宏观经济学复习课,26-31
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• 在长期,价格是变动的,它是由货币的供 应量决定的。
自己看书
• 知道三种汇率方式:浮动汇率,固定汇率,爬行汇率 (但请记住这三 个名词的定义)
• FINANCING INTERANTIONAL TRADE那一节,自己回去翻一下。 • 打记WHERE IS THE EXCHANGE RATE第二段与第三段的结论句子:短期,
level. 比如,美国只生产CHIPS($150),日本只生产IPOD
(¥5000),名义汇率100:1. 这时,问你美国的真 实汇率,就是问你美国生产一个产品,可以换几个日 本产品。即,(100/1)*150/5000=3
真实汇率
• 在短期,P与P*都不会变动,只有E会变动, 所以,RER就是名义汇率;
总需求曲线
–Figure 27.4 shows an AD curve. –The AD curve slopes downward for two reasons:
▪ Wealth effect ▪ Substitution
effects
总需求曲线
让AD线左右移动 的原因: -对未来收入的预 期。(正相关) -财政与货币政策 -世界经济
真实汇率
• The real exchange rate is the relative price of U.S.produced goods and services to foreign-produced goods and services. (可以形像的把它理解为一种以物易物 的价格)
RER = (E x P)/P* where P is the U.S. price level and P* is the Japanese price
汇率:当考虑时间与空间因素时
• 1. Interest rate parity。比如,东京是3%的利率,纽 约是5%的利息。但现在,人们预期当年日币对美元 要升值2%。所以,这个时候,把钱存在哪都是一样 的。
• 2. Purchasing power parity。The quantity of goods and services that one unit of a particular currency will buy differs from the quantity of goods and services that one unit of another currency will buy. When two quantities of money can buy the same quantity of goods and services, the situation is called purchasing power parity, which means equal value of money.
汇率模型:进一步解释
在给定汇率的情况下:
▪ U.S. exports (正相关) ▪ The U.S. interest rate
differential (正相关)
▪ The expected future
exchange rate (正相 关)
汇率模型:进一步解释
在给定汇率的情况下:
▪ U.S. import (正相关) ▪ The U.S. interest rate
价格变动让名义利率与实质利率都变动;长期,名义利率变动不影响 实际利率变动。 • 知道并记住什么是debtor nation (is a country that during its entire history has borrowed more from the rest of the world than it has lent to it), 什么是creditor nation (is a country that during its entire history has invested more in the rest of the world than other countries have invested in it)
27章:AD-AS模型
长期总供给线
Long-run macroeconomic equilibrium (by definition) occurs when real GDP equals potential GDP
长期而言,生产多少就 一定消费多少,这样才 可以达到充分就业。即 RGDP=PGDP
短期总供给
Short-run macroeconomic equilibrium (by definition) occurs when the quantity of real GDP demanded equals the quantity of real GDP supplied.
让右边的图发生变化的因素可以 是:1. PGDP改变:比如,更多 的人加入就业大军;物力资本的 增加;科技的进步。 2. 工资率的变动。比如,如果工 资上升,则在短期里工厂的利润 下降,进而让SAS线左移。(进 一步,哪些因素上工资变动?答, 失业率与通胀预期)
汇率模型:进一步解释
• 汇率是如何影响本币需求的(机制问题):
▪Exports effect ▪Expected profit effect
–The larger the value of U.S. exports, the greater is the quantity of U.S. dollars demanded on the foreign exchange market. (这样来想这个 问题,出口的越多,表明世界对本国的货物需求量越大,即对本 币的需求量也越大;这个时候,把汇率考虑进来。如果汇率无限 大,则其它国家无论提供多少外币都不可以换到本币,则其它国 家不可能从本国进口。所以,汇率越高,其它国家对本币的需求 越低,换句话说,本国的出口也就越低) –The lower today’s exchange rate, other things remaining the same, the larger is the expected profit from buying U.S. dollars and the greater is the quantity of U.S. dollars demanded today. (这句话要表 达的是,如果预期持有本币的收益未来会上涨,则现在对本币的 需求就会增加)
differential (负相关)
▪ The expected future
exchange rate (负相 关)
汇率模型:进一步解释
以上所有,都是在 谈,汇率与货币需
求的关系
汇率模型:反向关系
If demand for U.S. dollars increases and supply does not change, the exchange rate rises. If demand for U.S. dollars decreases and supply does not change, the exchange rate falls. If supply of U.S. dollars increases and demand does not change, the exchange rate falls. If supply of U.S. dollars decreases and demand does not change, the exchange rate rises. 这里要揭示的实质就是 汇率=外币/本币
AD-AS短期均衡
–Figure 27.6 illustrates a short-run equilibrium. –If real GDP is below equilibrium GDP, firms increase production and raise prices… –… and if real GDP is above equilibrium GDP, firms decrease production and lower prices.
短期总供给
–In the short run, the quantity of real GDP supplied increases if the price level rises.
–The SAS curve slopes upward.
–A rise in the price level with no change in the money wage rate induces firms to increase produ源自文库tion.
本国厂家开足马力生产提高价格这时候rgdp大于pgdp此导致价格上升但工人工资不上升公司获利但工人的购买力下降此情况不可以长久维持解释商业波动长期来看给工人加工资是必然的选择这样就让生产减少公司的sas线要左移
期末复习课
卢任 2015年12月
考试题型:
• 考试范围:25-31章 • 1. 名词解释,每个3分,共15分 • 2. 单选,每个1分,共35分(?) • 3. 判断,每个1分,共15分 • 4.作图,25分 • 5. ESSAY(我个人认为,用problem更好。)
汇率模型:进一步解释
汇率模型:进一步解释
–If the exchange rate is too high, a surplus of U.S. dollars drives it down. –If the exchange rate is too low, a shortage of U.S. dollars drives it up. –The market is pulled (quickly) to the equilibrium exchange rate at which there is neither a shortage nor a surplus.
,10分
26章:汇率
基本知识
• Foreign bank notes, coins, and bank deposits are called foreign currency.
• The price at which one currency exchanges for another is called a foreign exchange rate. (外币:本币)。汇率 的本质是一种价格,即所谓的The Demand for One Money Is the Supply of Another Money
• 为什么需要外汇?其实质是我们需要国外的产品和服 务。
• 汇率还是一种供求关系:对某种货币的需求一定是以 对另一种货币的供给来体现。所以,汇率越高,对本 币的需求也就。。。。越低!
汇率模型
• 对本币的需求由下列几个要素决定:汇率; 本国出国量;本国利率(一个相对量); 对未来的汇率的预期。
• 同样,本币的供给由下列几个要素决定: 汇率;本国的进口需求;利率;对未来汇 率的预期。
汇率模型:进一步解释
汇率模型:进一步解释
• 汇率是如何影响本币供给的:
▪Imports effect ▪ Expected profit effect
–The larger the value of U.S. imports, the larger is the quantity of U.S. dollars supplied on the foreign exchange market. The higher the exchange rate, the greater is the value of U.S. imports, so the greater is the quantity of U.S. dollars supplied. –For a given expected future U.S. dollar exchange rate, the lower the current exchange rate. The greater is the expected profit from holding U.S. dollars, and the smaller is the quantity of U.S. dollars supplied on the foreign exchange market.
自己看书
• 知道三种汇率方式:浮动汇率,固定汇率,爬行汇率 (但请记住这三 个名词的定义)
• FINANCING INTERANTIONAL TRADE那一节,自己回去翻一下。 • 打记WHERE IS THE EXCHANGE RATE第二段与第三段的结论句子:短期,
level. 比如,美国只生产CHIPS($150),日本只生产IPOD
(¥5000),名义汇率100:1. 这时,问你美国的真 实汇率,就是问你美国生产一个产品,可以换几个日 本产品。即,(100/1)*150/5000=3
真实汇率
• 在短期,P与P*都不会变动,只有E会变动, 所以,RER就是名义汇率;
总需求曲线
–Figure 27.4 shows an AD curve. –The AD curve slopes downward for two reasons:
▪ Wealth effect ▪ Substitution
effects
总需求曲线
让AD线左右移动 的原因: -对未来收入的预 期。(正相关) -财政与货币政策 -世界经济
真实汇率
• The real exchange rate is the relative price of U.S.produced goods and services to foreign-produced goods and services. (可以形像的把它理解为一种以物易物 的价格)
RER = (E x P)/P* where P is the U.S. price level and P* is the Japanese price
汇率:当考虑时间与空间因素时
• 1. Interest rate parity。比如,东京是3%的利率,纽 约是5%的利息。但现在,人们预期当年日币对美元 要升值2%。所以,这个时候,把钱存在哪都是一样 的。
• 2. Purchasing power parity。The quantity of goods and services that one unit of a particular currency will buy differs from the quantity of goods and services that one unit of another currency will buy. When two quantities of money can buy the same quantity of goods and services, the situation is called purchasing power parity, which means equal value of money.
汇率模型:进一步解释
在给定汇率的情况下:
▪ U.S. exports (正相关) ▪ The U.S. interest rate
differential (正相关)
▪ The expected future
exchange rate (正相 关)
汇率模型:进一步解释
在给定汇率的情况下:
▪ U.S. import (正相关) ▪ The U.S. interest rate
价格变动让名义利率与实质利率都变动;长期,名义利率变动不影响 实际利率变动。 • 知道并记住什么是debtor nation (is a country that during its entire history has borrowed more from the rest of the world than it has lent to it), 什么是creditor nation (is a country that during its entire history has invested more in the rest of the world than other countries have invested in it)
27章:AD-AS模型
长期总供给线
Long-run macroeconomic equilibrium (by definition) occurs when real GDP equals potential GDP
长期而言,生产多少就 一定消费多少,这样才 可以达到充分就业。即 RGDP=PGDP
短期总供给
Short-run macroeconomic equilibrium (by definition) occurs when the quantity of real GDP demanded equals the quantity of real GDP supplied.
让右边的图发生变化的因素可以 是:1. PGDP改变:比如,更多 的人加入就业大军;物力资本的 增加;科技的进步。 2. 工资率的变动。比如,如果工 资上升,则在短期里工厂的利润 下降,进而让SAS线左移。(进 一步,哪些因素上工资变动?答, 失业率与通胀预期)
汇率模型:进一步解释
• 汇率是如何影响本币需求的(机制问题):
▪Exports effect ▪Expected profit effect
–The larger the value of U.S. exports, the greater is the quantity of U.S. dollars demanded on the foreign exchange market. (这样来想这个 问题,出口的越多,表明世界对本国的货物需求量越大,即对本 币的需求量也越大;这个时候,把汇率考虑进来。如果汇率无限 大,则其它国家无论提供多少外币都不可以换到本币,则其它国 家不可能从本国进口。所以,汇率越高,其它国家对本币的需求 越低,换句话说,本国的出口也就越低) –The lower today’s exchange rate, other things remaining the same, the larger is the expected profit from buying U.S. dollars and the greater is the quantity of U.S. dollars demanded today. (这句话要表 达的是,如果预期持有本币的收益未来会上涨,则现在对本币的 需求就会增加)
differential (负相关)
▪ The expected future
exchange rate (负相 关)
汇率模型:进一步解释
以上所有,都是在 谈,汇率与货币需
求的关系
汇率模型:反向关系
If demand for U.S. dollars increases and supply does not change, the exchange rate rises. If demand for U.S. dollars decreases and supply does not change, the exchange rate falls. If supply of U.S. dollars increases and demand does not change, the exchange rate falls. If supply of U.S. dollars decreases and demand does not change, the exchange rate rises. 这里要揭示的实质就是 汇率=外币/本币
AD-AS短期均衡
–Figure 27.6 illustrates a short-run equilibrium. –If real GDP is below equilibrium GDP, firms increase production and raise prices… –… and if real GDP is above equilibrium GDP, firms decrease production and lower prices.
短期总供给
–In the short run, the quantity of real GDP supplied increases if the price level rises.
–The SAS curve slopes upward.
–A rise in the price level with no change in the money wage rate induces firms to increase produ源自文库tion.
本国厂家开足马力生产提高价格这时候rgdp大于pgdp此导致价格上升但工人工资不上升公司获利但工人的购买力下降此情况不可以长久维持解释商业波动长期来看给工人加工资是必然的选择这样就让生产减少公司的sas线要左移
期末复习课
卢任 2015年12月
考试题型:
• 考试范围:25-31章 • 1. 名词解释,每个3分,共15分 • 2. 单选,每个1分,共35分(?) • 3. 判断,每个1分,共15分 • 4.作图,25分 • 5. ESSAY(我个人认为,用problem更好。)
汇率模型:进一步解释
汇率模型:进一步解释
–If the exchange rate is too high, a surplus of U.S. dollars drives it down. –If the exchange rate is too low, a shortage of U.S. dollars drives it up. –The market is pulled (quickly) to the equilibrium exchange rate at which there is neither a shortage nor a surplus.
,10分
26章:汇率
基本知识
• Foreign bank notes, coins, and bank deposits are called foreign currency.
• The price at which one currency exchanges for another is called a foreign exchange rate. (外币:本币)。汇率 的本质是一种价格,即所谓的The Demand for One Money Is the Supply of Another Money
• 为什么需要外汇?其实质是我们需要国外的产品和服 务。
• 汇率还是一种供求关系:对某种货币的需求一定是以 对另一种货币的供给来体现。所以,汇率越高,对本 币的需求也就。。。。越低!
汇率模型
• 对本币的需求由下列几个要素决定:汇率; 本国出国量;本国利率(一个相对量); 对未来的汇率的预期。
• 同样,本币的供给由下列几个要素决定: 汇率;本国的进口需求;利率;对未来汇 率的预期。
汇率模型:进一步解释
汇率模型:进一步解释
• 汇率是如何影响本币供给的:
▪Imports effect ▪ Expected profit effect
–The larger the value of U.S. imports, the larger is the quantity of U.S. dollars supplied on the foreign exchange market. The higher the exchange rate, the greater is the value of U.S. imports, so the greater is the quantity of U.S. dollars supplied. –For a given expected future U.S. dollar exchange rate, the lower the current exchange rate. The greater is the expected profit from holding U.S. dollars, and the smaller is the quantity of U.S. dollars supplied on the foreign exchange market.