周固：考研英语阅读真题再思考（1）

考研真题阅读题再思考
再做做下⾯3题：
1.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declared that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve，for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.
53.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is .
A. very precise in passing his judgment on advertising
B. interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention
C. correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information
D. obviously partial in his views on advertising
54.In the author’s opinion,
A. advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information
B. advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
C. there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
D. the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
2.
……………………………..
In this world of change and complexity，the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate，reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems，the critical problems of their business，social and family life，will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
62.We can learn from the last paragraph that .
A. it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible
B. people should make the best use of the information accessible
C. we should realize the importance of accumulating information
D.it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
答案分别为53D、54C、62D，要弄清楚它们为什么是答案；再想想62题的B为何不对？(B不对，因为末段并不是强调信息的利⽤问题，⽽是强调信息获取的重要性。

)
平时，做完题后精读很重要，这是考场准确、快速做题的必备前提。

下⾯这段词句⽐较复杂，同学们要确保⾃⼰真正看懂看透，要理解长句的结构，要认识每⼀个词和词语(我配上译⽂，以便⼤家⾃我检测理解是对还是不对，尤其带⾊部分和划线部分)。

其实，后⾯命题者所设计的阅读题就是考查考⽣们是否能看懂这⼀部分。

The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large，impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class，an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth
century，America，Africa，India，Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital，and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes，and who had no relation to
the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .
A. the separation of capital from management
B. the ownership of capital by managers
C. the emergence of capital and labor as two classes
D. the participation of shareholders in municipal business
有限责任公司和市政企业的增长具有重⼤的意义。

这种对资本和企业的⼤规模的、不带个⼈⾊彩的操作极⼤地增加了持股阶层的数量和重要性，这个阶层是国家⽣活的重要元素，它代表了⽆需承担责任的财富与⼟地和⼟地拥有者的职责分开(持股者光拿钱，不承担管理经营责任，不像以前的地主，有⼟地财富，但要⾃⼰经营)；也与企业的责任管理脱钩。

⼗九世纪中，美洲、⾮洲、印度、澳洲以及欧洲都被英国的资本开发着，英国的持股者就因为世界的⼯业化⽽⼤发其财。

Bournemouth和Eastbourne这样的城镇纷纷涌现，从⽽为那些凭⾃⼰的收⼊⽽退休的、⼤量的“舒适”阶层提供住处，这些⼈除了在领取红利或者参加股东会议对管理层发号施令的时候之外，与社区其他⼈没有交往。

从另⼀⽅⾯说，“持股”意味着休闲和⾃由，这正好被后维多利亚时代的⼈们⽤来建设⼀个崇⾼⽽伟⼤⽂明(意思是：有⼀部分⼈休闲和⾃由，才能去进⾏⽂明的更多伟⼤的创建，英国也才更发达)。

Q60，答案为A，选项中的separation…from…替换了原⽂的detached from…⽽已。

再好好理解下⾯的段落，课堂上没有细讲，估计不少同学没有真正理解。

看完后，查看后⾯的批注。

原⽂：
At the core of this debate is Chairman Gerald Levin，56，who took over for
the late Steve Ross in1992.On the financial front，Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt，which will increase to＄17.3billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company，but investors are waiting impatiently. The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company s rap music on the grounds of expression.In1992，when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer，Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture，which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society，”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column，“lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude，however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won t retreat in the face of any threats.”
批注：
At the core of this debate is Chairman Gerald Levin，56，who took over(接管) for the late(已故的) Steve Ross in1992.(1)On the financial front(在财经战场⽅⾯)，Levin is under pressure to raise the stock(=share股份；bond有息债卷) price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt，which will increase to＄17.3billion after two new cable deals(有线交易) close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company，but investors are waiting impatiently. (2)The flap帽檐；拍打；慌乱不安 over rap(说唱⾳乐) is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression(依据⾔论⾃由为公司辩护). In1992，when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer，Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture，which deserves an outlet出⼝、排遣. “The test of any democratic society，”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column，“lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude纬度；(思想⾏动)⾃
由，however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”
(以上段落从2个⽅⾯说明Levin⾯前处于风⼝浪尖之中，⼀是在财经战场⽅⾯，⼆是在关于说唱⾳乐问题⽅⾯)
这篇⽂章较难理解，同学们应该照我下列的三层思路疏通该⽂：
1.这篇⽂章的第⼀段是总论，指出科学与其它社会⽂化之间的⽭盾很严峻。

2.第234段描述科学家们反击其它部门，斥之为反科学(antiscience)。

3.第567段则指出科学家们的树敌范围过宽，按⽂末哈佛⼀学者的话说，“所有那些烦扰或威胁那些⾃以为更开明的⼈(指科学家)的⼈”都会被贴上反科学的帽⼦。

接着再去思考末尾的问题Q62，答案选哪个？
Passage3
Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church of poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has，if anything，deepened in this century.
Until recently，the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics but no longer. As funding for science has declined，scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books，notably Higher Superstition，by Paul
R.Gross，a biologist at the University of Virginia，and Norman Levitt，a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World，by Car Sagan of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason，”held in New York City in1995，and “Science in the Age of(Mis)information，”which assembled last June near Buffalo. Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with
sociologists，philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts，creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in1996reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well，from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber，whose manifesto，published in1995，scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience，as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
The environmentalists，inevitably，respond to such critics. The true enemies of science，argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University，a pioneer of environmental studies，are those who question the evidence supporting global warming，the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. Indeed，some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘antiscience’ can lump together too many，quite different things，”notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his1993work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”
62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is .
A. impartial
B. subjective
C. biased
D. puzzling
这道题涉及作者对“科学pk其它⽂化”这个⽭盾的态度。

从第⼀段的开头就能看出，作者只是以局外⼈的姿态，指出两者之间的⽭盾严峻，作者应该是中⽴态度；再者，根据上⾯对⽂章主题两层语义的分析，作者既指出科学家的反击，也指出他们的过⽕，换⾔之，作者的讨论是很辨证的，是客观中⽴的。

综合起来，答案选A“中⽴的”。

能接受吗？同学们要学会正确地分析⽂章的主旨和作者的倾向，从⽽把题⽬作对。

Passages 3：
——建议同学们按照下⾯的⽂章主旨分析，认真理解本⽂：
段1作者指出：虽然很多学校急于在课堂上普及电脑，但其背后⽬的却截然不同，这个问题值得探究。

段2作者⾸先区别了职业教育(technical education)和义务教育(education required by law)，在末尾句批评到，“由于主张普及电脑的⼈混淆了这两种不同的教育，因此⽽往往过于强调就业因素，从⽽忽视了教育成效(educational achievement)”。

段3作者⾸先指出对部分学⽣⽽⾔，职业教育有其合理性，如在欧洲地区，但对美国(our country)⽽⾔，⼀味地进⾏职业教育，甚⾄以为这种教育就能解决美国对各类⼈才的需要，则未免过于狭隘和武断了(presumptuous)。

暗⽰，⼀味地在课堂上普及电脑从⽽满⾜就业需要在美国是不可取的，美国需要更⼴泛的义务教育从⽽满⾜社会⽅⽅⾯⾯的⼈才需求。

段4作者指出电脑技术很简单，只是各类学科知识的补充技能⽽已，学会它也不会化太长时间，由此暗⽰，在课堂上普及电脑不必急于求成。

⽂章末尾的结论是：所有学校⾸先要了解⾃⼰的办学⽬的，否则不会迷糊中还能受益(暗⽰，学校的根本⽬的是义务教育、是让学⽣全⾯发展，拼命学电脑找⼯作是不可取的)。

——⽂章后⾯的问题也很有考究，尤其是问题1和4的题⼲及选项，既考查了考⽣对⽂章局部内容的准确深刻的理解，⼜考查了考⽣们对⼤纲词汇的把握程度。

其实，这两个⽅⾯也正是考⽣们复习迎考的着⼒重点。