经济学专业英语教程第四版下课件Unit4
合集下载
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Environmental pollution typically involves one-way externality, in which the actions of one producer or consumer inflict uncompensated damage on other producers and consumers.
Rising cleanliness from 20 to 21 percent will yield more benefit than raising it from 85 to 86 percent.
5.3 Social costs from pollution reduction
Pollution abatement also requires use of economic resources. Either production processes have to be changed, equipment must be installed to reduce waste discharges, or water purification systems must be constructed to clean up after the fact.
(2) Why does such pollution around you occur? (3) An important issue in developing environmental control is how
pure we want the air or water to be. Explain how economic analysis can be applied to this issue. (4) You have a friend who argues that pollution is an absolute bad, and that complete air and water cleanliness is an absolute good that should be pursued without compromise. What would you reply?
1. Key words 2. Externality 3. Forms of environmental pollution 4. Causes for environmental pollution 5. Controls of environmental pollution 6. Questions
3.2 Water pollution
This type of pollution arises from discharge of organic and inorganic wastes into streams and lakes.
3.3 Accumulation of solid wastes
5.1 Damage created by water pollution
Communities located downstream have to spend more on water purification to make the water safe and palatable.
Industries located downstream may also have to spend money on raising water quality to the level needed for their operations.
3. Forms of environmental pollution
3.1 Air pollution 3.2 Water pollution 3.3 Accumulation of solid wastes 3.4 Noise pollution
3.1 Air pollution
This is the discharge of noxious gases and solid particles into the atmosphere, leading to “smog” conditions in many metropolitan areas.
Fish life may be damaged.
Boating and swimming may be prevented.
Debris and odors may reduce the
5.2 Social benefits from pollution reduction
The marginal benefit of a 1 percent improvement in cleanliness declines as the cleanliness level rises.
Discharge of plant nutrients into a lake can stimulate the growth of weeds and
5. Controls of environmental pollution
5.1 Damage created by water pollution 5.2 Social benefits from pollution reduction 5.3 Social costs from pollution reduction 5.4 Conclusion
The automobile junkyard is the most conspicuous example.
3.4 Noise pollution
This is a level of background noise that can range from mildly unpleasant to literally deafening.
This takes labor and capital; and this is a social cost, regardless of who pays the money cost.
5.4 Conclusion
The level of water quality should be raised so long as the marginal benefit from further improvement exceeds the marginal cost of achieving it.
The gap between private and social cost is eliminated. This is called “internalizing the externalities.”
6. Questions
(1) What is pollution? Which form of pollution do you find the most serious around you?
• marginal benefit • marginal cost • internalizing the externalities • biochemical oxygen demand
2. Externality
A situation in which action by one consumer or producer confers benefit or inflicts damage on another consumer or producer is said to involve externalities.
1. Key words
• environmental pollution • one-way externality • uncompensated damage • industrial establishment • marginal utility • organic sewage • self-purification. • atmospheric pollution • pollution control • noxious discharges • body of water • pollution abatement • water purification • water cleanliness
4. Causes for environmental
pollution
With the growth of population and production, clean air and pure water have become scarce goods, particularly in the metropolitan areas where most of the population resides. Natural processes can no longer cope unaided with the flow of waste materome overloaded to a degree that produces permanent deterioration.
Rising cleanliness from 20 to 21 percent will yield more benefit than raising it from 85 to 86 percent.
5.3 Social costs from pollution reduction
Pollution abatement also requires use of economic resources. Either production processes have to be changed, equipment must be installed to reduce waste discharges, or water purification systems must be constructed to clean up after the fact.
(2) Why does such pollution around you occur? (3) An important issue in developing environmental control is how
pure we want the air or water to be. Explain how economic analysis can be applied to this issue. (4) You have a friend who argues that pollution is an absolute bad, and that complete air and water cleanliness is an absolute good that should be pursued without compromise. What would you reply?
1. Key words 2. Externality 3. Forms of environmental pollution 4. Causes for environmental pollution 5. Controls of environmental pollution 6. Questions
3.2 Water pollution
This type of pollution arises from discharge of organic and inorganic wastes into streams and lakes.
3.3 Accumulation of solid wastes
5.1 Damage created by water pollution
Communities located downstream have to spend more on water purification to make the water safe and palatable.
Industries located downstream may also have to spend money on raising water quality to the level needed for their operations.
3. Forms of environmental pollution
3.1 Air pollution 3.2 Water pollution 3.3 Accumulation of solid wastes 3.4 Noise pollution
3.1 Air pollution
This is the discharge of noxious gases and solid particles into the atmosphere, leading to “smog” conditions in many metropolitan areas.
Fish life may be damaged.
Boating and swimming may be prevented.
Debris and odors may reduce the
5.2 Social benefits from pollution reduction
The marginal benefit of a 1 percent improvement in cleanliness declines as the cleanliness level rises.
Discharge of plant nutrients into a lake can stimulate the growth of weeds and
5. Controls of environmental pollution
5.1 Damage created by water pollution 5.2 Social benefits from pollution reduction 5.3 Social costs from pollution reduction 5.4 Conclusion
The automobile junkyard is the most conspicuous example.
3.4 Noise pollution
This is a level of background noise that can range from mildly unpleasant to literally deafening.
This takes labor and capital; and this is a social cost, regardless of who pays the money cost.
5.4 Conclusion
The level of water quality should be raised so long as the marginal benefit from further improvement exceeds the marginal cost of achieving it.
The gap between private and social cost is eliminated. This is called “internalizing the externalities.”
6. Questions
(1) What is pollution? Which form of pollution do you find the most serious around you?
• marginal benefit • marginal cost • internalizing the externalities • biochemical oxygen demand
2. Externality
A situation in which action by one consumer or producer confers benefit or inflicts damage on another consumer or producer is said to involve externalities.
1. Key words
• environmental pollution • one-way externality • uncompensated damage • industrial establishment • marginal utility • organic sewage • self-purification. • atmospheric pollution • pollution control • noxious discharges • body of water • pollution abatement • water purification • water cleanliness
4. Causes for environmental
pollution
With the growth of population and production, clean air and pure water have become scarce goods, particularly in the metropolitan areas where most of the population resides. Natural processes can no longer cope unaided with the flow of waste materome overloaded to a degree that produces permanent deterioration.