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• BC – stands for "before Christ"
• AD – stands for the Latin phrase “anno domini” – means "in the year of our Lord"
• The purpose of the BC / AD dating system
• For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, but it was never a total occupation.
– Roman troops often withdrew.
– Resistance: the Picts – Two great walls to keep the Picts:
An Introduction to British History and Culture
English History
• Prehistoric England • Roman Britain (43-410) • The Anglo-Saxons and Vikings (450-1066) • Normans and Plantagenets (1066-1272) • Lancaster and York (1272-1485) • The Tudors (1485-1603) • The Stuarts (1603-1714) • Order and Disorder (1714-1837) • Victoria and Empire (1837-1910) • Peace and War (1910-1945) • Contemporary Britain (1945- )
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
31
Roman Road
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
32
The Impact of Christianity
• The Celt’s Religion
– Polytheism (多神论)
• Animals, rivers, and lakes were also treated as gods.
anintroductiontobritishhistoryandculture大家好englishhistory?prehistoricengland?romanbritain43410?theanglosaxonsandvikings4501066?normansandplantagenets10661272?lancasterandyork12721485?thetudors14851603?thestuarts16031714?orderanddisorder17141837?victoriaandempire18371910?peaceandwar19101945?contemporarybritain1945大家好2chapter1earlyengland?oldstoneage700008000bc?middlestoneage83003500bc?newstoneage35002500bc?bronzeage2500700bciberians?ironage700100bccelts1
• The seas around Britain also acted as barriers against attempted invasions:
– The Armada, 1588; the French, 1805, Nazi Germany, 1940
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
6
1.1 Geography: Weather
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
9
Stonehenge
In Search of History 00:20 — 01:38
1.2 Early Settlers
• The Celts (Iron Age, 700—100 BC)
– from north-western Europe, ancestors of the highland Scots, the Irish and Welsh
BC—50
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
3
1.1 Geography: Some Terminology
Official title
– United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
– British Isles
• including Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, all the offshore islands
Chapter 1 Early England
1. Old Stone Age, 70,000—8000 BC 2. Middle Stone Age , 8300—3500 BC 3. New Stone Age , 3500—2500 BC 4. Bronze Age, 2500—700 BC (Iberians) 5. Iron Age, 700—100 BC (Celts) 6. The Dawning of English History 150
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
25
Roman town: Bath
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
26
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
27
Bath Abbey
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
28
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
29
Roman amphitheatre
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
30
Roman aqueduct
2021/3/10
• withdraw with hostages and prisoners
讲解：XX
17
Roman Invasion (55 BC - 410 AD)
2. Complete control over the land in 43 A.D.
– Leader
• headed by the Emperor Claudius
leader
• played a critical role in the
transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire
讲解：XX
16
Roman Invasion (55 BC - 410 AD)
1. First landing in 55 B.C. led by Julius Caesar
– Reasons
• came as imperialists to exploit and govern by right of being the superior
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
18
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
19
Roman Invasion (55BC-410 AD)
3. Leaving in around 410 A.D.
• Generally mild and temperate weather
– allows farming to flourish across the country – North: less fertile land, wetter – South: fertile land, drier
2021/3/10
Roman towns: London, York, Bath
• baths, temples, amphitheatres 竞技场, Roman aqueducts 高架渠
Roman roads: more than 5000 roads, a network
of roads to connect large towns
– to make the birth of Jesus Christ the dividing point
of world history
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
15
2021/3/10
Gaius Julius Caesar
(July 13, 100 BC– March 15, 44 BC)
• a Roman military and political
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
8
1.2 Early Settlers
• New Stone Age , 3500—2500 BC
– Stonehenge 史前巨石阵
• a monumental circular setting of large standing stones surrounded by an earthwork
– In the 2nd century, Christianity slowly spread.
– In the late 6th century, Christianity was introduced widely in England.
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
35
• Christianity: belief in one godhead, • The Celt’s Religion:belief in several gods • After Constantine’s conversion to
– The Roman Empire disintegrated in 476 A.D..
– left behind a well established Celtic-Roman culture
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
20
2021/3/10
Roman Soldiers
讲解：XX
21
Resistance to Roman Occupation
– first landing in 55 B.C. led by Julius Caesar
– complete control over the land in 43 A.D. – leaving in around 410 A.D.
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
14
What is the meaning of B.C. and A.D.?
– Reasons
• the lure of treasures
• to punish the Celts because of the help they rendered their fellow tribesmen in Gaul
– Results
• failed because of weather
• Hadrian’s Wall • Antonine Wall
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
22
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
23
Roman Influence:
The Romanisation of Britannia
1. Roman laws, taxes, engineering skills 2. Architecture 3. Roman social system 4. The Latin Language 5. System of writing and numbering 6. Introduced a system of organized government
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
33
2021/3/10
Celtic gods and goddesses
讲解：XX
34
• Roman Britain .
– Christian merchants and traders arrived in England in the 1st century A.D, but made little impact.
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
4
1.1 Geography: Geography and History
• isolated from Europe by the English Channel and the North Sea
• once perceived as being on the edge of the world
in towns 7. Brought the new religion Christianity to
Britain
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
24
Roman Influence:
The n of Britannia
• Roman civilization was based on city life in hundreds of walled town linked by military roads.
– Gaelic 盖尔语 : language of Celtic origin
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
12
Chapter 2 Roman Britain
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
13
Roman Invasion (55BC-410AD)
British recorded history begins with Roman invasion.
讲解：XX
7
1.2 Early Settlers
• Hunters and gatherers
– Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), 70,000—8000 BC – Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic), 8300—3500 BC – New Stone Age (Neolithic), 3500—2500 BC
• AD – stands for the Latin phrase “anno domini” – means "in the year of our Lord"
• The purpose of the BC / AD dating system
• For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, but it was never a total occupation.
– Roman troops often withdrew.
– Resistance: the Picts – Two great walls to keep the Picts:
An Introduction to British History and Culture
English History
• Prehistoric England • Roman Britain (43-410) • The Anglo-Saxons and Vikings (450-1066) • Normans and Plantagenets (1066-1272) • Lancaster and York (1272-1485) • The Tudors (1485-1603) • The Stuarts (1603-1714) • Order and Disorder (1714-1837) • Victoria and Empire (1837-1910) • Peace and War (1910-1945) • Contemporary Britain (1945- )
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
31
Roman Road
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
32
The Impact of Christianity
• The Celt’s Religion
– Polytheism (多神论)
• Animals, rivers, and lakes were also treated as gods.
anintroductiontobritishhistoryandculture大家好englishhistory?prehistoricengland?romanbritain43410?theanglosaxonsandvikings4501066?normansandplantagenets10661272?lancasterandyork12721485?thetudors14851603?thestuarts16031714?orderanddisorder17141837?victoriaandempire18371910?peaceandwar19101945?contemporarybritain1945大家好2chapter1earlyengland?oldstoneage700008000bc?middlestoneage83003500bc?newstoneage35002500bc?bronzeage2500700bciberians?ironage700100bccelts1
• The seas around Britain also acted as barriers against attempted invasions:
– The Armada, 1588; the French, 1805, Nazi Germany, 1940
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
6
1.1 Geography: Weather
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
9
Stonehenge
In Search of History 00:20 — 01:38
1.2 Early Settlers
• The Celts (Iron Age, 700—100 BC)
– from north-western Europe, ancestors of the highland Scots, the Irish and Welsh
BC—50
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
3
1.1 Geography: Some Terminology
Official title
– United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
– British Isles
• including Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, all the offshore islands
Chapter 1 Early England
1. Old Stone Age, 70,000—8000 BC 2. Middle Stone Age , 8300—3500 BC 3. New Stone Age , 3500—2500 BC 4. Bronze Age, 2500—700 BC (Iberians) 5. Iron Age, 700—100 BC (Celts) 6. The Dawning of English History 150
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
25
Roman town: Bath
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
26
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
27
Bath Abbey
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
28
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
29
Roman amphitheatre
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
30
Roman aqueduct
2021/3/10
• withdraw with hostages and prisoners
讲解：XX
17
Roman Invasion (55 BC - 410 AD)
2. Complete control over the land in 43 A.D.
– Leader
• headed by the Emperor Claudius
leader
• played a critical role in the
transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire
讲解：XX
16
Roman Invasion (55 BC - 410 AD)
1. First landing in 55 B.C. led by Julius Caesar
– Reasons
• came as imperialists to exploit and govern by right of being the superior
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
18
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
19
Roman Invasion (55BC-410 AD)
3. Leaving in around 410 A.D.
• Generally mild and temperate weather
– allows farming to flourish across the country – North: less fertile land, wetter – South: fertile land, drier
2021/3/10
Roman towns: London, York, Bath
• baths, temples, amphitheatres 竞技场, Roman aqueducts 高架渠
Roman roads: more than 5000 roads, a network
of roads to connect large towns
– to make the birth of Jesus Christ the dividing point
of world history
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
15
2021/3/10
Gaius Julius Caesar
(July 13, 100 BC– March 15, 44 BC)
• a Roman military and political
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
8
1.2 Early Settlers
• New Stone Age , 3500—2500 BC
– Stonehenge 史前巨石阵
• a monumental circular setting of large standing stones surrounded by an earthwork
– In the 2nd century, Christianity slowly spread.
– In the late 6th century, Christianity was introduced widely in England.
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
35
• Christianity: belief in one godhead, • The Celt’s Religion:belief in several gods • After Constantine’s conversion to
– The Roman Empire disintegrated in 476 A.D..
– left behind a well established Celtic-Roman culture
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
20
2021/3/10
Roman Soldiers
讲解：XX
21
Resistance to Roman Occupation
– first landing in 55 B.C. led by Julius Caesar
– complete control over the land in 43 A.D. – leaving in around 410 A.D.
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
14
What is the meaning of B.C. and A.D.?
– Reasons
• the lure of treasures
• to punish the Celts because of the help they rendered their fellow tribesmen in Gaul
– Results
• failed because of weather
• Hadrian’s Wall • Antonine Wall
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
22
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
23
Roman Influence:
The Romanisation of Britannia
1. Roman laws, taxes, engineering skills 2. Architecture 3. Roman social system 4. The Latin Language 5. System of writing and numbering 6. Introduced a system of organized government
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
33
2021/3/10
Celtic gods and goddesses
讲解：XX
34
• Roman Britain .
– Christian merchants and traders arrived in England in the 1st century A.D, but made little impact.
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
4
1.1 Geography: Geography and History
• isolated from Europe by the English Channel and the North Sea
• once perceived as being on the edge of the world
in towns 7. Brought the new religion Christianity to
Britain
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
24
Roman Influence:
The n of Britannia
• Roman civilization was based on city life in hundreds of walled town linked by military roads.
– Gaelic 盖尔语 : language of Celtic origin
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
12
Chapter 2 Roman Britain
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
13
Roman Invasion (55BC-410AD)
British recorded history begins with Roman invasion.
讲解：XX
7
1.2 Early Settlers
• Hunters and gatherers
– Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), 70,000—8000 BC – Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic), 8300—3500 BC – New Stone Age (Neolithic), 3500—2500 BC