新概念课文讲解第四册Lesson7

⽆忧考新概念频道为⼤家整理的新概念课⽂讲解第四册Lesson7 ，供⼤家参考。

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Lesson 7 Bats 蝙蝠
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。

In what way does echo-location in bats play an utilitarian role?
Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back. The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.
It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles --or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.动物发出的声⾳不都是⽤作语⾔交际。

我们只要看⼀看蝙蝠回声定位这⼀极不寻常的发现，就可以探究⼀下声⾳在什么情况下有绝对的实⽤价值。

要透彻理解这句话的意义，我们应先回顾⼀下⼈类最近的⼏项发明。

⼤家都知道，在墙壁或⼭腰附近发出的喊声，就会听到回声。

固体障碍物越远。

回声返回所⽤时间就越长。

敲打船体所发了的声⾳会从海底传回来，测出回声间隔的时间，便可算出该处海洋的深度。

这样就产⽣了⽬前各种船舶上普遍应⽤的回声探测仪。

任何固体者反射声⾳，反射的声⾳因物体的⼤⼩和性质的不同⽽不同。

鱼群也反射声⾳。

从测定海深到测定鱼群，这⼀进展⽐较容易。

根据经验和改进了的仪器，不仅能够确定鱼群的位置，⽽且可以根据鱼群回声的特点分辨出是鲱鱼、鳕鱼，这是⼈们所熟悉的其他鱼。

⼈们发现，某些蝙蝠能发出尖叫声，并能通过回声来确定并躲开障碍物，或找到它们赖以为⽣的昆⾍。

蝙蝠这种回声定位常常可与雷达相⽐较，其原理是相似的。

1.bat n. 蝙蝠
2.strictly adv.明确地
3.utilitarian adj.实⽤的
例句：Thus it was strongly utilitarian.
它具有极强的功利性。

He is very down to earth and is a real utilitarian.
那个⼈很现实，是个⼗⾜的功利主义者。

4.appreciation n.理解
例句：Donald's research won his professor's appreciation.
唐纳德的研究能⼒得到了教授的赞赏。

She shows little appreciation of good music.
她对于好⾳乐⼏乎没有欣赏能⼒。

5.elapse v.消逝
例句：The return of the echo will elapse longer time.
回声返回所耗的时间越长了。

6.hull n.船体
7.interval n.间隔
例句：There was an interval of only twenty days between the two conferences.
两次会议间隔才⼆⼗天。

8.receipt n.收到
例句：We acknowledge receipt of your letter dated July 15, 1999.
您1999年7⽉15⽇的来信已收悉。

9.apparatus n.仪器.Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
not all部分否定，见语法部分
play a role扮演⾓⾊，发挥作⽤
例句：Biological factors play a major role in the development of mental illness.
⽣物因素在精神疾病的发展过程中起着很重要作⽤。

turn to求助于，转到
例句：When you come across some difficulies,you must turn to a policeman for help.
遇到问题时，必须向警察求助。

2.The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.
the ⽐较级表⽰越……越……
例句：The higher you climber,the more difficult it's for you to breath.
爬得越⾼，越难呼吸。

3.Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.
according to根据，按照
例句：According to the color, I would say that this jacket belongs to those trousers.
按颜⾊来说呢，我觉得这件夹克和那条裤⼦很配。

4.With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.
not only,but
例句：not only，but also 不但，⽽且，连接两个并列的成分。

⽽且有时also可以省略。

例句：They not only broke into his office and stole his books,but also tore up his manuscripts. 他们不仅闯进他的办公室，偷⾛了他的书，⽽且还撕掉了他的⼿稿。

5.This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.
compare with可与…相匹敌;可与…相⽐;与…⽐较（异同）
例句：Her garden can't compare with ours.
她的花园没法和我们的相⽐。

We are in a developing country, so don't compare us with developed countries in terms of material life.
咱是发展中国家，物质⽣活⽅⾯别跟发达国家攀⽐。

英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下⼀些表⽰⽅法：
⼀、 all 的否定式：not all…（或：all…not）表⽰"并⾮都……"、"不是所有的都……"例如：
Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并⾮⼈⼈都能当头头。

Not all bamboo grows tall. 并⾮所有的⽵⼦都会长得很⾼。

⼆、 both 的否定式：not…both (或：both… not) "并⾮两个……都……" 例如：
I don＇t want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。

Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗⼦并不都开着。

三、 every…的否定式："不是每……都……" 例如：
Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。

Not everyone likes this book. 并⾮⼈⼈都喜欢这本书。

This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。

四、 always的否定式："并⾮总是（并⾮⼀直）……" 例如：
He is not always so sad. 他并不是⼀直都这样悲伤。

五、 entirely， altogether， completely 和quite 的否定式："不完全……"，"并⾮完全……" 例如：
The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商⼈。

He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。

I don＇t agree completely. 我并不完全同意。

What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不⼗分妥当。

六、 all the time 的否定式："并⾮⼀直……"、"未必⽼是……" 例如：
A foolish man doesn＇t make a mistake all the time. 笨⼈未必⽼是犯错误。

七、 not…and…的否定式，被否定的往往是and后⾯的那⼀部分。

例如：
He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。

This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但⽆教育意义。

She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。

如果将and 换成or，not 对其后⾯的两部分就全盘否定了。

He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。

如要对上述的all， both， every， always，以及entirely， altogether， completely， quite 和 all the time 等词作完全否定，那就分别要⽤与之相对应的全否定词，如no， none， neither， no one， never， not (never)… at all 等。

例如：
All of them can do it.--- None of them can do it.
Both are good.---Neither is good.
Everybody likes it. ---Nobody likes it.
He is always late. --- He is never late.
We don＇t trust them entirely. --- We never trust them at all.
He was here all the time. --- He was never here..To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions.
要透彻理解这句话的意义，我们应先回顾⼀下⼈类最近的⼏项发明。

2.A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom,and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated.
通过敲击空船发出的声⾳将会从海底反射回来，测出回声间隔的时间，便可算出该处海洋的深度。

3.So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish.
从测定海深到测定鱼群，这⼀进展⽐较容易。

4.It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes,
⼈们发现，某些蝙蝠能发出尖叫声，并能通过回声。

5.This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.蝙蝠这种回声定位常常可与雷达相⽐较，其原理是相似的。