08新版GMAT写作-讲义

GMAT 写作讲义主讲：韦晓亮教材说明：本教材包括老师授课时的主要结构和文章，老师最后讲的题库题库请到官方网站下载1. 个人著作《GRE作文大讲堂－方法、题目、剖析》GRE、GMAT所有班推荐作文用书《GRE作文大讲堂－方法、题目、剖析》2. 什么是GMAT考试，都考些什么题型，各个题型都要做多少个题目，分数多少比较合理。

GMAT――GMAT（Graduate Management Admission Test）普通管理项目、会计学、艺术管理、行为科学、经济学、财政、保健事业、国际贸易、信息工程学和工商管理●GMAT考试满分为800分GMAT: 分AWA, Quantitative 和Verbal 三部分,Quantitative: 75分钟37个题, 包括DS, PS两部分PS: Problem Solving. DS: Data Sufficiency,Verbal: 75分钟41个题, 包括CR（逻辑）, RC（阅读）, SC（句子改错）三部分CR: Critical Reasoning (逻辑), 约有12个题。

RC: 一般会出四篇阅读，两长两短。

SC: Sentence CorrectionAWA: analytical writing assessmentAA——analytical argument AI——analytical issue分析性写作考试（AWA）的特点：a. 重点考辩证的分析能力，而不是语言表达b. 有题库，题目就在题库里出题库在下载3. 各个部分之间的联系GMAT体现的尤为典型（1）GMAT写作之立论文―――GMAT阅读（2）GMAT写作之驳论文―――GMAT逻辑例如：充分必要条件逻辑在写作和逻辑中都是考查重点1．充分：所谓充分条件就是仅有这条件就足以带来结果，不需考虑别的条件了。

它是谁成立，谁一定也成立，比如A→B, 如果A成立，那么一定有B2．必要：所谓必要条件就是没有这个条件结果一定不对。

4. GRE和GMAT几乎一样，体现在：5. 一定的词汇量作GMAT写作和GMAT考试的保障6. GMAT写作评分标准7. GMAT的题库特点（1）Issue题库：（2）Argument题库:Argument 部分一.Argument的写作特点二.Argument整体结构第一段：开头段。

主要是归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备发起进攻。

第二段和第三段甚至第四段：分类别去攻击各个逻辑错误。

第五段：结尾段。

作者的结论似乎是合理的，但是通过论证，不是这样的。

因此作者在做出决定之前，应该还要考虑其他情况。

三.如何写开头段？例.重复结论+扼要重述论据+转折（总论）In this memo the vice president of Nature's Way CNW), a chain of stores selling health food and health-related products, recommends opening a store in Plamesville. To support this recommendation the vice president cites the following facts about Plainesville: (1) sales of exercise shoes and clothing are at all-time highs; (2) the local health club is more popular than ever; and (3) the city's schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness program. Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation.四.开头段的小宝式写法（C－E－F）Merely based on unfounded assumption and dubious (suspicious) evidence, the statement draws a conclusion that_____. To substantiate (support) the conclusion, the arguer points out evidence that_____. In addition, he indicates that_____. Furthermore, he cites the result of a recent survey in support of this recommendation. At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. In my point of view, this argument suffers from N logical flaws.五.如何写正文段六.如何写结尾段七.结尾段的具体写法To sum up, this arguer fails to substantiate its claim that_____, because the evidences cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to_____. Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that_____. Therefore, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.八.各个逻辑错误的攻击方法和语言1.Survey/Study：(1)ProcedureA. Selective sampleB. Quantity of the sampleUnless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge_____ generally. The number of respondents/samples in itself does not ensure representativeness. For example, if the sample included only , then the results would no doubt suggest . Or if _____, (1200) would account for only a little percentage, which would renders the result of the survey meaningless.(2)Result of the surveyA. Do the statistics make any meaningfullness?B. Are the statistics misleadingly vague?①攻击“无相对比值”The argument tells us that “many” (a number of ) _____. However, the speaker fails toindicate the percentage of _____, so this evidence is far too vague to be meaningful.②攻击“无绝对数值”The author fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of ____.C. RespondentsThe respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall_____.(3)Who conducted the survey?The surveyor should be nonaligned / cross-becher.(4)When was the survey conducted? 调查时间与所得结果够接近否A threshold problem is that the editorial neglects to indicate how recently he survey was actually conducted. When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization. All we know in this editorial is that the survey was recently published. The less recent the survey itself, the less reliable the results to indicate current interest levels.2.Sufficient Evidence and Necessary Condition(1)Sufficient Evidencea.The argument assumes too hastily that ____will necessarily result in the behavior that the argumentpredicts. Perhaps,_____. Moreover,____.b.The fact that A is not sufficient for the prediction that B .(2)Necessary ConditionThe editor’s recommendation depends o n the assumption that no factors other than A caused B . However, common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one. A myriad of other factors, including ___or ____, might just as likely be the cause of B . To be specific,_____. Without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by ____ can____.3.Cause and Effect Fallacies(1) Non sequitur 无因果The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that ____and the claim that____. This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. Perhaps, for example, ____results from_____.(2) Post hoc, ergo proper hoc (标志词after this, therefore because of this) 时序因果Based on the fact that ____ occurred after _____, the editor infers that ____should be responsible for _____. However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that earlier development caused the later one. It might have resulted from some other events instead: ____________----to just a few possibilities. Without ruling out scenarios such as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between______ and _______ upon which editor’s the recommendation depends.(3) Concurrence同时性因果关系错误（标志词with, under, as , meanwhile, at the same time）4题、11题、15题、27题The argument observes a correlation between A and B , then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. However, the argument fails to rule out other possible explanations for A or B . For example, _____. Any of these factors might lead to B . Without ruling out all other factors it is unfair to conclude thatA is responsible for B.(4) Confuse the cause and effect 混淆因果22题.It is possible that the mayor has confused cause with effect respecting the recent developments in Ocean View. Perhaps A was a response to B. Since the mayor has failed to account for this possibility, the claim that _____ is completely unwarranted.4.Changing Scope Fallacies 范围变化类错误(1)Different concepts 差异类35A threshold problem involves the definition of A . The arguer fails to define this critical term. If A is defined asB , then howC , is irrelevant to whether____. In short, without a clear definition of A , it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.(2)What is true for a member is also true for the group标志词national, nationwide, statewide, throughout, overall 13 14 26 43The argument resets on the assumption that 个体案例typify nationwide 整体情况. If this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that 在另一个地方，上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况Thus, lacking more marketing information about ____ nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memo’s recommendation.(3)Assuming that characteristics of a group apply to each group memberOne problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide (characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group) statistics about _____ applies equally to 个体成员，Yet this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. Perhaps ______; or perhaps ______ . Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that _____.(4)Average5.Incomplete Thought 考虑不全面(1)Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly7，9,40In addition, the author fails to consider the possible negative impacts brought about by .(2)Profit 2,13 profitable，33,34The author’ conclusion that _____ is unwarranted. Profit is factor of not only revenue, but also costs. It’s entirely possible that the costs of_________ , or other costs associated with ________, will offset, even outweigh the revenue. Besides, a myriad of other possible occurrence, such as unfavorable economic conditions, might prevent ______ from being as profitable in the foreseeable futures as the argument predicts.6.All things remain unchanged over time(1)Past conditions remain unchanged in the present and future( last year, ten years ago, trend, tendency) 19,31,38The author claims that ______, because _____ . The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different time. The assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended periods of time. There are likely all kinds of difference between A and B . For example, A_______; however, B______. Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that ______(2)Present Conditions will remain unchanged into the future 447.Vague evidence 108.Analogy and comparison(1)False analogy 17,36,44,45The arguer’s recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between A and B. The analogy falsely depends on the assumption that ______ in both A and B are similar. However, it is entirely possible that A与B存在很大的不同. In short, without accounting for important possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot reasonably prove the proposed method will help A_____ .(2)Incomplete or selective comparison(3)Comparison and Variation9.False dilemma 标志either... or (28)Even assuming A is not the reason for the B , the author falsely assumes that the B must be attributable to C. This “either-or ” argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of the B . For example, perhaps 其他可能原因, or perhaps 其他可能原因10.Unwarranted Assumption 所有逻辑错误都可以称为无理假设19,34The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that ______. However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. For example, it is most likely that ______. Therefore, the argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.11. Hasty generalizationIn addition, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if A , it does not follow that B . It is highly possible that other factors may have contributed to B. For instance, __________ . Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning B. Without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to B, the author cannot confidently conclude that ______.Issue文章结构_________? The discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come into vogue during the last decade. People’s opinions are divergent on such a complex and controversial issue. The author declares that___, however, it oversimplifies this issue. The final judgment, in my point of view, should depend on a case-by-case analysis.First and foremost, at the risk of sounding too simplistic, my main proposition for___can be summarized in one saying that___. What is more, I approve the statement that ____ without reservations in respect that____. As a consequence, ____. Let’s bring our discussion here to a more present and practical context, it can be given a concrete example:_____. Meanwhile, according to a recent survey, it is estimated that____. Similarly, ______.From a personal perspective, another essential factor why I advocate ____involves the realm of ____. No one can deny that____. Moving on to wider themes, ____. History is replete with ample evidence to demonstrate this point. A notable case in point refers to____.However, we should concede that despite the merits of ____mentioned above, overextended ___will be indeed harmful. The harm it produces is , in my view, both palpable and profound. For the individual, it has adebasing impact on _____; for the society, it may promote the tendency toward _____.To successfully curb such unfavorable blights, it is imperative for us to take several efficacious steps into consideration. In the first place, we should appeal to the authority to work out relevant regulations to _____. In the second place, we should cultivate and enhance people’s awareness that _____. In the thi rd place, _____should pour more investment into_____.From the analyses made above, I strongly commit to the notion that _____, not only because_______, but also because_______, but it depends on_________.写作必背单词和短语1.counterproductive adj.产生相反效果（结果）的e.g. It is counterproductive to be too tough: it just makes the staff resentful.2.seminal adj.萌芽的，潜在的；开创性的；有重大影响的e.g. in the seminal state （在萌芽状态）|| seminal thoughts || seminal principle（基本原则）3.forgo v.放弃e.g.The choice to forgo his security is always available, although it might carry unpleasant consequence.4.intuition n.直觉e.g.I will trust my strong intuition that free will is an essential part of our being as humans.5.satisfy v.证明是正当的，公证的；为…寻找正当理由e.g. In the final analysis, government cannot philosophically satisfy assisting large cities for the purposeof either promoting or preserving the nation's cultural traditions; nor is government assistance necessary toward these ends.6.resort to …诉诸…e.g.there is no necessity to resort to violent actions such as demonstration, riot or rebel.7.hinge on … 以…为转移，靠…转动e.g. The claim that society’s destiny hinges on how children are socialized, while appealing in somerespects, is an over-statement at best.8.lend some credence to … 提供支持e.g. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics lend some credence to this position, bysuggesting that these determining physical forces include our own individual genetic makeup.9.dimension n.大小；体积；程度；范围e.g. I did not realize the dimensions of the problem.10.amount to … 相当于；等于e.g. What you say amounts to a direct accusation.11.inspire v.激励或鼓舞e.g. To begin with, learning about key historical figures inspires us to achieve great things ourselves ---far more so than learning about the conditions of groups of people.12.provide nece ssary impetus for … 给与…动力e.g. It is almost always a key individual who provide the necessary imputes for what otherwise might bea group effort, as discussed below.13.paradigm n.样式；典范；范例e.g. educational paradigms14.obscure v.使阴暗；使朦胧e.g. Generally speaking, then, undue attention to the efforts and contributions of various groups tends toobscure the cause and effect relationship with which the study of history is chiefly concerned.15.nascent adj.初生的e.g.in a nascent condition/stage/state || a nascent industry/ literature/art16.irrespective of whether … 无论如何e.g. While we must invest in research irrespective of whether the results might be controversial.17.draw a distinction between …区分…e.g.One useful approach is to draw a distinction between personal morality and public morality.18.catalyst n.催化剂；刺激因素e.g. circumstance often serves as a catalyst for heroism.19.proviso n.限制性条款；（附带）条件e.g. Aside from the two forgoing provisos, however, I fundamentally disagree with the speaker’s claim.20.proceeding n.行动, 进行,会议录, 学报e.g. legal proceeding || governmental proceedings21.thwart v.反对；妨碍；挫败e.g. the government’s strategies for thwarting specific plans of an international terrorist or a drugtrafficker.22.unprecedented adj.空前的，史无前例的e.g.the society is changing at a speed which is quite unprecedented.23.inexorable adj. 不可阻挡的；坚持不懈的；无情的e.g.Facts are inexorable || the inexorable march of science24.take precedence over … 居先于…;优先于…e.g. This interest might take precedence over the historic value of an old structure that stands in the wayof a parking structure.25.serve as a substitute for …取代…be superceded by 代替；取代e.g. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler,more immediate options.26.emerge from … 源自于：（in every age and culture some worthwhile art and literature emerges fromthe mediocrity.）27.名人notable figurescelebrityelitepersonality（television personalities）28.普遍；普及prevailing adj.普遍的；流行的；占优势的（the prevailing view in Western corporate culture || prevailing principle）29.灌输；教育instill v.（Courtesy must be instilled in childhood || Morality may be instilled into their minds）inculcate v.（inculcate the young with a sense of duty.）impart v.（A good teacher imparts wisdom to his pupils.）foster v.养育, 抚育, 培养, 鼓励（Frequent cultural exchange will certainly help foster friendly relations between our two universities. || detect and foster artistic talent. || to foster an interest in music）nurture v.养育, 给与营养物, 教养（While the speaker might overlook the benefits of nurturing certa in emotions and feels, on balance I agree that …）30.若干重；若干刃a double-edged sword 双刃剑e.g. This type of advertisement can be a doubt-edged sword, when the product does not make the person“be like” the person in the advertisement, there can be disappointment and disillusionment with the product.a two-edged weapon 双重武器e.g. As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good orevil.twofold/threefold/manifold adj.双重/三重/多种e.g. We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen is this twofold use of knowledge, with itsever-increasing power, continues.e.g. The City Council has a manifold plan to beautify the city.31.消除；减轻eliminate v. 排除，消除（eliminate the false and retain the true || eliminate the possibility of= preclude the possibility of）diminish v. 使减小，使变少（diminish one’s reputation || diminish the cost of production）undermine v.破坏，削弱（formal study of the present culture at the expanse of studying past cultures can undermine the function of higher education, and ultimately provide a disservice to students and to society.）32.恶化；加剧exacerbate v. 恶化, 增剧, 激怒, 使加剧, 使烦恼e.g. The problems would only be exacerbated were these decisions left exclusively to federal regulators.33.过度；过分exorbitant adj.过度的；过高的（exorbitant rents || exorbitantly expensive || exorbitant amount of money）undue adj.过度的；过分的（apply undue pressure to make s.b. change his mind）34.导致、造成pose 引起某事物，造成，提出e.g. Winter poses particular difficulties for the elderly.render v.致使，造成e.g. Your action has rendered our contract invalid.breed v.导致；造成e.g. The speaker unfairly suggests that large cities serve as the primary breeding ground and sanctuariesfor a nation’s cultural traditions..burgeon v.迅速发展；发芽（burgeoning cities || burgeoning Internet commerce）outgrowth n.长出, 派出, 结果, 副产物e.g. A third uniquely contemporary problem is an outgrowth of the inexorable advancement of scientificknowledge.35.探求、努力：seek to …探求，寻求e.g. One compelling argument in favor of a global university has to do with the fact that its faculty andstudents would bring diverse cultural and educational perspectives to the problems they seek to solve.strive to …努力e.g. students should strive to excel in the specific requirements of their major course of studyprobe v./n.探求，探查e.g. probe a matter to the bottom 寻根究底36.资助、赞助：subsidize v.资助, 津贴（Subsidizing cultural traditions is not a proper role of government.）patron n.资助人；赞助人（cultural patron）on the patronage of …e.g. culture has always depended primarily on the patronage of private individuals and businesses.under the auspices of …e.g. During this period, significant scientific advances occurred under the auspices of the government.37.增强、提高escalate v.增强,提高,升级（the escalating cost of addressing these problems）enhance/promote/augment/elevate v.(elevate notion about …）。