2021年新高考英语语法专题--代词知识梳理及解题指导

2021新高考英语语法专题—代词知识梳理及解题指导I.什么是代词？
代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。

代词分为九类：人称代词；物主代词；反身代词；指示代词；互相代词；疑问代词；连接代词；关系代词；不定代词。

II.代词的分类
01 人称代词
＊主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
＊宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
He is my friend.
02 物主代词
＊形容词性物主代词 my, our, your,your, his, her, its, their
＊名词性物主代词 mine, ours,yours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs
---I like his car.
---Well, the car is mine.
03 反身代词
＊myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself,oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves They love each other.
04 相互代词
＊each other, one another
05 指示代词
＊this, that, these, those
This is an apple and that is a pear.
This girl is Jane.
Those men are my friends.
06 疑问代词
＊who,whom,whose, what, which 等，在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。

What do you like for lunch today ?
07 关系代词
＊who, whom, whose, which, that, as 等，可用作定语从句的引导词，并在定语从句中充当核心成分的代词 (做主语、宾语、表语、定语等).
He is the lady who lost her child 10 years ago.
08 连接代词
＊who, whom, whose, which, what等用来用作名词性从句引导词，并在名词性从句中充当核心成分的代词 (做主语、宾语、表语、定语等).
Who will teach you dancing is still unknown.
I wonder which animal runs fastest.
09 不定代词
不定代词是指用来指代特定名词或形容词的代词，但这类代词所指代的人或物是不特定的。

其分为三类：
Nobody knows the secret.
＊合成不定代词
everybody, everyone, everything, somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, no one, nothing
＊兼作代词的限定词
其既可以单独做代词独立使用，也可以用作形容词、副词或名词。

包括all, any, both, each, either, neither, none, (a) few, (a) little, many, much, another, other, others, some
＊不能兼作代词的限定词
其不能直接作为代词独立在句中充当句子成分。

包括every, no
III.反身代词的固定搭配
abandon oneself to 完全屈从于
come to oneself 恢复知觉
devote oneself to 致力于
dress onself 自己穿衣
enjoy oneself 过得愉快
excuse oneself 为自己辩解
help oneself to 随便吃；随便用
kick oneself 自责；内疚
make yourself at home 别拘束
park oneself 坐在；停在(某地)
say to oneself 心里想
seat onself 坐下
talk/speak to oneself 自言自语
teach oneself 自学
throw oneself into 投身于；积极从事
IV.代词核心考点
01 区别none/no one/nothing
＊none “没有人；没有东西”，用于否定三个或三个以上的人/物。

可以与of连用，可以回答How many/How much开头的疑问句.
None of my friends phoned me yesterday.
Despite her illness, she had lost none of her enthusiasm for life.
---How many books have you bought these days ?
---None.
---How many students are there in the classroom ?
---None.
＊no one=nobody 仅表示“没有人”；不能与of连用.
No one knows the secret.
---Are there any students in the classroom ?
---No one./Nobody.
---Who is in the classroom ?
---No one./Nobody.
＊nothing “没有人、没有物，什么都没有”.
I could see nothing in darkness.
---What did you do yesterday afternoon ?
---Nothing.
02区别either/neither/any/each/both/all
＊either “两者中的任何一个”。

当其作主语时，谓语动词用单数. There’s tea or coffee---you can have either.
Could either of you lend me 5 pounds ?
Either of the two boys is clever.
两个男孩中的任何一个都很聪明。

＊n either “两者都不”。

只能与复数名词连用，当其作主语时，谓语动词用单数/复数均可.
Neither of the two girls is/are hardworking.
Neither of them has/have a car.
＊any “(三者或三者以上的人或物)任何一个；无论哪个”,一般用于疑问句或否定句中。

当其作主语时，谓语动词用单数/复数均可.
Any color will do .
Are there any stamps ?
She asked if we have any questions .
＊all “全部；一切”。

指代可数名词时，指三者或三者以上的全部,谓语用复数；指代不可数名词时，意义抽象，译作“一切”，谓语用单数.
All students are coming.
All wood tends to shrink(收缩) .
All of the food has gone bad.
All I want is peace and quiet .
＊both“两者都”。

只能与复数名词连用；当其作主语时，谓语动词用复数. Both of the women are French .
The women both are French.
＊each “三者或三者以上各自”.
The students each have a dictionary.
Each of the students has a dictionary.
＊some“一些；有些”..some与any的区别在于：
a.一般来说，some 用于肯定句，any用于否定句及疑问句. She wants some milk.
She doesn’t want any milk.
b.any可与not以外其它有否定含义的词连用，表达否定概念. He never had any formal education.
c.any可以用于表达疑问概念的条件句中.
If you have any trouble, please let me know.
d.在下列场合，some也可以用于疑问句
＊说话人预期到对方的答复将是肯定的
Are you expecting some nice friends here ?
＊问句的实质等于提出一个要求并希望得到肯定的回答Would you like some tea ?
Professor Zhang, could I ask you some questions ?
03区别another/the other/others/the others
＊another“三者或三者以上中的另一个(不特定)”.
I don’t like this mobile phone; can you show me another one ?＊the other“两个中的另一个(特定)”.
Here are two books---one is Mary’s and the other is mine.
＊o thers“其他的”(范围不指定，泛泛而谈).
Don’t envy others. Just work hard to achieve your goals.
＊the o thers“其他的”(指定范围内其他人/物，专指).
In our class, Li Hua comes from Zhejiang and the others are from Anhui.
In our class, Li Hua comes from Zhejiang and the other students are from Anhui.【小结】the others=the other+可数名词复数
04区别that/the one/one/the ones/those
The weather in Wuhan is better than that(=the weather) in Beijing.
【小结】t hat代指的是“同类不同个”,特指。

若代指不可数名词，只能用that.
I have two houses in Wuhan. The house in the downtown is larger than that/the one(=the house) in the suburb.
【小结】t hat代指的是“同类不同个”，特指；若代指可数名词，用that/the one 均可.
There are many beautiful houses in the community. I’d like to buy one(=a house).【小结】one代指的是“多个中的一个”，不特指。

The books on the desk are more expensive than the ones(=those=the books) on the floor.
【小结】the ones=those代指名词复数，代指的是“同类多个”，特指。

05 It
＊同类同一个
I bought a new bike last week and I quite like it.
＊做形式主语
It is important that we should have an English dictionary.
＊做形式宾语
I think it strange that you didn’t call me up yesterday.
＊固定表达中的it
Just as Dad often puts it, confidence makes a difference in success.
(正如某人所言)
When you leave the house, see to it that all the windows are closed.(务必) Depend on it. He will turn up.(请放心)
I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.(讨厌；痛恨)
I’ll appreciate it if you could give me a chance.
◎类似地 like/dislike/appreciate/hate it
I often argue with mom. I can’t help it.
(我没办法/忍不住)
I take it that you won’t be coming to the party .
(我以为/我的理解是)
When it comes to politics, he is always silent .
(当涉及/当谈到...)。