《英语国家概况》英国教育历史发展课件
英语国家概况,课件（五）Chapter2History4
英语国家概况,课件（五）Chapter2History4The Formation of the Empire1) The British Empire began with the colonization of Newfoundland (纽芬兰) in 1583, the first British colony overseas.2) First British Empire (1583-1837)Included the colonies in Canada, Australia,New Zealand, India and many small states in West Indies.3) Second British Empire(1837-1901):The Victorian Age witnessed the establishment of the Second British Empire.4) Victoria’s re ign---tremendous achievements and made Britain the largest colonial empire in the world by 20th c.3. ResultsOn the Eve of World War I, Britain was the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen. It controlled a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers, about 1/4 of theworld’s landmass, about 137 times as large as Britain. It ruled over a population of 393.5 million, about eight times that of Britain itself. The British boasted that they were “the Sun Never Set Empire”, consisted of a vast number of protectorates (保护国), Crown colonies (英国殖民地), spheres of influences (势力范围), andself-governing domains (自治领).2.3.2. Britain in the World Wars1. Britain in the First World War2. Britain between the Two Wars3. Britain in the Second World War2.3.2.1. Britain in the First World War1914-1918Imperialism.（20th.C）The power balance in Europe had undergone changes.3. A conflict of interests and colonial rivalry divided Europe into two camps:the Central Powers:Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, BulgariaThe Allied Powers (协约国) --- France, the Russian Empire, Italy, the United States 2. Immediate cause for WWI:On June 28, 1914, the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated by a young Yugoslav in Sarajevo for the conflict on the Balkan Peninsula.3. During the war:The British navy played a very important role in the ultimate triumph.4. Results:The war ended with the victory for the Allies.Britain was drained of its manpower. Britain lost the sea supremacy. Business was slack in Britain.2.3.2.2 Britain between the Two WarsGeorge V → Edward VIII → George VIThe most important maritime and industrial power in Europe The largest navy and air force in the worldThe third largest armyThe industry was aging under the Depression, strikes and labor unrest, colonial ties became weakened.In 1920, the British Communist Party founded.2.3.2.3. Britain in the Second World War1. Reason:⑴the Great Depression：the severe economic problems that followed the Wall StreetCrash of 1929. In the early 1930s, many banks and businesses failed, and millions of people lost their jobs in the US and in the UK and the rest of Europe.⑵According to the Treaty of Versailles (凡尔赛条约), Germany was required torelinquish all its colonies and permanently disarm. In addition, Germany was blamed for starting the war and was compelled to pay a vast sum in reparations (战败国赔款).⑶The Great Depression made things worse and led to the rise of Fascism (法西斯主义).Adolph Hitler aroused strong nationalism and racism in Germany, embarking on an ambitious plan to conquer Europe.⑷Neville Chamberlain (张伯伦) followed a policy of Appeasement (绥靖政策).2. ProcessOn September 1, 1939, Hitler who led German army invaded Poland.Britain and France were forced to declare war on Sept. 3, 1939.Germany invaded France and forced it to surrender in June 1940. Italy also entered the war on the side of Germany. Britain was in a very dangerous position.4. In 1941 the pressure was alleviated for England when Germany attacked the SovietUnion, and Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor. These acts ofaggression propelled the latter two countries into an alliance with Britain.5. With the unified efforts of Anti-Nazi forces, Germany surrendered unconditionally onMay 7, 1945, one week after Hitler committed suicide.3.ResultsBritain won the war, but at great costs.Around 357,000 people were killed and 500, 000 were wounded or missing.The navy was 30% smaller than before the war and Britain lost its naval supremacy forever to the United States.The country had exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investments, andwas deeply in debt to the United States.2.3.3. The Fall of the EmpireAs a result of WWII, most of Britain’s colonies demanded and fought forindependence.India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, followed by Burma and Malaya in 1948. Egypt drove the British army out of the country and the Suez Canal Zone in 1956.In the 1960s, an independence movement swept the entire British Empire. More than 20 countries won their independence. The Empire had been replaced by the BritishCommonwealth of Nations, a loosely organized community of former British colonies.2.4 Britain Since World War II(After WWII, Britain became the third wealthiest power after the United States andthe former Soviet Union.)1. “Three Majestic Circles” (三环外交)2. Thatcher3. Blair2. ThatcherBritish Prime Minister Mrs. Margaret Thatcher reest ablished the “special relationship”with the United States.In 1983, the United States invaded the Caribbean island of Grenada, ignoring the fact that it was a member of the British Commonwealth.In 1986, Britain allowed the U.S. to use its airbase to launch attacks on Libya (利比亚). In 1991, Britain contributed 35,000 troops to a U.S. in “Operation Desert Storm” (沙漠风暴行动).3. BlairTony Blair, pursued a more positive policy toward Europe and participated actively in European affairs.In 1998, Britain and the U.S. launched a joint air strike “Operation Desert Fox” (沙漠之狐行动) against Iraq.ConclusionIn today’s course, the British Empire came into our views. The rise and fall of Empire was introduced detailed. The two World Wars brought Britain the decline of economy and workforces. And the British Empire After the World War II, the relationshipbetween the United Kingdom and the United States is delicate, sometimes the two nations joined together while other time the two disagreed with each other. Themodern prime minister Thatcher and Blair made their efforts to the development of Britain.。
英语国家概况ppt超级详细
Wales Northern Ireland
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries 6
7/20/2020
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries 7
Northern Ireland/Ulster
Shamrock三叶草
Belfast: capital; biggest city in Northern Ireland
Lough Neagh: largest freshwater lake in UK
The Giants Causeway巨人堤道: World Heritage Site
16,905/ km2 1st 6,814/ km2 2nd
7/20/2020
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries 18
Official Language: English
Other Languages:
Welsh威尔士语: about 20% of the population of Wales Scottish Gaelic苏格兰盖尔语: about 60,000 (1%) in Scotland Irish Gaelic爱尔兰盖尔语
7/20/2020
SCOTLAND
St Andrew’s Flag
most important river in Scotland: Clyde River
tallest mountain range: Grampian Mountains格兰扁山脉
英语国家概况 英国教育
the Tripartite System
The Tripartite System /traɪ`pɑːtaɪt/ was the arrangement of state funded secondary education between 1944 and the 1970s in England and Wales, and from 1947 to 2009 in Northern Ireland. It was an administrative implementation of the Education Act 1944 and the Education Act (Northern Ireland) 1947. State funded secondary education was arranged into a structure containing three types of school, namely: grammar school, secondary technical school and secondary modern school. Pupils were allocated to their respective types of school according to their performance in the Eleven Plus examination. It was the prevalent system under the Conservative governments of the 1951 to 1964 period, but was actively discouraged by the Labour government after 1965. It was formally abolished in England and Wales in 1976 giving way to the Comprehensive System. However, elements of similar systems persist in several English counties such as Kent which maintains the grammar school system alongside comprehensive schools. The system's merits and demerits, in particular the need and selection for grammar schools, proved to be a contentious issue at the time and still remain so.
英语国家概况PPT
Chapter One
Geography, People and Language
Contents
I
Geography
II
People
III
The English Language
I Geography
1. Geographical Feature 2. Climate 3. Major Cities
Thames
Lake District
Lake poets
"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" ---William Wordsworth
I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
terrain in the north-west, north and south-west.
Scotland: Its geography is varied, with
英语国家概况课件(修订版)
Total territory: about 243,000 square kilometers
Interesting Fact: No one in the UK lives more than 120 km (75 miles) from the sea.
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Thames
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
The River Thames (泰晤士河)
the longest river in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom (332 kilometers long) a historical landmark in the city of London. A boat ride along the Thames is also something that every visitor should experience. Several boat races and activities take place along or at the river each year.
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Topography(地势）
terrain in the northwest, north and southwest.
England: It consists of lowland terrain, with some mountainous
英语国家概况之英国ppt课件
Wales
Cover less than ?% of the British island; The longest river of the island flow through it
---- ? It has been dominated by England LONGER
than other parts but still retains a strong sense of its difference from England
.
Northern Ireland
The smallest of the other four parts both in area and population;
It occupies the northern ?/? of the island of Ireland.
It has the largest lake of the Isles ---- ?
important river flows through it ---- ?; Highly urbanized ---- ? % of the
population living in cities.
.
Scotland
The second largest part both in area and population;
.
The Empire on which the sun never sets
.
Chapter 1 Geography, People and Language
.
Where is the U.K. in European continent ?
.
.
The U.K.
英语国家概况 英国教育
State schools
Independent schools
Comprehensive Schools Grammar Schools Secondary modern Schools Public schools
Grammar schools
The oldest schools in the UK (Shakespeare) Reserved for students who got high marks in the Eleven Plus examination or selected by other means Concerned with the business of getting ready for the examinations Some are academically among the best schools in England.
/wiki/Direct_grant_grammar_school
Direct grant grammar school
The status was introduced by the Education Act 1944 as a modification of an existing direct grant scheme to privately endowed schools. There were 179 direct grant grammar schools, which together with over 1200 grammar schools maintained by local authorities formed the most academic tier of the Tripartite System. They varied greatly in size and composition, but on average achieved higher academic results than either maintained grammar schools or independent schools. When state secondary education was reorganised on comprehensive lines in the 1970s, the direct grant was phased out and the schools required to choose between becoming maintained comprehensive schools or fully independent schools. Forty-five schools, almost all Roman Catholic, joined the state system, and a few closed. The rest (including all the secular schools) became independent, and mostly remain as highly selective independent schools.
英语国家概况PPT
英语国家概况PPT
Landmarks & Symbols of Edinburgh
Edinburgh Castle
Palace of Holyrood
英语国家概况PPT
英语国家概况PPT
பைடு நூலகம்
Landmarks & Symbols of Cardiff
Millennium Stadium
Cardiff Castle
英语国家概况PPT
Major Cities—Belfast
❖ the second largest city ❖ capital of Northern Ireland ❖ an important historic city
terrain in the north-west, north and south-west.
Scotland: Its geography is varied, with
lowlands in the south and east and highlands in the north and west.
centers.
The River Thames
英语国家概况PPT
Landmarks & Symbols of London
The palace of Westminster
英语国家概况PPT
Landmarks & Symbols of London
Big Ben
Westminster Abbey
of total
英语国家概况课件之英国
Traditions like the Royal Christmas Message, the FA Cup Final, and the Pancake Race are an integral part of British culture. These traditions have been passed down through generations and are a source of pride for the British people.
03
Education system
Preschool education
Summary
Preschool education in the UK is available to all children from the age of 3 to 5 years old. It is not compulsory, but it is highly recommended.
Literature
The UK has a rich literary history, with writers such as Shakespeare, Austen, and Dickens. Their works explore themes of love, loss, and social commentary.
Brexit
Brexit has created uncertainty and division within the UK and its relationship with Europe. This has led to political instability, economic uncertainty, and social unrest.
英语国家概况第一章PPT课件
I Geography
❖ 1. Geographical Feature ❖ 2. Climate ❖ 3. Major Cities
Map of the UK
Read the map to find:
▪Atlantic Ocean ▪North Sea ▪Irish Sea ▪The English Channel (The Channel Tunnel ) ▪The Republic of Ireland
Because it’s the largest, the most populous and the richest section.
Capital: London
❖What industry is most important in Scotland? Tourism.
❖What do people enjoy ? Scotch whisky Kilts bagpipes
England:
Scotland:
Wales:
Ben Nevis in Scotland — the highest point in UK
Northern Ireland: It’s mostly hilly.
Why people tend to use “England” and “English” when they mean “Britain” and “British”?
Capital :Edinburgh
Lake District
Lake poets
"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" ---William Wordsworth
I wandered lonely as a cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云，
(英语考试)英语国家概况PPT
American history
01
1607
Jamestown settlement
02
1773
Boston Tea Party
03
04
1775
American Revolutionary War beginnings
1783
Treatment of Paris ends the war
Canadian history
• Outdoor lifestyle: Canadian culture is associated with an outdoor lifestyle, with a focus on activities like stacking, camping, and skiing
• Love for Hockey: Hockey is considered Canada's national sport, with a strong empБайду номын сангаасasis on teamwork, fair play, and physical fitness
• Multiculturalism and diversity: Australia has a rich cultural heritage due to its diverse population of immigrants from many different countries
• Laid back attitude: Australian culture is often associated with a laid back attitude, with a focus on casual lifestyles, mathematics, and a sense of egalitarianism
英语国家概况课件之英国PPT模板
Northern Ireland
• The smallest of the other four parts both in area and population; • It occupies the northern ?/? of the island of Ireland. • It has the largest lake of the Isles ---- ?
Climate
• TEMPERATE: warm summer (around 20℃), cool winters (around 0℃) and plentiful precipitation.
• 3 Features: 1. frequent fog in winter; 2. large number of rainy days; 3. changeability.
The Empire on which the sun never sets
Chapter 1 Geography, People and Language
Where is the U.K. in European continent ?
The U.K.
British Isles
• England • Scotland • Wales • Northern Ireland
Scotland
• The second largest part both in area and population; • The most important river in it is -- ? • Remained unified state independent of Britain for a VERY long time; ? • One of the most important industries is ----?
英语国家概况课件(修订版)
Interesting Fact: No one in the UK lives more than 120 km (75 miles) from the sea.
精品课件
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
lowlands in the south and east and highlands in the north and west.
Ben Nevis in Scotland — the highest point in UK
Wales: It’s mostly mountainous. South Wales is less mountainous
Countries
Topography(地势）
England: It consists of lowland terrain, with some mountainous
terrain in the northwest, north and southwest.
Scotland: Its geography is varied, with
The UK is made up of:
❖ Great Britain ( England , Scotland and Wales ) ❖ Northern Ireland
精品课件
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
❖The British Isles are the largest group of islands in Europe.
英语国家概况PPT课件
Major Cities—Edinburgh
❖ Capital of Scotland ❖ adm legal, medical and
insurance center of Scotland ❖ beautiful scenery ❖ renowned architecture
Landmarks & Symbols of Edinburgh
Edinburgh Castle
Palace of Holyrood
Major Cities—Cardiff
❖ Europe's youngest capital city
❖ has been the capital city of Wales for around 50 years
Thames
Lake District
Lake poets
"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" ---William Wordsworth
I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
英语国家概况Chapter 3【优质PPT】
A Guide to English-Speaking
Countries
2.1.2 Queen
Queen Elizabeth II
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
Countries
2.1.2 Queen
• from 705 to 666 (Mar. 1, 2004)
▪Final court of appeal—Supreme Court
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
Countries
2.1.4 The House of Commons
Countries
2.1.3 The House of Lords
❖The main legislative function of the House of Lords:
❖ Examine and revise bills from the House of Commons
The House of Lords meets in a lavishly decorated chamber in the Palace of Westminster
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
Countries
2.1.3 The House of Lords
❖The Lords Spiritual (上议院神职议员)
大三上学期英美概况British-History市公开课获奖课件省名师示范课获奖课件
❖ Roman Christianity St. Augustine brings Christianity to Britain from Rome and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
The Norman Conquest
❖Origin: northern France ❖Its country--- Normandy ❖The Norman Conquer England in 1066 ■ the war between William and Harold in
1066 ■ the death of Edward ■ the battle of Hastings ■ William the conqueror, the first Anglo-
successful Roman invasion of Britain ❖ Left—Germanic attack in
Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending the Roman occupation of the island.
❖This is the last invasion of England by foreigners.
1.1.6 The Norman Conquest
In 1067, William started building the Tower of London, the great fortress which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.
英语国家概况课件 全chapter2 British History
Viking and Danish invasions (8th Century—1066)
King Edward, “the Confessor”
Poets' Corner
• Westminster Abbey, built in1052, by the penultimate King of England, the Edward the Confessor (1042-1066)
II The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)
Norman Rule The Great Charter
The origins of Parliament
The Hundred Years’ War The Wars of the Roses
The Shaping of the Nation
Research Questions
• Why to say “British history has been a history of invasi on”? Illustrate this point with examples. How did each of the invasions influence English culture?
France Germany Roman Empire
Influence
S , I,W race & culture Latin language Christianity English race & language
Germany
Denmark
dialect
Normandy
Feudalism
Roman Britain (43 AD—5th Century)
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二战后英国教育发展与改革
1944年
《1944年 教育改革法》 与学制构建
1963年
《罗宾斯报 告》与高等教 育大发展
1988年
《1988年 教育改革法》 与国家统一课 程
英国现行教育制度
英国教育行政制度
中央教育行政
议会
内阁与枢密院
教育与技能部 （Department of Education and Skills）
至二战结束前，英国教育双轨制非常明显，公立学 校和私立学校并存，各成体系，互不相同。
二战前英国教育演进
13C’以前
以宗教教义 为核心的宗教 教育时期
13C’～ 16C’
贵族教育的 形成与发展
17C’～20C’ 初
平民教育 的产生与发展， 双轨制的确立
第二次世界大战后的英国教育发展与改革
《1944年教育法》 主要内容：
在权力分配方面，教育和科学部只是进行宏观调控， 地方一级才对学校具有经营与管理的实权，他们不是 上下级的从属关系，而是一种“伙伴”关系。
英国教育行政制度概述
地方教育行政 英国现行地方政府体制，以都市郡的区、非都市郡、
内伦敦和外伦敦的市为地方教育行政单位。地方教育 当局从总体上负责协调本地区教育的管理，促进教育 质量的提高，其主要职责是：为本地区的学校制订目 标，对学校系统进行监督、评价和指导；维持部分教 育经费的分配与控制权；管理和规划本地区的继续教 育。地方教育当局包括教育委员会和教育局。
《 1988年教育改革法》与推行国家统一课程
《1988年教育改革法》最引人注目的改革措施就是推行国 家统一课程。该法由此被认为是继《1944年教育法》后英国 最重要的一部教育法。
《1988年教育改革法》规定：在义务教育期间，学生必须 学习国家统一课程，包括10门基础学科，数学、英语、科学、 历史、地理、技术学、音乐、艺术、体育和现代外语，其中数 学、科学、英语为核心课程；为每门国家课程制定统一的成绩 目标和教学大纲，并在7、11、14和16岁时对学生进行全国 性评估，包括国家规定的考试。在高等教育方面，对负责大学 和高等教育系统的两大中介拨款机构进行了改革，目的在于加 强政府对大学的控制，密切高等教育与社会和工商界的联系。
教育与技能部职务架构
教育与技能国务大臣 （the Secretary of State for Education，1人）
教育政务次长 （Minister of State ，2
人）
国会次长 （Parliamentary Under Secretary of State ，3人）
教育与技能部组织架构
学校司
继续与高等 教育及青少 年训练司
就业与终身 学习司
教育与 技能部
政策、国际 与分析服务司
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
事务司
人事与 支持服务司
财政司
英国教育行政制度概述
在历史上，地方分权、强调地方适应性和不愿开展全 国性的协作， 是英国长期以来在教育管理方面形成 的一个特点。
如今，英国实行的是中央与地方共同合作管理教育的 一种行政体制，其主要特点是，教育行政由中央的教 育科学部与地方的教育当局共同管理。
英国教育的历史沿革
英国教育发展的三大阶段
一 英国有组织教育的建立和发展——六世纪至十七世 纪时期的教育
二 国家干预公共教育事业以及法定的公共教育体系的 建立——十九世纪到二次世界大战前的教育
三 第二次世界大战后的英国教育发展与改革
英国有组织教育的建立和发展——六世纪至
十七世纪时期的教育
从6世纪到17世纪初的一千年间英国的教育完全由教会控制。因 此，英国有组织的教育是从基督教传入同时开始的。在基督教传 入英国的初期，学校设在大教堂或寺院内，由主教本人或教士对 各种年龄的受教育者进行教育，后来逐渐出现了独立的文法学校 和歌咏学校，并逐渐有了自己的校舍和人员。歌咏学校属于在职 训练的性质，旨在培养教会唱诗班成员和牧师举行仪式时的助手。 歌咏学校到中世纪后期趋于消失。与歌咏学校的职业训练性质相 比，文法学校属于普通教育性质，享有较高地位。随着中世纪古 典大学牛津大学（12世纪中期）和剑桥大学（1209）的兴起， 文法学校成了大学的预备学校，主要职责是为有才能的学生升入 大学做准备。除了教会提供的文法学校外，从十四世纪起，公众 团体及一些私人集资或募捐兴办了学校，称为公学(public school)。1382年成立的温切斯特公学和1440年成立的伊顿公 学被认为是英国最早的公学。最初公学也曾招收一些平民子弟， 但很快便发展成为专门招收上层子弟的贵族学校，毕业生大都进 入牛津大学和剑桥大学学习。
英国教育
东北师范大学国际与比较教育研究所 梁荣华
提到英国和英国教育大家能够想到什么？
英国地图
英国概况
英国的全称是“大不列颠和北 爱尔兰联合王国”（简称UK）。 全境由大不列颠岛(包括英格兰、 苏格兰、威尔士)以及爱尔兰岛东 北部的北爱尔兰和一些小岛组成， 被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、 爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。面积为 24万多平方公里。英国是君主立 宪制国家，女王是名义上的国家元 首，议会是最高立法机关，政府是 执行机关。英国在政治上实行民族 区域自治，苏格兰和北爱尔兰享有 广泛的地方自治权。英国议会的教 育立法主要适用于英格兰和威尔士。 因此，一般在探讨英国教育时主要 是指英格兰和威尔士的教育。
英国教育概况
在英国，99%的人有读写能力 从1870年开始强制小学义务教育，1900年开始强制
中学义务教育 英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士都是通过当地教育主管部门
（或者在苏格兰被叫做教育机关）来资助学校的。 在北爱尔兰，学校则主要通过五个教育和图书董事 会来提供公共资金资助。 目前英格兰共有150个当地教育主管部门，威尔士有 22个。他们同时也负责社会工作。
《1944年教育法》的主要精神
1.如果教育是为了培养整个社会的精神，思想和身体的全面发展， 它就必须针对这个社会每一位个体的精神，思想和身体的全面 发展；教育必须是以孩子为中心的。
2.教育不仅仅是学术上的交流，还涉及一个人的全方位发展：学 识能力，精神需要，身体需要和职业发展需要。历史告诉我们， 宗教和精神价值在英国的教育中同样很重要。1944年通过的 教育法案中就有强调这一点。此教育法案规定了学校的一天应 该怎样开始： 任何学校的一天都应该从一起“祷告”所有学生都来上学开 始——现在也还有这条法律！
英国大众教育的真正发展是与18世纪后期开始的工业 革命密切相关的。工业革命带来的城市人口的急剧增 加和工厂制度的确立，要求广大劳动群众子弟接受一 定的教育和训练，使他们具备一定的读写算技能，成 为合格的劳动力。18世纪下半叶还兴起了“星期日学 校运动”，专门对工人阶级及其子弟进行基本的文化 和道德教育。
法定的公共教育体系的建立
1870年的《初等教育法》 1833年后，国家虽然从财政上对宗教团体和慈善
机构开办的学校进行补助，但教育机构仍属民办性 质。1870年，议会通过了《初等教育法》，也被称 为《福斯特法》。主要内容是：在教会学校设置不 足的地区，设立民选的学校委员会，用地方税开办 公立初等学校；教会学校的地位保持不变，但不能 从地方税中得到补助；公立学校可以进行超越教派 性质的宗教教学，但教师有权不参与宗教教学，家 长也有权要求其子女不参加学校的宗教仪式和宗教 教学。《初等教育法》成为英国公共教育制度确立 的标志。但该法没有触及教会学校的地位，而只是 弥补教会学校的不足，形成了公立学校和教会学校 并存的局面。
中等教育三轨制的确立与中等教育综合化改革
1945年，英国教育部正式确立了中等教育三轨制原则：在 一般情况下，现代中学应占70%-75%，其余部分由文法中学 和技术中学以适当的比例加以分配。
20世纪60年代后，针对战后初期确立的中等教育三轨制， 英国开始了中等教育综合化改革。理论依据就是儿童不应过早 地被划入不同类型的学校，应当更具开放性和灵活性，为儿童 设立有利环境，使他们的潜能得到最大程度的发展。至70年 代初期，除一个地方教育当局外，其他地区均已实行全面的或 局部的综合改组，综合中学逐渐成为英国中等学校的主要类型。
一系列法案的出台与公共教育体系的完善
1876年的《桑登法》 规定家长有义务使其子女接受足够的教育，否则将受到处罚。 1880年的《芒德拉法》 规定实施全面的强制入学政策。
至1899年，义务教育上限提高至12岁，19世纪末、20世纪 初出现了相当于中等学校的高级学校。 1902年的《巴尔福法》
对英格兰公共教育进行了三项根本性改革：私立学校同样享 受国税和地方税补助；撤销1870年以来设立的地方学校委员 会，确立郡和郡自治市议会为新的地方教育当局；责成地方教 育当局开办和资助“不属于初等教育的教育”。
1.法定公共教育体系由初等教育、中等教育和继续教 育三个相互衔接的阶段组成；
2.郡和郡自治市议会为负责三个阶段公共教育的地方 教育当局；
3.改组民办学校，使它们可自由选择成为不同类型的 公助民办学校；
4.地方教育当局必须为超过义务教育年龄者提供正规 教育，并利用闲暇时间进行有组织的文化训练及娱 乐活动提供充足的设施；为一切未满18岁但不受全 日制中等教育或其他经官方承认的全日制或部分时 间制教育的青年提供强迫的部分时间制教育。
多元文化的英国
根据2009年的统计： 英国人口总数为61792000人， 其中，英格兰占83.8%
苏格兰占8.4% 威尔士占4.9% 北爱尔兰占2.9% 五分之一的人口为16岁以下 95%的人英语是母语 86%的人是英国白人 有12种本土语言和100种主要的移民语言
（比如有2百万人说Punjabi旁遮普语——印度的一种语言）
十八世纪：英国大众教育的转向
可以说，17世纪前的英国教育主要是僧侣教育和贵族 教育，大众教育没有得到相应发展。英国资产阶级革 命期间(1640-1688)，曾提出国家干预教育，建立国 民教育制度的建议，但未能得到实施。但是从17世纪 后期开始一些宗教和慈善团体开始创办宗教问答学校 和慈善学校，为英国的大众教育做出了贡献。