2019外研版高中英语选择性必修四Unit5 词汇精讲课堂

airport.
学会使用“make / have / take / give + a(n) + 抽象名词” 结构替代动词可以使得表达更为丰富、地道。
表示举例：for example / 表示比较：on the contrary, less than / more
instance, such as
than, similarly, likewise, in the same way
destroy vt
侧重 “毁”，无 法修复
➊ 毁坏；摧毁；毁掉 to damage sth so badly that it can no longer be
used or no longer exists：
The building was completely destroyed by fire.
词 汇 课堂
A word is a microcosm of human consciousness. — Vygotsky
教材版本：新外研 册别单元：选择性必修四 Unit 5
一词多义
一词多义 精准的汉语释义
dismiss
abandon
精准的汉语释义 辨析义
damage, destroy, ruin
近代英语中有大量的合成 名词，其中有一类是通过 短语动词（动词 + 介 / 副词） 转化而来的。这类合成名 词的词义与其相对应的短 语动词的词义相关，因此 学习时要借助这些短语动 词来帮助理解和记忆。
抽象名词
用“make + a(n) + 抽象名词”结构改写下列句子，使句意不变。
1. The thieves got away on a stolen motorcycle. →
dismiss （基本义）
让人离开岗位
解雇；开除
让顾虑、建议等离开
消除（顾虑等）； 拒绝考虑
合成名词
用方框中上下两行词构成合成名词，并用正确形式完成下列词块。
check, get, set, start, break, cut, take
Hale Waihona Puke out, away, through, up, off , back
3. The girl didn’t attempt to stop the bus for fear of making a fool of herself.
（2012 广东改）→
The girl _m__a_d_e__n_o_a_t_t_em__p_t_ to stop the bus for fear of making a fool of herself.
fall into / go to ruin 灭亡；荒废；衰落： Its once-great cities fell into ruin, leaving various mysteries for later
people to solve. 外研新选必 ④ - 5
in ruins 成废墟；严重受损： In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins.
放弃
遗弃
2. People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal.
2010 北京
离弃
3. Snow forced many drivers to abandon their vehicles.
4. Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned
1. 快速逃跑 make a quick ____g_e_ta_w__a_y___
2. 超市收银台 the supermarket ___c_h_e_c_k_o_u_t___ counter
3. 新兴互联网公司 an Internet ___s_t_a_r_t-_u_p____ 4. 软件安装 the _____s_et_-_u_p____ of the software 5. 取得突破性进展 achieve a(n) _b_r_e_a_k_t_h_r_o_u_g_h_ 6. 起飞速度 ____t_a_k_e_o_f_f ___ speed 7. 裁员 make ___c_u_tb__a_ck__s___ in staff 8. 点外卖 order a(n) ___t_a_k_e_a_w_a_y___
消除（顾虑等）；拒绝考虑： 让顾虑、建议等离开
dismiss fears / doubts from one’s mind
He just laughed and dismissed my proposal as unrealistic.
dismiss 语义网络图
让人离开某地
让……离开；解散
让……离开
home over the years. 2008 全国
[C] [复数] 损害赔偿金： He was ordered to pay damages of $30,000.
damage vt
■ 损害；损坏：(名词动化）
侧重 “损”， 可修复
Don’t damage your health for a good figure.
ruin vt
➊ 糟蹋；（完全地）毁坏 to damage sth so badly that it loses all its value, pleasure, etc.： Don’t let a small disagreement ruin your friendship. 使破产 to make sb lose all his / her money： If she loses the court case it will ruin her. n ➊ [U] 毁灭；破产： the ruin of civilization financial ruin [C]［常用复数］废墟；遗迹；残余： the ruins of Rome
abandon 语义网络图
放弃做某事；放 弃信念等
放弃
abandon 基本义
不顾义务、责任 等放弃人或动物
不得已而放弃某 地或某交通工具
放弃 遗弃 离弃
abandon vt 句中学
1. Rescuers had abandoned all hope of finding any more
survivors.
dismiss vt
让人离开某地
［正式用语］让……离开；解散：
dismiss sb with a wave of the hand The class was dismissed early today.
让人离开岗位
［常用于被动语态］解雇；开除： 同义异构：fire He was dismissed from his job for incompetence.
damage n
[U] 损害；损坏；损失 harm or injury caused when sth is broken or spoiled： He was hit by a car and suffered serious brain damage. do / cause damage to The problem is clear: man has done great damage to his
头发还在，只是“美好 的发型”被毁了。
在这里，理解英语释义也很重要。 ◆ destroy: to damage sth so badly that it can no longer be used or no longer exists ◆ ruin: to damage sth so badly that it loses all its value, pleasure, etc.
【词汇拓展】
ruined adj［只用于名词前］毁坏了的；严重受损的
小结
运用精准的汉语释义和英语释义区分damage, destroy和ruin。
◆ damage 的名词和动词都侧重“损”，表示可修复，常和badly、seriously等
副词搭配；
◆ destroy 侧重“毁”，表示不可修复，不复存在，常和completely、entirely等
bury
熟词生义
短语动词转化而 来的合成名词
抽象名词
话语标记词
重
隐喻
难
点
词
精
讲
bury
不要埋葬你的失败，让它们激励你。
bury vt
基本义为“埋”
埋葬： We needed to bury the dead bodies as quickly as possible to stop disease spreading. ❖ 埋藏；掩藏；遮盖： The dog buried the bone in the ground. He buried his face in his hands. be buried in / bury oneself in 埋头于；专心致志于： As you know, I’m still buried in books at the school you are so familiar with.
The thieves __m_a_d__e_a_g_e_t_a_w_a_y_____ on a stolen motorcycle.
2. I’d like to reserve a room for July the 1st through the 4th.（2015 湖北）→
I’d like to _m_a_k_e__a_r_o_o_m__r_e_s_e_r_v_a_ti_o_n__ for July the 1st through the 4th.
destroy = de- (down) + struere (build) 破坏一栋建筑的结构意味着毁掉这栋建筑
消灭；杀死： The dog attacked a child and had to be destroyed.
“被雨水毁了的头发”，用哪个词呢？
The rain ruined my hair.
the city.
离弃
【词汇拓展】（分词形容词） abandoned adj 被遗弃的；被离弃的；废弃的： A shared bike is left abandoned at a bus stop.
dismiss
Friends 《老友记》
dismiss
dismiss: dis- (away 离开) + miss (to send 送走) → 将……送走 → 让……离开
副词搭配；
◆ ruin 侧重“毁坏”，使美好的事物失去用途或优良特性，尽管此物仍然存
在。
头发经常烫、染，容易损伤（damage）头发，需要做护理修复。烫坏、 烫焦，头发就毁（destroy）了 ，只能剪掉。做个美美的发型出门，遇到 大雨，头发还在，但发型被毁（ruin）了。
abandon
abandon的词源义及基本义为“放弃 (to give up)”。 abandon 的精准的汉语释义“弃” 。
话语标记词 discourse markers
表示强调：especially, in particular
表示因果：contribute to, lead to, because of, due to, thanks to, therefore, thus, consequently, hence, as a result
表示递进：apart from, in addition (to), furthermore, moreover, besides
表示顺序：finally, originally, initially, first of all / firstly / at first, next, to begin with, in the beginning, once upon a time, secondly, thirdly, subsequently, earlier, meanwhile, later, afterwards
4. I’ll arrange for someone to meet you at the airport. →
I’ll __m__a_k_e_a_r_r_a_n_g_e_m__e_n_ts__/ _m_a_k_e__a_n_a_r_r_a_n_g_e_m__e_n_t__ for you to be met at the