. Quite the contrary, it's because I value our bond so much that I'm willing to make this sacrifice, as painful as it may be. I know you'll understand and support me in my academic endeavors, just as I would support each and every one of you in your own pursuits.And who knows, maybe by the time our next gathering rolls around, I'll have aced all my exams, completed every assignment with flying colors, and emerged from this academic gauntlet astronger, wiser, and even more fun-loving individual. That's something to look forward to, isn't it?In the meantime, I'll be here, nose buried in books and notes, dreaming of the day when I can rejoin you all and pick up right where we left off. Until then, have an absolute blast, and know that I'll be thinking of you all and counting down the days until we can reunite and celebrate in true student fashion.Cheers, my friends! Here's to academic success, unwavering friendship, and the promise of many more unforgettable gatherings to come.Your friend,[Your Name]篇2Not Able to Make it to the Get-TogetherHey everyone, I'm really bummed that I can't make it to Julia's birthday bash this weekend. You know how much I was looking forward to it - Julia and I have been best friends since we were kids and her parties are always off the chain. But unfortunately, a bunch of stuff came up that's making it impossible for me to be there. Let me explain...First off, you all know that Saturday is my weekly tutoring session to help out at the community center. I've been volunteering there for years teaching reading and math to underprivileged kids. It's something I'm really passionate about and look forward to every week. The little ones always get so excited when I show up. Anyway, my regular tutoring time happens to be smack dab in the middle of Julia's party this Saturday from 2-4pm. I can't reschedule because that's the only window the center has available for me. I feel awful about missing Julia's party during those hours, but there's no way I can ditch those kids who depend on me. I have to put them first.On top of that, I've been asked to help out at my uncle's restaurant all day Sunday. You know how swamped he gets on weekends, especially for Mother's Day brunches and dinners. He's in a real bind because a couple of his servers called out sick at the last minute. So he's desperate for all hands on deck bussing tables and helping out in any way possible. I could really use the extra cash from the tips too since my car decided to sputter and die on me earlier this week (more on that below). I just can't turn down my uncle when he needs me. Family has to come first, you know?And here's the other huge wrench that got thrown into the works: my faithful old Toyota finally kicked the bucket after 15 loyal years of getting me everywhere I needed to go. Stupid car just wouldn't start up on me mid-week. I had to get it towed to the mechanic, who gave me the bad news that fixing it would cost way more than the car is even worth at this point. Such a bummer since I was really hoping to squeeze another year or two out of it before getting a new set of wheels.So now篇3Sorry I Can't Make It: A Universal Essay for When You Have to Miss an EventHey everyone, it's me again, your friendly neighborhood flake. I'm writing this essay because I really wanted to be at [event] but sadly, I can't make it. As much as I'd love to be there vibing with all of you, life has thrown me a curveball and I have to stay home. I know, I know, I'm terribly disappointed too. But before you judge me too harshly, let me explain what's going on.You see, the reason I can't come to [event] is [reason]. I totally understand if you're rolling your eyes right now thinking "classic [your name], always with the excuses." But I swear, this is100% legitimate. [Elaborate on reason with some details to add credibility].Believe me, if there was any way I could be there, I would. [Event] sounds absolutely amazing and I've been looking forward to it for weeks/months. I even [mention a preparation you made, like buying a new outfit, making a dish to bring, etc.]. But sadly, [reason] means I have to sit this one out.I'm utterly bummed to be missing out on [a couple of specific things you were excited about related to the event]. Can you imagine how devastated I am? This is brutal, especially because [connection to the event, like "Maria is hosting and you know I love her parties," or "I was really hoping to catch up with the old crew"]. Ugh, it pains me just thinking about all the fun I'll be missing.Please don't think I'm blowing this off or that I don't care. Honestly, [event] means a lot to me for [reason why it's important/special, like celebrating something, long-standing tradition, etc.]. You all know I value [reinforce what/who the event is about] so much. I'm seriously crushed that [reason] is keeping me away this time.I feel just awful having to cancel at the last minute like this. I know it's a hassle and I really hope me not being there doesn'tput too much of a burden on anyone. I absolutely would not have bailed unless it was completely unavoidable. You guys are like family to me, and you know I would never want to let you down or make things harder. I cherish our [friend group, organization, etc.] and every single one of you. Missing out on [event] is the pits, but our [bond, longstanding connection] means the world to me and that will never change.Of course, I'll be going all out to make sure I'm there next time, no matter what. You can count on me being the first one [example of contribution, like "to RSVP for the holiday party," or "to sign up to bring food for the tailgate."]. I'm already looking ahead to [next event] and have it marked in my calendar with, like, fifty reminders. No excuses next time - I'll move heaven and earth to be in attendance!In the meantime, I hope you'll all have an incredible time at [event] even without my sparkling presence and hilarious banter. I'm sure it's going to be an absolute blast no matter what, because that's how we [friend group] roll. I'll be there in spirit, cheering you all on and wishing I could join the revelry. Maybe someone can even Facetime me for a little bit so I can feel included? Either way, I want to hear every juicy detail afterwards.No editing for my delicate sensibilities - I need the unvarnished truth about all the shenanigans.Alright, I'll wrap this saga up now. Just know that even though I have to miss [event] this time, I'm still 100000% committed to our [bond]. You all mean everything to me and this [friend group/org/etc.] is my happy place. I'll be back in action and ready for hijinks soon enough. Until then, you party animals have an absolute blast for me, okay? I'll be enviouslycounting down the minutes until [next event]!XOXO,[Your name]P.S. Could someone possibly record [specific fun moment] for me? I won't feel like I truly lived it unless I can witness that madness myself!。

关于一段不愉快经历的大学英语作文

关于一段不愉快经历的大学英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1An Unpleasant AwakeningIt was just another Thursday morning as I trudged across campus to my 8 a.m. philosophy class, iced coffee in hand. I was barely awake, having stayed up way too late studying for a midterm the night before. As I climbed the creaky wooden stairs up to the lecture hall, I could already hear the dull mumblings of the professor droning on about Aristotle or Descartes or whatever dead philosopher we were covering that week. Stifling a yawn, I slipped into the back row and collapsed into my usual seat, hoping I could make it through the two-hour class without falling asleep.About halfway through the lecture, just as my eyelids were starting to feel heavy, something jolted me awake - a loud crash as the classroom door flew open. I jerked my head up to see a guy I vaguely recognized from around campus storming in, eyes wild and fists clenched. "You're all brainwashed slaves!" he shouted, face contorted with rage. "This whole system isdesigned to crush your souls and turn you into obedient workers for the capitalist machine!"I looked around in shock as the rest of the class reacted witha mix of confusion, fear and a few nervous giggles. Our elderly professor seemed just as stunned, his mouth hanging open mid-sentence as he stared at the raving intruder. The guy began pacing back and forth in the front of the room, ranting about government conspiracies and modern society's enslavement of the masses."You think you're learning truth and wisdom in this place? It's all lies! Lies designed to blind you from the reality that we're all just cogs in their machine!" He knocked over a potted plant by the door, sending dirt spilling across the floor. A few people gasped. "This is not a place of higher learning, it's a training camp for future wage slaves!"At that point, the professor seemed to find his voice again. "Young man, this sort of disruptive behavior is entirely unacceptable," he said sternly, removing his glasses and narrowing his eyes. "I'm going to have to ask you to leave immediately or I'll be forced to call security.""Security?" the guy scoffed with a manic laugh. "You mean your hired thugs? The oppressive force maintaining your twistedhierarchy of mind control?" He took a step closer to the professor, who shrank back involuntarily. "I'm not going anywhere old man. Not until I open the eyes of all these poor souls you've brainwashed!"That's when I saw one of the bigger guys in the class, a football player I think, get up from his seat and start moving toward the ranting intruder from behind. Just as the guy turned his head, the football player grabbed him from behind and wrestled him to the ground with a muffled thud. The disruption was over as quickly as it began.The professor stood there flustered, hands on his hips, as security rushed in to handcuff the wild-eyed intruder and haul him away. An uncomfortable silence hung over the room as we all tried to process what just happened. The professor cleared his throat and suggested we all take a short break.Once outside, the halls were abuzz as word quickly spread about the insane interruption. Some thought it was a poorly executed prank or piece of performance art. A few wondered if the guy was just having some kind of mental breakdown. As for me, I mostly just felt shaken and a little rattled. Up until then, college had been a safe and predictable environment dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge. But that unpleasant incident was aharsh reminder that the world outside our academic bubble could be an unpredictable and unsettling place.When we reconvened for the second half of the class, the professor tried valiantly to pick up where he left off, lecturing on the finer points of Descartes' mind-body dualism. But I could barely focus, my mind replaying those few frantic minutes on a loop. The irony was not lost on me that after that guy's crazed tirade about us all being sheeple blindly accepting lies, his disruption was the thing that truly shattered the illusion of safety and order I had subconsciously bought into.In the days and weeks that followed, I found it harder to listen to lectures with the same passive acceptance as before. I started questioning things more, exploring different philosophies and political ideologies I had previously dismissed or ignored. While I didn't agree with the extremist ramblings of that wild-eyed intruder, the incident had unsettled some of my deeply ingrained assumptions in a way I couldn't quite articulate.Was I really just blindly following along, regurgitating ideas spoon-fed to me without critical evaluation? Was there an element of truth, however warped, to the idea that our education system was in some ways designed to train future obedientworkers and socioeconomic drones? These were uncomfortable notions I had never really grappled with before.Thinking back now to that bizarre morning, I realize it was one of the first real wake-up calls that life wasn't always going to make sense. It wouldn't always be neat, tidy, and predictable like the lectures and exams that previously consumed my world. Out there, past the surface-level security of campus life, was a wild, messy world of clashing ideas, harsh realities, and unavoidable uncertainties. As unpleasant as that disruptive incident was in the moment, it perhaps marked the beginning of me transitioning from a wide-eyed student toward a more critically aware adult, ready to confront the complexities and contradictions of the real world.篇2An Unforgettable LessonCollege is supposed to be the best time of your life, filled with new experiences, freedom, and lifelong memories. However, my sophomore year was tainted by a truly unpleasant incident that taught me a valuable lesson about the importance of being responsible.It was a crisp October morning, and I had just wrapped up my 9am English Composition class. As I hurried across campus to my next class, I felt my phone vibrating in my pocket. Figuring it was probably just another text from my mom lecturing me about staying hydrated, I ignored it initially. Boy, was I wrong about that.The phone call was from the campus police department informing me that my car had been towed from the parking lot near my dorm. Apparently, between juggling classes, studying, and hanging out with friends, I had completely forgotten to renew my parking permit for the semester. Silly me!I could feel the blood rushing to my face as the reality of the situation sank in. Getting your car towed is one of those nightmares that you never actually think will happen to you. The fees were going to be outrageous, not to mention the hassle and embarrassment of having to retrieve my beloved beat-up Honda Civic from the impound lot.Frantically, I called my parents to break the bad news, fully expecting an earful about irresponsibility. To my surprise, they were relatively understanding and agreed to help me pay the fines and fees, but sternly reminded me that mistakes like thiswould have far greater consequences once I was out in the "real world."The next couple of days were a blur of paperwork, making payments, and jumping through bureaucratic hoops, all while falling behind in my classes from the sheer stress of it all. I'm pretty sure I failed that week's English quiz on comma splices and disagreeing verb tenses.Finally, after what felt like an eternity of dealing with gruff tow truck drivers and condescending parking enforcers, I was reunited with my car. As I slid behind the wheel and turned the key in the ignition, a strange sense of relief washed over me. This simple lapse in judgment and carelessness had blown up into a massive headache that could have been avoided with just a little foresight.In the following weeks, I made diligent efforts to get my academic life back on track, knowing that I had dodged a major bullet. While it was undoubtedly an unpleasant experience that I wouldn't wish on anyone, it drove home the importance of being responsible and mindful of even seemingly small obligations.Looking back now as a senior just a few months from graduation, that fateful parking debacle was one of the most formative experiences of my college years. Sure, I had someamazing memories from formative jobs and traveling abroad. However, few things impressed upon me the consequences of irresponsibility quite like having my car towed did.As I prepare to enter the professional world in just a few short months, I carry that lesson of personal accountability with me. I've become meticulously detail-oriented, setting calendar reminders for everything from oil changes to renewing my renter's insurance policy. I've realized that the "real world" my parents warned me about has no patience for careless slip-ups.While getting my car towed was certainly an unpleasant experience full of embarrassment, fees, and bureaucratic headaches, I'm ultimately grateful that it happened. It served as the wakeup call I needed to take responsibility seriously before the stakes became even higher. I shudder to think of the professional and financial consequences I could have faced with a similar lapse in judgment as a working adult.For any current or incoming college students reading this, learn from my mistake. It's okay to goof off and embrace your newfound freedom within reason, but never lose sight of your obligations and responsibilities. A little foresight and attention to detail can go a long way towards preventing unpleasant disruptions from derailing your goals.Trust me, retrieving your car from an impound lot surrounded by brutish tow truck drivers is not how you want to spend your weekend. Take it from someone who learned that lesson the hard way through an experience I'll never forget.篇3A Lesson Learned the Hard WayAs I trudged back to my dorm room after my disastrous organic chemistry exam, I felt completely defeated. My head was pounding, my stomach was in knots, and the harsh fluorescent lights of the hallway seemed to mock my failure. I had studied relentlessly for weeks, sacrificing sleep and even skipping some classes to cram. Yet, when I opened that test booklet, it was as if I was looking at a foreign language. Page after page of mechanisms, reactions, and syntheses that I just could not recall no matter how hard I tried. By the time I handed in my embarrassingly incomplete test, I knew I had failed spectacularly.I've never been one to slack off academically. In high school, I was a straight-A student who lived and breathed academics. My work ethic is what earned me a spot at this prestigious university in the first place. So to utterly bomb an exam so crucial for my chemistry major was crushing. As I curled up on my dorm roombed, hot tears of shame and disappointment streamed down my face. All I could think was "How could I have let this happen?"The next few days were a blur of self-pity and self-loathing. I began questioning my capabilities and my future. If I couldn't even pass organic chemistry, how could I possibly succeed as a chemist? The same refrain played on loop in my mind: "You're not cut out for this. You should just drop out and go home before you embarrass yourself even more." My confidence, once unshakable, was shattered.I stopped attending classes and ignored calls from concerned friends and family. I just wanted to wallow in my misery alone. But after about a week of this vicious cycle of negativity, I realized I needed to pull myself together. Feeling sorry for myself wasn't going to change anything - I needed to take action.First, I headed to the academic advising office to go over my options. To my relief, I learned that failing one class wouldn't necessarily derail my entire degree if I re-took the course. It was a bump in the road, but not the catastrophe I had imagined. With the adviser's guidance, I began mapping out a new study plan and strategies. We discussed utilizing more resources like tutoring, teacher office hours, and forming a study group. I alsolearned about stress management techniques to avoid the counterproductive burnout I had experienced.Armed with this new approach, I resolved to start fresh. But first, I had to get to the root of where I had gone so wrong. After much reflection, a few key mistakes became clear. First, Ihadівerprioritized my studies at the expense of self-care. Between my intense study schedule and lack of sleep, I was operating at a deficit which made it nearly impossible to retain information properly. Secondly, my studying strategies were inefficient - I prioritized obsessive re-reading and rote memorization rather than focusing on true understanding and application of concepts. Finally, I realized that I had isolated myself rather than utilizing the wealth of academic support available on campus.With a new, balanced routine and studying approach, Ire-committed myself fully. My days started with exercise and a nutritious breakfast to jumpstart my brain. I carved out specific chunks of time to attend every lecture, complete practice problems, and meet with my new study group. When I felt overwhelmed, I practiced breathing exercises, went for a walk, or asked for help rather than grinding through alone.Slowly but surely, my outlook brightened and my comprehension deepened. While the material was still immensely challenging, I finally felt like I had a handle on it. When I re-took the organic chemistry course the next semester, the weight had lifted. Gone were the anxious feelings and mental blocks. My hard work paid off with an A, redeeming my previous failure.While getting that failing grade was undoubtedly one of the lowest points of my academic career, I'm ultimately grateful for the experience. The crushing disappointment forced me tore-evaluate my priorities, study habits, and perseverance. I emerged more resilient, better prepared, and with a keen understanding of my limitations. Most importantly, I learned that failure is not something to be afraid of, but an opportunity for growth. Had I allowed that one poor performance to derail me completely, I would have missed out on achieving my goals.Now, when the pressures of coursework mount, I return to the hard lessons I internalized. I prioritize self-care, asking for help, and focusing on true learning over rote memorization. If I do poorly on an assessment, I don't let it obliterate my self-worth. Instead, I pivot, re-assess my strategies, and try again with a renewed approach.That fateful day when I left the chemistry exam in tears was rock bottom. But it ultimately put me on an upward trajectory of maturity and success. The painful lessons I internalized have stayed with me through every subsequent academic challenge, steadying me through the turbulence. While I hope to never repeat the experience of failing so spectacularly, I'm grateful for the important wisdom it imparted at a crucial juncture in my college journey.。

校门口放学时间经常出现拥堵英语作文

校门口放学时间经常出现拥堵英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Big Problem with the Big Traffic MessSchool is awesome and I love learning new things every day. But there's one part of school that is no fun at all - the crazy traffic jam that happens when we get dismissal! It's like a zoooooo out there with all the cars, buses, moms, dads, crossing guards yelling, and kids running everywhere. Total madness!The worst part is having to wait forever just to get out of the school parking lot. My mom always gets there pretty early to pick me up, but it doesn't matter. We still end up sitting in the car for like a million hours while the line verrrrrry slowly moves up to the dismissal gates. It's SO boring!And forget about getting a good spot in the pickup line - unless you camp out at 6am, you're gonna end up being one of the last cars. That means you're stuck behind like 100 other cars all trying to get out at the same time. No wonder it's such a traffic disaster zone!I feel super bad for the poor crossing guards too. They're the ones who have to go stand out in the middle of that car madness, with cars zipping by them from every angle. They have to yell and blow their whistles like crazy just to get anyone to notice them and stop. I'm surprised none of them have gotten runned over yet!My friend Marcus told me his crossing guard actually did get lightly bumped by a car one time when the mom driving wasn't paying attention. She was too busy yapping on her phone to see the crossing guard in front of her. The poor guy had to jump out of the way at the last second! Marcus said he had to go to the nurse's office and get some ice for his leg. How messed up is that?The worst drivers are definitely the parents though, no offense to my mom and dad. They just seem to go absolutely crazy and drive like total maniacs during pickup time. I've seen them cut people off, make wild U-turns, block everyone's way, you name it. One time this dad in a huge truck roared up on the sidewalk and scared a bunch of little kindergarteners because he was in such a rush. What a jerk!I guess I can kinda understand why the parents go so nuts - we all just want to get home as fast as possible after being stuckat school all day. But acting like road ragers isn't going to make the line go any faster! If anything it just stresses everyone out even more.What really gets me are the parents who think they're sooooo special they can just ditch the line whenever they want. They'll drive up and stop right at the front dismissal doors, blocking everyone behind them. Then they'll wave and holler for their kid to run over to the car through the huge mob of people.Thanks a lot, lady! Now the whole rest of the line has to wait for your kid's grand entrance into the car before we can start inching forward again. No wonder the traffic is at a total standstill! Those line-ditchers are the woooorst.Sometimes I just want to use a microphone to yell at everyone from the rooftops - "CHILL OUT PEOPLE! WE'RE DISMISSING A THOUSAND KIDS HERE, IT'S GONNA TAKE SOME TIME! QUIT BEING ROAD RAGERS AND HAVE SOME PATIENCE FOR ONCE!" But I'd probably just get detention or something.My parents have tried every possible trick to avoid the pickup nightmare - getting me to go to after-school care, picking me up late when the lot has cleared out, having my dad get me instead of my mom. But eventually you just have to face thedismissal traffic sooner or later. It's unavoidable, like the monster under every elementary school!Maybe I'll become an engineer when I grow up, so I can design super advanced robotic systems to load kids into cars at lightning speed. Or I could become president and make super strict rules that nobody's allowed to drive on school days. WALKING ONLY! Yeah, that'd fix the traffic situation real quick. Maybe not...Anyway, until someone figures out a master solution, I guess we're just stuck dealing with the madness. My advice to anyone picking up kids - bring snacks, bathroom breaks before you get in the line, load up an awesome playlist, and remember to breathe! Don't let the dismissal traffic make you crazy like everyone else! Trust me, it's really not worth going total road rage maniac just to get home ten minutes sooner.篇2Here's an essay about traffic congestion at the school gate during dismissal time, written from the perspective of an elementary school student in English (around 2000 words):The School Gate Traffic Jam - A Big Headache!School is a lot of fun, but one thing I really don't like is the crazy traffic jam that happens every day when it's time to go home. It's like a big, noisy, smelly party that nobody wants to be a part of!Let me tell you what happens. The bell rings at 3 o'clock, and everybody rushes out of their classrooms like a huge wave crashing onto the shore. We all want to be the first ones out because nobody likes waiting in line. But unfortunately, that's exactly what we end up doing – waiting in a gigantic,never-ending line!You see, our school is right next to a busy street, and at dismissal time, it feels like every car in the whole city decides to park right outside our gates. Moms, dads, grandparents, nannies, and even some cool older siblings arrive in their vehicles to pick us up. And before you know it, there's a massive traffic jam!The cars are lined up bumper-to-bumper, honking their horns and inching forward at a snail's pace. Meanwhile, we kids are squished together on the sidewalk, trying to dodge the occasional wayward ball or backpack that gets tossed around in the commotion.And let's not forget about the poor crossing guard, Mrs. Johnson. That lady has the toughest job in the world! She's outthere in the middle of the chaos, waving her stop sign and trying to keep everything under control. Sometimes, she has to yell at drivers who don't want to wait their turn or let kids cross safely. I don't know how she does it, but she's like a superhero in my book!The worst part is when it starts raining or snowing. That's when the real fun begins! Everybody starts slipping and sliding all over the place, and the traffic gets even more backed up than usual. One time, I saw a car try to squeeze into a tiny parking spot, but it ended up getting stuck halfway through. It took three teachers and a tow truck to get it unstuck!Despite all the madness, there are some pretty funny moments too. Like when a kid's backpack gets caught in a car door, and they have to chase after the vehicle as it drives away. Or when a parent accidentally backs into a trash can and sends garbage flying everywhere. It's like a real-life comedy show!But as hilarious as it can be, the traffic situation is also really frustrating. Sometimes, I end up waiting for over an hour just to get picked up. And by the time I get home, I'm so tired and cranky that I don't even want to do my homework or eat dinner.I've tried suggesting solutions to the school principal, like staggering dismissal times for different grades or having aseparate pick-up area for buses and cars. But so far, nothing has really worked. It's like the traffic jam has a mind of its own and doesn't want to be tamed!I know the grown-ups are trying their best to fix the problem, but I really wish they could find a better solution soon. Because as much as I love school, I'm not a fan of this daily traffic nightmare. It's just too much chaos and confusion for a kid to handle!Who knows, maybe by the time I'm in middle school, they'll have figured out a way to make the dismissal process a little smoother. Or maybe flying cars will be invented, and we can all just zoom away without any trouble!Until then, I'll just have to keep my fingers crossed and my patience strong whenever that final bell rings. Because you never know what kind of crazy adventures await at the school gate traffic jam!篇3It's a Crazy Mess When the Bell Rings!School is so much fun! I love learning new things, playing at recess, and seeing my friends every day. But there's one part of the school day that I really don't like at all - the end of the daywhen we get dismissed to go home. It's just a crazy mess with all the cars, buses, and people everywhere. Let me tell you all about it!The bell rings at 3:15 and that's the signal for all the kids to get ready to leave. We pack up our backpacks and get in the lines to wait for our teachers to lead us out of the classrooms. I'm always really excited because it means I get to go home and play. But I also get a little knot in my stomach because I know what's coming next - the complete madness outside the school gates!As soon as we walk out the front doors, it's like entering a war zone. There are cars everywhere, pulling up to the curb or trying to park. Engines are running and exhaust is filling the air. Parents are shouting for their kids and traffic guards are blowing whistles, trying to keep things moving. It's so loud with all the noise that I can barely hear myself think.The absolute worst is the pick-up line for parents waiting in their cars. It stretches dooooown the street for what seems like miles. All the cars are inching along at a snail's pace. When a kid finally sees their mom or dad's car, they have to run between the other cars and trucks to get in. That's really dangerous because some of the drivers can't see the little kids darting out. I've seen too many near-misses and I hold my breath every time.And forget about the crosswalks! They are a nightmare during pickup time. Pedestrians have to navigate between the stopped cars to even get to the crosswalk. And good luck getting drivers to actually stop for you - most of them just keep inching forward acting like they can't see you at all. The crossing guards have to constantly blow their whistles and stop traffic just so people can get across safely.Sometimes I see cars getting into disagreements over parking spots or whose turn it is to go next. Drivers get really angry and start yelling at each other out their windows. Once I even saw two parents get out of their cars because one cut the other one off - they were getting right into each other's faces yelling so loudly that some of the little kids started crying because it was scary. The principal had to come out and try to calm everyone down. It was nuts!The worst traffic definitely happens on rainy days when there are less kids walking or riding bikes. That's when it seems like every parent drives their car to pick up their child. The line of cars waiting gets super duper long and goes way down so many blocks. Sometimes my mom gets so frustrated sitting in the line that she'll pull a U-turn and go park a few blocks away so she canjust walk up to the school instead. But even the neighborhood streets get crazy gridlocked on those days too.I really feel sorry for the staff members who have to be out there every afternoon dealing with the traffic chaos. The security guards are trying to keep everybody safe and direct traffic but a lot of times drivers just ignore them. The teachers who are on dismissal duty are going back and forth between the school and the pickup areas, making sure kids find their rides and get home ok. They must get so exhausted from dealing with the pandemonium every single day.There's also a bunch of high school kids who come to help as traffic safety patrollers. I see them in their neon vests trying to stop cars, open up spaces in the pickup line, and help little kids cross the street safely. Some of the kids are so small that I wonder if drivers can even see them out there between all the big cars and SUVs. I'm always holding my breath hoping none of the patrollers get run over - it would be so tragic.I've heard parents complain about the bad traffic situation and saying how the school district really needs to do something to improve it. Some families have suggested having more staggered dismissal times for different grades to at least spread out the number of cars over a longer period. Or possiblyre-routing where the pickup lines go could help too. I've also heard parents beg for stricter traffic enforcement around the school with more crossing guards or police officers to keep things safe and moving.Personally, I think the school should just make a rule that kids aren't allowed to get picked up in cars at all! We could only get home by walking, riding bikes, taking the bus, or getting picked up a few blocks away from school grounds. That would solve the problem once and for all. Of course, I know that's just me dreaming and it won't actually happen. But hey, a kid can hope, right?No matter what though, I just don't understand why it has to be such a mess every single day. You'd think grownups could figure out a better system for dismissal time. Or at the very least, they could be more patient and calmer instead of getting angry and careless. School is for kids and is supposed to be a safe place. But during pickup, it feels like a danger zone.I really miss the "good old days" of kindergarten when my dad just walked a couple blocks to meet me and we'd stroll home together. These days, he still walks to school but we have to cross through the front opening, go against the streams of traffic, and navigate between upset drivers and frantic parentsjust to get away from the school zone. What a stressful way to end the school day!Don't get me wrong, I absolutely love school and I'm having the best time learning. But dismissal time puts a dark cloud over an otherwise sunny day. It makes me anxious and worried, when I should just be happy and carefree after spending the day with friends, reading cool books, and doing fun activities.I sure hope the grownups can find a way to get it together and restore some order and calm to the end of the school day. Because dealing with that crazy mess when the bell rings is frankly no fun at all. I'll be counting down the days until I'm old enough to just walk or bike myself to school and avoid the whole traffic madness! Maybe by the time I'm in middle school, some solutions will be in place to tame the rampant chaos of pickup time. A kid can dream, right?。

常见英语单词替换词同义词

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conversion=changeconvert into=change toconvert=transformconvinced=strongly beliefconvicted=condemned =doomed=sentenced cope=dealcore=central ideacorroborative=确定的，证实的counter=opposecountervailing=compensating courageous=bravecover=includecreative=inventivecritically=cruciallycrude=tough－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－D:debate=arguedecade=a period of ten years decimate=destroydelicate=daintydemolition=destructiondependable=reliabledesert=abandondevise=createdevote=dedicatedim=decreasediminish＝remove, reduce discard=abandon discarded=threw away discern=observe discernible=可辨别的disoperation=侵害作用disperse=scatter(驱散) disposition=temperament dissemination=spread distinction=difference distribution=dispersion diversity=variety documented=recorded domestic=homedramatic=strikingdraw=attractduplicate=copydweller=resident－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－E:eager=enthusiasticearned=acquiredelaborate=detailedeliminate=removeembed=implantemerge=ariseemergent=developingencompass=includeendeavor=attempt, enterprise engage in=participate in=involve engross=absorbenlarge=broadenenlist=obtainenrich=enhanceenroll to one=combine enterprising=innovative environment=settingequipped=furnished:erode=diminisherroneous=wrongescalate=grow，expandestimate=approximateeuphoria=extreme happinesseuphoric=extremely happy (欣快的)eventually=latter =ultimately=laterevident=apparentevolve=developexacerbate=worsenexceedingly=extremelyexert=reflectexhausted=tiredexpedience=advantageexpend=useexplicitly=clearlyexposure=disclosureextant<->extinct extant=remaining extant=existing，living extend=reachextent=magnitude=scale=liberalextol=praiseextracted=removedextraordinary=exceptional－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－F:familiar=well-knownfar-reaching=broadfashionable=popularfashioned out of=made from (fashion from/out of/into是固定搭配) ferry=carryfierce=aggressiveflake=fragment，segmentflexible=adaptablefloat=stay on the topfocal area=centerforage for=hunt for=search forforge=createform=were createdfoster=encouragefunction=purposefurthermore=in addition tofuse=blend－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－G:gather=collectgauge=measuregenre=typegive over to=use for(not sure) green hand=unskilled laborer groundless=unfoundedgrounds=reasonsguide=direct－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－H:halt=stopharness=utilizehazardous=dangeroushence=thereforehigh=tallhinder=interfere withhues=colors－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－I:ignite=set on fireimmediate action=instant actionimmense=large =greatimmoral=improperimpact=influenceimpetus=stimulusimposing=impressiveimpression=imageimprovisation=即席创作in any case=regardlessin fact=actuallyin the contrary=the opposite side is true in the rule=usualinaccessible=unreachableinconceivable=unimaginableincorporate=includeinert=motivelessinevitable=unavoidableinfinite=unlimitedinfrastructure=foundationinitial=originalinitiate=startinnovation=first developinnumerable=countlessinstantaneous=immediateintensity=strengthintertwine=interweaveintrigue=fascinateirreparable (damage)=permanent (not sure) irrupt=ruinisolated=separated－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－J:jeopardy(危险)joined=①met ; 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a rXiv:h ep-th/042222v126Fe b24UNA VOIDABLE CONFLICT BETWEEN MASSIVE GRA VITY MODELS AND MASSIVE TOPOLOGICAL TERMS ANTONIO ACCIOLY ∗and MARCO DIAS Instituto de F´ısica Te´o rica,Universidade Estadual Paulista,Rua Pamplona 145,01405-000S˜a o Paulo,SP,Brazil ∗accioly@ift.unesp.br Massive gravity models in 2+1dimensions,such as those obtained by adding to Einstein’s gravity the usual Fierz-Pauli,or the more compli-cated Ricci scalar squared (R 2),terms,are tree level unitary.Interesting enough these seemingly harmless systems have their unitarity spoiled when they are augmented by a Chern-Simons term.Furthermore,if the massive topological term is added to R +R 2µνgravity,or to R +R 2µν+R 2gravity (higher-derivative gravity),which are nonunitary at the tree level,the resulting models remain nonunitary.Therefore,unlike the common belief,as well as the claims in the literature,the coexistence between three-dimensional massive gravity models and massive topological terms is conﬂicting.Keywords:massive gravity models;topological terms;tree unitarity.The remarkable properties of topological tensor gauge theories in2+1di-mensions are by now not only well-appreciated but also well-understood. The linearized versions of these models describe single massive but gauge-invariant excitations1.Nonetheless,according to a somewhat obscure tree unitarity lore it is expected that the operation of augmenting a nontopo-logical massive gravity model through the topological term would transform the nonunitary systems into unitary ones and preserve the tree unitarity of the originally unitary models.In truth,this addition does more harm than good.Indeed,innocuous avowedly tree unitary models,such as Fierz-Pauli gravity or the more sophisticated R+R2gravity,become nonunitary af-ter the topological addition,while admittedly nonunitary systems,such as R+R2µνgravity or higher-derivative gravity(R+R2+R2µν)remain stubbornly nonunitary after the topological enlargement.Our aim here is to discuss the incompatibility between massive grav-ity models and massive topological terms.The analysis comprises mas-sive topological gravity systems that are focus of the controversy in the literature:topological Fierz-Pauli gravity and topological higher-derivative gravity—they are wrongly considered as tree unitary models2−4—and topo-logical R+R2and R+R2µνgravity.We will show that these topological models are without exception nonunitary at the tree level.To probe the tree unitarity of the models we make use of the method that consists in saturating the propagator with external conserved currents, Tµν,compatible with the symmetries of the theory.The unitarity analysis is based on the residues of the saturated propagator(SP):the tree unitarity is ensured if the residue at each pole of the SP is positive.Note that the SP is nothing but the current-current amplitude in momentum space.Natural units are used throughout.Our signature is(+,−,−).The Riemann and Ricci tensors are deﬁned respectively as Rρλµν=−∂νΓρλµ+∂µΓρλν−ΓσλµΓρσν+ΓσλνΓρσµand Rµν=Rρµνρ.We considerﬁrst topological Fierz-Pauli gravity(TFPG).The Lagrangian related to this model is the sum of Einstein,standard Fierz-Pauli,and Chern-Simons,terms,namely,L=a2g R−m2µǫλµνΓρλσ ∂µΓσρν+2is equal to24πG,with G being Newton’s constant5.Here gµν≡ηµν+¯κhµν, h≡ηµνhµν,and a is a convenient parameter that can take the values+1 (Einstein’s term with the usual sign)or−1(Einstein’s term with the“wrong”sign),so that this is the most general such model.From now on indices are raised(lowered)withηµν(ηµν).To compute the SP we have toﬁnd beforehand the propagator,which involves much algebra.However,the calculations are great simpliﬁed if we appeal to a set of operators made up by the usual three-dimensional Barnes-Rivers operators6,i.e.,P1µν,ρσ=12(θµρθνσ+θµσθνρ−θµνθρσ),P0µν,ρσ=1P0µν,ρσ=ωµνωρσ,P0µν,ρσ=θµνωρσ+ωµνθρσ,whereθµνandωµνare the well-known transverse and longitudinal vector projector operatorsθµν=ηµν−∂µ∂ν2,and the operator Pµν,ρσ≡2∂λ21Adapting to2+1dimensions,with the help of the data from Table1,the algorithm for calculating the propagator related to four-dimensional gravity theories7and using the resulting prescription,weﬁnd that the propagator for TFPG assumes the formO−1=−123+M2a222+2am2M22+M2m4P2−m2+a2P0+123+M2a222+2am2M22+M2m4P.Consequently,the saturated propagator is given bySP T F P G=TµνO−1µν,ρσTρσ.Performing the computations,we promptly obtain in momentum space SP T F P G= Tµν(k)Tµν(k)−1k6−M2a2k4+2am2M2k2−M2m4.Atﬁrst sight it seems that we should start our analysis by setting a=−1 since in the limit m2=0(1)reduces to pure massive topological gravity (MTG)—a theory that requires a=−1to be ghost-free1.Nevertheless,a straightforward numerical computation shows that among the roots of the equationx3−a2λm2x2+2aλm4x−λm6=0,(2) where x≡k2,a=−1andλ≡ Mλ<27/4one real root and two complex onesλ>27/4three distinct positive real roots Accordingly,the viability of the theory requiresλ>27(x1−x2)(x1−x3)(k2−x1),X2=M2(m2−x2)F(k)(x3−x1)(x3−x2)(k2−x3).with F(k)≡Tµν(k)Tµν(k)−12[(A−B)k2]2+C22(E2−F2)−(A−B)k2C.5Assuming,as usual,that T≥0,we get C≤0,implying F(k)>0.If x1< m2,Res SP T F P G|k2=x1>0,Res SP T F P G|k2=x2<0and Res SP T F P G|k2=x3> 0.The theory is causal and has two spin-2physical particles of masses equal to x1and x3,respectively,and one spin-2ghost of mass x2.On the other hand,if x1>m2,the model is causal as well and has at least one spin-2ghost of mass x1.These models are thus nonunitary at the tree level due to the presence of the ghosts.Note that if we set M2=∞,we recover pure Fierz-Pauli gravity(FPG).In this case SP F P G=F(k)4.The authors of Refs.2and3simply aﬃrm that the model in hand is tree unitary;however,no explicit proof is presented to give support to their statement.For clarity’s sake,we quote from Refs.2and3,in this order:“It can be checked that the condition λ>274.”We have shownin detail that this is not true.Actually,the authors of these works have made a mistake as far as the analysis of the sign of the residues of SP T F P G is concerned,which led them to conclude incorrectly that TFPG is unitary at the tree level.We consider now topological higher-derivative gravity(THDG),whose Lagrangian has the formL=√κ2+α2R2µν +13ΓσµβΓβνρ ,(3)whereκ2is a constant that in four dimensions is equal to32πG.Hereαand βare suitable dimensional constants.Before going on we must answer a cru-cial question:What is the use of augmenting pure three-dimensional gravity through the quadratic terms R2and R2µν?The answer is quite straightfor-ward:The quadratic terms convert Einstein’s gravity,that is trivial from the6Table1:Multiplicative operator algebra fulﬁlled by P1,P2,P0,P2P0P1P100P2000P00P0Pθω0PωθP00Pωθ2(P0+0P0−23P2classical viewpoint,into a nontrivial model;furthermore,within the quan-tum scheme,higher-derivative gravity(HDG),unlike pure Einstein’s gravity, has propagating degrees of freedom.In other words,the net eﬀect of adding quadratic or topological terms to pure Einstein’s gravity is just the same: to produce a nontrivial gravity model with gravitons.HDG models have interesting properties of their own:(i)The general solution of its linearized version8great resembles,mutatis mutantis,the four-dimensional metric of a straight U(1)gauge cosmic string in the context of linearized four-dimensional HDG9.(ii)Contrary to what happens with the Newtonian potential—which has a logarithmic singularity at the origin and is unbounded at inﬁnity—HDG’s nonrelativistic potential is extremely well-behaved:it isﬁnite at the origin and zero at inﬁnity10.(iii)Both antigravity and gravitational shielding can coexist without conﬂict with HDG11.(iv)The gravitational deﬂection angle associated to HDG is always less than that related to pure gravity8.Despite these nice properties,HDG possesses a ghost pole in the tree prop-agator which renders it nonunitary within the standard pertubation scheme. However,according to the already mentioned tree unitarity lore,it is naively7expected that if we augment HDG via the Chern-Simons term we would arrive at a tree unitary theory4.Our main objective in what follows is to expose the fallacy of this conjecture.Toﬁnd the propagator concerning THDG,we linearize(3)and add to the result the gauge-ﬁxing Lagrangian,L g.f.=1k2P1−2M2(2a−b2)2[a+b(32+22+4c)2]2[a+b(32[M2b222−4(abM2−1)2+4M2a2]P,where b≡βκ2β.In momentum space,the associated SP assumes the form:SP T HDG=(TµνTµν−11−2abM21−2abM2(k2−M21)+(TµνTµν−11−2abM21−2abM2(k2−M22)+TµνTµν−T22T2b2M2 [1−abM2−√b2M2 [1−abM2+√b(32+4c<0or−12+4c>0.8The former leads to Res SP T HDG|k2=M21>0,Res SP T HDG|k2=M22>0,Res SP T HDG|k2=0=0and Res SP T HDG|k2=m2<0,while the latter results in Res SP T HDG|k2=M21>0,Res SP T HDG|k2=M22<0,Res SP T HDG|k2=0=0and Res SP T HDG|k2=m2<0.The particle content related to theﬁrst situation is two massive spin-2physical particles,one massless spin-2nonpropagating particle and one massive spin-0ghost,whereas that concerning the second one is one massive spin-2physical particle,one massive spin-2ghost,one nonpropagating graviton and one massive spin-0ghost.Therefore,unlike the claim in the literature4,THDG with Einstein’s term with the“wrong”sign is tree nonunitary.Note that the authors of Ref.4state that“the spin-0sector displays a massless pole along with massive poles”as well as that“the massive gravitons propagate as in the pure Einstein-Chern-Simons model:negative-norm states do not appear that spoil the spectrum,which does not aﬀect the unitarity”,pure and simple.A quick glimpse at Table 2it is suﬃcient to convince anyone of the wrongness of these aﬃrmations. In truth,the authors of this work made a mistake in examining both the excitations and mass counts of THDG with a=−1.Could it be that if we have chosen a=+1we would have arrived at an unitary system?The response to this question is negative.Indeed,as-and3suming(i)b<0and32T22ak29Table2:Unitarity analysis of topological higher-derivative gravitya3excitations andmass countsunitarity>02massivespin-2normal particles1massless spin-2nonpropagating particle1massive spin-0ghostnonunitaryat thetree level−1>0no one +1<0no one+12M21massivespin-2normal particle1massless spin-2nonpropagating particle1massive spin-2ghost1massive spin-0normal particlenonunitaryat thetree levela=−1:One massive spin-2physical particle and one nonpropagating gravi-ton;the model is nontachyonic and tree unitary.a=+1:One massive spin-2ghost and one nonpropagating graviton;the system is nontachyonic and nonunitary at the tree level.Comment:Pure massive topological gravity is unitary if and only if the sign of the Einstein’s term is chosen to be−1.This result was obtained in Ref. 1using a quite diﬀerent approach.•Pure R+R2µνGravity(α=0,M2=∞)SP=−TµνTµν−1a(k2+2a ak2+1a(k2−323b(Einstein’s term with the“wrong”sign)and b>0.Nonetheless,the model has a massive scalar ghost which renders it nonunitary at the tree level.•Topological R+R2µνGravity(α=0)SP=(TµνTµν−11−2abM21−2abM2(k2−M21)+(TµνTµν−11−2abM21−2abM2(k2−M22)+TµνTµν−T22T22b)a=−1and b>0:Two spin-2physical particles of masses equal to M1and M2,one propagating graviton and one spin-0ghost of mass m0= 2;the system is nontachionic and tree nonunitary.a=+1and0<b<13b2T22T22)a=+1andα>0:One scalar physical particle of mass m0= 2and one nonpropagating graviton;the model is nontachyonic and tree unitary.a=−1andα>0:One scalar ghost of mass m0= 2and one nonpropa-gating graviton;the system is nontachyonic and tree nonunitary.The remaining systems are tachyonic.Comment:R+R2gravity is tree unitary if and only if the sign of the Einstein’s term is the conventional one.•Topological R+R2Gravity(β=0)11SP=−TµνTµν−1a(k2−a2M2)+TµνTµν−1ak2+1a(k2−ακ2ακ2ακ22T2b)+TµνTµν−1ak2+1a(k2−m2)a=+1,b<0and3−22+4c>0:One spin-2physical particle of mass m2=b and one scalar ghost of mass m;the model is nontachyonic and tree nonunitary.The remaining models are tachyonic.Comment:Higher-derivative gravity is nonunitary for both choices of the sign of the Einstein’s term.To conclude we remark that the enlargement of massive gravitational models via the topological term is a complete nonsense.On the one hand,it does not cure the nonunitarity of massive nonunitary systems(HDG,R+R2µνgravity).On the other hand,it spoils the unitarity of originally unitary masive models(FPG,R+R2gravity).Acknowledgments12A.A.thanks CNPq-Brazil for partial support while M.D.is very grateful to CAPES-Brazil for full support.References1.S.Deser,R.Jackiw and S.Templeton Phys.Rev.Lett.48,975(1982); Annals of Phys.140,372(1982).2. C.Pinheiro,G.Pires and N.Tomimura Nuovo Cimento B111,1023 (1996).3.C.Pinheiro,G.Pires and F.Rabelo de Carvalho Braz.J.Phys.27,14 (1997).4.C.Pinheiro,G.Pires and C.Sasaki Gen.Rel.Grav.29,409(1997).5.A.Accioly,S.Ragusa,H.Mukai and E.de Rey Neto Braz.J.Phys.30, 544(2000).6.R.Rivers Nuovo Cimento34,387(1964);P.van Nieuwenhuizen Nucl. Phys.B60,478(1973);K.Stelle Phys.Rev.D16,953(1977);I.Antoniadis and E.Tomboulis Phys.Rev.D33,2756(1986).7.A.Accioly,S.Ragusa,H.Mukai and E.de Rey Neto Int.J.Theor.Phys. 39,1599(2000).8.A.Accioly,A.Azeredo and H.Mukai Phys.Lett.A279,169(2001).9.B.Linet and P.Teyssandier Class.Quantum Grav.9,159(1992).10. A.Accioly,H.Mukai and A.Azeredo Class.Quantum Grav.18,L31 (2001).11. A.Accioly,H.Mukai and A.Azeredo Mod.Phys.Lett.A16,1449 (2001).13。