英语文化课七M2U2

英语文化课（七）
★段落翻译
The five rings in the Olympic flag stand for the five continents on the earth, which means any country can take part in the Olympic Games. But only athletes who have reached the agreed standard for their event will be admitted as competitor s. There are some volunteer s a s wel l who offer help for the Olympic Games, for example, taking charge of the accommodation of the athletes.
句子翻译
1.IT 代表的是信息技术。

（stand for）
2.学生们积极参加讨论。

（take part in）
3.来自不同国家的运动员们为了国家的荣誉而竞争。

（compete for ）
4.经理不在的时候，他负责公司的运行。

（take charge of ）
5.The police are going to charge him with murder.
6. How much do you charge for mending a pair of shoes?
What is the charge for a day at the Hilton Hotel?
★stand for vt.代表=be on behalf of , represent
①(朗文)Her greatest ambition was to stand for her country at the Olympics.
她最大的愿望是代表自己的国家参加奥运会。

②The competition attracted over 500 players ,standing for 8 different countries.
这次比赛吸引了代表8个不同国家的500多名运动员。

1). The sign X stands for an unknown number. 符号X表示一个未知数。

2). My mother stands for the kind treatment of all children.我妈妈主张对待一切孩子都要慈爱。

[短语归纳] stand by袖手旁观；无动于衷stand by sb支持；帮助；忠于
stand out(from／as)显眼；突出stand up站起；站立；起立
1．Last week，Susan and David，________our university’s student association，met the Chinese guests at the New York airport.
A．to stand for B．standing for C．stood for D．having stood for
★.take part in参加(回归课本P9)Who could not take part in the ancient Olympic Games?谁不能参加古代奥运会呢？
①(牛津P1449)How many countries took part in the last Olympic Games?有多少国家参加了上届奥运会？
[易混辨析]join，join in，take part in，attend
(1)join“参加”，指加入党派、社会团体、军队等并成为其中一员。

join the army/the Party/the League参军/入党/入团
(2)join(sb.)in指参与某项活动，口语中常与take part in 通用(3)take part in指参加群众性活动、会议并在其中起积极作用。

(4)attend是正式用语，指参加会议、婚礼、典礼；听报告、讲座等。

一般指成为观众或听众。

①He joined the Party in 1980. ②He joined us in the discussion yesterday.
③I suggest those taking part in the competition should be praised. ④She had an important lecture to attend. 1．The Olympic Games________liked by almost everyone in the world.That’s why more and more countries decided________the Olympics. A．is；to join B．are；to join C．is；to take part in D．are；to take part in 2．When my neighbours came out to do morning exercises，I also________.
A．joined B．joined in C．attended D．took part in
3.All the students in this school are required to________at least two lectures on how to study every month. A．attend B．take part in C．join in D．go in for
★admit vt.& vi.容许；承认+doing；接纳；容纳(回归课本P10)Only athletes who have reached the agreed standard for their event will be admitted as competitors.只有达到他们各自项目规定水平的运动员才被允许参加比赛。

be admitted as sb into sp 作为…被接纳、录取….
1.He admitted _______ the novel. A. into read B. to have read C. reading D. having read
2．(2009年高考全国卷Ⅱ)If you leave the club，you will not be________back in.
A．received B．admitted C．turned D．moved
★compete vi.比赛；竞争(回归课本P9)How many countries competed in the ancient Olympic Games?
有多少国家参加古代奥运会？competition ,n competitor 竞争者compete with/against与……竞争
①(牛津P400)We can’t compete with them on price.我们在价格上无法与他们竞争。

②Zhang Yining and Wang Nan competed in the 29th Olympic Games.张怡宁和王楠参加了第29届奥运会。

③(牛津P400)Young children will usually compete for their mother’s attention.小孩子通常都会在母亲面前争宠。

④Nobody can entirely keep away from this competitive world.没有人能够完全远离这个竞争的社会。

1．A lot of competitors from the world will go to London to compete ________ each other________medals in 2012. A．for；against B．against；with C．with；for D．for；with
2.We can’t____ other countries in trade if we don’t develop our national ec onomy.
A. compete for
B. compete against
C. catch up
D. catch with
★.as well也；还(常放在句子末尾，作为副词短语使用)(回归课本P10)For each Olympics，a special village is built for them to live in，a main reception building，several stadiums for competitions，and a gymnasium as well.每届奥运会都要建一个特殊的村庄(奥运村)让参赛的人住，一个主接待楼、几个比赛用的体育场及一个体育馆。

①My little brother can speak English and French as well.我弟弟会说英语，也会说法语。

②Many students as well as Tom were present at the meeting.汤姆和许多学生都出席了会议。

③She cooks as well as her mother does.她烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好。

④Since you have started the job，you might as well finish it.既然你已经开始了这项工作，不妨把它做完吧。

1．—You seemed to be deeply struck by his skill.
—Not exactly.It was his courage________his skill that really struck me most.
A．rather B．as well as C．but also D．not as
★.charge vt.& vi.收费；控诉；充电n．费用；主管
(回归课本P12)duty to be in charge and get in trouble if things go wrong当一些事情出错而陷入麻烦，有责任去负责in the charge of由….负责（掌管）
①(牛津P320)Do you think museums should charge for admission?你认为博物馆应该收入场费吗？
②(牛津P320)He was charged with murder.他被指控犯有谋杀罪。

③(牛津P319)He took charge of the farm after his father’s death.父亲去世后他掌管了农场。

1．一位新经理将负责由王先生掌管的公司。

A new manager will come to________ ________ ________this company，which was________ ________ ________ ________Mr.Wang.
★阅读理解专题如何猜测词义How to Decode Unfamiliar Words
Ways to decode unfamiliar words 定义解释同义同位因果关系对比转折构词知识生活常识
举例归纳
★构词法：派生法（Derivation）
disability dis able ity
Give two examples of each affix
dis-/un-/in-/non-非---，不--- trans-跨越；进入某一处或状态re-再次---inter-相互间---
micro-微小的--- mis-错误的--- mini-（体积，长度等）小的，短的
-ful/-less有---/没有--- -able/ible能够---；可以--- -ist具有专业技能的人
Tell how the word is formed and guess its meaning
★合成法（Compounding）把两个或两个以上独立的词合成一个新词。

low-carbon easygoing worldwide airhostess peaceloving
self-centered seasick homesick notebook
★转化法（Conversion ）由一种词性转化为另一种词性的词。

n. v. take/bear
He is a man with broad shoulders.
Your headteacher shoulders the responsibility of taking care of you at school.
★缩略法(Abbreviation)
Global Positioning System GPS(全球定位系统）World Trade Organization WTO(世界贸易组织）
Chief Executive Officer CEO（首席执行官）United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
★Contextual Clues语境法猜测词义 1.定义法Definition定义: Clues is/be defined as be called/be known as that is (to say) in other words to put it another way namely i.e
同义词反义词◎Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal.
◎Alexander Graham Bell was born in 1874 in Edinburgh, Scotland. His father was an expert in phonetics, the study of the sounds of language.
2.同义法反义法★Synonyms同义：Clues and/or/ like/ similarly as …as/ the same as
★Antonyms反义：Clues but/while/ however instead of/ rather than unlike/yet/ otherwise though/on the contrary
Ex.2 The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.
Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. My aunt was an old woman, much shorter and almost as plump as mother.
Th ough Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.
John is wasteful and usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things. His wife, however, is very thrifty.
◎In the past the world seemed to run in order. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil.
◎Some human actions are learned, but quite a few other actions are innate.
3.因果关系法★Clues because/as/since/for so/thus/as a result so … that /such … that therefore
Ex Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic.
The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.
◎He’s such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade.
◎She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.
4.举例归纳★ Clue such as like ，for example，for instance，e.g
Ex.4 Students buy stationery in the shop such as tapes, pens, pencils ,rubbers, correction fluid and knifes.
On the farm they mainly raise poultry, for example chickens, ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat.
The new couple bought a lot of household appliances , for instance washing machines, fridges and microwave ovens ect.
5.生活常识
EX.◎Pres ent at the Bo’ao Forum are leaders from 12 countries
◎In the strong wind, the victims of the Yushu earthquake shivered with the terrible cold.
Inquiry-based Activities (I)
Passage 1 Tens of thousands of baby penguins(企鹅）face starvation after two giant icebergs broke off the Antarctic ice sheet and blocked their parents’ road to the feeding areas. Adeline and emperor penguins nesting on the Ross island rookeries are now forced to walk long distances over the icebergs to obtain food for their chicks, born during the November-December breeding season.
What does the underlined word “obtain” probably mean? A. eat B. get C. sell D. buy
Passage 2 A man’s position among the black-tent people depends on his ancestors, relatives, and fellow tribesmen. If they are honored, he is also honored. If they are disgraced, he too is disgraced. Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family, his lineage(宗系), and his tribe.
The word “disgrace” means _________ in this text. A. honor B. endanger C. proud D. shame
Passage 3 The ruler had been so cruel and dishonest that after the revolution he was banished. A few members of the Senate(参议院) opposed this decision, but the majority voted that the ruler should leave the country for ever. The underlined word “banished” mean_______.
A. killed by stoning
B. sent away
C. imprisoned
D. punished by whipping
Passage 4 My first job was to drive the oxen that ploughed the cane fields. I would walk behind an ox, guiding him with a broomstick. For $ 1 a day, I worked eight hours straight, with no food breaks. It was very tedious work, but it prepared me for life and taught me many lasting lessons. Because the plantation owners were always watching us, I had to be on time every day and work as hard as I could.
What does the underlined word “tedious” probably mean? A. interesting B. tiresome C. relaxing D. challenging Passage 5 Although he often had the chance, Mr. Brown was never able to steal money from a customer. This would endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
The word “jeopardize” means _____ in this text. A. protect B. endanger C. continue D. stop
Passage 6 After a four-year relationship with a major fortune 100 company beginning as a sales trainee and ending as a regional sales manager, I left the company at the height of my career. Many people were astounded that I would leave after earning a six-figure income. And they asked why I would risk everything for a dream.
The underlined word “astounded” means ____. A. very sad B. very sorry C. very pleased D. greatly surprised Passage 7 Jennifer, 29, owner of a two-bedroom apartment with her husband ,worries that she won’t be able to have children for at least a decade because they can’t to buy a house y et.
I read that ,and I thought ,what planet is she living on where you need to own a house in order to have kids? Has she ever visited developing countries? House ownership is a luxury(奢侈) ，not a fertility requirement.
The underlined word “fertility” means________.
A. have kids
B. pleasure
C. baby comfort
D. baby raising
Passage 8 Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.
What does the underlined phrase “die hard” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. Change suddenly.
B. Change significantly.
C. Disappear mysteriously.
D. Disappear very slowly.
★阅读理解真题实战演练
（2013年陕西卷）D
About 30 years ago, I left Cuba for the United States with my son. After getting settled finally in Brunswick, New Jersey, I enrolled(注册) my son in kindergarten. Several weeks later, my son’s teacher asked me to meet him at his office.
In the teacher’s office, and exchange of greetings was followed by his questions: “Is your son mentally retarded(弱智的)？Does he suffer from any kind of mental disability?”
Was he talking about my wonderful Scola? NO, no, it can’t be. What a helpless, lon ely moment! I told him that Scola was a quiet, sweet little boy, instead. I asked him why he was asking me all these questions.
My son could not follow the teacher’s directions, he told me, and thus, Scola was disrupting the class. Didn’t he know my son did not speak English yet?
He was angry; “Why hasn’t your son been taught to speak English? Don’t you speak English at home?”
No, I didn’t speak English at home, I replied. I was sure my son would learn English in a couple of months, and I didn't want him to forget his native language. Well, wrong answer! What kind of person would not speak in English to her son at home and at all time? “Are you one of those people who come to this country to save dollars and send them back to their country, never wanting to be a part of this society?”
Needless to say, I tried to tell him I was not one of “those people.” Then he told me the meeting was over, and I left.
As I had expected, my son learned to speak English fluently before the school year was over. He went on to graduate from college and got a job, earning close to six figures. He travels widely and leads a well-adjusted, contented life. And he has benefited from being bilingual(双语的)。

Speaking more than one language allows people to communicate with others; it teaches people about other cultures and other places—something very basic and obviously lacking in the “educator” I met in New Jersey.
57. The teacher asked the author to his office__________.
A. to discuss Scola’s in-class performance
B. to get Scola enrolled in kindergarten
C. to find a language partner for Scola
D. to work out a study plan for Scola
58. What does the underlined word “disrupting” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Breaking
B. Following
C. Attending
D. Disturbing
59. The author’s attitude towards being bilingual may best be described as__________.
A. critical
B. casual
C. positive
D. passive
60. This text is likely to be selected from a book of _________.
A. medicine
B. education
C. geography
D. history
（2013年陕西卷）D【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文，题材是学校教育。

作者通过讲述我与儿子的老师在办公室的谈话的故事，证明我让儿子保留母语的想法是正确的。

最后，儿子得益于他的双语技能找到了高薪的工作。

【难句学习】
1. Are you one of those people who come to this country to save dollars and send them back to their country, never wanting to be a part of this society?
翻译：你是那些来这个国家攒钱并把它们寄回本国，从来不想成为这个社会的一员的人之一吗？
分析：句中who引导定语从句，never wanting to be a part of this society是现在分词短语作状语。

2.Speaking more than one language allows people to communicate with others; it teaches people about other cultures and other places----something very basic and obviously lacking in the “educator” I met in New Jersey.
翻译：不止讲一种语言让人们和（更多的）人进行交流，这教会人们了解其他的地方和文化，这是一些最基本的东西。

可是，很显然，我在新泽西遇到的那个老师就缺乏这种意识。

分析：句中Speaking more than one language allows people to communicate with others作原因状语，something very basic and obviously lacking in the “educator” I met in New Jersey是同位语，I met in New Jersey是定语从句。

（2013年高考四川卷）B
On a sunny day last August, Tim heard some shouting. Looking out to the sea carefully, he saw a couple of kids in a rowboat were being pulled out to sea.
Two 2-year-old boys, Christian and Jack, rowed out a boat to search for a football. Once they’d rowed beyond the calm waters, a bleach umbrella tied to the boat caught the wind and pulled the boat into open water. The pair
panicked and tried to row back to shore. But they were no match for it and the boat was out of control.
Tim knew it would soon be swallowed by the waves.
“Everything went quiet in my head,” Tim recalls(回忆). “I was trying to figure out how to swim to th e boys in a straight line.”
Tim took off his clothes and jumped into the water. Every 500 yards or so, he raised his head to judge his progress. “At one point, I considered turning back,” he says. “I wondered if I was putting my life at risk.” After 30 min utes of struggling, he was close to yell to the boys, “Take down the umbrella!”
Christian made much effort to take down the umbrella. Then Tim was able to catch up and climb aboard the boat. He took over rowing, but the waves were almost too strong for him.
“Let’s aim for the pier(码头),” Jack said. Tim turned the boat toward it. Soon afterward, waves crashed over the boat, and it began to sink. “Can you guys swim?” he cried. “A little bit,” the boys said.
Once they were in the water, Tim decided it would be safer and faster for him to pull the boys toward the pier. Christian and Jack were wearing life jackets and floated on their backs. Tim swam toward land as water washed over the boys’ faces.
“Are we almost there?” they asked again and again. “Yes,” Tim tol d them each time.
After 30 minutes, they reached the pier.
35. Why did the two boys go to the sea?
A. To go boat rowing.
B. To get back their football.
C. To swim in the open water.
D. To test the umbrella as a sail.
36. What does “it” in Paragrap h 2 refer to?
A. The beach
B. The water.
C. The boat.
D. The wind
37. Why did Tim raise his head regularly?
A. To take in enough fresh air.
B. To consider turning back or not.
C. To check his distance from the boys.
D. To ask the boys to take down the umbrella.
38. How did the two boys finally reach the pier?
A. They were dragged to the pier by Tim.
B. They swam to the pier all by themselves.
C. They were washed to the pier by the waves.
D. They were carried to the pier by Tim on his back.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文，题材是人物故事。

作者描述了两个孩子划船出海捡球遇险，Tim勇敢地游泳去营救的故事。

（2013年高考天津卷）C
Poet William Stafford once said that we are defined more by the detours (绕行路) in life than by the narrow road toward goals. I like this image. But it was quite by accident that I discovered the deep meaning of his words.
For years we made the long drive from our home in Seattle to my parents' home in Boise in nine hours. We traveled the way most people do: the fastest, shortest, easiest road, especially when I was alone with four noisy, restless kids who hate confinement(限制) and have strong opinions about everything.
Road trips felt risky, so I would drive fast, stopping only when 1 had to. We would stick to the freeways and arrive tired.
But then Banner, our lamb was bent. He was reeled by h, mama days before our planned trip to Boise, I had two choices: leave Banner with my husband, or take him with me. My husband made the decision for me.
That is how I found myself on the road with four kids, a baby lamb and nothing but my everlasting optimism to see me through. We took the country roads out of necessity. We had to stop every hour, let Banner shake out his legs and feed him. The kids chased him and one another. They'd get back in the car breathless and energized, smelling fresh from the cold air.
We explored side roads, catching grasshopper in waist-high grass. Even if we simply looked out of the car window, at baby p.gs following their mother, or fish leaping out of the water, it was better than the best ride down the freeway. Here was life. And new horizons(见识).
We eventually arrived at my parents' doorstep astonishingly fresh and full of stories.
I grew brave with the trip back home and creative with my disciplining technique. On an empty section of road, everyone started quarreling. I stopped the car, ordered all kids out and told them to meet mc up ahead. I parked my car half a mile away and read my book in sweet silence.
Some road trips are by necessity fast and straight. But that trip with Banner opened our eyes to a world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and made me realize that a detour may uncover the best part of a journey-and the best part of yourself.
46. Why did the author use to take freeways to her parents' home?
A. It was less tiring.
B. It would be fester and safer.
C. Her kids would feel less confined.
D. She felt better with other drivers nearby.
47. The author stopped regularly on the country roads to ______.
A. relax in the fresh air
B. take a deep breath
C. take care of the lamb
D. let the kids play with Banner
48. What does the author discover from the trip according to Paragraph 6?
A. Freeways are where beauty hides.
B. Getting close to nature adds to the joy of life.
C. Enjoying the beauty of nature benefits one's health.
D. One should follow side roads to watch wild animals.
49. Why did the author ask the kids to get out of the car on their way back home?
A. To give herself some time to read.
B. To order some food for them
C. To play a game with them
D. To let them cool down.
50. What could be the best title for the passage?
A. Charm of the Detour
B. The Road to Bravery
C. Creativity out of Necessity
D. Road Trip and Country Life
【语篇解读】本文我一篇记叙文。

记叙了作者为了方便照顾年幼的孩子驱车去父母家时而不得不改变多年行驶路线的经历，以及由此而产生的感悟。

【难句学习】
1. But it was quite by accident that I discovered the deep meaning of his words
翻译：很偶然我发现了他的这些话的深层含义。

分析：这是强调句型结构：it is/was……that/who……当被强调部分不是表“人”的词或短语时，只能用that。

句子的主干是I discovered the deep meaning of his words。

2. But that trip with Banner opened our eyes to a world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and made me realize that a detour may uncover the best part of a journey---and the best part of yourself.翻译：但是和Banner一起的旅途开阔了我们对于这个对任何人来说四处瞎逛都很危险的世界的视角，让我意识到绕行路可能会揭开旅途中最美好的那部分，即你自己最美好的那部分。

分析：句子的主干是that trip做主语；opened和made一起做并列谓语。

其中adventurous enough to wander around 形容词短语做world的后置定语；that引导的从句做动词realize的宾语从句。