2021届高考英语二轮复习 阅读理解专项练习(二十一) Word版含答案

高考英语二轮阅读理解专项练习
（A）
Most people aren’t good at creative problem solving for two reasons: (1) They are not trained in how to be creative. (2) They don’t understand group strength well enough to harness （驾驭）their power to maximize group creativity.
A key element of creativity is applying existing knowledge to a new problem. The more people getting involved in solving it, the more knowledge there is to work on it. Unfortunately, research shows that the traditional brainstorming methods fail to achieve that goal. When groups get together to exchange ideas, they actually come up with fewer ideas overall than if they each had worked alone.
To fix this problem, you should consider the two stages of group problem-solving: divergence（分散）and convergence（集中）. Divergence happens when the group considers as many different potential solutions as possible. Convergence happens when the various proposed solutions are evaluated and reduced to a smaller set of candidate solutions to the current problem.
The essential principle of group creativity is that individuals working alone diverge, whereas group members working together converge. In groups, once a member states a potential solution, that makes others think about the problem similarly. That is why groups working together diverge less than individuals working alone.
Therefore, be aware of when to diverge and when to converge. For example, early in the problem-solving process, have group members work alone to write down statements describing the problem. Then get them back to discuss their descriptions. The group discussion will lead everyone to accept one or a small number of these statements to work on—this is healthy convergence.
When starting to generate solutions, you again want divergence. Have people work alone to start. Then collect people’s initial ideas and send them around to others and allow the divergence to continue as everyone individually builds on the ideas of other members.
Finally, let the group discuss the resulting ideas. This discussion will gradually lead the group to converge on a small number of candidate solutions.
This simple method works effectively, because it respects what individuals and groups do best.
1 .Research shows that the traditional brainstorming methods ______.
A.actually limit group creativity
B.greatly encourage group creativity
C.enable people to form more ideas together
D.prevent people’s involvement in the problems
2 .According to Para. 4, when a member presents an idea, others tend to_____.
A.think the other way round
B.follow his way of thinking
C.be more confident in their own ideas
D.be less willing to share their own ideas
3 .What should group members first do early in the problem-solving process?
A.Discuss the problem.
B.Simplify the problem.
C.Put down group statements together.
D.Write down their individual descriptions.
4 .How can each group member make changes to his initial solution?
A.By adding in collected evidence.
B.By reorganizing his own words.
C.By drawing on others’ ideas.
D.By making his statement briefer.
5 .What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?
A.To advocate a way to make group thinking more effective.
B.To demonstrate the difficulty in organizing group thinking.
C.To highlight the differences between divergence and convergence.
D.To show the advantage of group thinking over individual thinking.
（B）
If you thought pilots dimmed(调暗) the lights before takeoff to give you some shuteye,think again.Believe it or not,the dim lighting could actually help save your life in case of a plane emergency.
The dimmed lights before taking off from the runway and landing are a flight precaution used to help passengers’eyes adjust more quickly during an emergency escape.“Going from a
brightly-lit environment to one that’s completely dark would require some time for our eyes to focus and see the escape slide,”Alice Theriault,service director for Air Canada wrote in a press statement.“Since we need to have all the seconds on our side in the event of an emergency,dimming the lights is one of many steps we take to ensure the safety of our customers.”
The phenomenon that your eyes see those strange speckles (小斑点) as your sight adjusts to a dark place after being in a light place is called dark adaptation.It normally takes our eyes about 20 to 30 minutes to see best in a dark room.The brighter the lights,the longer it takes for our eyes to adjust,which is why dimming the plane lights could shorten your “dark adaptation” time since you haven’t been sitting under fluorescent bulbs (荧光灯) all flight.
Not only does dimming lights add valuable time to the escape process,it also reduces the tension on your eyes if you need to look outside,or see the emergency lighting along the passage.“It helps keep you in the right direction,”Patrick Smith,an airline pilot and author of Cockpit Confidential told The Telegraph.“It also makes it easier for flight attendants to assess any outside risks,such as fire or debris,that might affect an escape.”So next time a pilot dims the lights,just know it’s for your safety,even though it creates a gentle atmosphere for your takeoff into the sky.
1.The lights are dimmed before takeoff to help passengers .
A.take a short break
B.escape in time of emergency
C.create a warm atmosphere
D.adapt their eyes to the bright environment
2.What is one of the roles of shortening “dark adaptation” time?
A.Slowing down the landing.
B.Adjusting the plane lights.
C.Keeping passengers calm.
D.Helping the crew judge outside risks.
3.What does the underlined word “It” in the last paragraph refer to?
A.Dimming lights.
B.The escape process.
C.Reducing tension.
D.The passage.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.A tip of air travel.
B.An emergency event on a plane.
C.A warning message on a plane.
D.An explanation of an airline safety measure.
（C）
If you were bringing friends home to visit, you could show them the way. You know the landmarks—a big red house or a bus-stop sign. But what if you were swimming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean? Could you still find your way home? A loggerhead turtle（海龟）could.
According to Dr. Ken Lohmann, loggerheads have a magnetic（磁力的）sense based on Earth’s magnetic field. It helps them locate the best spots for finding food and their home beaches.
Scientists already know that several other animals, such as whales and honeybees, can detect （探测到）magnetic fields. The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense. Young whales and honeybees can learn from adults. Loggerheads are abandoned as eggs.
As newborn loggerheads have no adults to learn from, what helps them figure out how to use their magnetic sense? Lohmann thinks one of the cues was light on the sea.
Baby loggerheads hatch only at night. However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The light makes that region brighter. Heading toward the light helps them get quickly out to sea, where they can find food. Lohmann tested whether newborn loggerheads use this light source to set their magnetic “compasses”（罗盘）. He and his team put some newborns in a water tank and recorded which way they swam. Around the tank, the scientists created a magnetic field that matched the Earth’s. They set a weak light to the east of the magnetic field. Then they let the newborns go.
At first, the newborns swam toward the light. After the scientists turned off the light, the turtles that had seen the light in the east always swam toward east. When the researchers reversed （颠倒）the magnetic field, these turtles turned around and swam toward the new “east”.
This and the follow-up experiments all showed that loggerheads use light from the outside
world to set their magnetic “compasses” and then remember the “correct” direction. If a turtle hatches on a brightly-lit beach, that would damage its magnetic sense forever and make survival hard for the turtle.
Lohmann’s work has led others to protect the habitat of this endangered species. Yet many questions about these creatures remain unanswered, and researchers have a lot to study.
1..Loggerheads and whales differ in the way they______.
A.bring up their young
B.recognize landmarks
C.detect magnetic fields
D.learn to find directions
2. What is needed for newborn loggerheads to set their magnetic sense?
A.Weak light reflected off the ocean.
B.Help from adult loggerheads.
C.Bright sunlight from the sky.
D.Food in warmer waters.
3 .In the experiment, after the newborns’ magnetic sense was set, their moving direction was determined by ____.
A.the light
B.the magnetic field
C.other unknown factors
D.the light and the magnetic field
4. What is the significance of Lohmann’s research work?
A.It enables researchers to keep track of turtles.
B.It contributes to the studies of the magnetic field.
C.It offers a new solution to environmental pollution.
D.I t helps protect the loggerheads’ living environment.
5.What could be the best title of the passage?
A.Experiments on Loggerheads
B.The Survival of the Sea Turtle
C.The Loggerhead’s Built-in “Compass”
parison of Loggerheads and Other Animals
（D）
Growing up in one of the poorest communities with most crimes in Los Angeles,US,being raised by a poorly-educated single mother and attending the worst-quality public school,not many people expected much of me,so I chose to expect something of myself.
On my 12th birthday,I bought a poster of Harvard University to hang in my room.Being at Harvard became my dream—I saw myself attending class in Sanders Theater,studying in Widener Library and eating in Annenberg Hall.Driven by this dream,I kept studying hard.I’d begin my day by asking myself these two questions—What do I want in my life?Are the things I am doing today going to get me closer to that life?
Asking myself the questions gave me the courage to ask over 50 Harvard students for advice on my application essays,it gave me the energy to study just one more hour on my SATs when others were asleep,and it gave me the determination to apply for just one more scholarship when already refused many times.Moreover,reminding myself of my goal each day made it easy to say no to the same choices my friends made,because they would never get me closer to my goal.I found that even being poor could not take away my power to decide what I chose to do with my life.
Every day I could feel myself getting closer and closer to my goal as my writing got better,my SAT score increased,and my scholarship offers started coming in.On March 31st,2011,an email arrived from Harvard.The first word was“Congratulations!”.Tears of joy filled my eyes.Who you are today is the result of the decisions you made yesterday,and who you will be tomorrow will be the result of the choices you make today.Who do you want to be tomorrow?
1.What does the first paragraph mainly tell us?
A.It describes the author’s early living conditions.
B.It proves that the author once lived an unhappy life.
C.It shows how many people treated the author badly.
D.It shares the author’s dream with readers.
2.What is the author’s attitude to the hardship?
A.Disappointed.
B.Positive.
C.Thankful.
D.Sorrowful.
3.What did the author want to tell us most?
A.A famous university,a successful life.
B.The earlier you set yourself a goal,the better.
C.What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.
D.Your choices determine who you are.
（E）
Over a hundred years ago in 1911,something strange was found in the glaciers of Antarctica.Crilffith Taylor—an Australian geologist,had discovered a blood red stream pouring out of the ice cascades (瀑布) of Talor Glacier!Popularly known as the Blood Falls,scientists had not been able to find the reason behind the blood red liquid flowing through the ice—until recently.The mystery of the Blood Falls had finally been solved.
When these falls were first discovered,scientists had believed that the red colour came from a large amount of red algae (海藻) concentrated in the water.Red algae contain a pigment (色素) which reflects red light,making the algae appear red.
This theory made sense,until it was later found that algae do not play a part in the red color of the flowing liquid at all.What really causes Talor Glacier’s waters appear blood red,is the presence of iron oxide in the liquid.The waters of the Blood Falls are rich in salt and iron content,and when this water comes in contact with the air,it turns red—just like rust!The water in these falls is often referred to as “brine” by scientists because of the high salt content in the water.
This reasoning behind the red colors of the falls was found back in 2003.However,the entire mystery had not yet been solved.How is it then,that the Blood Falls are not frozen?
Researchers at the University of Colorado and University of Alaska found that inside the glacier,there is a network of channels and reservoirs that move the water around.Salt water has a lower freezing temperature.In addition,when any substance undergoes a change in state,it gives off heat.Therefore,the brine actually warm itself up while it’s freezing!How this works,is that when the brine is flowing through the Talor Glacier,some of it does freeze.As a result of changing state from liquid to ice,the brine gives off heat.This heat is enough to keep the rest of the brine in liquid
form,which is why it flows out of the glacier.
Incredible new chemistry facts found,and mystery solved!
1.According to the text,the red algae theory was once considered .
A.ridiculous
B.reasonable
C.impractical
plex
2.Why do the Blood Falls look red in colour?
A.Because there is too much salt and iron in the water.
B.Because the liquid is rich in red algae.
C.Because the flowing liquid reflects red sunlight
D.Because the air is thin and rare in Antarctica.
3.What is the main reason for the Blood Falls’ not freezing?
A.The water continued flowing constantly.
B.There is too much salt in the water.
C.The brine gives off heat while freezing
D.Temperatures aren’t high enough for flowing water.
4.What is the passage mainly about?
A.The discovery of the blood glacier.
B.The birth of the Talor Glacier.
C.The flowing red water in Antarctica.
D.The mystery of the Blood Falls.
参考答案：
A篇：ABDCA
B篇：BDAD
C篇：DABDC
D篇：ABD
E篇：BACD。